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Djenane D, Aider M. The one-humped camel: The animal of future, potential alternative red meat, technological suitability and future perspectives. F1000Res 2024; 11:1085. [PMID: 38798303 PMCID: PMC11128057 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125246.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2020 world population data sheet indicates that world population is projected to increase from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 9.9 billion by 2050 (Increase of more than 25%). Due to the expected growth in human population, the demand for meats that could improve health status and provide therapeutic benefits is also projected to rise. The dromedary also known as the Arabian camel, or one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius), a pseudo ruminant adapted to arid climates, has physiological, biological and metabolic characteristics which give it a legendary reputation for surviving in the extreme conditions of desert environments considered restrictive for other ruminants. Camel meat is an ethnic food consumed across the arid regions of Middle East, North-East Africa, Australia and China. For these medicinal and nutritional benefits, camel meat can be a great option for sustainable meat worldwide supply. A considerable amount of literature has been published on technological aspects and quality properties of beef, lamb and pork but the information available on the technological aspects of the meat of the one humped camel is very limited. Camels are usually raised in less developed countries and their meat is as nutritionally good as any other traditional meat source. Its quality also depends on the breed, sex, age, breeding conditions and type of muscle consumed. A compilation of existing literature related to new technological advances in packaging, shelf-life and quality of camel meat has not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this review attempts to explore the nutritional composition, health benefits of camel meat, as well as various technological and processing interventions to improve its quality and consumer acceptance. This review will be helpful for camel sector and highlight the potential for global marketability of camel meat and to generate value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamel Djenane
- Laboratory of Meat Quality and Food Safety, Department of Meat Science and Technology., University of Mouloud MAMMERI, Tizi-Ouzou, 15000, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Aider
- Department of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Resende LM, de Oliveira Mello É, Zeraik AE, Oliveira APBF, Souza TAM, Taveira GB, Moreira FF, Seabra SH, Ferreira AT, Perales J, de Oliveira Carvalho A, Rodrigues R, Gomes VM. Defensin-like peptides from Capsicum chinense induce increased ROS, loss of mitochondrial functionality, and reduced growth of the fungus Colletotrichum scovillei. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3567-3577. [PMID: 38459870 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we identified and characterized two defensin-like peptides in an antifungal fraction obtained from Capsicum chinense pepper fruits and inhibited the growth of Colletotrichum scovillei, which causes anthracnose. AMPs were extracted from the pericarp of C. chinense peppers and subjected to ion exchange, molecular exclusion, and reversed-phase in a high-performance liquid chromatography system. We investigated the endogenous increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), the loss of mitochondrial functioning, and the ultrastructure of hyphae. The peptides obtained from the G3 fraction through molecular exclusion chromatography were subsequently fractionated using reverse-phase chromatography, resulting in the isolation of fractions F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5. The F1-Fraction suppressed C. scovillei growth by 90, 70.4, and 44% at 100, 50, and 25 μg mL-1, respectively. At 24 h, the IC50 and minimum inhibitory concentration were 21.5 μg mL-1 and 200 μg mL-1, respectively. We found an increase in ROS, which may have resulted in an oxidative burst, loss of mitochondrial functioning, and cytoplasm retraction, as well as an increase in autophagic vacuoles. MS/MS analysis of the F1-Fraction indicated the presence of two defensin-like proteins, and we were able to identify the expression of three defensin sequences in our C. chinense fruit extract. The F1-Fraction was also found to inhibit the activity of insect α-amylases. In summary, the F1-Fraction of C. chinense exhibits antifungal activity against a major pepper pathogen that causes anthracnose. These defensin-like compounds are promising prospects for further research into antifungal and insecticide biotechnology applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Maximano Resende
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Érica de Oliveira Mello
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Ana Eliza Zeraik
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteinas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Arielle Pinheiro Bessiati Fava Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Thaynã Amanda Melo Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Bonan Taveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Felipe Figueiroa Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Seabra
