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Mihalache OA, De Boevre M, Dellafiora L, De Saeger S, Moretti A, Pinson-Gadais L, Ponts N, Richard-Forget F, Susca A, Dall’Asta C. The Occurrence of Non-Regulated Mycotoxins in Foods: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:583. [PMID: 37756008 PMCID: PMC10534703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to provide an update on the occurrence and co-occurrence of selected non-regulated mycotoxins and provide an overview of current regulations. Fifteen non-regulated mycotoxins were found in 19 food categories worldwide. On top of that, 38 different combinations of non-regulated mycotoxins were found, with mixtures varying from binary combinations up to 12 mycotoxins. Taking into consideration the amount of evidence regarding the prevalence and co-occurrence of non-regulated mycotoxins, future steps should be taken considering continuous monitoring, scientific exchange, and generation of high-quality data. To enhance data quality, guidelines outlining the minimum quality criteria for both occurrence data and metadata are needed. By doing so, we can effectively address concerns related to the toxicity of non-regulated mycotoxins. Furthermore, obtaining more data concerning the co-occurrence of both regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins could aid in supporting multiple chemical risk assessment methodologies. Implementing these steps could bolster food safety measures, promote evidence-based regulations, and ultimately safeguard public health from the potential adverse effects of non-regulated mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.A.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Antonio Moretti
- ISPA-CNR—Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (L.P.-G.); (N.P.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (L.P.-G.); (N.P.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (L.P.-G.); (N.P.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Antonia Susca
- ISPA-CNR—Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.A.M.); (L.D.)
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Gallardo JA, Marín S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment to Enniatin B through Consumption of Cereal-Based Products in Spain and the Catalonia Region. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 36668844 PMCID: PMC9863481 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enniatin B (ENNB) is a mycotoxin produced by moulds from the Fusarium genera and its toxic effects are still not fully elucidated, hence a safe reference exposure value has not been established yet. ENNB is the most prevalent emerging mycotoxin and is widely found in cereal-based products, nevertheless, there are no comprehensive exposure assessment studies. For that reason, the aim of this study was to characterise the occurrence of ENNB and estimate the exposure of the Spanish and Catalan populations. A total of 347 cereal-based products were collected in 2019 and were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Consumption data were obtained from the national food consumption surveys (ENALIA) and a regional survey conducted in Catalonia. The global exposure was estimated using deterministic and probabilistic methods. The results showed a high occurrence of close to 100% in all foodstuffs, with a range from 6 to 269 µg/kg, and a strong correlation with the levels of deoxynivalenol. Children aged one-nine years were the most exposed, showing mean estimates in the range 308-324 ng/kg bw/day and 95th percentiles 697-781 ng/kg bw/day. This study stresses the need for further toxicological data to establish reference doses and conclude formal risk assessment, accounting for the co-occurrence with deoxynivalenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Gallardo
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Ramos
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Sanchis
- Technology, Engineering and Science of Food Department, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Qiu N, Sun D, Zhou S, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Rapid and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS methods for dietary sample analysis of 43 mycotoxins in China total diet study. J Adv Res 2022; 39:15-47. [PMID: 35777905 PMCID: PMC9264008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that commonly contaminate foods. As recommended by the World Health Organization, total diet study (TDS) is the most efficient and effective way to estimate the dietary intakes of certain chemical substances for general populations. It requires sensitive and reliable analytical methods applicable to a wide range of complex food matrices and ready-to-eat dishes. OBJECTIVES A novel strategy with high selectivity and sensitivity, incorporating three methods based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), was designed for measuring 43 mycotoxins in dietary samples in a China TDS. METHODS The 43 mycotoxins were divided into 3 groups for analysis to achieve better performance. For each group, an UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed to determine the target compounds after clean-up by solid phase extraction. A total of 21 isotope internal standards were employed for accurate quantitation. Method validation in terms of linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision was performed for all the 43 mycotoxins in 12 complex food matrices. RESULTS The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.002-1 ng mL-1 and 0.006-3 ng mL-1, respectively. The method recoveries of the 43 mycotoxins spiked in 12 food categories were in the range of 60.3%-175.9% after internal standard correction, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13.9%. For practical application, this method was utilized for 72 dietary samples collected from 6 provinces in the 6th China TDS. More than 80% of the samples were found contaminated by mycotoxins. DON, SMC, FB1, ZEN, BEA, ENNB1, and ENNB were most detected. CONCLUSIONS The proposed methods with high sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness provide powerful tools for multi-mycotoxin monitoring and dietary exposure assessment, allowing 43 mycotoxins, including some emerging mycotoxins, to be accurately investigated in a total diet study for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Qiu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Danlei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China.
