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Beltrán de Heredia I, González-Gaya B, Zuloaga O, Garrido I, Acosta T, Etxebarria N, Ruiz-Romera E. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in three river basins impacted by wastewater treatment plant effluents: Spatio-seasonal patterns and environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174062. [PMID: 38917906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The concern on the fate and distribution of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is a burning topic due to their widespread occurrence and potential harmful effects. Particularly, antibiotics have received great attention due to their implications in antimicrobial resistance occurrence. The impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is remarkable, being one of the main pathways for the introduction of CECs into aquatic systems. The combination of novel analytical methodologies and risk assessment strategies is a promising tool to find out environmentally relevant compounds posing major concerns in freshwater ecosystems impacted by those wastewater effluents. Within this context, a multi-target approach was applied in three Spanish river basins affected by different WWTP treated effluents for spatio-temporal monitoring of their chemical status. Solid phase extraction followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography were used for the quantification of a large panel of compounds (n = 270), including pharmaceuticals and other consumer products, pesticides and industrial chemicals. To this end, water samples were collected in four sampling campaigns at three locations in each basin: (i) upstream from the WWTPs; (ii) WWTP effluent discharge points (effluent outfall); and (iii) downstream from the WWTPs (500 m downriver from the effluent outfall). Likewise, 24-h composite effluent samples from each of the WWTPs were provided in all sampling periods. First the occurrence and distribution of these compounds were assessed. Diverse seasonal trends were observed depending on the group of emerging compounds, though COVID-19 outbreak affected variations of certain pharmaceuticals. Detection frequencies and concentrations in effluents generally exceeded those in river samples and concentrations measured upstream WWTPs were generally low or non-quantifiable. Finally, risks associated with maximum contamination levels were evaluated using two different approaches to account for antibiotic resistance selection as well. From all studied compounds, 89 evidenced environmental risk on at least one occasion in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Beltrán de Heredia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Belén González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Itziar Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Teresa Acosta
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Estilita Ruiz-Romera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Zhang Y, Gao L, Ai Q, Liu Y, Qiao L, Cheng X, Li J, Zhang L, Lyu B, Zheng M, Wu Y. Screening for compounds with bioaccumulation potential in breast milk using their retention behavior in two-dimensional gas chromatography. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108911. [PMID: 39067189 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Discovery of emerging pollutants in breast milk will be helpful for understanding the hazards to human health. However, it is difficult to identify key compounds among thousands present in complex samples. In this study, a method for screening compounds with bioaccumulation potential was developed. The method can decrease the number of compounds needing structural identification because the partitioning properties of bioaccumulative compounds can be mapped onto GC×GC chromatograms through their retention behaviors. Twenty pooled samples from seven provinces in China were analyzed. 1,286 compounds with bioaccumulation potential were selected from over 3,000 compounds. Sixty-two compounds, including aromatic compounds, phthalates, and phenolics etc., were identified with a high level of confidence and then quantified. Among them, twenty-seven compounds were found for the first time in breast milk. Three phthalate plasticizers and two phenolic antioxidants were found in significantly higher concentrations than other compounds. A toxicological priority index approach was applied to prioritize the compounds considering their concentrations, detection frequencies and eight toxic effects. The prioritization indicated that 13 compounds, including bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene, phenanthrene, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and others, showed higher health risks. Meanwhile, some compounds with high risk for a particular toxic effect, such as benzothiazole and geranylacetone, were still noteworthy. This study is important for assessing the risks of human exposure to organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
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3
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Healy DR, Zarei I, Mikkonen S, Soininen S, Viitasalo A, Haapala EA, Auriola S, Hanhineva K, Kolehmainen M, Lakka TA. Longitudinal associations of an exposome score with serum metabolites from childhood to adolescence. Commun Biol 2024; 7:890. [PMID: 39039257 PMCID: PMC11263428 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental and lifestyle factors, including air pollution, impaired diet, and low physical activity, have been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood and adolescence. However, environmental and lifestyle exposures do not exert their physiological effects in isolation. This study investigated associations between an exposome score to measure the impact of multiple exposures, including diet, physical activity, sleep duration, air pollution, and socioeconomic status, and serum metabolites measured using LC-MS and NMR, compared to the individual components of the score. A general population of 504 children aged 6-9 years at baseline was followed up for eight years. Data were analysed with linear mixed-effects models using the R software. The exposome score was associated with 31 metabolites, of which 12 metabolites were not associated with any individual exposure category. These findings highlight the value of a composite score to predict metabolic changes associated with multiple environmental and lifestyle exposures since childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Healy
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland.