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Valdirene Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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Li L, Wei HL, Wang WL, Zhang PH, Jing F, Zhou YH, Yang XH. Unlocking the potential of phenolated kraft lignin as a versatile feed additive. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132234. [PMID: 38763239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, a renewable natural antioxidant and bacteriostat, holds promise as a versatile, cost-effective feed additive. However, traditional industrial lignin faces limitations, including low reactivity, poor uniformity, and unstable properties, necessitating chemical modification. Complex modification methods pose economic and toxicity challenges, so this study adopted a relatively simple alkali-catalyzed phenolization approach, using phenol, catechol, and pyrogallol to modify kraft lignin, and characterized the resulting products using various techniques. Subsequently, their antioxidant, antibacterial, adsorption properties for heavy metal ions and mycotoxins, growth-promoting properties, and antiviral abilities were assessed. The phenolation process led to lignin depolymerization and a notable increase in phenolic hydroxyl content, particularly in pyrogallol-phenolated lignin (Py-L), rising from 3.08 to 4.68 mmol/g. These modified lignins exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity, with over 99 % inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus, and remarkable adsorption capacities for heavy metal ions and mycotoxins. Importantly, Py-L improved the growth performance of mice and reduced influenza mortality. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations elucidated the mechanism behind the enhanced antioxidant properties. This study presents a promising avenue for developing versatile feed additives to address challenges related to animal feed antioxidant supplementation, bacterial control, and growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hai-Lin Wei
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Wen-Lei Wang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Ping-Hu Zhang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Fei Jing
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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Kortei NK, Gillette VS, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Ansah LO, Kyei-Baffour V, Odamtten GT. Fungal profile, levels of aflatoxin M1, exposure, and the risk characterization of local cheese ' wagashi' consumed in the Ho Municipality, Volta Region, Ghana. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:186-199. [PMID: 38313814 PMCID: PMC10837644 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Wagashi is a West African type cottage cheese locally prepared from cow milk. Wagashi like other milk products, is prone to microbial contamination, particularly by fungi. Many of these fungal species produce mycotoxins which are of serious public health concern. This work aimed to update the mycoflora profile and determine the concentrations of aflatoxin M1 and its health risk characterization due to the consumption of wagashi. Culturing the wagashi on mycological media (Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract OGYE, Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol DRBC) caused a de-novo growth of the quiescent spores at 28-30 °C for 5-7 days. The analysis of AFM1 levels in the samples was done using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography connected to a Fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The exposure and risk assessment to the AFMI levels were determined using deterministic models prescribed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The fungal counts ranged between 2.36-4.30 log10 CFU/g. In total, thirteen (13) fungal species from eight (8) genera were isolated from all wagashi samples. They are; Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus terreus, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus fumigatus, Yeast sp., Mucor racemosus and Fusarium oligosporum belonging to the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Rhodotorula, Rhizopus, Yeast, and Mucor. The AFM1 observed in the wagashi samples' analysis was low, ranging from 0.00 (Not Detected) ± 0.00 - 0.06 ± 0.002 µg/Kg. Risk assessments of AFM1 using deterministic models produced outcomes that ranged between 5.92 × 10-3- 0.14 ng/kg bw/day, 1.42 -44.35, 0-0.0323 ng aflatoxins/kg bw/day, and 1.51 × 10-3 - 9.69 × 10-4 cases/100,000 person/yr for estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), average potency, and cancer risks, respectively, for the age categories investigated. Fungal counts were interpreted as medium to high. It was also established that the consumption of wagashi may pose adverse health effects on all age categories in the selected zones of the study since all calculated MOE values were less than 100,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Sports Nutrition, School of Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Valentina Sylvia Gillette
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Leslie Owusu Ansah
- Department of Food Laboratory, Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box CT 2783, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Mi J, Ma Q, Li T, Huang S. Agaro-oligosaccharides mitigate deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal inflammation by regulating gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal barrier function in mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:3380-3394. [PMID: 38498054 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Agarose-derived agaro-oligosaccharides (AgaroS) have been extensively studied in terms of structures and bioactivities; they reportedly possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that maintain intestinal homeostasis and host health. However, the protective effects of AgaroS on deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced intestinal dysfunction remain unclear. We investigated the effects of AgaroS on DON-induced intestinal dysfunction in mice and explored the underlying protective mechanisms. In total, 32 mice were randomly allocated to four treatments (n = 8 each) for 28 days. From day 1 to day 21, the control (CON) and DON groups received oral phosphate-buffered saline (200 μL per day); the AgaroS and AgaroS + DON groups received 200 mg AgaroS per kg body weight once daily by orogastric gavage. Experimental intestinal injury was induced by adding DON (4.8 mg per kg body weight) via gavage from day 21 to day 28. Phosphate-buffered saline was administered once daily by gavage in the CON and AgaroS groups. Herein, AgaroS supplementation led to a higher final body weight and smaller body weight loss and a lower concentration of plasma inflammatory cytokines, compared with the DON group. The DON group showed a significantly reduced ileal villus height and villus height/crypt depth, compared with the CON and AgaroS + DON groups. However, AgaroS supplementation improved DON-induced intestinal injury in mice. Compared with the DON group, ileal and colonic protein expression levels of claudin, occludin, Ki67, and mucin2 were significantly higher in the AgaroS supplementation group. Colonic levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β tended to be higher in the DON group than in the AgaroS + DON group. AgaroS altered the gut microbiota composition, accompanied by increased production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. In conclusion, our findings highlight a promising anti-mycotoxin approach whereby AgaroS alleviate DON-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating intestinal barrier functional integrity and gut microbiota in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 21001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinqiu Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
