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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Jones MT, Fields JB, Magee M, Smith-Ryan AE, Luedke J, Kerksick CM. Fat-Free Mass Index in Sport: Normative Profiles and Applications for Collegiate Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1687-1693. [PMID: 39074219 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jagim, AR, Harty, PS, Jones, MT, Fields, JB, Magee, M, Smith-Ryan, AE, Luedke, J, and Kerksick, CM. Fat-free mass index in sport: normative profiles and applications for collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1687-1693, 2024-Recent concerns have been raised regarding the ethical considerations of conducting body composition assessments in sports. Specific apprehensions pertain to the inappropriate use of percent body fat and the limited application of the results to performance and recovery. Fat-free mass index (FFMI), a height-adjusted assessment of FFM, can serve as an alternative body composition metric to focus on in sports. Fat-free mass index provides valuable context regarding an optimal amount of FFM, accounting for skeletal frame and height while helping to qualify an athlete's FFM as low, moderate, or high. This review posits that shifting the focus of body composition measures to FFM can support more ideal targets across athletic seasons, careers, and the return to play after injury. In addition, a FFM focus may help change the perception of body composition assessment and how athletes perceive their current body because of the increased focus on the FFM compartment and the goal of maximizing tissue accrual, rather than focusing on fat loss. Fat-free mass index is calculated by dividing FFM (kg) by height (m 2 ) and can serve to normalize FFM, relative to height, and enable comparisons across athletes, sport types, and sex. Previous research has identified differences in FFMI across sex and among sport categories. Still, there is a need for more published data to develop optimal ranges for FFMI across sex, sports, and positions. As more data become available, FFMI has the potential to provide normative guidelines for optimal FFM development, performance, and injury risk reduction. The purpose of the current review was to summarize FFMI values across collegiate sport categories and competitive status to provide normative profiles, according to sex and sport type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, Wisconsin
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Meghan Magee
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; and
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joel Luedke
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, Wisconsin
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
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Terzi E, Kalkavan A. To what extent do somatotype structures affect athletic performance in professional athletes? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:650-660. [PMID: 38916088 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to ascertain the influence of somatotype structures on athletic performance among professional athletes. METHODS Twenty-eight professional athletes, comprising 14 handball players and 14 volleyball players, were enlisted as participants for this study. As per the methodology, evaluations encompassing explosive power, strength, flexibility, horizontal jump, agility, sprint, and hand-foot reaction tests were conducted. Following physiological assessments, parameters including body mass index, body fat percentage, and somatotype were computed. The impact of athletes' somatotype structures on their athletic performance was investigated employing linear regression analysis. RESULTS The endomorphy value serves as a negative predictor (r2=0.159) for explosive power, whereas the mesomorphy (r2=0.204) and ectomorphy (r2=0.379) values act as positive predictors of explosive power. Ectomorphy value negatively predicts grip strength (r2=0.399) and back strength (r2=0.214), while mesomorphy value positively predicts grip strength (r2=0.233) and back strength (r=0.338; r2=0.114). Mesomorphy value negatively predicts flexibility (r2=0.247), long jump (r2=0.311), sprint (r2=0.256), and reaction (r2=0.133), whereas ectomorphy value positively predicts flexibility (r2=0.225), long jump (r2=0.463), sprint (r2=0.393), and reaction (r2=0.208). CONCLUSIONS This study showed a correlation between various somatotype structures and indicators of athletic performance. Within this framework, it can be inferred that mesomorphy and ectomorphy values serve as reliable predictors of athletes' performance. Furthermore, individuals with elevated mesomorphy values may exhibit enhanced strength performance, while those with higher ectomorphy values may demonstrate superior flexibility performance. Hence, when designing training programs aimed at enhancing athletes' performance attributes, it is imperative to account for the influence of body type on such performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esranur Terzi
- Graduate School of Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Türkiye -
| | - Arslan Kalkavan
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Physical Education and Sports, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Türkiye
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Koźlenia D, Popowczak M, Horička P, Šimonek J, Domaradzki J. Sex-specific relationship patterns between body morphology and maturity status with change of direction and agility in elite adolescent volleyball players. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13170. [PMID: 38849450 PMCID: PMC11161477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored sex-specific patterns in the relationship between maturity, body morphology, and change of direction (COD) and agility (AG) in adolescent volleyball players. The sample comprised 22 males and 24 females aged 15-17 with at least 4 years of sports experience. Measurements included body height, weight, muscle and fat mass, leg length, and center of mass. The study determined the Age of Peak Height Velocity (APHV) and evaluated sensorimotor ability through pre-planned COD and not-planned AG five-time shuttle runs, measuring the time difference as the index of reactivity. Positive correlations were found between COD and AG with fat mass index (FMI) in boys, while negative relative lower limb length (rLL) correlated with COD. In females, age of peak height velocity (APHV) showed a significant negative relationship with sensorimotor ability. Linear and polynomial regressions confirmed predictive and curvilinear relationships, respectively. Cluster analysis identified different associations in boys and girls, emphasizing sex-specific patterns. Body fat percentage had a negative impact on COD-AG in boys, while the optimal lower limb length proportion positively influenced COD due to enhanced maneuverability. Maturation affected sensorimotor abilities in girls. The findings suggest a need for a tailored approach to COD-AG development based on sex-specific considerations in adolescent volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Koźlenia
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pavol Horička
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 94901, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Šimonek
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 94901, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jarosław Domaradzki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wroclaw, Poland