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China.
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
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Development and Validation of an UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 11 EU-Regulated Mycotoxins in Selected Cereals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070665. [PMID: 35887422 PMCID: PMC9315952 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of reliable sensitive multi-analyte methods for unambiguous determination of mycotoxins is crucial for ensuring food and feed safety, considering their adverse health effects and (co-)occurrence in various foods. Accordingly, a multi-mycotoxin confirmatory method for simultaneous determination of 11 mycotoxins regulated in cereals within the European Union (EU) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed and in-house validated to fit the EU legislation requirements for analytical methods. A simple sample preparation was based on a solid−liquid extraction using a solvent mixture acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v) and a dilution of raw extract using water/acetonitrile/formic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v) before instrumental analysis. Average recoveries in all three validated cereal crop types (maize, wheat, and barley), spiked at multiple levels, were found acceptable for all analytes when matrix-matched calibration was used, ranging from 63.2% to 111.2% and also showing very good repeatability, with relative standard deviations below 20%. Matrix effect (SSE) evaluation revealed maize as the most complex of the three analyzed cereal matrices, with strong SSE (<50% and >150%) recorded for all 11 analyzed mycotoxins. An additional method verification was performed through successful participation in proficiency testing schemes, with the achieved z-scores generally in the acceptable range of −2 ≤ z ≤ 2. The obtained validation results demonstrated the suitability of the developed confirmatory multi-mycotoxin UHPLC-MS/MS method based on a dilute-and-shoot principle for the simultaneous determination of low concentrations of 11 EU-regulated mycotoxins in cereals, including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and ochratoxin A.
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Ahmed OS, Tardif C, Rouger C, Atanasova V, Richard‐Forget F, Waffo‐Téguo P. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds as promising antimycotoxin agents: Where are we now? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1161-1197. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Ahmed
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) 6th of October City Egypt
| | - Charles Tardif
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Caroline Rouger
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- RU 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA) INRAE Villenave d'Ornon France
| | | | - Pierre Waffo‐Téguo
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandhi S, Mishra S, Barua S, Tyagi V, Kumar A, Kumar M, Kamle M. Use of essential oils and phytochemicals against the mycotoxins producing fungi for shelf‐life enhancement and food preservation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab Department of Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli 791109 India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences GLA University Mathura 281406 India
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur‐721302 India
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Vidhi Tyagi
- University School of Biotechnology Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sector 16C Dwarka New Delhi 110078 India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab Department of Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli 791109 India
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Pallarés N, Sebastià A, Martínez-Lucas V, Queirós R, Barba FJ, Berrada H, Ferrer E. High Pressure Processing Impact on Emerging Mycotoxins (ENNA, ENNA1, ENNB, ENNB1) Mitigation in Different Juice and Juice-Milk Matrices. Foods 2022; 11:190. [PMID: 35053922 PMCID: PMC8774803 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of high-pressure processing (HPP) (600 MPa during 5 min) on emerging mycotoxins, enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1) reduction in different juice/milk models, and to compare it with the effect of a traditional thermal treatment (HT) (90 °C during 21 s). For this purpose, different juice models (orange juice, orange juice/milk beverage, strawberry juice, strawberry juice/milk beverage, grape juice and grape juice/milk beverage) were prepared and spiked individually with ENNA, ENNA1, ENNB and ENNB1 at a concentration of 100 µg/L. After HPP and HT treatments, ENNs were extracted from treated samples and controls employing dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction methodology (DLLME) and determined by liquid chromatography coupled to ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS-IT). The results obtained revealed higher reduction percentages (11% to 75.4%) when the samples were treated under HPP technology. Thermal treatment allowed reduction percentages varying from 2.6% to 24.3%, at best, being ENNA1 the only enniatin that was reduced in all juice models. In general, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed when the reductions obtained for each enniatin were evaluated according to the kind of juice model, so no matrix effects were observed for most cases. HPP technology can constitute an effective tool in mycotoxins removal from juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pallarés
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.); (V.M.-L.); (E.F.)