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Tassis P, Raj J, Floros D, Mittas N, Ntarampa N, Farkas H, Polizopoulou Z, Vasilievic M. Efficacy of a multicomponent binding agent against combined exposure to zearalenone and ochratoxin A in weaned pigs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1357723. [PMID: 38511191 PMCID: PMC10951055 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1357723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel multicomponent substance against combined exposure to the mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in weaned piglets. Methods In total, 60 piglets at the age of 28 days were equally allocated to four experimental groups (A-D), consisting of eight female and seven male piglets each (15 animals per group, for a total trial duration of 42 days). Animals from group A received typical weaner feed without mycotoxins or the test product [multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA)]. Group B animals received the same weaner feed contaminated with 0.992 mg ZEN/kg feed and 0.531 mg OTA/kg feed without the addition of the MMDA. Animals in group C received the same contaminated feed as group B with the addition of 1.5 g MMDA/kg feed, whereas group D received the same feed as group B with the inclusion of 3 g MMDA/kg feed. Clinical signs and performance parameters [body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR)] were evaluated, while mycotoxin residues were also assessed in the liver and kidney tissues. Results Findings showed improved FCR in the group that received the greatest dose of the test product (3 g MMDA/kg feed) compared to the group that received the lower dose (1.5 g MMDA/kg feed). A few hematological and biochemical parameters were slightly altered, predominantly within normal limits. The residue analysis demonstrated a reduction of OTA in liver samples, a-ZEL in the liver and total tested samples, and a total of ZEN and metabolite contents in all samples of the group that received the greatest MMDA dose in comparison to the group that received the toxins without the addition of the test product. Discussion Therefore, a positive effect of the MMDA at the greatest dosage regime on reducing bioavailability and tissue deposition of ZEN and OTA, with a particularly positive effect on FCR in weaned pigs, is suggested under concurrent ZEN and OTA exposure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tassis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jog Raj
- Patent Co, DOO., Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - Dimitrios Floros
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mittas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece
| | - Niki Ntarampa
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Zoe Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Martins D, Lemos A, Silva J, Rodrigues M, Simões J. Mycotoxins evaluation of total mixed ration (TMR) in bovine dairy farms: An update. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25693. [PMID: 38370215 PMCID: PMC10867658 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The total mixed ration (TMR) is currently a widespread method to feed dairy cows. It is a mixture of raw fodder and concentrate feed that can be contaminated by several mycotoxins. The main aim of this paper was to provide a critical review on TMR mycotoxin occurrence and its usefulness to monitor and control them on-farm. Aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and fumonisins (regulated mycotoxins) are the most prevalent mycotoxins evaluated in TMR. Nonetheless, several emerging mycotoxins represent a health risk at the animal level regarding their prevalence and level in TMR. Even when measured at low levels, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins is frequent and synergistic effects on animal health are still underevaluated. Similar to the animal feed industry, on-farm plans monitoring mycotoxin feed contamination can be developed as a herd health management program. The estimated daily intake of mycotoxins should be implemented, but thresholds for each mycotoxin are not currently defined in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Martins
- Department of Veterinary Science, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Lemos
- Animal Nutrition, DSM-Firmenich, the Netherlands
| | - João Silva
- CapêloVet, Lda, 4755-252, Barcelos, Portugal
| | | | - João Simões