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França C, Gouveia ÉR, Martins F, Ihle A, Henriques R, Marques A, Sarmento H, Przednowek K, Lopes H. Lower-Body Power, Body Composition, Speed, and Agility Performance among Youth Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:135. [PMID: 38787004 PMCID: PMC11125780 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Speed and agility have been described as crucial abilities for soccer players. The purpose of this study was to analyze, in detail, the variance in speed and agility tasks explained by lower-body power after controlling for age and body composition. The participants were 96 male soccer players aged 16.1 ± 1.6 years. Body composition (stature, body fat percentage-BF%, body mass, and fat-free mass-FFM), lower-body power (countermovement jump-CMJ, and squat jump-SJ), speed (5-, 10-, and 35 m sprints), and agility (t-test) were assessed. Among body composition parameters, BF% presented the highest number of significant relationships with speed and agility, with the strength of correlations ranging from small (5 m sprint, r = 0.25) to large (35 m sprint, r = 0.52). The strongest correlation coefficient emerged between FFM and the 35 m sprint (r = -0.65). Significant correlations were found between vertical jump performance and the 35 m sprint (CMJ: r = -0.68; SJ: r = -0.69), followed by the t-test (CMJ: r = -0.35; SJ: r = -0.47). The hierarchical multiple regression model could explain 22% to 67% of the variance observed in agility scores and speed. BF% remained the most statistically significant negative predictor of all regression models. The CMJ remained a statistically significant positive predictor of the 35 m sprint (β = -0.581, p ≤ 0.01) after controlling for age and body composition. Integrating programs targeting lower-body power might be important to enhance speed and agility performance in youth soccer. On the other hand, future research based on multidisciplinary approaches to investigate the effects of nutritional strategies in reducing or preventing gains in BF% is still needed, which remained a significant predictor of sprint and agility performance in the final models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (É.R.G.); (F.M.); (H.L.)
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (É.R.G.); (F.M.); (H.L.)
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland;
| | - Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (É.R.G.); (F.M.); (H.L.)
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Andreas Ihle
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland;
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland
- Swiss Center of Expertise in Life Course Research LIVES, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland
| | | | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal;
- ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Helder Lopes
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (É.R.G.); (F.M.); (H.L.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Summer LC, Cheng R, Moran JT, Lee M, Belanger AJ, Taylor WL, Gardner EC. Changes in Body Composition and Athletic Performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Female Field Hockey Athletes Throughout a Competitive Season. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:146-152. [PMID: 37815263 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Summer, LC, Cheng, R, Moran, JT, Lee, M, Belanger, AJ, TaylorIV, WL, and Gardner, EC. Changes in body composition and athletic performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female field hockey athletes throughout a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 146-152, 2024-The purposes of this study were (a) to analyze the changes in total and regional body composition measurements in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female field hockey team throughout a 17-game competitive season using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); (b) to examine improvements, if any, in athletic performance measures after a season; and (c) to report on the relationship between these body composition changes and changes in athletic performance. Preseason and postseason dual-energy DXA and performance data from the 2019-2020 season were retrospectively identified for 20 field players (forwards, midfielders, and defenders). Body composition data included total and regional fat mass, lean mass, and body fat percentage, whereas athletic performance measures included the vertical jump, 10-yard dash, and pro-agility (5-10-5) shuttle run. All variables were quantitative and analyzed using paired t -tests or its nonparametric equivalent and an alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine significance. After a competitive season, athletes had significant decreases in fat mass and increases in lean mass in their arms, legs, trunks, gynoids, and total body measurements. Android fat mass and body fat percentage also decreased. Athletes performed significantly better on the pro-agility shuttle run at the end of the season, but no significant differences were observed in other performance metrics. Moderate correlations were observed between changes in body composition (total fat mass and total lean mass) and changes in athletic performance. Our study provides a novel, longitudinal assessment of body composition and athletic performance for elite female field hockey athletes that will help trainers and coaches better understand how these variables change throughout a season and allow them to better prepare their players for competitive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanna C Summer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ryan Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Jay T Moran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Lee
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | | | | | - Elizabeth C Gardner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Ben Brahim M, Sal-de-Rellán A, Hernaiz-Sánchez A, Yasin H, García-Valverde A. The relationships between body mass index, reciprocal ponderal index, waist-to-height ratio, and fitness in young adult males. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1250913. [PMID: 37901084 PMCID: PMC10600486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1250913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anthropometric measures such as the body mass index (BMI), reciprocal ponderal index (RPI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) have been proposed as predictors of physical fitness. This study aimed to identify the differences in explanatory capacity and fit of BMI, RPI, and WHR on physical fitness, which involves jumping, sprinting, change of direction, and aerobic capacity, by adjusting the polynomial regression. Methods A sample of 297 healthy, recreationally active male university students between 18 and 20 years old was recruited for this study. Anthropometric measurements (height: 174.09 ± 6.27 cm, weight: 78.98 ± 20.27 kg, waist circumference: 93.74 ± 14.56 cm) were taken for each participant. Jumping tests (squat jump, countermovement jump), sprinting tests (20 m sprint), agility tests (agility T-test), and aerobic/endurance tests (6 min walk test, VAM-EVAL test) were performed. Nonlinear quadratic regression models were used to assess the relationship between the jump, sprint, and fitness test scores and the anthropometric indices. The models were compared based on R-squares and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The results showed that all the indices predicted a portion of the variance because all variables and index relationships were significant. Regarding the fitted models, the Bayesian Information Criterion showed that BMI was the best indicator of performance, although the RPI was better for VO2max. Conclusion These findings may be of great interest to practitioners because it appears that anthropometric measures can be used to predict physical fitness in certain tests although the accuracy raises any concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ben Brahim
