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Mwabulili F, Li P, Shi J, Zhang H, Xie Y, Ma W, Sun S, Yang Y, Li Q, Li X, Jia H. Research diversity and advances in simultaneous removal of multi-mycotoxin. Toxicon 2024; 250:108106. [PMID: 39306098 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungal species under specific environmental conditions. The common and regulated mycotoxins are such as deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and fumonisins (FB). These mycotoxins are highly regulated in feed and food because their effects start to exert from their lowest exposures and are abundant in our common environment. However, there are other emerging mycotoxins such as apicidin, beauvericin, aurofusarin, and enniatins which are also harmful. Thus, making a total of around 500 forms of mycotoxins. The existence of mycotoxins in feed and food has a significant impact on animal and human health, which ultimately, slows down economic growth globally. According to this review, different approaches to removing multi-mycotoxin separately or simultaneously have been stated. Mostly, the review focused on the simultaneous removal of different multiple mycotoxins. This is because the current studies show a growing trend in reporting the co-existence of multiple mycotoxins in feed and food materials, however, most detoxifying approaches are for singular mycotoxins. Therefore, the physical, chemical, and biological approaches to remove multi-mycotoxin have been elucidated as well as their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the authors give suggestions on the way forward to reduce exposure to mycotoxins and diminish their health effects in society. Lastly, the authors emphasized introducing more stringent limits for co-existing mycotoxins, especially those that have the same health effects by acting synergistically, such as AFB1 and OTA, which both act as carcinogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Mbeya, 53119, Tanzania
| | - Peng Li
- Centre for Complexity Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jinghao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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Ntungwe EN, Tchana AN, Abia WA. Mycotoxin management: exploring natural solutions for mycotoxin prevention and detoxification in food and feed. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00562-1. [PMID: 39271576 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by various fungi, pose a significant threat to food and feed safety worldwide due to their toxic effects on human and animal health. Traditional methods of mycotoxin management often involve chemical treatments, which may raise concerns about residual toxicity and environmental impact. In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring natural alternatives for preventing mycotoxin contamination and detoxification. This review provides an overview of the current research on the use of natural products for mitigating mycotoxin risks in food and feed. It encompasses a wide range of natural sources, including plant-derived compounds, microbial agents, and enzymatic control. The mechanisms underlying the efficacy of these natural products in inhibiting mycotoxin synthesis, adsorbing mycotoxins, or enhancing detoxification processes are discussed. Challenges and future directions in the development and application of natural products for mycotoxin management are also addressed. Overall, this review highlights the promising role of natural products as sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives for combating mycotoxin contamination in the food and feed supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epole Ngolle Ntungwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Agri-Food Safety and One Health Agency (AFS1HA), Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Angéle N Tchana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Angie Abia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Agri-Food Safety and One Health Agency (AFS1HA), Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DL, UK.
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Zhang X, Zheng H, Lv H, Yin J, Li Y, Zhang K, Zhang L, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zhao L, Guo Y. A Sustainable Approach for Degradation of Alternariol by Peroxidase Extracted from Soybean Hulls: Performance, Pathway, and Toxicity Evaluation. Foods 2024; 13:2434. [PMID: 39123625 PMCID: PMC11311967 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH), an emerging mycotoxin, inevitably exists widely in various food and feed commodities with cereals and fruits being particularly susceptible, raising global concerns over its harm to human and livestock health. The development of eco-friendly and efficient strategies to decontaminate AOH has been an urgent task. This study provided insight into the utilization of crude soybean hull peroxidase as a powerful biocatalyst for degrading AOH. The results confirmed that crude soybean hull peroxidase (SHP) could catalyze the oxidation of AOH by use of H2O2 as a co-substrate. The optimum reaction conditions for SHP-catalyzed AOH degradation were recorded at pH 4.0-8.0, at 42-57 °C, and at H2O2 concentration of 100-500 μM. Mass analysis elucidated the degradation of AOH through hydroxylation and methylation by crude SHP. Moreover, toxicological analysis indicated that crude SHP-catalyzed AOH degradation detoxified the hepatotoxicity of this mycotoxin. The performance of crude SHP to degrade AOH in food matrices was further evaluated, and it was found that the enzyme agent could achieve AOH degradation by 77% in wheat flour, 84% in corn flour, 34% in grape juice, and 26% in apple juice. Collectively, these findings establish crude SHP as a promising candidate for effective AOH degradation, with potential applications in the food and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Kexin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.)
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Liu M, Zhang X, Luan H, Zhang Y, Xu W, Feng W, Song P. Bioenzymatic detoxification of mycotoxins. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1434987. [PMID: 39091297 PMCID: PMC11291262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1434987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced during the growth, storage, and transportation of crops contaminated by fungi and are physiologically toxic to humans and animals. Aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, patulin, and fumonisin are the most common mycotoxins and can cause liver and nervous system damage, immune system suppression, and produce carcinogenic effects in humans and animals that have consumed contaminated food. Physical, chemical, and biological methods are generally used to detoxify mycotoxins. Although physical methods, such as heat treatment, irradiation, and adsorption, are fast and simple, they have associated problems including incomplete detoxification, limited applicability, and cause changes in food characteristics (e.g., nutritive value, organoleptic properties, and palatability). Chemical detoxification methods, such as ammonification, ozonation, and peroxidation, pollute the environment and produce food safety risks. In contrast, bioenzymatic methods are advantageous as they achieve selective detoxification and are environmentally friendly and reusable; thus, these methods are the most promising options for the detoxification of mycotoxins. This paper reviews recent research progress on common mycotoxins and the enzymatic principles and mechanisms for their detoxification, analyzes the toxicity of the degradation products and describes the challenges faced by researchers in carrying out enzymatic detoxification. In addition, the application of enzymatic detoxification in food and feed is discussed and future directions for the development of enzymatic detoxification methods are proposed for future in-depth study of enzymatic detoxification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Zhang W, Sun C, Wang W, Zhang Z. Bioremediation of Aflatoxin B 1 by Meyerozyma guilliermondii AF01 in Peanut Meal via Solid-State Fermentation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:305. [PMID: 39057945 PMCID: PMC11280932 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of microorganisms to manage aflatoxin contamination is a gentle and effective approach. The aim of this study was to test the removal of AFB1 from AFB1-contaminated peanut meal by a strain of Meyerozyma guilliermondii AF01 screened by the authors and to optimize the conditions of the biocontrol. A regression model with the removal ratio of AFB1 as the response value was established by means of single-factor and response surface experiments. It was determined that the optimal conditions for the removal of AFB1 from peanut meal by AF01 were 75 h at 29 °C under the natural pH, with an inoculum of 5.5%; the removal ratio of AFB1 reached 69.31%. The results of simulating solid-state fermentation in production using shallow pans and fermentation bags showed that the removal ratio of AFB1 was 68.85% and 70.31% in the scaled-up experiments, respectively. This indicated that AF01 had strong adaptability to the environment with facultative anaerobic fermentation detoxification ability. The removal ratio of AFB1 showed a positive correlation with the growth of AF01, and there were no significant changes in the appearance and quality of the peanut meal after fermentation. This indicated that AF01 had the potential to be used in practical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China;
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China;
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Zhongjie Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China;
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Liu M, Feng J, Fan Y, Yang X, Chen R, Xu C, Xu H, Cui D, Wang R, Jiao Z, Ma R. Application of atmospheric cold plasma for zearalenone detoxification in cereals: Kinetics, mechanisms, and cytotoxicity analysis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00166-8. [PMID: 38677544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most widely contaminated mycotoxins in world, posing a severe threat to human and animal health. Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) holds great penitential in mycotoxin degradation. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the degradation efficiency and mechanisms of ACP on ZEN as well as the cytotoxicity of ZEN degradation products by ACP. Additionally, this study also investigated the degradation efficiency of ACP on ZEN in cereals and its effect on cereal quality. METHODS The degradation efficiency and products of ZEN by ACP was analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The human normal liver cells and mice were employed to assess the cytotoxicity of ZEN degradation products. The ZEN artificially contaminated cereals were used to evaluate the feasibility of ACP detoxification in cereals. RESULTS The results showed that the degradation rate of ZEN was 96.18 % after 30-W ACP treatment for 180 s. The degradation rate was dependent on the discharge power, and treatment time and distance. Four major ZEN degradation products were produced after ACP treatment due to the oxidative destruction of CC double bond, namely C18H22O7 (m/z = 351.19), C18H22O8 (m/z = 367.14), C18H22O6 (m/z = 335.14), and C17H20O6 (m/z = 321.19). L02 cell viability was increased from 52.4 % to 99.76 % with ACP treatment time ranging from 0 to 180 s. Mice results showed significant recovery of body weight and depth of colonic crypts as well as mitigation of glomerular and liver damage. Additionally, ACP removed up to 50.55 % and 58.07 % of ZEN from wheat and corn. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ACP could efficiently degrade ZEN in cereals and its cytotoxicity was significantly reduced. Therefore, ACP is a promising effective method for ZEN detoxification in cereals to ensure human and animal health. Future study needs to develop large-scale ACP device with high degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junxia Feng