- Department of Veterinary Science, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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Kongolo Kalemba MR, Makhuvele R, Njobeh PB. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of selected methanolic plant extracts and their detoxification capabilities against AFB 1 toxicity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24435. [PMID: 38312698 PMCID: PMC10835242 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced principally by Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus. It is one of the most potent and commonly occurring dietary carcinogen with its carcinogenic potential being linked to the formation of DNA adducts and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plant extracts contain a plethora of biologically active phytochemicals that act against ROS. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of some medicinal plants and investigate their detoxification potentials against AFB1. Phytochemical screening together with total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+)) assays) were performed on nine methanolic plant extracts. Extracts were incubated with AFB1 for 24 and 48 h and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis done to assess their AFB1 detoxification activities. The TPC of the extracts ranged from 88.92 ± 6.54 to 210.19 ± 7.90 mg GAE/g, while TFC ranged between 4.01 ± 0.94 and 32.48 ± 1.02 mg QE/g. Radical scavenging activities of extracts varied from 4.18 ± 1.37 to 251.53 ± 9.30 μg/mL and 8.36 ± 1.65 to 279.22 ± 8.33 μg/mL based on DPPH and ABTS+ assays, respectively. Six of the plant extracts showed a time-dependent detoxification activity against AFB1 after 48 h ranging from 20.17 to 38.13 %. C. dentata bark extract showed the highest percentage of AFB1 reduction, with mean percentages of 43.57 and 70.96 % at 24 and 48 h, respectively. This was followed by C. asiatica leaves and A. melegueta seeds with a maximum of 40.81 and 38.13 %, respectively after 48 h. These extracts also possessed high TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities compared to all the other extracts. Findings from this study demonstrate the abundance of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity playing a role in potent AFB1 detoxification activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavie Rose Kongolo Kalemba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Rhulani Makhuvele
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
- Toxicology and Ethnoveterinary Medicine, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
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Deng H, Xu Z, Luo L, Gao Y, Zhou L, Chen X, Chen C, Li B, Yin Q. High-throughput detection and dietary exposure risk assessment of 44 mycotoxins in Mango, Litchi, Longan, and their products in South China. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101002. [PMID: 38144736 PMCID: PMC10740044 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins exposure from food can trigger serious health hazards. This study aimed to establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous detection of 44 mycotoxins in fruits and their products, followed by dietary exposure risk assessment. The optimized UPLC-MS/MS method exhibited a good linear relationship with correlation coefficients ≥ 0.99041. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were within the range of 0.003 ∼ 0.700 μg/kg and 0.01 ∼ 2.00 μg/kg, respectively. The three fruits and their corresponding value-added products, with a total sampling size of 42, were subjected to analysis and detected with mycotoxins. Further dietary exposure risk assessment revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of mycotoxins were 1.213 ∼ 60.032 % and 5.573 ∼ 93.750 %, indicating a low risk for Chinese consumers. However, we still need be cautious about 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), as it had 78.6 % occurrence among all samples. This work provides an accurate analysis strategy for 44 mycotoxins and contributes to mycotoxins supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Cold-Chain of Hainan Province, Institute of Agro-Products of Processing and Design, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou 570311, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry of Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yunkai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Lingyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Chunquan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Qingchun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Cold-Chain of Hainan Province, Institute of Agro-Products of Processing and Design, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan Institute for Food Control, Haikou 570311, China
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10
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Aoyanagi MMDCC, Budiño FEL, Raj J, Vasiljević M, Ali S, Ramalho LNZ, Ramalho FS, Corassin CH, Ghantous GF, de Oliveira CAF. Efficacy of Two Commercially Available Adsorbents to Reduce the Combined Toxic Effects of Dietary Aflatoxins, Fumonisins, and Zearalenone and Their Residues in the Tissues of Weaned Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:629. [PMID: 37999492 PMCID: PMC10675588 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins present a significant health concern within the animal-feed industry, with profound implications for the pig-farming sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercial adsorbents, an organically modified clinoptilolite (OMC) and a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA), to ameliorate the combined adverse effects of dietary aflatoxins (AFs: sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEN) at levels of nearly 0.5, 1.0, and 1.0 mg/kg, on a cohort of cross-bred female pigs (N = 24). Pigs were randomly allocated into six experimental groups (control, mycotoxins (MTX) alone, MTX + OMC 1.5 kg/ton, MTX + OMC 3.0 kg/ton, MTX + MMDA 1.5 kg/ton, and MTX + MMDA 3.0 kg/ton), each consisting of four individuals, and subjected to a dietary regimen spanning 42 days. The administration of combined AFs, FBs, and ZEN reduced the body-weight gain and increased the relative weight of the liver, while there was no negative influence observed on the serum biochemistry of animals. The supplementation of OMC and MMDA ameliorated the toxic effects, as observed in organ histology, and provided a notable reduction in residual AFs, FBs, and ZEN levels in the liver and kidneys. Moreover, the OMC supplementation was able to reduce the initiation of liver carcinogenesis without any hepatotoxic side effects. These findings demonstrate that the use of OMC and MMDA effectively mitigated the adverse effects of dietary AFs, FBs, and ZEN in piglets. Further studies should explore the long-term protective effects of the studied adsorbent supplementation to optimize mycotoxin management strategies in pig-farming operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Midori de Cerqueira Costa Aoyanagi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.M.d.C.C.A.); (S.A.); (C.H.C.)