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hussain Yasin
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Correas-Gómez L, Benítez-Flores S, Calleja-González J, Carnero EA. Quality of lean body mass and jump capacity in high performance young basketball players lean body mass and jump capacity. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1667-1677. [PMID: 38060374 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2291294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The lean body mass (LBM) components have been suggested as important predictors of anaerobic performance, which is highly involved in basketball. We explored with descriptive cross-sectional design the relationship between anaerobic performance and full molecular and cellular body composition profile in young male basketball players. Twenty-one players (age = 16.8 ± 1.6 years; body mass = 76.3 ± 15.7 kg, height = 189.3 ± 12.6 cm) were recruited, 11 elite and 10 local level. Participants were evaluated on multicomponent body composition [LBM, appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST), bone mineral content (BMC), total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW)] and field-based anaerobic performance (vertical jump, linear sprint, and handgrip strength). The stepwise regression analyses adjusted for confounders showed significant relationships of whole-body and regional body composition components with handgrip and jump performance (P ≤ 0.03). Prediction models combining body composition variables assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) revealed that lean mass and hydration ratios (ICW/ECW and ECW/TBW) were strongly associated with jump performance (CMJ and CMJ25kg), independently of the competition level (P < 0.01). The novel finding in this study was that water quality (ICW/ECW) and water distribution (ECW/TBW, ICW) of total and regional LBM were the main predictors of vertical jump capacity in young basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Correas-Gómez
- Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Málaga, Spain
- Physical Education and Sports Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Málaga, Spain
| | - Stefano Benítez-Flores
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Elvis A Carnero
- Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Málaga, Spain
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Rosa BV, Maldonado AJ, de Araújo AO, Neves LM, Rossi FE. Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Body Composition and Physical Performance of Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2319. [PMID: 37628517 PMCID: PMC10454760 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporting events were cancelled, and sports training was banned to prevent the spread of COVID-19. These changes during the COVID-19 pandemic decreased the physical activity levels, increased sedentary time, and also impaired the mental health of elite and sub-elite athletes. The impact on body composition and physical performance is not clear, however, especially considering a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thus, our objective was to conduct a review in accordance with the PRISMA Statement studies published in scientific journals (PubMed, Web of Science, or Scopus databases) that investigated the effect that social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic had on the physical performance (muscle power, cardiorespiratory capacity, and sprint) or body composition (body weight, percentage of fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass) of athletes. Data from 24 studies indicate that, throughout the global lockdown, the athletes maintained muscle power, cardiorespiratory capacity, and sprint, and prevented significant changes in fat mass and fat-free mass. However, the total body weight (meta-analysis with 18 studies), showed a significant increase (p = 0.006), with a small ES = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.21. Furthermore, the time of follow-up, level of training, and the age of the athletes were possible moderators of these effects. The data reinforce the importance of general strength and endurance exercises sessions to maintain physical fitness during non-competitive periods or due to the mandatory lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Viana Rosa
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
| | - Alberto Jimenez Maldonado
- Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California México, Mexicali 22890, BC, Mexico;
| | - Ayrton Oliveira de Araújo
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
| | - Lucas Melo Neves
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University, Sao Paulo 04829-300, SP, Brazil;
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Pacaembu 05508-220, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (B.V.R.); (A.O.d.A.)
- Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Movement Science, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil
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Protein Intake in NCAA Division 1 Soccer Players: Assessment of Daily Amounts, Distribution Patterns, and Leucine Levels as a Quality Indicator. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020045. [PMID: 36828330 PMCID: PMC9962252 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is required to support recovery and adaptation following exercise training. While prior research demonstrates that many athletes meet total daily protein needs, intake seems to be predominantly skewed toward the evening meal. An even distribution of protein doses of ≥0.24 g/kg BW consumed throughout the course of a day is theorized to confer greater skeletal muscle anabolism outcomes compared to a skewed pattern of intake. Protein quality is also an important dietary consideration for athletes, with the amino acid leucine seemingly serving as the primary driver of the postprandial anabolic response. The present study investigates protein consumption characteristics among a cohort of NCAA D1 soccer players and evaluates differences between male and female athletes. Athletes were instructed to complete 3-day food diaries, which were subsequently analyzed and compared to UEFA expert group-issued nutrition guidelines for soccer players. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner accounted for 81.4% of the total daily dietary protein intake. Most athletes (77.8%) ingested optimum amounts of protein at dinner but not at breakfast (11.1%) or lunch (47.2%). In addition, statistically significant sex-based differences in daily dietary protein intake, meal-specific protein amounts, and protein quality measures were detected. Findings indicate suboptimal dietary protein intake practices among the collegiate soccer athletes.