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510800, China
| | - Yongqin Fan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ruike Chen
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cui Xu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hangbo Xu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen Jiao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruonan Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Green Agricultural Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Sun Z, Fang Y, Zhu Y, Tian W, Yu J, Tang J. Biotransformation of zearalenone to non-estrogenic compounds with two novel recombinant lactonases from Gliocladium. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:75. [PMID: 38454365 PMCID: PMC10921726 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) produced by toxigenic fungi is widely present in cereals and its downstream products. The danger of ZEA linked to various human health issues has attracted increasing attention. Thus, powerful ZEA-degrading or detoxifying strategies are urgently needed. Biology-based detoxification methods are specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly and do not lead to negative effects during cereal decontamination. Among these, ZEA detoxification using degrading enzymes was documented to be a promising strategy in broad research. Here, two efficient ZEA-degrading lactonases from the genus Gliocladium, ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, were identified for the first time. This work studied the degradation capacity and properties of ZEA using purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83. RESULTS According to the ZEA degradation study, transformed Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) PLySs cells harboring the zhdr52 or zhdp83 gene could transform 20 µg/mL ZEA within 2 h and degrade > 90% of ZEA toxic derivatives, α/β-zearalanol and α/β-zearalenol, within 6 h. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the optimal pH was 9.0 for ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, and the optimum temperature was 45 °C. The purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 retained > 90% activity over a wide range of pH values and temperatures (pH 7.0-10.0 and 35-50 °C). In addition, the specific activities of purified ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 against ZEA were 196.11 and 229.64 U/mg, respectively. The results of these two novel lactonases suggested that, compared with ZHD101, these two novel lactonases transformed ZEA into different products. The slight position variations in E126 and H242 in ZDHR52/ZEA and ZHDP83/ZEA obtained via structural modelling may explain the difference in degradation products. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay indicated that the products of ZEA degradation using ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 did not exhibit estrogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 are alkali ZEA-degrading enzymes that can efficiently and irreversibly degrade ZEA into non-estrogenic products, indicating that they are potential candidates for commercial application. This study identified two excellent lactonases for industrial ZEA detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
- The Anhui Agricultural University's Comprehensive Experimental Station in the Northwest of Anhui Province, Linquan Modern Agricultural Technology Cooperation and Extension Service Center, Anhui, Linquan, 236400, China
| | - Yuting Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Yaohuan Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Fuyang Normal University, Anhui, Fuyang, 236037, China.
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Shi Y, Xu W, Ni D, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Identification and application of a novel deoxynivalenol-degrading enzyme from Youhaiella tibetensis. Food Chem 2024; 435:137609. [PMID: 37783127 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) poses a significant threat to human health due to its widespread distribution and biological toxicity. Here, we identified a novel DON-degrading enzyme from Youhaiella tibetensis (YoDDH). YoDDH exhibited the highest activity against DON at pH 4.5 and 40 ℃, in the presence of Ca2+ and the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). Additionally, YoDDH displayed remarkable thermostability at 40 ℃, with a half-life of 24 h and a Tm value of 48.5 ℃. Notably, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) can also serve as electron acceptors for YoDDH. After incubation in the optimal conditions for 3 h, YoDDH degraded 73 % of DON (100 μM) finally. The kcat and kcat /Km of YoDDH towards DON was determined as 1.65 s-1 and 1526 M-1·s-1 in the presence of PMS. The 3-keto-DON was verified as the degradation product. This identified YoDDH presents a promising candidate for DON decontamination in the food and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Guo Y, Tang Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, Ma Q, Zhao L. Enzymatic characterization and application of soybean hull peroxidase as an efficient and renewable biocatalyst for degradation of zearalenone. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129664. [PMID: 38266837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a notorious mycotoxin commonly found in Fusarium-contaminated crops, which causes great loss in livestock farming and serious health problems to humans. In the present work, we found that crude peroxidase extraction from soybean hulls could use H2O2 as a co-substate to oxidize ZEN. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation also supported that ZEN could bind to the active site of soybean hull peroxidase (SHP). Subsequently, SHP extracted from soybean hulls was purified using a combined purification protocol involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. The purified SHP showed wide pH resistance and high thermal stability. This peroxidase could degrade 95 % of ZEN in buffer with stepwise addition of 100 μM H2O2 in 1 h. The two main ZEN degradation products were identified as 13-OH-ZEN and 13-OH-ZEN-quinone. Moreover, SHP-catalyzed ZEN degradation products displayed much less cytotoxicity to human liver cells than ZEN. The application of SHP in various food matrices obtained 54 % to 85 % ZEN degradation. The findings in this study will promote the utilization of SHP as a cheap and renewable biocatalyst for degrading ZEN in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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10
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Guo C, Fan L, Yang Q, Ning M, Zhang B, Ren X. Characterization and mechanism of simultaneous degradation of aflatoxin B 1 and zearalenone by an edible fungus of Agrocybe cylindracea GC-Ac2. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1292824. [PMID: 38414775 PMCID: PMC10897045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1292824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Contamination with multiple mycotoxins is a major issue for global food safety and trade. This study focused on the degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) by 8 types of edible fungi belonging to 6 species, inclulding Agaricus bisporus, Agrocybe cylindracea, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Cyclocybe aegerita, Hypsizygus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes. Among these fungi, Agrocybe cylindracea strain GC-Ac2 was shown to be the most efficient in the degradation of AFB1 and ZEN. Under optimal degradation conditions (pH 6.0 and 37.4°C for 37.9 h), the degradation rate of both AFB1 and ZEN reached over 96%. Through the analysis of functional detoxification components, it was found that the removal of AFB1 and ZEN was primarily degraded by the culture supernatant of the fungus. The culture supernatant exhibited a maximum manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity of 2.37 U/mL. Interestingly, Agrocybe cylindracea strain GC-Ac2 also showed the capability to degrade other mycotoxins in laboratory-scale mushroom substrates, including 15A-deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, B2, B3, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, and sterigmatocystin. The mechanism of degradation of these mycotoxins was speculated to be catalyzed by a complex enzyme system, which include MnP and other ligninolytic enzymes. It is worth noting that Agrocybe cylindracea can degrade multiple mycotoxins and produce MnP, which is a novel and significant discovery. These results suggest that this candidate strain and its enzyme system are expected to become valuable biomaterials for the simultaneous degradation of multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Guo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Bingchun Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
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11
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Arimboor R. Metabolites and degradation pathways of microbial detoxification of aflatoxins: a review. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:71-83. [PMID: 38151634 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of aflatoxins using nonpathogenic microbes and their enzymes is emerging as a safe and economical alternative to chemical and physical methods for the detoxification of aflatoxins in food and feeds. Many bacteria and fungi have been identified as aflatoxin degraders. This review is focused on the chemical identification of microbial degradation products and their degradation pathways. The microbial degradations of aflatoxins are initiated by oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, or elimination reactions mostly catalyzed by various enzymes belonging to the classes of laccase, reductases, and peroxidases. The resulting products with lesser chemical stability further undergo various reactions to form low molecular weight products. Studies on the chemical and biological nature of degraded products of aflatoxins are necessary to ensure the safety of the decontamination process. This review indicated the need for an integrated approach including decontamination studies using culture media and food matrices, proper identification and toxicity profiling of degraded products of aflatoxins, and interactions of microbes and the degradation products with food matrices for developing practical and effective microbial detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Arimboor
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India.