| | - Albert Sebastià
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.); (V.M.-L.); (E.F.)
| | - Vicente Martínez-Lucas
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.); (V.M.-L.); (E.F.)
| | - Rui Queirós
- Hiperbaric, S.A., C/Condado de Treviño, 6, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.); (V.M.-L.); (E.F.)
| | - Houda Berrada
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.); (V.M.-L.); (E.F.)
| | - Emilia Ferrer
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (N.P.); (A.S.); (V.M.-L.); (E.F.)
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8
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Nilghaz A, Mousavi SM, Li M, Tian J, Cao R, Wang X. Paper-based microfluidics for food safety and quality analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Sá SVMD, Monteiro C, Fernandes JO, Pinto E, Faria MA, Cunha SC. Emerging mycotoxins in infant and children foods: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1707-1721. [PMID: 34486889 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1967282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A proper nutrition is crucial for children's healthy development. Regardless of the usual recommendations to follow a varied diet, some foods can be a source of toxic natural contaminants such as mycotoxins, potent secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. In addition to the most well-known mycotoxins, many of which are subject to tight regulation regarding the maximum levels allowed in different types of food, there is a large group of mycotoxins, the so-called emerging mycotoxins, about which less knowledge has already been acquired, which have gradually been the target of interest from the scientific community due to their prevalence in most foodstuffs, particularly in cereals and cereal-based products. Alternariol and his metabolite alternariol mono-methyl ether, beauvericin, citrinin, culmorin, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, fusaproliferin, kojic acid, moniliformin, sterigmatocystin, tentoxin and tenuazonic acid are the most representative of them. The current review gathered the information of the last ten years that have been published on the levels of emerging mycotoxins in food products dedicated for infants and children. European Union countries are responsible for most of the reported studies, which showed levels that can reach hundreds of mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia V M de Sá
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Monteiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Wang F, Wan DB, Shen YD, Tian YX, Xiao ZL, Xu ZL, Yang JY, Sun YM, Hammock BD, Wang H. Development of a chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of tenuazonic acid mycotoxin in fruit juices with a specific camel polyclonal antibody. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1795-1802. [PMID: 33885655 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00200g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The natural mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TeA) in foods is identified as the most toxic mycotoxin among the over 70 kinds of secondary toxic metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata. Some hapten-antibody-mediated immunoassays have been developed for TeA detection in food samples, but these methods show unsatisfactory sensitivity and specificity. In this study, a rationally designed hapten for TeA mycotoxin generated with computer-assisted modeling was prepared to produce a highly specific camel polyclonal antibody, and an indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (icCLEIA) was established with a limit of detection of 0.2 ng mL-1 under optimized conditions. The cross-reactivity results showed that several analogs and some common mycotoxins had negligible recognition by the anti-TeA polyclonal antibody. The average recoveries spiked in fruit juices were determined to be 92.7% with an acceptable coefficient of variation, and good correlations between icCLEIA and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) results were obtained in spiked samples. This developed icCLEIA for TeA detection with significantly improved sensitivity and satisfactory specificity is a promising alternative for environmental monitoring and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - De-Bin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Xin Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Li Xiao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
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Salim SA, Sukor R, Ismail MN, Selamat J. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) and LC-MS/MS Analysis for Multi-Mycotoxin in Rice Bran: Method Development, Optimization and Validation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040280. [PMID: 33920815 PMCID: PMC8071159 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran, a by-product of the rice milling process, has emerged as a functional food and being used in formulation of healthy food and drinks. However, rice bran is often contaminated with numerous mycotoxins. In this study, a method to simultaneous detection of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), sterigmatocystin (STG), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone (ZEA) in rice bran was developed, optimized and validated using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In DLLME, using a solvent mixture of methanol/water (80:20, v/v) as the dispersive solvent and chloroform as the extraction solvent with the addition of 5% salt improved the extraction recoveries (63–120%). The developed method was further optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.990 and a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.5 to 50 ng g−1. The recoveries ranged from 70.2% to 99.4% with an RSD below 1.28%. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze multi-mycotoxin in 24 rice bran samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyatul Akmal Salim