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Elite young soccer players have smaller inter-limb asymmetry and better body composition than non-elite players. Biol Sport 2023; 40:265-272. [PMID: 36636184 PMCID: PMC9806739 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Body composition (BC) and inter-limb anthropometric asymmetries (LA) may influence the physical performance of soccer players. This study aimed to determine differences in BC and LA among soccer across four performance levels. The study involved 110 male soccer players participating in Czech senior teams who were grouped into four different performance levels (i.e. G1: national team, G2: 1st division, G3: 2nd division, G4: 3rd division). The following BC and LA parameters were compared among groups: body height, body mass, absolute fat-free mass, relative fat-free mass (FFMrel), percentage of fat mass (FM), total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), phase angle, and bilateral muscle mass differences in the upper and lower extremities. Significant differences were observed in BC parameters among all groups (λ = 0.06, F75,246 = 5.38, p = 0.01, ηp 2 = 0.62). High-performance players (i.e. G1, G2) had significantly (p < 0.01) lower FM than lower performance players (i.e. G3, G4). The lowest values of FFMrel, relative TBW, relative ICW and ECW were detected in the lowest-performance players (i.e. G4). Significantly lower bilateral muscle mass differences were detected in G1 players (2.71 ± 1.26%; p < 0.01) compared with G4 players (3.95 ± 1.17%). G1 and G2 players had a higher proportion of muscle mass in the torso (p < 0.01) and upper limbs than G3 and G4 (p < 0.01). Elite and high-performance players have better BC and lower inter-limb anthropometric asymmetries compared with low-performance level players.
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Cinarli FS, Buyukcelebi H, Esen O, Barasinska M, Cepicka L, Gabrys T, Nalbant U, Karayigit R. Does Dominant Somatotype Differentiate Performance of Jumping and Sprinting Variables in Young Healthy Adults? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11873. [PMID: 36231174 PMCID: PMC9565222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between an athlete's somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic performance is well known. However, a direct effect of the different dominant somatotype on jumping and sprinting variables has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dominant somatotype on sport-specific explosive variables. One hundred and twelve physically active young adults (mean ± standard deviation age: 21.82 ± 3.18 years) were somatotype-rated using the Heath-Carter method. Participants were classified as balanced ectomorph, balanced mesomorph, central, mesomorph-endomorph, and mesomorphic ectomorph. Vertical jump and linear sprint tests were performed to measure peak lower body performance and sprint variables (time, speed, and momentum), respectively. The analysis revealed that balanced mesomorph had significantly higher vertical jump (effect size (ES) = 1.10, p = 0.005) and power to body mass (ES = 1.04, p = 0.023) than mesomorph-endomorph. In addition, balanced mesomorph showed significantly superior performance in 30-m sprint time and velocity than central and mesomorph-endomorph (ES range = 0.93-1, p < 0.05). Finally, balanced ectomorph (ES = 1.12, p = 0.009) and mesomorphic ectomorph (ES = 1.10, p = 0.017) were lower in sprint momentum compared to balanced mesomorphs. In conclusion, this study has shown the importance of the interaction between subtypes and athletic performance. The knowledge gained may be important in identifying those who tend to perform well in sports with explosive power and in prescribing training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahri Safa Cinarli
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Hakan Buyukcelebi
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Magdalena Barasinska
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Sport Centrum, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Sport Centrum, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Umut Nalbant
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99628, Turkey
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
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Haq A, Ribbans WJ, Hohenauer E, Baross AW. The Effect of Repetitive Whole Body Cryotherapy Treatment on Adaptations to a Strength and Endurance Training Programme in Physically Active Males. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:834386. [PMID: 35399598 PMCID: PMC8990227 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.834386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its potential merit in sport and exercise recovery, the implications of repetitive Whole Body Cryotherapy (WBC) during training programmes require further review due to the possibility of repetitive cold interfering with long term adaptations. This study investigated the impact of two weekly 3 min WBC sessions (30 s at −60°C, 150 s at −120°C) on adaptations to a 6 week strength and endurance training programme. Sixteen male participants (mean ± SD age 33.4 ± 9.8 years, body mass 82.3 ± 9.8 kg) randomly allocated into WBC (n = 7) and non-cryotherapy control (CON, n=9) groups completed the programme consisting of two weekly strength and plyometric training sessions and two weekly 30 min runs (70% VO2 max). Participants were assessed for body fat, VO2 max, muscle torque, three repetition maximum barbell squat and countermovement jump height before and after the programme. Resistance and running intensities were progressed after 3 weeks. Participants in both groups significantly improved muscle torque (WBC: 277.1 ± 63.2 Nm vs. 318.1 ± 83.4 Nm, p < 0.01, d = 0.56; CON: 244.6 ± 50.6 Nm vs. 268.0 ± 71.8 Nm, p = 0.05, d = 0.38) and barbell squat (WBC: 86.4 ± 19.5 kg vs. 98.9 ± 15.2 kg, p = 0.03, d = 0.69; CON: 91.1 ± 28.7 kg vs. 106.1 ± 30.0 kg, p < 0.01, d=0.51) following the 6 week programme. For the CON group, there was also a significant reduction in body fat percentage (p = 0.01) and significant increase in jump height (p = 0.01). There was no significant increase in VO2 max for either group (both p > 0.2). There was no difference between WBC and CON for responses in muscle torque, 3RM barbell squat and body fat, however WBC participants did not increase their jump height (p = 0.23). Repetitive WBC does not appear to blunt adaptations to a concurrent training programme, although there may be an interference effect in the development of explosive power. Sports practitioners can cautiously apply repetitive WBC to support recovery post-exercise without undue concern on athletes' fitness gains or long term performance, particularly throughout training phases focused more on general strength development than explosive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Haq
- Sports Studies, Moulton College, Moulton, United Kingdom
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton Waterside, Northampton, United Kingdom
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales Sport Park, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adnan Haq
| | - William J. Ribbans
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton Waterside, Northampton, United Kingdom
- The County Clinic, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Anthony W. Baross
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton Waterside, Northampton, United Kingdom