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12
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Ji J, Wang D, Wang Y, Hou J. Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cake and meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:45-70. [PMID: 38133731 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventive actions are unlikely to avoid the occurrence of mycotoxins completely, so removal strategies may still be necessary to protect consumers. Elimination of mycotoxin has been achieved broadly through the physical, biological, or chemical course. In view of the steadily increasing volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins, there is a need for ongoing integrated knowledge systems. This work revisited the knowledge of mycotoxins affecting oilseeds, food oils, cake, and meals, focusing more on their varieties, toxicity, and preventive strategies, including the methods adopted in the decontamination, which supplement the available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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13
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Mangini V, Rosini E, Caliandro R, Mangiatordi GF, Delre P, Sciancalepore AG, Pollegioni L, Haidukowski M, Mazzorana M, Sumarah MW, Renaud JB, Flaig R, Mulè G, Belviso BD, Loi M. DypB peroxidase for aflatoxin removal: New insights into the toxin degradation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140826. [PMID: 38040262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most potent carcinogens and a widespread food and feed contaminant. As for other toxins, many efforts are devoted to find efficient and environmentally-friendly methods to degrade AFB1, such as enzymatic treatments, thus improving the safety of food and feed products. In this regard, the dye decolorizing peroxidase of type B (DypB) can efficiently degrade AFB1. The molecular mechanism, which is required to drive protein optimization in view of the usage of DypB as a mycotoxin reduction agent in large scale application, is unknown. Here, we focused on the role of four DypB residues in the degradation of AFB1 by alanine-scanning (residues 156, 215, 239 and 246), which were identified from biochemical assays to be kinetically relevant for the degradation. As a result of DypB degradation, AFB1 is converted into four products. Interestingly, the relative abundancy of these products depends on the replaced residues. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the role of these residues in the binding step between protein and manganese, a metal ion which is expected to be involved in the degradation process. We found that the size of the haem pocket as well as conformational changes in the protein structure could play a role in determining the kinetics of AFB1 removal and, consequently, guide the process towards specific degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mangini
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - E Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - R Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - G F Mangiatordi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - P Delre
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - A G Sciancalepore
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - L Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - M Haidukowski
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - M Mazzorana
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - M W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3
| | - J B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3
| | - R Flaig
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - G Mulè
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy.
| | - B D Belviso
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy.
| | - M Loi
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
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14
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Ding S, Lin C, Xiao Q, Feng F, Wang J, Zhang X, Yang S, Li L, Li F. Effective degradation of zearalenone by dye-decolorizing peroxidases from Pleurotus ostreatus and its metabolic pathway and toxicity analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168500. [PMID: 37952667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in cereal crops and feeds poses a significant threat to both humans and animals. Consequently, the urgency for the international community to address this issue is evident in the demand for safe and effective measures to mitigate zearalenone contamination and explore detoxification methods. In this study, a dye-decolorizing peroxidase (PoDyP4) from Pleurotus ostreatus is characterized for its impressive ZEN degradation effectiveness. PoDyP4 was demonstrated that the ability to almost completely degrade ZEN at pH 6.0 and 40 °C for 2 h, even at high concentrations of 1 mM. The promotion of enzymatic degradation of ZEN was most pronounced in the presence of Mg2+, while Cu2+ and Fe2+ exhibited a notable inhibitory effect. The degradation mechanism elucidated the detoxification of ZEN by PoDyP4 through hydroxylation and polymerization reactions. The resulting metabolic products displayed significantly reduced toxicity and minimal impact on the viability and apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes GC-2 cells, in comparison to the original ZEN. Hydrophobic contacts and hydrogen bonds were found to be crucial for ZEN-PoDyP4 stability via molecular docking. This finding suggests that PoDyP4 may have a promising application in the field of food and feed for zearalenone detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Qiuyun Xiao
- R & D Center of Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd., Yunnan 650100, China
| | - Fa Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- R & D Center of Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd., Yunnan 650100, China
| | - Shengjing Yang
- R & D Center of Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd., Yunnan 650100, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, Hubei, China.
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15
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Fang J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Recent advances in biosynthesis of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes and their applications in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in food and feed, which can cause serious health problems. Bioenzymatic degradation is gaining increasing popularity due to its high specificity, gentle degradation conditions, and environmental friendliness. We reviewed recently reported biosynthetic mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, traditional and novel expression systems, enzyme optimization strategies, food and feed applications, safety evaluation of both degrading enzymes and degradation products, and commercialization potentials. Special emphasis is given to the novel expression systems, advanced optimization strategies, and safety considerations for industrial use. Over ten types of recombinases such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase have been studied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of mycotoxins. Besides traditional expression system of Escherichia coli and yeasts, these enzymes can also be expressed in novel systems such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. To meet the requirements of industrial applications in terms of degradation efficacy and stability, genetic engineering and computational tools are used to optimize enzymatic expression. Currently, registration and technical difficulties have restricted commercial application of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, systematic safety evaluation of both biosynthetic enzymes and their degradation products, in-depth understanding of degradation mechanisms and a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on food and feed quality are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
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16
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Sun H, He Z, Xiong D, Long M. Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:256-274. [PMID: 38033608 PMCID: PMC10685049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and efficient methods of detoxifying mycotoxins. As biotechnology has continued to develop, methods involving biological enzymes have shown great promise. Biological enzymatic methods, which can fundamentally destroy the structures of mycotoxins and produce degradation products whose toxicity is greatly reduced, are generally more specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Mycotoxin-degrading enzymes can thus facilitate the safe and effective detoxification of mycotoxins which gives them a huge advantage over other methods. This article summarizes the newly discovered degrading enzymes that can degrade four common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A) in the past five years, and reveals the degradation mechanism of degrading enzymes on four mycotoxins, as well as their positive effects on animal production. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the safe treatment of mycotoxins by using biological enzyme technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ziqi He
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dongwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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17
