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Kuczyńska-Kippen N, Kozak A, Celewicz S. Cyanobacteria respond to trophic status in shallow aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174932. [PMID: 39074746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Small and shallow water bodies are particularly sensitive to adverse conditions connected with anthropogenic eutrophication. As model systems, ponds are a good object for ecological research and monitoring of global environmental changes. We examined cyanobacteria along with other groups of algae versus zooplankton and abiotic characteristics of water in 51 aquatic ecosystems exposed to anthropogenic pressure (from natural forest to highly disturbed field ponds) with 3 distinct trophic groups: meso-, eu- and hypertrophic. This study aimed to define how different levels of trophy affect pond-specific cyanobacteria assemblages and to identify species responding to particular trophic states. We demonstrated that trophic type determined the occurrence of certain cyanobacteria species. From among 78 identified taxa, shade- and turbid mixed adapted were the most numerous. Eutrophic ponds had the highest cyanobacteria species and diversity and abundance of zooplankon. Dominating species such as Chroococcus minimus, Anagnostidinema amphibium, Phormidium granulatum or Komvophoron minutum preferred mesotrophic, while e.g. Jaaginema subtilissimum, Limnolyngbya circumcreta, Limnothrix vacuolifera or Romeria leopolienis eutrophic waters and these were not grazed by filtrators. Only 3 species (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Dolichospermum circinale, Planktothrix agardhii) were associated with hypertrophic ponds. Therefore, we assume that cyanobacteria taxa have a high indicative potential to distinguish between trophic type of ponds. Reynolds Functional Groups also exhibit responses to changes in water quality. It was partucularly evident in the case of cyanobacteria representatives of codon M which was attributed to eutrophic ponds. Advancing our understanding about trophic preferences of cyanobacteria is crucial, especially in the era of global warming and the persistent issue of water eutrophication, when problems with harmful cyanobacterial blooms are intensifying. The research findings have ecological significance and management implications, highlighting the often-overlooked importance of pond ecosystems in maintaining overall water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kozak
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sofia Celewicz
- Department of Botany, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland
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Mohamed ZA, Fathi AA, Mostafa Y, Alamri S, Hashem M, Alrumman S, Basha OR. Microcystin levels in irrigation water and field-vegetable plants, and food safety risk assessment: A case study from Egypt. Toxicon 2024; 247:107846. [PMID: 38964620 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC), a hepatotoxin that is harmful to human health, has frequently increased in freshwaters worldwide due to the increase in toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Despite many studies reported the human exposure to MC through drinking water, the potential transfer of this toxin to human via consumption of vegetables grown on farmlands that are naturally irrigated with contaminated water has not been largely investigated. Therefore, this study investigates the presence of MC in irrigation water and its potential accumulation in commonly consumed vegetables from Egyptian farmlands. The results of toxin analysis revealed that all irrigation water sites contained high MC concentrations (1.3-93.7 μg L-1) along the study period, in association with the abundance of dominant cyanobacteria in these sites. Meanwhile, MCs were detected in most vegetable plants surveyed, with highest levels in potato tubers (1100 μg kg-1 fresh weight, FW) followed by spinach (180 μg kg-1 FW), onion (170 μg g-1 FW), Swiss chard (160 μg kg-1 FW) and fava bean (46 μg kg-1 FW). These MC concentrations in vegetables led to estimated daily intake (EDI) values (0.08-1.13 μg kg bw-1 d-1 for adults and 0.11-1.5 μg kg bw-1 d-1 for children), through food consumption, exceeding the WHO recommended TDI (0.04 μg kg bw-1 d-1) for this toxin. As eutrophic water is widely used for irrigation in many parts of the world, our study suggests that cyanotoxins in irrigation waters and agricultural plants should be regularly monitored to safeguard the general public from inadvertent exposure to harmful toxins via food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Adel A Fathi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mostafa
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman Alrumman
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omnia R Basha
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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3
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Bownik A, Pawlik-Skowrońska B. Responses of RTgill-W1 cells to cyanobacterial metabolites microcystin-LR, anabaenopeptin-A, cylindrospermopsin, their binary and ternary mixtures. Toxicon 2024; 249:108059. [PMID: 39117156 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of cyanobacterial metabolites: microcystin-LR (MC-LR) anabaenopeptin-A (ANA-A), cylindrospermopsin (CYL), their binary and ternary mixtures on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill (RTgill-W1) cell line. We determined the following cell parameters: Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) double staining, intracellular ATP level with luminometric assay, glutathione level with ThiolTracker Violet®- glutathione detection reagent and cytoskeletal F-actin fluorescence. The results showed that although reduction of Hoechst fluorescence was observed in both binary and ternary combinations of cyanobacterial metabolites, the mixture of MC-LR+ANA-A+CYL was the most potent inhibitor (EC50=148 nM). PI fluorescence and ATP levels were more increased in the cells exposed to the mixtures than those exposed to the individual metabolites with synergistic toxic changes suggesting apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death. Reduced glutathione level was also decreased in cells exposed both to single metabolites and their mixtures with the highest decrease and synergistic effects at 334 nM MC-LR+334 nM ANA-A+ 334 nM CYL suggesting