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Body Composition Interactions with Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study in Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063598. [PMID: 35329288 PMCID: PMC8950089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to: (i) analyze fat mass and physical fitness variations among age-groups and playing positions, and (ii) explore the relationship between fat mass and physical fitness in youth male soccer players. A total of 66 players from under-16, under-17, and under-19 were tested. Body mass, skinfolds, countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg triple hop jump (SLTH), bilateral triple hop jump (BTH), and yo-yo intermittent recovery Level 2 (YYIR-2) were assessed. A two- and one-way ANOVA were conducted, and the effect size was measured. Interactions were found in skin folds and fat mass. The under-19 group was taller, heavier, with a greater BMI and muscle mass than the under-16 group. They also exceeded the under-16 and under-17 in SLTH, BTH, and YYIRT-2. The under-17 group jumped higher and longer than under-16 group. Goalkeepers were taller and heavier than the midfielders. Central defenders were taller and had more muscle mass than midfielders and were heavier than the midfielders and wingers. The wingers jumped higher than the midfielders and showed better YYIRT-2. BMI was small correlated with YYIRT-2 and moderately with CMJ. Fat mass had a moderate negative correlation with CMJ and YYIRT-2. Muscle mass largely correlated with CMJ, UTH, very large with BTH and moderate with YYIRT-2. Summarily, with increasing age, better performances and body compositions were registered. Muscle mass better influences performance than body fat. Body composition can distinguish players positions.
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Arslan S, Dinç E. Effect of body composition on Functional Movement Screen scores in elite youth male soccer players. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2021; 34:1049-1056. [PMID: 34057132 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a clinical assessment tool used to determine musculoskeletal dysfunctions and asymmetries in athletes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether FMS scores differed between elite youth male soccer players with low body fat percentage and those with normal body fat percentage and between those with and without a history of soccer injury. METHODS Fifty-three elite youth male soccer players were included in the study. The participants' injury histories were recorded, followed by body composition assessment and FMS tests. The participants were grouped according to body fat percentage and injury history for data analysis. RESULTS The mean age, weight and height of the participants were 17.11 ± 0.91 years, 68.78 ± 7.41 kg and 1.77 ± 0.57 meters, respectively. Comparisons of the groups according to body fat percentage and injury history revealed no differences in FMS scores (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION Lower body fat percentage did not confer an advantage or disadvantage to elite youth male soccer players in terms of FMS scores FMS scores provide limited information to predict injuries in elite youth male players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Arslan
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Engin Dinç
- Public Health Service, Provincial Health Directorate, Konya, Turkey
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15
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Iaia FM, Alberti G, Pasta G, Trecroci A. Association of phase angle and appendicular upper and lower body lean soft tissue with physical performance in young elite soccer players: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1015-1022. [PMID: 34546027 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soccer, a better understanding of the bioimpedance parameters with physical performance may be useful to efficiently monitor and interpret players' performance variation throughout a certain period of the season. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between phase angle (PhA) and arms and legs lean soft tissue (ALST and LLST) with physical performance in young elite soccer players. METHODS Fifteen young male elite soccer players (age = 14.2±1.2 years, BMI = 20.51±1.38 kg/m2) participated in this investigation. Raw bioimpedance parameters (reactance, resistance, and phase angle) were obtained by a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device. Then, ALST and LLST were estimated. All players underwent a physical testing battery including countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m and 20-m sprint, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YoYo IRTL1) in the domains of anaerobic and aerobic performance, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that LST (total, arms and legs) positively correlated with CMJ (0.64 < r < 0.69; p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with 10-m (-0.59 < r < -0.63; p < 0.05) and 20-m sprint (-0.67 < r < -0.73; p < 0.001), while PhA positively correlated with CMJ (r = 0.57; p < 0.05) and negatively correlated (r = -0.54; p < 0.05) only with 20-m sprint. No significant association was found between the BIA-related parameters (PhA and LST) and Yo- Yo IRT level 1. CONCLUSIONS The present findings highlight the existing association of PhA and LST with jumping and sprinting performance in young elite soccer players. This result supports the use of BIA-related measures as a simple and practical approach to monitoring anaerobic performance changes, rather than aerobic, over time throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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16
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Wijayanti MR, Adiningsih S, Rachmah Q. The Relationship Habits of Through Breakfast and Physical Activity with Abdominal Obesity in Nutrition Students. AMERTA NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v5i2.2021.115-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background : Abdominal obesity is obesity characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the abdominal area. The risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease may increase due to abdominal obesity. One of the factors associated with abdominal obesity is imbalance between energy intake and physical activity. Several studies have stated that skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of obesity with the tendency to consume high calorie foods to provide energy for activities.Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between skipping breakfast, level of physical activity and obesity in nutrition students at Public Health Faculty, Airlangga University.Methods : This research is observational analytic with cross sectional design. The population in this study were nutrition students at Public Health Faculty, Airlangga University. The number of samples was 60 people which selected by proportional random sampling method. Data were collected include the measurements of waist circumference, interviews using respondent's identity questionnaire and physical activity recall 3 x 24 hours. Data were analyze with Spearman correlation test.Results : Based on the results, it was found that 33.3% of the respondents were obese. The results of statistical tests shows a negative correlation between skipping breakfast and abdominal obesity (p = 0.000). The results of this study also showed that there is no significant correlation between the level of physical activity and obesity (p = 0.618).Conclusions : Skipping breakfast was significantly associated with abdominal obesity in the young adult students group. Therefore, it is better if the habits of skipping breakfast can be replaced with breakfast habits to prevent abdominal obesity.