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Zaccaria M, Sandlin N, Soen Y, Momeni B. Partner-assisted artificial selection of a secondary function for efficient bioremediation. iScience 2023; 26:107632. [PMID: 37694149 PMCID: PMC10484969 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes can address diverse challenges such as degradation of toxins. However, if the function of interest does not confer a sufficient fitness effect on the producer, the enzymatic function cannot be improved in the host cells by a conventional selection scheme. To overcome this limitation, we propose an alternative scheme, termed "partner-assisted artificial selection" (PAAS), wherein the population of enzyme producers is assisted by function-dependent feedback from an accessory population. Simulations investigating the efficiency of toxin degradation reveal that this strategy supports selection of improved degradation performance, which is robust to stochasticity in the model parameters. We observe that conventional considerations still apply in PAAS: more restrictive bottlenecks lead to stronger selection but add uncertainty. Overall, we offer a guideline for successful implementation of PAAS and highlight its potentials and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zaccaria
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Natalie Sandlin
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Yoav Soen
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7670001, Israel
| | - Babak Momeni
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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18
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Huang M, Guo J, Jia Y, Liao C, He L, Li J, Wei Y, Chen S, Chen J, Shang K, Guo R, Ding K, Yu Z. A Bacillus subtilis Strain ZJ20 with AFB1 Detoxification Ability: A Comprehensive Analysis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1195. [PMID: 37759594 PMCID: PMC10525747 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
As a class I carcinogen, aflatoxin can cause serious damage to various tissues and organs through oxidative stress injuries. The liver, as the target organ of AFB1, is the most seriously damaged. Biological methods are commonly used to degrade AFB1. In our study, the aflatoxin B1-degrading strain ZJ20 was screened from AFB1-contaminated feed and soil, and the degradation of AFB1 by ZJ20 was investigated. The whole genome of strain ZJ20 was analyzed, revealing the genomic complexity of strain ZJ20. The 16S rRNA analysis of strain ZJ20 showed 100% identity to Bacillus subtilis IAM 12118. Through whole gene functional annotation, it was determined that ZJ20 has high antioxidant activity and enzymatic activity; more than 100 CAZymes and 11 gene clusters are involved in the production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. In addition, B. subtilis ZJ20 was predicted to contain a cluster of genes encoding AFB1-degrading enzymes, including chitinase, laccase, lactonase, and manganese oxidase. The comprehensive analysis of B. subtilis provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent development of the biological functions of ZJ20 and the combinatorial enzyme degradation of AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixue Huang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Lei He
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jing Li
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Rongxian Guo
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; (M.H.); (J.G.); (Y.J.); (C.L.); (L.H.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (K.S.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
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Yang P, Wu W, Zhang D, Cao L, Cheng J. AFB 1 Microbial Degradation by Bacillus subtilis WJ6 and Its Degradation Mechanism Exploration Based on the Comparative Transcriptomics Approach. Metabolites 2023; 13:785. [PMID: 37512492 PMCID: PMC10385142 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin pollution poses great harm to human and animal health and causes huge economic losses. The biological detoxification method that utilizes microorganisms and their secreted enzymes to degrade aflatoxin has the advantages of strong specificity, high efficiency, and no pollution inflicted onto the environment. In this study, Bacillus subtilis WJ6 with a high efficiency in aflatoxin B1 degradation was screened and identified through molecular identification, physiological, and biochemical methods. The fermentation broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell suspension degraded 81.57%, 73.27%, and 8.39% of AFB1, respectively. The comparative transcriptomics analysis indicated that AFB1 led to 60 up-regulated genes and 31 down-regulated genes in B. subtilis WJ6. A gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the function classifications of cell aggregation, the organizational aspect, and the structural molecule activity were all of large proportions among the up-regulated genes. The down-regulated gene expression was mainly related to the multi-organism process function under the fermentation condition. Therefore, B. subtilis WJ6 degraded AFB1 through secreted extracellular enzymes with the up-regulated genes of structural molecule activity and down-regulated genes of multi-organism process function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jieshun Cheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
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20
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Statsyuk NV, Popletaeva SB, Shcherbakova LA. Post-Harvest Prevention of Fusariotoxin Contamination of Agricultural Products by Irreversible Microbial Biotransformation: Current Status and Prospects. BIOTECH 2023; 12:32. [PMID: 37218749 PMCID: PMC10204369 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of mycotoxins is a promising environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical and physical detoxification methods. To date, a lot of microorganisms able to degrade them have been described; however, the number of studies determining degradation mechanisms and irreversibility of transformation, identifying resulting metabolites, and evaluating in vivo efficiency and safety of such biodegradation is significantly lower. At the same time, these data are crucial for the evaluation of the potential of the practical application of such microorganisms as mycotoxin-decontaminating agents or sources of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To date, there are no published reviews, which would be focused only on mycotoxin-degrading microorganisms with the proved irreversible transformation of these compounds into less toxic compounds. In this review, the existing information about microorganisms able to efficiently transform the three most common fusariotoxins (zearalenone, deoxinyvalenol, and fumonisin B1) is presented with allowance for the data on the corresponding irreversible transformation pathways, produced metabolites, and/or toxicity reduction. The recent data on the enzymes responsible for the irreversible transformation of these fusariotoxins are also presented, and the promising future trends in the studies in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia (L.A.S.)
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21
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Loi M, De Leonardis S, Ciasca B, Paciolla C, Mulè G, Haidukowski M. Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation by Ery4 Laccase: From In Vitro to Contaminated Corn. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050310. [PMID: 37235345 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. and are found in food and feed as contaminants worldwide. Due to climate change, AFs occurrence is expected to increase also in western Europe. Therefore, to ensure food and feed safety, it is mandatory to develop green technologies for AFs reduction in contaminated matrices. With this regard, enzymatic degradation is an effective and environmentally friendly approach under mild operational conditions and with minor impact on the food and feed matrix. In this work, Ery4 laccase, acetosyringone, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid were investigated in vitro, then applied in artificially contaminated corn for AFB1 reduction. AFB1 (0.1 µg/mL) was completely removed in vitro and reduced by 26% in corn. Several degradation products were detected in vitro by UHPLC-HRMS and likely corresponded to AFQ1, epi-AFQ1, AFB1-diol, or AFB1dialehyde, AFB2a, and AFM1. Protein content was not altered by the enzymatic treatment, while slightly higher levels of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 were detected. Although further studies are needed to improve AFB1 reduction and reduce the impact of this treatment in corn, the results of this study are promising and suggest that Ery4 laccase can be effectively applied for the reduction in AFB1 in corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvana De Leonardis
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Paciolla
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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22