induction oxidative stress by the tested compounds. Reduction of F-actin fluorescence was found in the cells from all of the groups exposed to individual metabolites and their mixtures, however the highest level of inhibition showed the binary MC-LR+CYL and the ternary MC-LR+ANA-A+CYL with synergistic interactions. The study suggests that in natural conditions fish gill cells may be very sensitive to individual cyanobacterial metabolites and more prone to their binary and ternary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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Biswas C, Adhikari M, Pramanick K. Toxicological effects of nodularin on the reproductive endocrine system of female zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 273:107000. [PMID: 38875953 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Nodularin is a potent cyanotoxin that has been detected in aquatic environments as well as in the body of aquatic organisms throughout the world, but its effects on the reproductive system are yet to be explored. The present study investigated the toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of nodularin on the reproductive endocrine system of female zebrafish (Danio rerio). After exposure to nodularin for 14 days, decreased gonadosomatic Index (GSI), germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and decreased level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17β-estradiol (E2) level and increased testosterone (T) content in female zebrafish suggested that nodularin may disrupt both oocyte growth and maturation. In support of this data, alteration in different marker gene expression on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis was observed. Transcriptional levels of genes related to steroidogenesis including cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a1a) in the ovary and primary vitellogenin genes (vtg1, vtg2, and vtg3) in the liver were down-regulated and marker genes for oxidative stress (sod, cat, and gpx) were up-regulated on HPGL axis. These findings revealed for the first time that nodularin is a potent endocrine-disrupting compound posing oxidative stress and causes reproductive endocrine toxicity in female zebrafish, emphasizing the importance of assessing its environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Biswas
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Adhikari
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Spencer PS, Valdes Angues R, Palmer VS. Nodding syndrome: A role for environmental biotoxins that dysregulate MECP2 expression? J Neurol Sci 2024; 462:123077. [PMID: 38850769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Nodding syndrome is an epileptic encephalopathy associated with neuroinflammation and tauopathy. This initially pediatric brain disease, which has some clinical overlap with Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) Duplication Syndrome, has impacted certain impoverished East African communities coincident with local civil conflict and internal displacement, conditions that forced dependence on contaminated food and water. A potential role in Nodding syndrome for certain biotoxins (freshwater cyanotoxins plus/minus mycotoxins) with neuroinflammatory, excitotoxic, tauopathic, and MECP2-dysregulating properties, is considered here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Gulu University School of Medicine, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - Raquel Valdes Angues
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Valerie S Palmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Gulu University School of Medicine, Gulu, Uganda
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Chambers C, Grimes S, Fire S, Reza MT. Influence of biochar on the removal of Microcystin-LR and Saxitoxin from aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11058. [PMID: 38745050 PMCID: PMC11094018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the effective use of biochar for the adsorption of two potent HAB toxins namely, Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and Saxitoxin (STX) through a combination of dosage, kinetic, equilibrium, initial pH, and competitive adsorption experiments. The adsorption results suggest that biochar has excellent capabilities for removing MCLR and STX, with STX reporting higher adsorption capacities (622.53-3507.46 µg/g). STX removal required a minimal dosage of 0.02 g/L, while MCLR removal needed 0.4 g/L for > 90%. Similarly, a shorter contact time was required for STX removal compared to MCLR for > 90% of toxin removed from water. Initial pH study revealed that for MCLR acidic conditions favored higher uptake while STX favored basic conditions. Kinetic studies revealed that the Elovich model to be most suitable for both toxins, while STX also showed suitable fittings for Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order in individual toxin systems. Similarly, for the Elovich model the most suited kinetic model for both toxins in presence of each other. Isotherm studies confirmed the Langmuir-Freundlich model as the best fit for both toxins. These results suggest adsorption mechanisms including pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction, and dispersive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadianne Chambers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Savannah Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Spencer Fire
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - M Toufiq Reza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