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Kusumawardhani A, Farapti F, Rifqi MA, Adiningsih S. Intensive Sports Nutrition Program Improving Body Composition and Energy Intake among Elite Combat Sport Athletes. AMERTA NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v5i2.2021.127-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRAK Latar Belakang :Gizi olahraga merupakan aspek penting dalam mengatur asupan makanan dan komposisi tubuh untuk mencapai performa yang optimal. Studi epidemiologis menunjukkan sebagian besar asupan atlet tidak adekuat dan dapat mempengaruhi komposisi tubuh yang ideal.Tujuan :Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh pendampingan gizi olahraga terhadap komposisi tubuh dan asupan energi atlet bela diri.Metode :Pendampingan gizi intensif dilakukan selama empat bulan (Juni- September 2019). Pengukuran komposisi tubuh dilakukan 2 kali, yakni sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dengan menganalisis hasil pengukuran dari alat BIA (Bio Impadance Analyzer) tipe MBCA (Medical Body Compotiton Analyzer) 515/514 merk seca©. Variabel yang dianalisis diantaranya, total asupan kalori sehari diukur menggunakan instrumen Recall-24 jam, komposisi tubuh diukur dengan alat BIA yakni Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM) dan Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM). Pendampingan gizi dilakukan oleh ahli gizi olahraga yang mengunjungi 24 responden setiap bulan dan memberikan materi pendidikan gizi, memberikan makanan sehat dan memberikan konseling permasalahan gizi atlet.Hasil : Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan secara signifikan pada asupan energi total (1496,2±654,4 menjadi 1688,5±679,8, p= 0,002). Pada komposisi tubuh terjadi peningkatan pada FFM dan SMM yakni (56,57 ± 9,91 kg vs 57,01 ± 9,53, p = 0,032) dan (27,49 ± 5,58 vs 27,75 ± 5,31, p = 0,005) dan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dalam variabel FM.Kesimpulan : Kesimpulan dari percobaan ini adalah pendampingan gizi secara intensif dapat meningkatkan asupan energi total, FFM dan SMM pada atlet bela diri. Kata Kunci : Komposisi tubuh, pendampingan gizi, asupan energiABSTRACTBackground :Sports nutrition is very urgent to improve nutrition knowledge, dietary intake and body composition to achieve an optimum athletic performance. Epidemiological studies showed most athletes lack of getting adequate intake and maintaining an ideal body composition.Objective :This study aims to analyze the effect of sport nutrition education on body composition and energy intake among elite combat sport athletes.Methods :Intensive sport nutrition was conducted for four months June until September 2019. Body composition was assessed for 2 times, before and after intervention using bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), with seca© brand 515/514 type of stainless steel electrodes.Measurement of energy intake with recall 24 hours before and after the intervention. The variables studied were Fat Mass (FM), Fat Free Mass (FFM), Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM) and energy intake.The professional sport nutritionist and dietitians visited 24 subjects every month by teaching nutrition education, bringing the healthy food, and facilitating the counseling about sport nutrition.Result :Energy intake increased significantly (1496,2±654,4 to 1688,5±679,8, p= 0,002). FFM and SMM increased significantly pre to post (56.57±9.91 kg vs 57.01±9.53, p=0.032) and (27.49±5.58 vs 27.75±5.31, p=0.005) respectively, meanwhile no significant differences in FM variable.Conclusion : Our findings indicate that intensive sport nutritionimproved energy intake, FFM and SMM among elite combat sport athletes. Keywords : Body compotition, sport nutririon education, energy intake
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Bongiovanni T, Rossi A, Iaia FM, DI Baldassarre A, Pasta G, Manetti P, Alberti G, Trecroci A. Relationship of regional and whole body morphology to vertical jump in elite soccer players: a data-driven approach. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1162-1169. [PMID: 34080815 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyse the relationship of regional and whole body morphology to vertical jump performance and to compare the morphological features outlining high and low performers in professional soccer players. METHODS Twenty-one male soccer players were recruited. Whole and regional (upper and lower limbs) features were obtained in the form of body dimensional measurements. Then, all players were tested for vertical jump performance. A data-driven approach was used to group players according to their jump performance parameters (high vs low). RESULTS The regional morphological features presented higher correlations with vertical jump than whole body features. High and low performers were significantly different among upperand lower-limb morphology. No differences were observed among whole body features. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that, rather than the whole body, the use of morphological features linked to specific body regions may ensure a better interpretation of the soccer players' physical potential in jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Performance and Recovery, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy -
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Angela DI Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Ángel García-Merino J, Moreno-Pérez D, de Lucas B, Montalvo-Lominchar MG, Muñoz E, Sánchez L, Naclerio F, Herrera-Rocha KM, Moreno-Jiménez MR, Rocha-Guzmán NE, Larrosa M. Chronic flavanol-rich cocoa powder supplementation reduces body fat mass in endurance athletes by modifying the follistatin/myostatin ratio and leptin levels. Food Funct 2021; 11:3441-3450. [PMID: 32236212 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flavanols-rich cocoa has positive effects on lipid metabolism and might enhance the performance of athletes through an improvement in their body composition. To test this hypothesis a placebo-controlled intervention study in training endurance athletes who received 5 g of cocoa daily (425 mg of flavanols) for 10 weeks was performed. Dietary intake, body composition, exercise performance and plasma levels of follistatin, myostatin and leptin were measured. Cocoa intake significantly reduced body fat percentage (p = 0.020), specifically in the trunk (p = 0.022), visceral area (p = 0.034) and lower limbs (p = 0.004). The reduction in body fat mass was accompanied by an increase in plasma follistatin and a decrease in leptin, while myostatin levels remained unchanged. The intake of cocoa reduced the percentage of body fat of athletes, without any impact on athletes' performance. The change in fat body composition did not improve athletes' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ángel García-Merino
- MAS microbiota group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Moreno-Pérez
- Departamento de Educación, Métodos de Investigación y Evaluación, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, ICAI-ICADE, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28015, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Lucas
- MAS microbiota group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Elsa Muñoz
- Medical Service, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Sánchez
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Department of Life and Sports Sciences, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK
| | - Karen Marlene Herrera-Rocha
- Grupo de Investigación en Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos. Unidad de Posgrado, Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico. TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Martha Rocío Moreno-Jiménez
- Grupo de Investigación en Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos. Unidad de Posgrado, Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico. TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Nuria Elisabeth Rocha-Guzmán
- Grupo de Investigación en Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos. Unidad de Posgrado, Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico. TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Mar Larrosa
- MAS microbiota group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.