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Pantano L, La Scala L, Olibrio F, Galluzzo FG, Bongiorno C, Buscemi MD, Macaluso A, Vella A. QuEChERS LC-MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3774. [PMID: 33916634 PMCID: PMC8038554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a screening method for mycotoxin analysis in cereal products and spices. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. Dispersive solid-phase extractions (d-SPEs) were used for the extraction of samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxins (AFLA; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FUMO; FB1, FB2, FB3), T2, and HT2 were validated in maize. AFLA and DON were validated in black pepper. The method satisfies the requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006 and (EC) no. 1881/2006. The screening target concentration (STC) was under maximum permitted levels (MLs) for all mycotoxins validated. The method's performance was assessed by two different proficiencies and tested with 100 real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Pantano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Ladislao La Scala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Olibrio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bongiorno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Drussilla Buscemi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
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Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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García-Nicolás M, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Viñas P. Cellulose-ferrite nanocomposite for monitoring enniatins and beauvericins in paprika by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 226:122144. [PMID: 33676695 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Paprika is considered a high-quality product being one of the most consumed spices in the world. Contamination with mycotoxins may appear due to inappropriate practices during processing or resulting from invading mould in the final manufactured products. A sample treatment based on dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) has been proposed for emerging mycotoxin determination, enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericins (BEAs), in paprika. Different magnetic nanoparticles were tested, and cellulose-ferrite nanocomposite was selected for the extraction and preconcentration of the mycotoxins. Nanocomposite was characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in terms of morphology and elemental composition. High-resolution mass spectrometry allowed the quantification of the five main emerging mycotoxins and the monitoring of unexpected members of this class of toxic fungal secondary metabolites. The method has been validated, obtaining limits of quantification between 9.5 and 9.9 μg kg-1 and testing its trueness through recovery studies, with satisfactory values of between 89.5 and 97.7%. Relative standard deviations were calculated to evaluate the intra- and inter-day precision and values lower than 8% were obtained in all cases. The analysis of 26 samples, including conventional and organic, demonstrated the presence of ENNB1 at 12.0 ± 0.6 μg kg-1 in one of the samples studied. Other analogues ENNs and BEAs were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Nicolás
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Ouakhssase A, Ait Addi E. Mycotoxins in food: a review on liquid chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry and their experimental designs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2606-2626. [PMID: 33287555 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1856034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of a multi-mycotoxins method using LC-MS/MS is necessary and it is clear that the development of such method involves many compromises in the choice of the different parameters. This review summarizes applications using conventional experimental designs and some recent studies using response surface methodology (RSM) as a mathematical modeling tool for the optimization of extraction procedures. The authors also discuss pros and cons of the different procedures. To our knowledge, it is the first review on experimental design for the development of multi-mycotoxin methods. This review could be useful in the development and optimization of LC-MS/MS methods with the aim of describing experimental design and variables (factors) that are likely to affect sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Ouakhssase
- Research group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Elhabib Ait Addi
- Research group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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Miniaturized solid-phase extraction using a mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 as sorbent for the determination of triterpenoid saponins from Pulsatilla chinensis by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113810. [PMID: 33317913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and efficient solid-phase extraction method, combined with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detection, was applied to the pre-concentration and determination of four triterpenoid saponins from Pulsatilla chinensis (P. chinensis) ultrasound extract samples. Mesoporous molecular sieve Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA-15) displayed higher selectivity compared to Mobil Composition of Matter 41 (MCM-41), NH2-SBA-15 and mesoporous carbon when it comes to being used in pretreatment methods. It was applied as an effective sorbent in the SPE