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Drobac Backović D, Tokodi N. Cyanotoxins in food: Exposure assessment and health impact. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114271. [PMID: 38609248 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The intricate nature of cyanotoxin exposure through food reveals a complex web of risks and uncertainties in our dietary choices. With the aim of starting to unravel this intricate nexus, a comprehensive review of 111 papers from the past two decades investigating cyanotoxin contamination in food was undertaken. It revealed a widespread occurrence of cyanotoxins in diverse food sources across 31 countries. Notably, 68% of the studies reported microcystin concentrations exceeding established Tolerable Daily Intake levels. Cyanotoxins were detected in muscles of many fish species, and while herbivorous fish exhibited the highest recorded concentration, omnivorous species displayed a higher propensity for cyanotoxin accumulation, exemplified by Oreochromis niloticus. Beyond fish, crustaceans and bivalves emerged as potent cyanotoxin accumulators. Gaps persist regarding contamination of terrestrial and exotic animals and their products, necessitating further exploration. Plant contamination under natural conditions remains underreported, yet evidence underscores irrigation-driven cyanotoxin accumulation, particularly affecting leafy vegetables. Finally, cyanobacterial-based food supplements often harbored cyanotoxins (57 % of samples were positive) warranting heightened scrutiny, especially for Aphanizomenon flos-aquae-based products. Uncertainties surround precise concentrations due to methodological variations (chemical and biochemical) and extraction limitations, along with the enigmatic fate of toxins during storage, processing, and digestion. Nonetheless, potential health consequences of cyanotoxin exposure via contaminated food include gastrointestinal and neurological disorders, organ damage (e.g. liver, kidneys, muscles), and even elevated cancer risks. While microcystins received significant attention, knowledge gaps persist regarding other cyanotoxins' accumulation, exposure, and effects, as well as combined exposure via multiple pathways. Intriguing and complex, cyanotoxin exposure through food beckons further research for our safer and healthier diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia; Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30387, Poland.
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Santiago-Maldonado X, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, López L, Cunci L, Bayro M, Nicolau E. Selection, characterization, and biosensing applications of DNA aptamers targeting cyanotoxin BMAA. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13787-13800. [PMID: 38681844 PMCID: PMC11046380 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientists have established a connection between environmental exposure to toxins like β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and a heightened risk of neurodegenerative disorders. BMAA is a byproduct from certain strains of cyanobacteria that are present in ecosystems worldwide and is renowned for its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in seafood. The sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of the current analytical techniques are insufficient to support efforts regarding food safety and environment monitoring adequately. This work outlines the in vitro selection of BMAA-specific DNA aptamers via the systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX). Screening and characterization of the full-length aptamers was achieved using the SYBR Green (SG) fluorescence displacement assay. Aptamers BMAA_159 and BMAA_165 showed the highest binding affinities, with dissociation constants (Kd) of 2.2 ± 0.1 μM and 0.32 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. After truncation, the binding affinity was confirmed using a BMAA-conjugated fluorescence assay. The Kd values for BMAA_159_min and BMAA_165_min were 6 ± 1 μM and 0.63 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Alterations in the amino proton region studied using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provided further evidence of aptamer-target binding. Additionally, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that BMAA_165_min forms hybrid G-quadruplex (G4) structures. Finally, BMAA_165_min was used in the development of an electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensor that accomplished sensitive and selective detection of BMAA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.13 ± 0.02 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaimara Santiago-Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
| | | | - Luis López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
| | - Lisandro Cunci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
| | - Marvin Bayro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico San Juan 00931-3346 USA
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico San Juan 00931-3346 USA
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Falfushynska H, Rychter P, Boshtova A, Faidiuk Y, Kasianchuk N, Rzymski P. Illicit Drugs in Surface Waters: How to Get Fish off the Addictive Hook. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:537. [PMID: 38675497 PMCID: PMC11054822 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The United Nations World Drug Report published in 2022 alarmed that the global market of illicit drugs is steadily expanding in space and scale. Substances of abuse are usually perceived in the light of threats to human health and public security, while the environmental aspects of their use and subsequent emissions usually remain less explored. However, as with other human activities, drug production, trade, and consumption of drugs may leave their environmental mark. Therefore, this paper aims to review the occurrence of illicit drugs in surface waters and their bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Illicit drugs of different groups, i.e., psychostimulants (methamphetamines/amphetamines, cocaine, and its metabolite benzoylecgonine) and depressants (opioids: morphine, heroin, methadone, fentanyl), can reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharge as they are often not entirely removed during wastewater treatment processes, resulting in their subsequent circulation in nanomolar concentrations, potentially affecting aquatic biota, including fish. Exposure to such xenobiotics can induce oxidative stress and dysfunction to mitochondrial and lysosomal function, distort locomotion activity by regulating the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, increase the predation risk, instigate neurological disorders, disbalance neurotransmission, and produce histopathological alterations in the brain and liver tissues, similar to those described in mammals. Hence, this drugs-related multidimensional harm to fish should be thoroughly investigated in line with environmental protection policies before it is too late. At the same time, selected fish species (e.g., Danio rerio, zebrafish) can be employed as models to study toxic and binge-like effects of psychoactive, illicit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Faculty of Economics, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | | | - Yuliia Faidiuk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53114 Wrocław, Poland;