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Zhang J, Tang X, Cai Y, Zhou WW. Mycotoxin Contamination Status of Cereals in China and Potential Microbial Decontamination Methods. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040551. [PMID: 37110209 PMCID: PMC10143121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cereals can pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. China is one of the countries that is facing cereal contamination by mycotoxins. Treating mycotoxin-contaminated cereals with established physical and chemical methods can lead to negative effects, such as the loss of nutrients, chemical residues, and high energy consumption. Therefore, microbial detoxification techniques are being considered for reducing and treating mycotoxins in cereals. This paper reviews the contamination of aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in major cereals (rice, wheat, and maize). Our discussion is based on 8700 samples from 30 provincial areas in China between 2005 and 2021. Previous research suggests that the temperature and humidity in the highly contaminated Chinese cereal-growing regions match the growth conditions of potential antagonists. Therefore, this review takes biological detoxification as the starting point and summarizes the methods of microbial detoxification, microbial active substance detoxification, and other microbial inhibition methods for treating contaminated cereals. Furthermore, their respective mechanisms are systematically analyzed, and a series of strategies for combining the above methods with the treatment of contaminated cereals in China are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for subsequent solutions to cereal contamination problems and for the development of safer and more efficient methods of biological detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xi Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifan Cai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Efremenko E, Senko O, Maslova O, Lyagin I, Aslanli A, Stepanov N. Destruction of Mycotoxins in Poultry Waste under Anaerobic Conditions within Methanogenesis Catalyzed by Artificial Microbial Consortia. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:205. [PMID: 36977096 PMCID: PMC10058804 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the toxicity of modern feeds polluted by mycotoxins, various sorbents are added to them when feeding animals. A part of the mycotoxins is excreted from the body of animals with these sorbents and remains in the manure. As a result, bulk animal wastes containing mixtures of mycotoxins are formed. It is known that it is partially possible to decrease the initial concentration of mycotoxins in the process of anaerobic digestion (AD) of contaminated methanogenic substrates. The aim of this review was to analyze the recent results in destruction of mycotoxins under the action of enzymes present in cells of anaerobic consortia catalyzing methanogenesis of wastes. The possible improvement of the functioning of the anaerobic artificial consortia during detoxification of mycotoxins in the bird droppings is discussed. Particular attention was paid to the possibility of effective functioning of microbial enzymes that catalyze the detoxification of mycotoxins, both at the stage of preparation of poultry manure for methanogenesis and directly in the anaerobic process itself. The sorbents with mycotoxins which appeared in the poultry wastes composed one of the topics of interest in this review. The preliminary alkaline treatment of poultry excreta before processing in AD was considered from the standpoint of effectively reducing the concentrations of mycotoxins in the waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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24
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Chen X, Hu Y, Tan Z. Innovative three-phase partitioning based on deep-eutectic solvents and sugars (sugaring-out effect) for cucumber peroxidase purification. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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25
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Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Grains and Suppression of Its Biosynthesis-Related Genes Using Endophytic Trichoderma harzianum AYM3. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020209. [PMID: 36836323 PMCID: PMC9964583 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the most deleterious types of mycotoxins. The application of an endophytic fungus for biodegradation or biosuppression of AFB1 production by Aspergillus flavus was investigated. About 10 endophytic fungal species, isolated from healthy maize plants, were screened for their in vitro AFs-degrading activity using coumarin medium. The highest degradation potential was recorded for Trichoderma sp. (76.8%). This endophyte was identified using the rDNA-ITS sequence as Trichoderma harzianum AYM3 and assigned an accession no. of ON203053. It caused a 65% inhibition in the growth of A. flavus AYM2 in vitro. HPLC analysis revealed that T. harzianum AYM3 had a biodegradation potential against AFB1. Co-culturing of T. harazianum AYM3 and A. flavus AYM2 on maize grains led to a significant suppression (67%) in AFB1 production. GC-MS analysis identified two AFB1-suppressing compounds, acetic acid and n-propyl acetate. Investigating effect on the transcriptional expression of five AFB1 biosynthesis-related genes in A. flavus AYM2 revealed the downregulating effects of T. harzianum AYM3 metabolites on expression of aflP and aflS genes. Using HepaRG cell line, the cytotoxicity assay indicated that T. harazianum AYM3 metabolites were safe. Based on these results, it can be concluded that T. harzianum AYM3 may be used to suppress AFB1 production in maize grains.
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26
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Benatti ALT, Polizeli MDLTDM. Lignocellulolytic Biocatalysts: The Main Players Involved in Multiple Biotechnological Processes for Biomass Valorization. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010162. [PMID: 36677454 PMCID: PMC9864444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human population growth, industrialization, and globalization have caused several pressures on the planet's natural resources, culminating in the severe climate and environmental crisis which we are facing. Aiming to remedy and mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment, the use of lignocellulolytic enzymes for biofuel production, food, bioremediation, and other various industries, is presented as a more sustainable alternative. These enzymes are characterized as a group of enzymes capable of breaking down lignocellulosic biomass into its different monomer units, making it accessible for bioconversion into various products and applications in the most diverse industries. Among all the organisms that produce lignocellulolytic enzymes, microorganisms are seen as the primary sources for obtaining them. Therefore, this review proposes to discuss the fundamental aspects of the enzymes forming lignocellulolytic systems and the main microorganisms used to obtain them. In addition, different possible industrial applications for these enzymes will be discussed, as well as information about their production modes and considerations about recent advances and future perspectives in research in pursuit of expanding lignocellulolytic enzyme uses at an industrial scale.
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27
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Guo Y, Wang Y, Tang Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Combined in silico investigation and in vitro characterization of the zearalenone detoxification potential of dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus subtilis 168. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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28
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Effects of Trichoderma atroviride SG3403 and Bacillus subtilis 22 on the Biocontrol of Wheat Head Blight. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121250. [PMID: 36547583 PMCID: PMC9780869 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the major wheat diseases in the world; therefore, it is very significant to develop an effective and environmentally friendly microbial fungicide against it. Trichoderma atroviride and Bacillus subtilis are widely applied biocontrol microorganisms with separate advantages; however, little work has been conducted for synergistically elevating the effects of biocontrol and plant promotion through the co-cultivation of the two microorganisms. Our study demonstrated that T. atroviride SG3403 is compatible with B. subtilis 22. The co-culture metabolites contained a group of antagonistic compounds which were able to inhibit F. graminearum growth and increase the activities of pathogen G protein and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as compared with axenic culture metabolites. Additionally, the co-culture metabolites enabled us to more significantly decrease the production of gibberellin (GA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) from F. graminearum, which disorganized the subcellular structure, particularly the cytoplasm of F. graminearum hyphae, relative to the axenically cultured metabolites. Furthermore, the seed-coating agent made by the co-culture had significant effects against F. graminearum infection by triggering the expression of host plant defensive genes, including PR1, PR3, PR4, PR5, ACS, and SOD. It is suggested that jasmonic acid and ethylene (JA/ET) signaling might dominate wheat's induced systemic resistance (ISR) against wheat head blight. A dry, powdered bio-seed coating agent containing the co-culture mixtures was confirmed to be a bioavailable formulation that can be applied to control wheat head blight. Taken together, the co-culture's metabolites or the metabolites and living cells might provide a basis for the further development of a new kind of microbial bio-fungicide in the future.
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Detoxification of the Mycotoxin Citrinin by a Manganese Peroxidase from Moniliophthora roreri. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110801. [PMID: 36422974 PMCID: PMC9693499 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin found in foods and feeds and most commonly discovered in red yeast rice, a food additive made from ordinary rice by fermentation with Monascus. Currently, no enzyme is known to be able to degrade CIT effectively. In this study, it was discovered that manganese peroxidase (MrMnP) from Moniliophthora roreri could degrade CIT. The degradation appeared to be fulfilled by a combination of direct and indirect actions of the MrMnP with the CIT. Pure CIT, at a final concentration of 10 mg/L, was completely degraded by MrMnP within 72 h. One degradation product was identified to be dihydrocitrinone. The toxicity of the CIT-degradation product decreased, as monitored by the increased survival rate of the Caco-2 cells incubated with MrMnP-treated CIT. In addition, MrMnP could degrade CIT (with a starting concentration of up to 4.6 mg/L) completely contaminated in red yeast rice. MrMnP serves as an excellent candidate enzyme for CIT detoxification.