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Sánchez-Díaz S, Yanci J, Castillo D, Scanlan AT, Raya-González J. Effects of Nutrition Education Interventions in Team Sport Players. A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3664. [PMID: 33260504 PMCID: PMC7760400 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering nutrition education interventions have been frequently implemented in team sport athletes and have shown promising results, this study aimed to summarize the effects of nutrition education interventions on eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance in team sport athletes. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated, and each study was assessed according to the analyzed variables (i.e., eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance). Most studies showed improvements in or maintenance of variables used to indicate eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. However, limited studies examined the effect of nutrition education interventions on physical performance, with existing studies demonstrating disparate results. These findings suggest implementation of nutrition education interventions in team sport athletes could be an effective strategy to improve their eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. Due to the heterogeneity across the included studies regarding sport modality, competition level, age, and sex of the athletes investigated, as well as the intervention type adopted (i.e., online or face-to-face), it is difficult to establish optimal nutrition education interventions for each analyzed variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Díaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Rockhampton 4702, Australia;
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
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21
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McEwan GP, Drobnic F, Lizarraga A, Gómez Díaz A, Pons E, Dello Iacon A, Unnithan V. Changes in markers of body composition of professional male soccer players during pre-season. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:166-171. [PMID: 35782288 PMCID: PMC9219328 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate changes achieved in whole-body and regional (upper limbs, lower limbs, and trunk) estimates of body composition, twenty professional male soccer players (7 defenders, 7 midfielders, 6 forwards) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis at the beginning and end of pre-season. Measures included: mass, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and body fat per cent (BF%). Players' activity during on-field training sessions was monitored using Global Positioning System (GPS) units, with GPS data used to obtain estimations of energy expenditure (EE). Whole-body mass remained unchanged across the pre-season. Moderate significant increases and decreases were achieved in whole-body FFM (Pre: 59.58 ± 5.27 kg; Post: 60.61 ± 5.18 kg; p = 0.001; d = 0.87) and FM (Pre: 10.60 ± 1.88 kg; Post: 9.56 ± 1.81 kg; p = 0.001; d = 0.85), respectively. Moderate significant decreases were achieved in whole-body BF% (Pre: 14.4 ± 2.3%; Post: 12.9 ± 2.0%; p < 0.001; d = 0.94). No significant inter-positional differences were observed for the changes achieved in any global or regional estimate of body composition. Total EE was significantly correlated with ΔFM (r = 0.65, p = 0.002), ΔFFM (r = 0.46, p = 0.03), and ΔBF% (r = 0.67, p = 0.002). The total EE of pre-season training accounted for 42%, 21%, and 45% of the variance in ΔFM, ΔFFM, and ΔBF%, respectively. These findings suggest that the pre-season period is a suitable time for initiating favourable alterations in body composition following the off-season in elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Paul McEwan
- Division of Sport and Exercise, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Franchek Drobnic
- Medical Department, Shanghai Greenland Shenhua FC, Shanghai, China
- Medical, Sport Science and Health Department, FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Lizarraga
- Medical, Sport Science and Health Department, FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eduard Pons
- Sports Performance Department, FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Dello Iacon
- Division of Sport and Exercise, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, G72 0LH, UK
| | - Viswanath Unnithan
- Division of Sport and Exercise, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, G72 0LH, UK
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22
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Bongiovanni T, Trecroci A, Cavaggioni L, Rossi A, Perri E, Pasta G, Iaia FM, Alberti G. Importance of anthropometric features to predict physical performance in elite youth soccer: a machine learning approach. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:213-224. [PMID: 32835528 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1809410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the contribution of soccer players' anthropometric features to predict their physical performance. Sixteen players, from a professional youth soccer academy, were recruited. Several anthropometric features such as corrected arm muscle area (AMAcorr), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and right and left suprapatellar girths (RSPG and LSPG) were employed in this study. Players' physical performance was assessed by the change of direction (COD), sprint (10-m and 20-m), and vertical jump (CMJ) tests, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1). Using an extra tree regression (ETR) model, the anthropometric features permitted to accurately predict 10-m sprint, 20-m sprint and Yo-Yo IRTL 1 performance (p < 0.05). ETR showed that upper-body features as AMAcorr, and AMC affected 10-m and 20-m sprint performances, while lower-body features as RSPG and LSPG influenced the Yo-Yo IRTL 1 (Overall Gini importance ≥ 0.22). The model predicting COD and CMJ presented a poor level of prediction, suggesting that other factors, rather than anthropometric features, may concur to predict their changes in performance. These findings demonstrated that the upper- and lower-body anthropometric features are strictly related to sprint and aerobic fitness performance in elite youth soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Nutrition, Hydration & Body Composition Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Cavaggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Perri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pasta