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2 Prospekt Hlushkov, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60806 Poznań, Poland;
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Ubero-Pascal N, Aboal M. Cyanobacteria and Macroinvertebrate Relationships in Freshwater Benthic Communities beyond Cytotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:190. [PMID: 38668615 PMCID: PMC11054157 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are harmful algae that are monitored worldwide to prevent the effects of the toxins that they can produce. Most research efforts have focused on direct or indirect effects on human populations, with a view to gain easy accurate detection and quantification methods, mainly in planktic communities, but with increasing interest shown in benthos. However, cyanobacteria have played a fundamental role from the very beginning in both the development of our planet's biodiversity and the construction of new habitats. These organisms have colonized almost every possible planktic or benthic environment on earth, including the most extreme ones, and display a vast number of adaptations. All this explains why they are the most important or the only phototrophs in some habitats. The negative effects of cyanotoxins on macroinvertebrates have been demonstrated, but usually under conditions that are far from natural, and on forms of exposure, toxin concentration, or composition. The cohabitation of cyanobacteria with most invertebrate groups is long-standing and has probably contributed to the development of detoxification means, which would explain the survival of some species inside cyanobacteria colonies. This review focuses on benthic cyanobacteria, their capacity to produce several types of toxins, and their relationships with benthic macroinvertebrates beyond toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Ubero-Pascal
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Espinardo Campus, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Marina Aboal
- Laboratory of Algology, Faculty of Biology, Espinardo Campus, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Cox PA. Cyanotoxin Analysis of Air Samples from the Great Salt Lake. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:659. [PMID: 37999522 PMCID: PMC10675144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Great Salt Lake in Utah is the largest saline lake in the Western hemisphere and one of the largest terminal lakes in the world. Situated at the eastern edge of the Great Basin, it is a remnant of the freshwater Lake Bonneville whose water level precipitously lowered about 12,000 years ago due to a natural break in Red Rock pass to the north. It contains a diverse assemblage of cyanobacteria which vary spatially dependent on salinity. In 1984, the waters of the Great Salt Lake occupied 8500 km2. Nearly four decades later, the waters occupy 2500 km2-a reduction in surface area of 71%. With predominantly westerly winds, there is a potential for the adjacent metropolitan residents to the east to be exposed to airborne cyanobacteria- and cyanotoxin-containing dust. During the summer and fall months of 2022, air and dried sediment samples were collected and assessed for the presence of BMAA which has been identified as a risk factor for ALS. Collection of air samples equivalent to a person breathing for 1 h resulted in BMAA and isomers being found in some air samples, along with their presence in exposed lakebed samples. There was no clear relationship between the presence of these toxins in airborne and adjacent lakebed samples, suggesting that airborne toxins may originate from diffuse rather than point sources. These findings confirm that continued low water levels in the Great Salt Lake may constitute an increasing health hazard for the 2.5 million inhabitants of communities along the Wasatch Front.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | | | - Paul Alan Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
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12
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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Wyatt PB, Nunn PB, Cox PA. A Direct Analysis of β- N-methylamino-l-alanine Enantiomers and Isomers and Its Application to Cyanobacteria and Marine Mollusks. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:639. [PMID: 37999501 PMCID: PMC10674937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the wide variety of toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, the neurotoxic amino acid β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has attracted attention as a result of its association with chronic human neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's. Consequently, specific detection methods are required to assess the presence of BMAA and its isomers in environmental and clinical materials, including cyanobacteria and mollusks. Although the separation of isomers such as β-amino-N-methylalanine (BAMA), N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) from BMAA has been demonstrated during routine analysis, a further compounding factor is the potential presence of enantiomers for some of these isomers. Current analytical methods for BMAA mostly do not discriminate between enantiomers, and the chiral configuration of BMAA in cyanobacteria is still largely unexplored. To understand the potential for the occurrence of D-BMAA in cyanobacteria, a chiral UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to separate BMAA enantiomers and isomers and to determine the enantiomeric configuration of endogenous free BMAA in a marine Lyngbya mat and two mussel reference materials. After extraction, purification and derivatization with N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-l-phenylalanine 2-methoxyethyl ester ((S)-NIFE), both L- and D-BMAA were identified as free amino acids in cyanobacterial materials, whereas only L-BMAA was identified in mussel tissues. The finding of D-BMAA in biological environmental materials raises questions concerning the source and role of BMAA enantiomers in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Peter B. Wyatt
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Peter B. Nunn
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Paul A. Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