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A novel investigated method for decoupling adsorption and degradation effect on AFB1 based on isotope tracing and NMR analysis. Food Chem 2022; 405:134978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Yang P, Xiao W, Lu S, Jiang S, Jiang S, Chen J, Wu W, Zheng Z, Jiang S. Characterization of a Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) and its application in the AFB1 degradation of contaminated rice in situ. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960882. [PMID: 36187979 PMCID: PMC9515612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminates rice during harvest or storage and causes a considerable risk to human and animal health. In this study, Trametes versicolor AFB1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) gene recombinantly expressed in engineered E. coli BL21 (DE3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The TV-AFB1D enzymatic characteristics and AFB1 degradation efficiency in contaminated rice were investigated. Results showed that the size of recombinant TV-AFB1D expressing in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and S. cerevisiae was appropriately 77 KDa. The kinetic equation of TV-AFB1D was y = 0.01671x + 1.80756 (R 2 = 0.994, Km = 9.24 mM, and Vmax = 553.23 mM/min). The Kcat and Kcat/Km values of TV-AFB1D were 0.07392 (s-1) and 8 M-1 s-1, respectively. The AFB1 concentration of contaminated rice decreased from 100 μg/ml to 32.6 μg/ml after treatment at 32°C for 5 h under the catabolism of TV-AFB1D. S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S (CaMV 35 S) promoters caused the residual AFB1 contents, respectively, decreased to 3.4 and 2.9 μg/g from the initial AFB1 content of 7.4 μg/g after 24 h of fermentation using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. The AFB1 degradation rates of S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying AOX1 and CaMV promoters were 54 and 61%, respectively. Engineered S. cerevisiae strains integrated with TV-AFB1D expression cassettes were developed to simultaneously degrade AFB1 and produce ethanol using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. Thus, TV-AFB1D has significant application potential in the AFB1 decomposition from contaminated agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuying Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suwei Jiang
- Department of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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32
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Song C, Yang J, Wang Y, Ding G, Guo L, Qin J. Mechanisms and transformed products of aflatoxin B1 degradation under multiple treatments: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2263-2275. [PMID: 36102160 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, including aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2, are one of the major types of mycotoxins that endangers food safety, human health, and contribute to the immeasurable loss of food and agricultural production in the world yearly. In addition, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mainly produced by Aspergilus sp. is the most potent of these compounds and has been well documented to cause the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and animals. This paper reviewed the detoxification and degradation of AFB1, including analysis and summary of the major technologies in physics, chemistry, and biology in recent years. The chemical structure and toxicity of the transformed products, and the degradation mechanisms of AFB1 are overviewed and discussed in this presented review. In addition to the traditional techniques, we also provide a prospective study on the use of emerging detoxification methods such as natural products and photocatalysis. The purpose of this work is to provide reference for AFB1 control and detoxification, and to promote the development of follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Song
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanduo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianchun Qin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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Wang S, Wang X, Penttinen L, Luo H, Zhang Y, Liu B, Yao B, Hakulinen N, Zhang W, Su X. Patulin Detoxification by Recombinant Manganese Peroxidase from Moniliophthora roreri Expressed by Pichia pastoris. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070440. [PMID: 35878178 PMCID: PMC9324453 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal secondary metabolite patulin is a mycotoxin widespread in foods and beverages which poses a serious threat to human health. However, no enzyme was known to be able to degrade this mycotoxin. For the first time, we discovered that a manganese peroxidase (MrMnP) from Moniliophthora roreri can efficiently degrade patulin. The MrMnP gene was cloned into pPICZα(A) and then the recombinant plasmid was transformed into Pichia pastoris X-33. The recombinant strain produced extracellular manganese peroxidase with an activity of up to 3659.5 U/L. The manganese peroxidase MrMnP was able to rapidly degrade patulin, with hydroascladiol appearing as a main degradation product. Five mg/L of pure patulin were completely degraded within 5 h. Moreover, up to 95% of the toxin was eliminated in a simulated patulin-contaminated apple juice after 24 h. Using Escherichia coli as a model, it was demonstrated that the deconstruction of patulin led to detoxification. Collectively, these traits make MrMnP an intriguing candidate useful in enzymatic detoxification of patulin in foods and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Leena Penttinen
- Department of Chemistry, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (L.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Bo Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Nina Hakulinen
- Department of Chemistry, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; (L.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (S.W.); (Y.Z.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.S.)
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Guo Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Detoxification of the mycoestrogen zearalenone by Bacillus licheniformis spore CotA laccase and application of immobilized laccase in contaminated corn meal. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The metabolism and biotransformation of AFB 1: Key enzymes and pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115005. [PMID: 35318037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) is a hepatoxic compound produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, seriously threatening food safety and the health of humans and animals. Understanding the metabolism of AFB1 is important for developing detoxification and intervention strategies. In this review, we summarize the AFB1 metabolic fates in humans and animals and the key enzymes that metabolize AFB1, including cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) for AFB1 bioactivation, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and aflatoxin-aldehyde reductases (AFARs) in detoxification. Furthermore, AFB1 metabolism in microbes is also summarized. Microorganisms specifically and efficiently transform AFB1 into less or non-toxic products in an environmental-friendly approach which could be the most desirable detoxification strategy in the future. This review provides a wholistic insight into the metabolism and biotransformation of AFB1 in various organisms, which also benefits the development of protective strategies in humans and animals.
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Xia Y, Qiu Y, Wu Z, Cheng Q, Hu X, Cui X, Wang Z. Preparation of recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis agents for simultaneous degradation of two mycotoxins. AMB Express 2022; 12:20. [PMID: 35181837 PMCID: PMC8857372 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) are widely distributed in corns, peanuts, and other cereals, causing serious threat to food safety and human health. As shown by our previous studies, the recombinant yeast strain Kluyveromyces lactis GG799(pKLAC1-ZPF1) had the ability of degrading AFB1 and ZEN simultaneously. In this work, the agent preparation process was optimized for K. lactis GG799(pKLAC1-ZPF1), and the storage conditions of the prepared yeast agents were investigated, for obtaining the products with high storage activities and potent mycotoxin degradation efficiency. The optimal preparation process was as follows: centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 15 min for collection of the yeast cells, spray drying with the ratio of protective compounds to yeast cells at 3:1 (w/w) and then stored at - 20 °C. Simultaneous degradation tests of AFB1 and ZEN were performed using the supernatants of reactivated yeast agents after three months of storage, and the degradation ratios for AFB1 and ZEN in reaction system 1 (70.0 mmol/L malonic buffer, pH 4.5, with 1.0 mmol/L MnSO4, 0.1 mmol/L H2O2, 5.0 μg/mL AFB1 and ZEN, respectively) were 48.2 ± 3.2% and 34.8 ± 2.8%, while that for ZEN in reaction system 2 (50.0 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, with 5.0 μg/mL AFB1 and ZEN, respectively) was 30.1 ± 2.7%. Besides, the supernatants of reactivated yeast agents degraded more than 80% of AFB1 and 55% of ZEN in contaminated peanuts after twice treatments. Results of this work suggested that the optimized process for K. lactis GG799(pKLAC1-ZPF1) was with high value for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yangyu Qiu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zifeng Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiuyu Hu
- China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, Beijing, 100 833, China