for the enrichment of the target analytes. Additionally, several key experimental parameters including the kinds of sorbents, the amount of SBA-15, the elute pH and types of elution solvent were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the satisfactory linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9940) was acquired and the limits of detection reached 0.461-0.976 μg/mL for the target analytes. The recoveries ranged from 95.1%-103.2%. The experimental results showed that SBA-15 was a candidate material for the purification and concentration of target triterpenoid saponins from complex P. chinensis samples. The study provided theoretical support for the application of mesoporous materials in the field of drug separation and provided references for the extraction and determination of trace compounds in the complex systems of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Liu Z, Zhao X, Wu L, Zhou S, Gong Z, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Development of a Sensitive and Reliable UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Multiple Urinary Biomarkers of Mycotoxin Exposure. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E193. [PMID: 32197491 PMCID: PMC7150841 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of mycotoxins from different sources frequently contaminate farm products, presenting a potential toxicological concern for animals and human. Mycotoxin exposure has been the focus of attention for governments around the world. To date, biomarkers are used to monitor mycotoxin exposure and promote new understanding of their role in chronic diseases. The goal of this research was to develop and validate a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method using isotopically-labeled internal standards suitable for accurate determination of 18 mycotoxin biomarkers, including fumonisins, ochratoxins, Alternaria and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, B2, and B3, hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 and B2, ochratoxin A, B, and alpha, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid, beauvericin, enniatin A, A1, B, and B1) in human urine. After enzymatic digestion with β-glucuronidase, human urine samples were cleaned up using HLB solid phase extraction cartridges prior to instrument analysis. The multi-mycotoxin and analyte-specific method was validated in-house, providing satisfactory results. The method provided good linearity in the tested concentration range (from LOQ up to 25-500 ng/mL for different analytes), with R2 from 0.997 to 0.999. The limits of quantitation varied from 0.0002 to 0.5 ng/mL for all analytes in urine. The recoveries for spiked samples were between 74.0% and 133%, with intra-day precision of 0.5%-8.7% and inter-day precision of 2.4%-13.4%. This method was applied to 60 urine samples collected from healthy volunteers in Beijing, and 10 biomarkers were found. At least one biomarker was found in all but one of the samples. The high sensitivity and accuracy of this method make it practical for human biomonitoring and mycotoxin exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezhe Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Libiao Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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Sebald MA, Gebauer J, Sommerfeld T, Koch M. First Synthesis of (-)-Altenuene-D 3 Suitable as Internal Standard for Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244563. [PMID: 31842521 PMCID: PMC6943508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites from Alternaria fungi exhibit a variety of biological properties such as phytotoxic, cytotoxic, or antimicrobial activity. Optimization of a literature procedure culminated in an efficient total synthesis of (-)-altenuene as well as a stable isotope-labeled derivative suitable for implementation in a LC-MS/MS method for mycotoxin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sebald
- HPC Standards GmbH, Am Wieseneck 7, D-04451 Borsdorf, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)34291-337236
| | - Julian Gebauer
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, Abteilung Analytische Chemie, Referenzmaterialien, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Matthias Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, Abteilung Analytische Chemie, Referenzmaterialien, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.)
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An Automated and High-Throughput Immunoaffinity Magnetic Bead-Based Sample Clean-Up Platform for the Determination of Aflatoxins in Grains and Oils Using UPLC-FLD. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100583. [PMID: 31658705 PMCID: PMC6832433 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample clean-up remains the most time-consuming and error-prone step in the whole analytical procedure for aflatoxins (AFTs) analysis. Herein, an automated and high-throughput sample clean-up platform was developed with a disposable, cost-effective immunoaffinity magnetic bead-based kit. Under optimized conditions, the automated method takes less than 30 min to simultaneously purify 20 samples without requiring any centrifugation or filtering steps. When coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, this new analysis method displays excellent accuracy and precision as well as outstanding efficiency. Furthermore, an interlaboratory study was performed in six laboratories to validate the novel protocol. Mean recovery, repeatability, reproducibility, and Horwitz ratio values were within 91.9%–107.4%, 2.5%–7.4%, 2.7%–10.6%, and 0.26%–0.90, respectively. Results demonstrate that the developed sample clean-up platform is a reliable alternative to most widely adopted clean-up procedures for AFTs in cereals and oils.
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