| | - Iman Zarei
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Sonja Soininen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Physician and Nursing Services, Health and Social Services Centre, Wellbeing Services County of North Savo, Varkaus, Finland
| | - Anna Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- LC-MS Metabolomics Center, Biocenter Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Food Sciences Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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Musatadi M, Alvarez-Mora I, Baciero-Hernandez I, Prieto A, Anakabe E, Olivares M, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Sample preparation for suspect screening of persistent, mobile and toxic substances and their phase II metabolites in human urine by mixed-mode liquid chromatography. Talanta 2024; 271:125698. [PMID: 38262128 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Persistent, mobile and toxic substances have drawn attention nowadays due to their particular properties, but they are overlooked in human monitorization works, limiting the knowledge of the human exposome. In that sense, human urine is an interesting matrix since not only parent compounds are eliminated, but also their phase II metabolites that could act as biomarkers. In this work, 11 sample preparation procedures involving preconcentration were tested to ensure maximum analytical coverage in human urine using mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The optimized procedure consisted of a combination of solid-phase extraction and salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and it was employed for suspect screening. Additionally, a non-discriminatory dilute-and-shoot approach was also evaluated. After evaluating the workflow in terms of limits of identification and type II errors (i.e., false negatives), a pooled urine sample was analysed. From a list of 1450 suspects and in-silico simulated 1568 phase II metabolites (i.e. sulphates, glucuronides, and glycines), 44 and 14 substances were annotated, respectively. Most of the screened suspects were diverse industrial chemicals, but biocides, natural products and pharmaceuticals were also detected. Lastly, the complementarity of the sample preparation procedures, columns, and analysis conditions was assessed. As a result, dilute-and-shoot and the Acclaim Trinity P1 column at pH = 3 (positive ionization) and pH = 7 (negative ionization) allowed the maximum coverage since almost 70 % of the total suspects could be screened using those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Iker Alvarez-Mora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ines Baciero-Hernandez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eneritz Anakabe
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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5
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Musatadi M, Baciero-Hernández I, Prieto A, Olivares M, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Development and evaluation of a comprehensive workflow for suspect screening of exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141221. [PMID: 38224745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) methods are being promoted in order to decode the human exposome since a wide chemical space can be analysed in a diversity of human biofluids. However, SNTS approaches in the exposomics field are infra-studied in comparison to environmental or food monitoring studies. In this work, a comprehensive suspect screening workflow was developed to annotate exposome-related xenobiotics and phase II metabolites in diverse human biofluids. Precisely, human urine, breast milk, saliva and ovarian follicular fluid were employed as samples and analysed by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). To automate the workflow, the "peak rating" parameter implemented in Compound Discoverer 3.3.2 was optimized to avoid time-consuming manual revision of chromatographic peaks. In addition, the presence of endogenous molecules that might interfere with the annotation of xenobiotics was carefully studied as the employment of inclusion and exclusion suspect lists. To evaluate the workflow, limits of identification (LOIs) and type I and II errors (i.e., false positives and negatives, respectively) were calculated in both standard solutions and spiked biofluids using 161 xenobiotics and 22 metabolites. For 80.3 % of the suspects, LOIs below 15 ng/mL were achieved. In terms of type I errors, only two cases were identified in standards and spiked samples. Regarding type II errors, the 7.7 % errors accounted in standards increased to 17.4 % in real samples. Lastly, the use of an inclusion list for endogens was favoured since it avoided 18.7 % of potential type I errors, while the exclusion list caused 7.2 % of type II errors despite making the annotation workflow less time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Inés Baciero-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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6
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San Román A, Abilleira E, Irizar A, Santa-Marina L, Gonzalez-Gaya B, Etxebarria N. Optimization for the analysis of 42 per- and polyfluorinated substances in human plasma: A high-throughput method for epidemiological studies. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464481. [PMID: 37948771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness about the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in many environmental and biological compartments, including human biofluids and tissues. However, the increase of PFAS replacements, including alternatives with shorter chain or less bioaccumulative potential, has broaden the exposure and the need for wider identification procedures. Moreover, the low volumes available for human blood or plasma, and the high number of samples needed to assess adequately epidemiologic studies, require particularly fast, reproducible and, if possible, miniaturized protocols. Therefore, accurate and robust analytical methods are still needed to quantify the PFAS's burden in humans and to understand potential health risks. In this study, we have developed and validated the analysis of 42 PFAS in human plasma by means of a Captiva 96-well micro extraction plate and a LC-q-Orbitrap. For the optimization of the analytical workflow, three extraction/clean-up methods were tested, and the selected one was validated using spiked artificial and bovine plasma at four concentration levels. The final method showed high absolute recoveries for the 42 PFAS, ranging from 52% to 130%, instrumental detection limits between 0.001-0.6 ng mL-1, overall good precision (CV < 20% for most of the PFAS) and a low uncertainty (< 30% of relative expanded deviation, k = 2). The method was further validated both with the NIST plasma Standard Reference Material 1950, showing that the accuracy of the provided results was between 63%-101%, and by the proficiency test arranged by the Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program (AMAP, 2022) obtaining satisfactory results within 95% confidence interval of the assigned value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne San Román
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; Plentzia Marine Station (PiE), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea, 47, 48620 Plentzia, Bizkaia, Basque Country; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Public Health from the Basque Government, Avenida Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country.