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- Anhui Heiwa Food-Jiangnan University Joint R&D Center, Anhui Heiwa Food Technology Co. LTD, Bozhou, 233600, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Jiang L, Huang H. Improvement of the enzymatic detoxification activity towards mycotoxins through structure-based engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107927. [PMID: 35182727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is posing a serious threat to the global food safety and public health. Biological detoxification mediated by enzymes has emerged as a promising approach, as they can specifically degrade mycotoxins into non-toxic ones. However, the low degradation efficiency and stability limit their further application. To optimize the enzymes for mycotoxin removal, modification strategies that combine computational design with their structural data have been developed. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively summarize the recent trends in structure-based engineering to improve the enzyme catalytic efficiency, selectivity and stability in mycotoxins detoxification, which also provides perspectives in obtaining innovative and effective biocatalysts for mycotoxins degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Xia Y, He R, Sun Y, Zhou H, Gao M, Hu X, Cui X, Cheng Q, Wang Z. Food-Grade Expression of Manganese Peroxidases in Recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis and Degradation of Aflatoxin B 1 Using Fermentation Supernatants. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:821230. [PMID: 35237243 PMCID: PMC8882868 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.821230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring high-toxic secondary metabolites, which cause worldwide environmental contaminations and wastes of food and feed resources and severely threaten human health. Thus, the highly efficient methods and technologies for detoxification of aflatoxins are urgently needed in a long term. In this work, we report the construction of recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis strains GG799(pKLAC1-Phsmnp), GG799(pKLAC1-Plomnp), GG799(pKLAC1-Phcmnp), and then the food-grade expression of the three manganese peroxidases in these strains, followed by the degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) using the fermentation supernatants. The expression of the manganese peroxidases was achieved in a food-grade manner since Kluyveromyces lactis is food-safe and suitable for application in food or feed industries. The inducible expression process of the optimal recombinant strain GG799(pKLAC1-Phcmnp) and the aflatoxin B1 degradation process were both optimized in detail. After optimization, the degradation ratio reached 75.71%, which was an increase of 49.86% compared to the unoptimized results. The degradation product was analyzed and determined to be AFB1-8,9-dihydrodiol. The recombinant strain GG799(pKLAC1-Phcmnp) supernatants degraded more than 90% of AFB1 in the peanut samples after twice treatments. The structural computational analysis for further mutagenesis of the enzyme PhcMnp was also conducted in this work. The food-grade recombinant yeast strain and the enzyme PhcMnp have potential to be applied in food or feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rui He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hangyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuyu Hu
- China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- Anhui Heiwa Food-Jiangnan University Joint R & D Center, Anhui Heiwa Food Technology Co., Ltd., Bozhou, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Liu L, Xie M, Wei D. Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031064. [PMID: 35162993 PMCID: PMC8835436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by fungi that pose a huge threat to human and animal health. Contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide issue, which leads to huge financial losses, annually. Decades of research have developed various approaches to degrade mycotoxins, among which the biological methods have been proved to have great potential and advantages. This review provides an overview on the important advances in the biological removal of mycotoxins over the last decade. Here, we provided further insight into the chemical structures and the toxicity of the main mycotoxins. The innovative strategies including mycotoxin degradation by novel probiotics are summarized in an in-depth discussion on potentialities and limitations. We prospected the promising future for the development of multifunctional approaches using recombinant enzymes and microbial consortia for the simultaneous removal of multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mei Xie
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Dong Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8711-3849
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Kumar V, Bahuguna A, Ramalingam S, Dhakal G, Shim JJ, Kim M. Recent technological advances in mechanism, toxicity, and food perspectives of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5395-5412. [PMID: 34955062 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus section Flavi that contaminates a wide variety of food and feed products and is responsible for serious health and economic consequences. Fermented foods are prepared with a wide variety of substrates over a long fermentation time and are thus vulnerable to contamination by aflatoxin-producing fungi, leading to the production of aflatoxin B1. The mitigation and control of aflatoxin is currently a prime focus for developing safe aflatoxin-free food. This review summarizes the role of major aflatoxin-degrading enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase, and lactonase, and microorganisms in the context of their application in food. A putative mechanism of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation and toxicity evaluation of the degraded products are also extensively discussed to evaluate the safety of degradation processes for food applications. The review also describes aflatoxin-degrading microorganisms isolated from fermented products and investigates their applicability in food as aflatoxin preventing agents. Furthermore, a summary of recent technological advancements in protein engineering, nanozymes, in silico and statistical optimization approaches are explored to improve the industrial applicability of aflatoxin-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Srinivasan Ramalingam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dhakal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Shim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Ran X, Zhu Z, Long H, Tian Q, You L, Wu X, Liu Q, Huang S, Li S, Niu X, Wang J. Manganese Stress Adaptation Mechanisms of Bacillus safensis Strain ST7 From Mine Soil. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758889. [PMID: 34899642 PMCID: PMC8656422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of bacterial adaption to manganese-polluted environments was explored using 50 manganese-tolerant strains of bacteria isolated from soil of the largest manganese mine in China. Efficiency of manganese removal by the isolated strains was investigated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bacillus safensis strain ST7 was the most effective manganese-oxidizing bacteria among the tested isolates, achieving up to 82% removal at a Mn(II) concentration of 2,200 mg/L. Bacteria-mediated manganese oxide precipitates and high motility were observed, and the growth of strain ST7 was inhibited while its biofilm formation was promoted by the presence of Mn(II). In addition, strain ST7 could grow in the presence of high concentrations of Al(III), Cr(VI), and Fe(III). Genome-wide analysis of the gene expression profile of strain ST7 using the RNA-seq method revealed that 2,580 genes were differently expressed under Mn(II) exposure, and there were more downregulated genes (n = 2,021) than upregulated genes (n = 559) induced by Mn stress. KAAS analysis indicated that these differently expressed genes were mainly enriched in material metabolisms, cellular processes, organism systems, and genetic and environmental information processing pathways. A total of twenty-six genes from the transcriptome of strain ST7 were involved in lignocellulosic degradation. Furthermore, after 15 genes were knocked out by homologous recombination technology, it was observed that the transporters, multicopper oxidase, and proteins involved in sporulation and flagellogenesis contributed to the removal of Mn(II) in strain ST7. In summary, B. safensis ST7 adapted to Mn exposure by changing its metabolism, upregulating cation transporters, inhibiting sporulation and flagellogenesis, and activating an alternative stress-related sigB pathway. This bacterial strain could potentially be used to restore soil polluted by multiple heavy metals and is a candidate to support the consolidated bioprocessing community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Ran
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhongmei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Long
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Longjiang You
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xingdiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shihui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Current and emerging tools of computational biology to improve the detoxification of mycotoxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0210221. [PMID: 34878810 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02102-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological organisms carry a rich potential for removing toxins from our environment, but identifying suitable candidates and improving them remain challenging. We explore the use of computational tools to discover strains and enzymes that detoxify harmful compounds. In particular, we will focus on mycotoxins-fungi-produced toxins that contaminate food and feed-and biological enzymes that are capable of rendering them less harmful. We discuss the use of established and novel computational tools to complement existing empirical data in three directions: discovering the prospect of detoxification among underexplored organisms, finding important cellular processes that contribute to detoxification, and improving the performance of detoxifying enzymes. We hope to create a synergistic conversation between researchers in computational biology and those in the bioremediation field. We showcase open bioremediation questions where computational researchers can contribute and highlight relevant existing and emerging computational tools that could benefit bioremediation researchers.
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Qin X, Xin Y, Zou J, Su X, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Tu T, Yao B, Luo H, Huang H. Efficient Degradation of Aflatoxin B 1 and Zearalenone by Laccase-like Multicopper Oxidase from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus in the Presence of Mediators. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:754. [PMID: 34822538 PMCID: PMC8621583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are a diverse group of enzymes that could catalyze the oxidation of different xenobiotic compounds, with simultaneous reduction in oxygen to water. Aside from laccase, one member of the MCO superfamily has shown great potential in the biodegradation of mycotoxins; however, the mycotoxin degradation ability of other MCOs is uncertain. In this study, a novel MCO-encoding gene, StMCO, from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus, was identified, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant StMCO exhibited the characteristic blue color and bivalent copper ion-dependent enzyme activity. It was capable of oxidizing the model substrate ABTS, phenolic compound DMP, and azo dye RB5. Notably, StMCO could directly degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) in the absence of mediators. Meanwhile, the presence of various lignin unit-derived natural mediators or ABTS could significantly accelerate the degradation of AFB1 and ZEN by StMCO. Furthermore, the biological toxicities of their corresponding degradation products, AFQ1 and 13-OH-ZEN-quinone, were remarkably decreased. Our findings suggested that efficient degradation of mycotoxins with mediators might be a common feature of the MCOs superfamily. In summary, the unique properties of MCOs make them good candidates for degrading multiple major mycotoxins in contaminated feed and food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Q.); (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (T.T.); (B.Y.)
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Q.); (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (T.T.); (B.Y.)