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Thawabteh AM, Naseef HA, Karaman D, Bufo SA, Scrano L, Karaman R. Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:582. [PMID: 37756009 PMCID: PMC10535532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmood Thawabteh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
- General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine
| | - Hani A Naseef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
| | - Donia Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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14
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Jacinavicius FR, Geraldes V, Fernandes K, Crnkovic CM, Gama WA, Pinto E. Toxicological effects of cyanobacterial metabolites on zebrafish larval development. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 125:102430. [PMID: 37220983 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria are known worldwide for their potential to produce toxins. However, these organisms are also found in marine, terrestrial and extreme environments and produce unique compounds, other than toxins. Nevertheless, their effects on biological systems are still barely known. This work tested extracts of different cyanobacterial strains against zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae and analyzed their metabolomic profiles using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Strains Desertifilum tharense, Anagnostidinema amphibium, and Nostoc sp. promoted morphological abnormalities such as pericardial edema, edema in the digestive system region, curvature of the tail and spine in zebrafish larvae in vivo. In contrast, Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorogloeopsis sp. did not promote such changes. Metabolomics revealed unique compounds belonging to the classes of terpenoids, peptides, and linear lipopeptides/microginins in the nontoxic strains. The toxic strains were shown to contain unique compounds belonging to the classes of cyclic peptides, amino acids and other peptides, anabaenopeptins, lipopeptides, terpenoids, and alkaloids and derivatives. Other unknown compounds were also detected, highlighting the rich structural diversity of secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. The effects of cyanobacterial metabolites on living organisms, mainly those related to potential human and ecotoxicological risks, are still poorly known. This work highlights the diverse, complex, and unique metabolomic profiles of cyanobacteria and the biotechnological potential and associated risks of exposure to their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Jacinavicius
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Geraldes
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil; Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP 13418-260, Brazil
| | - Kelly Fernandes
- Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP 13418-260, Brazil
| | - Camila M Crnkovic
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Watson A Gama
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, CEP 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil; Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, CEP 13418-260, Brazil
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15
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Luz TMD, Guimarães ATB, Matos SGDS, de Souza SS, Gomes AR, Rodrigues ASDL, Durigon EL, Charlie-Silva I, Freitas ÍN, Islam ARMT, Rahman MM, Silva AM, Malafaia G. Exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to SARS-CoV-2 at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations: Outspreading warns about ecotoxicological risks to freshwater fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163269. [PMID: 37028679 PMCID: PMC10076041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
While the multifaceted social, economic, and public health impacts associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are known, little is known about its effects on non-target aquatic ecosystems and organisms. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the potential ecotoxicity of SARS-CoV-2 lysate protein (SARS.CoV2/SP02.2020.HIAE.Br) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations (0.742 and 2.226 pg/L), by 30 days. Although our data did not show locomotor alterations or anxiety-like or/and anxiolytic-like behavior, we noticed that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 negatively affected habituation memory and social aggregation of animals in response to a potential aquatic predator (Geophagus brasiliensis). An increased frequency of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities was also observed in animals exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, our data suggest that such changes were associated with a redox imbalance [↑ROS (reactive oxygen species), ↑H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), ↓SOD (superoxide dismutase), and ↓CAT (catalase)], cholinesterasic effect [↑AChE (acetylcholinesterase) activity], as well as the induction of an inflammatory immune response [↑NO (nitric oxide), ↑IFN-γ (interferon-gamma), and ↓IL-10 (interleukin-10)]. For some biomarkers, we noticed that the response of the animals to the treatments was not concentration-dependent. However, principal component analysis (PCA) and the "Integrated Biomarker Response" index (IBRv2) indicated a more prominent ecotoxicity of SARS-CoV-2 at 2.226 pg/L. Therefore, our study advances knowledge about the ecotoxicological potential of SARS-CoV-2 and reinforces the presumption that the COVID-19 pandemic has negative implications beyond its economic, social, and public health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sindoval Silva de Souza
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alex Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Nascimento Freitas
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abner Marcelino Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Brazilian Academy of Young Scientists (ABJC), Brazil.
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Litvinchuk LF, Sharov AN, Chernova EN, Smirnov VV, Berezina NA. Mutual links between microcystins-producing cyanobacteria and plankton community in clear and brown northern lakes. FOOD WEBS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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