- Medical Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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23
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Querido SM, Clemente FM. Analyzing the effects of combined small-sided games and strength and power training on the fitness status of under-19 elite football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1-10. [PMID: 32008309 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to characterize a common microcycle considering both internal and external training loads; and 2) to identify the effects of small-sided games (SSGs) and of power and strength training on the fitness status of football players. METHODS Fifteen male football players (age: 18.55±0.39 years) participated in this study. Ninety-two consecutive training sessions were monitored and analyzed over a period of nineteen weeks. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE ) was used as an internal load marker, and the distances covered at different speed thresholds and accelerations/decelerations were used as external load markers to characterize the common microcycle. Participants' body composition, vertical jumping ability, maximal strength, speed, and agility were assessed twice before and after the training monitoring process. RESULTS The results revealed that match day -5 (MD-5) and MD-1 were associated with the lowest RPE scores (4.2 and 3.8 A.U., respectively). MD-4 and MD-3 were associated with the highest RPE values (9.2 and 8.8 A.U., respectively). Meaningful changes in RPE were found between training days. External load monitoring revealed that MD-4 had the highest values of accelerations and decelerations >2 m/s2/min (4.22 and 3.17, respectively) and MD-3 had the highest values of distance covered at high intensity (6.11 m/s2/min). Meaningful moderate improvements in jumping performance (d=0.90) and maximal strength parameters (d=0.83) were also found between assessments. CONCLUSIONS It was identified that the concurrent approach had meaningful impacts on the fitness development of players and should be considered by coaches for future training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio M Querido
- Department of Physical Performance, Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses, Lisbon, Portugal - .,Faculty Of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, Melgaço, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Covilhã, Portugal
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24
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Bellicha A, Giroux C, Ciangura C, Menoux D, Thoumie P, Oppert JM, Portero P. Vertical Jump on a Force Plate for Assessing Muscle Strength and Power in Women With Severe Obesity: Reliability, Validity, and Relations With Body Composition. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:75-81. [PMID: 32218061 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bellicha, A, Giroux, C, Ciangura, C, Menoux, D, Thoumie, P, Oppert, J-M, and Portero, P. Vertical jump on a force plate for assessing muscle strength and power in women with severe obesity: reliability, validity, and relations with body composition. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Muscle strength and power, particularly when assessed during multijoint movements such as vertical jump (VJ), are important predictors of health status and physical function. Vertical jump is mainly used in athletes, also in untrained or older adults, but has not yet been used in subjects with obesity. We aimed to assess the following in this population: (a) the reliability of VJ parameters, (b) their validity compared with isokinetic testing, and (c) their relations with body composition. In 20 women with severe obesity (mean [SD] age: 41.1 [11.6] years; body mass index: 43.9 [4.4] kg·m) without severe orthopedic disorders, VJ parameters, knee extension torque, and body composition were assessed using a force plate, an isokinetic dynamometer, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Excellent reliability was found for absolute peak power and peak force in VJ (intraclass correlation coefficient [95% confidence interval]: 0.95 [0.88-0.98] and 0.90 [0.77-0.96], respectively), and moderate to good validity of peak power and peak force compared with isokinetic torque (r = 0.79 and r = 0.67, respectively; all p < 0.01). Positive relations were found between peak force and peak power during VJ and lean body mass (r = 0.89 and r = 0.60, respectively; p < 0.01) and a negative relation was found between peak velocity or VJ height and fat mass (r = -0.65 and -0.64, respectively; p < 0.01). These results suggest that VJ on a force plate is a reliable and valid test for assessing muscle strength and power in severely obese subjects. Vertical jump testing is easy to implement, which can facilitate its use in both research and clinical testing in this setting (ClinicalTrials.govID: NCT03325764).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bellicha
- Laboratory Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity (BIOTN EA7377), University Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Giroux
- Laboratory Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity (BIOTN EA7377), University Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Cécile Ciangura
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Department of Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Ho[Combining Circumflex Accent]pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie[Combining Acute Accent]-Salpe[Combining Circumflex Accent]trie[Combining Grave Accent]re Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Diane Menoux
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Assistance Publique-Ho[Combining Circumflex Accent]pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Rothschild Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Thoumie
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Assistance Publique-Ho[Combining Circumflex Accent]pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Rothschild Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Agathe Team, INSERM UA1150, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Department of Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Ho[Combining Circumflex Accent]pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie[Combining Acute Accent]-Salpe[Combining Circumflex Accent]trie[Combining Grave Accent]re Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Portero
- Laboratory Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity (BIOTN EA7377), University Paris-Est, Créteil, France
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