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Ji J, Yu J, Yang Y, Yuan X, Yang J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Sun X. Exploration on the Enhancement of Detoxification Ability of Zearalenone and Its Degradation Products of Aspergillus niger FS10 under Directional Stress of Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100720. [PMID: 34679013 PMCID: PMC8537726 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants in food. For food safety, an efficient and environmental-friendly approach to ZEN degradation is significant. In this study, an Aspergillus niger strain, FS10, was stimulated with 1.0 μg/mL ZEN for 24 h, repeating 5 times to obtain a stressed strain, Zearalenone-Stressed-FS10 (ZEN-S-FS10), with high degradation efficiency. The results show that the degradation rate of ZEN-S-FS10 to ZEN can be stabilized above 95%. Through metabolomics analysis of the metabolome difference of FS10 before and after ZEN stimulation, it was found that the change of metabolic profile may be the main reason for the increase in the degradation rate of ZEN. The optimization results of degradation conditions of ZEN-S-FS10 show that the degradation efficiency is the highest with a concentration of 104 CFU/mL and a period of 28 h. Finally, we analyzed the degradation products by UPLC-q-TOF, which shows that ZEN was degraded into two low-toxicity products: C18H22O8S (Zearalenone 4-sulfate) and C18H22O5 ((E)-Zearalenone). This provides a wide range of possibilities for the industrial application of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Guangzhou GRG Metrology and Test Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510630, China;
| | - Jia Yang
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-85329015; Fax: +86-510-85328726
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Yang G, Wang Y, Wang T, Wang D, Weng H, Wang Q, Chen C. Variations of enzymatic activity and gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos co-exposed to zearalenone and fumonisin B1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112533. [PMID: 34303040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The natural co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins has been reported in cereals and cereal products worldwide. Even though the dietary exposure to mycotoxins constitutes a serious human health, most reports are limited to the toxic effect of individual mycotoxins. The purpose of the present study was to assess the combined toxic effects of zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) and the potential interaction of their mixture on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Our results showed that ZEN possessed the higher toxicity to embryonic zebrafish (7-day LC50 value of 0.78 mg a.i. L-1) compared with FB1 (7-day LC50 value of 227.7 mg a.i. L-1). The combination of ZEN and FB1 exerted an additive effect on zebrafish embryos. Meanwhile, the activities of antioxidant CAT, caspase-3, and detoxification enzyme CYP450, as well as the expressions of six genes (Mn-sod, cas9, bax, cc-chem, ERα, and crh) associated with oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, immune system, and endocrine system were prominently altered in the mixture exposure compared with the corresponding single treatment group of ZEN or FB1. Taken together, the regulatory standards of mycotoxins in food and feed should be updated based on the mixture effects of mycotoxins, and there is an increased need on effective detoxification methods for controlling and reducing the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins in animal feed and throughout the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiancai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbiao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
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Yang P, Lu S, Xiao W, Zheng Z, Jiang S, Jiang S, Jiang S, Cheng J, Zhang D. Activity enhancement of Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) by molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis techniques. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Efficient Degradation of Zearalenone by Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus Combining Catalytic Properties of Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090602. [PMID: 34564606 PMCID: PMC8473283 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligninolytic enzymes, including laccase, manganese peroxidase, and dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP), have attracted much attention in the degradation of mycotoxins. Among these enzymes, the possible degradation pathway of mycotoxins catalyzed by DyP is not yet clear. Herein, a DyP-encoding gene, StDyP, from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus 41291 was identified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21/pG-Tf2. The recombinant StDyP was capable of catalyzing the oxidation of the peroxidase substrate 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), phenolic lignin compounds 2,6-dimethylphenol, and guaiacol, non-phenolic lignin compound veratryl alcohol, Mn2+, as well as anthraquinone dye reactive blue 19. Moreover, StDyP was able to slightly degrade zearalenone (ZEN). Most importantly, we found that StDyP combined the catalytic properties of manganese peroxidase and laccase, and could significantly accelerate the enzymatic degradation of ZEN in the presence of their corresponding substrates Mn2+ and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Furthermore, the biological toxicities of the main degradation products 15-OH-ZEN and 13-OH-ZEN-quinone might be remarkably removed. These findings suggested that DyP might be a promising candidate for the efficient degradation of mycotoxins in food and feed.
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Song Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Qiao Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Degradation of zearalenone and aflatoxin B1 by Lac2 from Pleurotus pulmonarius in the presence of mediators. Toxicon 2021; 201:1-8. [PMID: 34391788 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins has been an issue of global significance. For mycotoxin detoxification, enzymatic biodegradation using laccase has received much attention. In this study, a laccase gene lac2 from the fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius was expressed in the Pichia pastoris X33 yeast strain to produce recombinant proteins. Enzymatic properties of recombinant Lac2 and its ability to degrade zearalenone (ZEN) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the presence of four mediators (ABTS, TEMPO, AS and SA) were investigated. Result showed that the optimum pH and temperature of recombinant Lac2 were 3.5 and 55 °C, respectively. Lac2 was not sensitive to heat and stable under both acidic and alkaline conditions. Lac2-ABTS and Lac2-AS were efficient systems for ZEN degradation over a wide range of pH (4-8) and temperature (40-60 °C). Lac2-AS was the most efficient system for AFB1 degradation, reaching 99.82% of degradation at pH 7 and 37 °C after 1 h of incubation. Finally, the Lac2-mediator oxidation products were structurally characterized. This study lays a solid foundation for the application of Lac2 laccase combined with AS for degrading mycotoxin in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yingying Qiao
- Faculty of Biology and Technology, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Ding Y, Cui K, Guo Z, Cui M, Chen Y. Manganese peroxidase mediated oxidation of sulfamethoxazole: Integrating the computational analysis to reveal the reaction kinetics, mechanistic insights, and oxidation pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125719. [PMID: 33774358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, manganese peroxidase (MnP) was applied to induce the in vitro oxidation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results indicated that 87.04% of the SMX was transformed and followed first-order kinetics (kobs=0.438 h-1) within 6 h when 40 U L-1 of MnP was added. The reaction kinetics were investigated under different conditions, including pH, MnP activity, and H2O2 concentration. The active species Mn3+ was responsible for the oxidation of SMX, and the Mn3+ production rate was monitored to reveal the interaction among MnP, Mn3+, and SMX. By integrating the characterizations analysis of the MnP/H2O2 system with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process dominated the catalytic circle of MnP and the transformation of Mn3+. Additionally, possible oxidation pathways of SMX were proposed based on single-electron transfer mechanism, which primarily included the S-N bond cleavage, the C-S bond cleavage, and one electron loss without bond breakage. It was then transformed to hydrolysis, N-H oxidation, self-coupling, and carboxylic acid coupling products. This study provides insights into the atomic-level mechanism of MnP and the transformation pathways of sulfamethoxazole, which lays a significant foundation for the potential of MnP in wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kangping Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Zhi Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Minshu Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Zhuo R, Fan F. A comprehensive insight into the application of white rot fungi and their lignocellulolytic enzymes in the removal of organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146132. [PMID: 33714829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental problems resultant from organic pollutants are a major current challenge for modern societies. White rot fungi (WRF) are well known for their extensive organic compound degradation abilities. The unique oxidative and extracellular ligninolytic systems of WRF that exhibit low substrate specificity, enable them to display a considerable ability to transform or degrade different environmental contaminants. In recent decades, WRF and their ligninolytic enzymes have been widely applied in the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs), pesticides, synthetic dyes, and other environmental pollutants, wherein promising results have been achieved. This review focuses on advances in WRF-based bioremediation of organic pollutants over the last 10 years. We comprehensively document the application of WRF and their lignocellulolytic enzymes for removing organic pollutants. Moreover, potential problems and intriguing observations that are worthy of additional research attention are highlighted. Lastly, we discuss trends in WRF-remediation system development and avenues that should be considered to advance research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbiology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Fangfang Fan
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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