| | - Eunate Abilleira
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; Department of Public Health from the Basque Government, Avenida Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; Department of Public Health from the Basque Government, Avenida Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country
| | - Belen Gonzalez-Gaya
- Plentzia Marine Station (PiE), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea, 47, 48620 Plentzia, Bizkaia, Basque Country; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Plentzia Marine Station (PiE), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea, 47, 48620 Plentzia, Bizkaia, Basque Country; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
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7
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Musatadi M, Zumalabe J, Mijangos L, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O. Dilute-and-shoot coupled to mixed mode liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of persistent and mobile organic compounds in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464141. [PMID: 37364523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive method for the simultaneous determination of 33 diverse persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs) in human urine was developed by dilute-and-shoot (DS) followed by mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MMLC-MS/MS). In the sample preparation step, DS was chosen since it allowed the quantification of all targets in comparison to lyophilization. For the chromatographic separation, Acclaim Trinity P1 and P2 trimodal columns provided greater capacity for retaining PMOCs than reverse phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Therefore, DS was validated at 5 and 50 ng/mL in urine with both mixed mode columns at pH = 3 and 7. Regarding figures of merit, linear calibration curves (r2 > 0.999) built between instrumental quantification limits (mostly below 5 ng/mL) and 500 ng/mL were achieved. Despite only 60% of the targets were recovered at 5 ng/mL because of the dilution, all PMOCs were quantified at 50 ng/mL. Using surrogate correction, apparent recoveries in the 70-130% range were obtained for 91% of the targets. To analyse human urine samples, the Acclaim Trinity P1 column at pH = 3 and 7 was selected as a consensus between analytical coverage (i.e. 94% of the targets) and chromatographic runs. In a pooled urine sample, industrial chemicals (acrylamide and bisphenol S), biocides and their metabolites (2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, dimethyl phosphate, 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid, and ammonium glufosinate) and an artificial sweetener (aspartame) were determined at ng/mL levels. The outcomes of this work showed that humans are also exposed to PMOCs due to their persistence and mobility, and therefore, further human risk assessment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain.
| | - Jon Zumalabe
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
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8
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Li XA, Li SN, Jiang Y, Zheng ZX, Guo WX, Liu R, Wang GZ, Zhang X, Bian Q, Zhang MZ, Gu YC, Yin S, Guo DL, Deng Y. Comparative study of characteristic compounds of three species of truffle. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200883. [PMID: 36820810 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The Panxi area in Sichuan Province is the main area for the production of truffles in China, and several species of truffle are known to exist in this region. Nevertheless, it is unclear what the differences in chemical composition between the truffles are. Using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with Compound Discoverer 3.0, we identified chemical components in three mainly known truffles from the Panxi region. Further analysis of chemical composition differences was conducted using principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Note that, 78.9% of the variance was uncovered by the principal component analysis model. As a result of the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis model, the three species of truffles (Tuber pesudohimalayense, Tuber indicum, and Tuber sinense) from Panxi were better discriminated, with R2 X, R2 Y, and Q2 being 0.821, 0.993, and 0.947, respectively. In this study, 87 components were identified. T. pesudohimalayense contained significantly higher levels of nine different compounds than the other two species. Hence, it was possible to identify similarities and differences between three species of truffles from Panxi in terms of chemical composition. This can be used as a basis for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Si-Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Nursing, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, Deyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Bian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, UK
| | - Sheng Yin
- Huidong Gaochuan Tianyuan Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd., Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, P. R. China
| | - Da-Le Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resource of Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P. R. China
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9
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Chi ZH, Goodyer CG, Hales BF, Bayen S. Characterization of different contaminants and current knowledge for defining chemical mixtures in human milk: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107717. [PMID: 36630790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of xenobiotics, with very diverse origins, have been detected in human milk, including contaminants of emerging concern, personal care products and other current-use substances reflecting lifestyle. The routes of exposure to these chemicals include dermal absorption, ingestion and inhalation. Specific families of chemicals are dominant among human milk monitoring studies (e.g., organochlorine pesticides, bisphenol A, dioxins), even though other understudied families may be equally toxicologically relevant (e.g., food-processing chemicals, current-use plasticizers and flame retardants, mycotoxins). Importantly, the lack of reliable human milk monitoring data for some individual chemicals and, especially, for complex mixtures, is a major factor hindering risk assessment. Non-targeted screening can be used as an effective tool to identify unknown contaminants of concern in human milk. This approach, in combination with novel methods to conduct risk assessments on the chemical mixtures detected in human milk, will assist in elucidating exposures that may have adverse effects on the development of breastfeeding infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hao Chi
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Cindy Gates Goodyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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10
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Applications of Chromatographic Techniques in Food and Environmental Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, analytical chemistry has been a key area for many other scientific fields [...]
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11
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Kubicova M, Eckardt M, Simat TJ. Oligomers in polybutylene terephthalate for food contact-strategies on identification, quantification, and risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:2002-2023. [PMID: 36206019 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2126531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers are a significant group of migrating substances from food contact materials made of polyesters like polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Twenty-three cyclic and linear oligomers with different end groups including olefin-terminated oligomers, which are associated with thermal stress of the material, were tentatively identified in PBT extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and diode array detection. Quantification approaches based on chromophore concentration, relative response factors, and overall oligomer determination after hydrolysis to the monomer terephthalic acid were employed. An exhaustive extraction of thirteen PBT samples yielded an overall oligomer content of 1.87-6.10 mg/g material (sum of individual oligomers < 1,000 Da) with a predominant content of cyclic over linear oligomers. Migration experiments were performed according to Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 using the official food simulants as well as cows' milk. A total of 218 µg cyclic oligomers/L milk were detected in the third migrate relevant for risk assessment of repeated-use articles under hot-fill conditions (70 °C, 2 h). The official food simulant for milk, 50% ethanol, was found to overestimate the actual migration into milk by a factor of four. Frying conditions using sunflower oil as the food simulant (200 °C, 10 min) resulted in a migration of 7.5 mg cyclic oligomers/kg oil. The exposure to migrating oligomers is critical in some scenarios when evaluated by the threshold of toxicological concern concept; however, the toxicological evaluation poses a challenge due to the possible hydrolysis of cyclic oligomers in the human gastrointestinal tract. Our experiments display the need for a toxicological evaluation of PBT oligomers because the migration of cyclic oligomers is expected to exceed the current in silico-based thresholds under foreseeable conditions of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubicova
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Musatadi M, Caballero C, Mijangos L, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O. From target analysis to suspect and non-target screening of endocrine-disrupting compounds in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6855-6869. [PMID: 35904524 PMCID: PMC9436830 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a target analysis method for simultaneously determining 24 diverse endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in urine (benzophenones, bisphenols, parabens, phthalates and antibacterials) was developed. The target analysis approach (including enzymatic hydrolysis, clean-up by solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)) was optimized, validated and applied to volunteers’ samples, in which 67% of the target EDCs were quantified. For instance, benzophenone-3 (0.2–13 ng g−1), bisphenol A (7.7–13.7 ng g−1), methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate (8–254 ng g−1), mono butyl phthalate (2–17 ng g−1) and triclosan (0.3–9 ng g−1) were found at the highest concentrations, but the presence of other analogues was detected as well. The developed target method was further extended to suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) by means of LC coupled to high-resolution MS/MS. First, well-defined workflows for SNTS were validated by applying the previously developed method to an extended list of compounds (83), and then, to the same real urine samples. From a list of approximately 4000 suspects, 33 were annotated at levels from 1 to 3, with food additives/ingredients and personal care products being the most abundant ones. In the non-target approach, the search was limited to molecules containing S, Cl and/or Br atoms, annotating 4 pharmaceuticals. The results from this study showed that the combination of the lower limits of detection of MS/MS and the identification power of high-resolution MS/MS is still compulsory for a more accurate definition of human exposome in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain. .,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Plentzia, 48620, Spain.
| | - Claudia Caballero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Plentzia, 48620, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Plentzia, 48620, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Plentzia, 48620, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, 48940, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Basque Country, Plentzia, 48620, Spain
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