| | - Fábio Enrique Lemos Budiño
- Department of Agriculture and Food Supply of the São Paulo State, Institute of Animal Science and Pastures, Nova Odessa 13460-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jog Raj
- Patent Co., DOO., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia; (J.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Marko Vasiljević
- Patent Co., DOO., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia; (J.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Sher Ali
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.M.d.C.C.A.); (S.A.); (C.H.C.)
| | - Leandra Naira Zambelli Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil; (L.N.Z.R.); (F.S.R.)
| | - Fernando Silva Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil; (L.N.Z.R.); (F.S.R.)
| | - Carlos Humberto Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.M.d.C.C.A.); (S.A.); (C.H.C.)
| | - Giovana Fumes Ghantous
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.M.d.C.C.A.); (S.A.); (C.H.C.)
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11
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Hu X, Li H, Yang J, Wen X, Wang S, Pan M. Nanoscale Materials Applying for the Detection of Mycotoxins in Foods. Foods 2023; 12:3448. [PMID: 37761156 PMCID: PMC10528894 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace amounts of mycotoxins in food matrices have caused a very serious problem of food safety and have attracted widespread attention. Developing accurate, sensitive, rapid mycotoxin detection and control strategies adapted to the complex matrices of food is crucial for in safeguarding public health. With the continuous development of nanotechnology and materials science, various nanoscale materials have been developed for the purification of complex food matrices or for providing response signals to achieve the accurate and rapid detection of various mycotoxins in food products. This article reviews and summarizes recent research (from 2018 to 2023) on new strategies and methods for the accurate or rapid detection of mold toxins in food samples using nanoscale materials. It places particular emphasis on outlining the characteristics of various nanoscale or nanostructural materials and their roles in the process of detecting mycotoxins. The aim of this paper is to promote the in-depth research and application of various nanoscale or structured materials and to provide guidance and reference for the development of strategies for the detection and control of mycotoxin contamination in complex matrices of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xintao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mingfei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (X.H.); (H.L.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (S.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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12
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Topi D, Babič J, Jakovac-Strajn B, Tavčar-Kalcher G. Incidence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Corn from Albania. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:567. [PMID: 37755993 PMCID: PMC10537406 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were analyzed in grains, specifically wheat and corn, from Albania. To summarize, 71 wheat and 45 corn samples from different growing areas were collected. The multi-toxin analytical procedure involved sample extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The incidence of AF was 18% in the analyzed wheat and 71% in the corn samples. The concentration of AFs was much higher in the corn samples than in the wheat samples. The maximum permitted levels for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total AFs were not exceeded in the wheat samples, while they were exceeded in 36% of the corn samples. In the wheat samples, the AFB1 concentration varied between 0.2 and 0.4 µg kg-1. However, the highest concentrations in the corn samples were 2057, 2944, and 3550 µg kg-1. OTA was present in only three corn samples and one wheat sample. However, all contaminated samples exceeded the maximum permitted levels. This report reveals the presence of AFs and OTA in grain commodities, specifically wheat and corn, grown in Albania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Topi
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Boulevard Zogu 1, 25/1, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Janja Babič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
| | - Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
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13
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Kulcsár S, Kövesi B, Balogh K, Zándoki E, Ancsin Z, Erdélyi M, Mézes M. The Co-Occurrence of T-2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, and Fumonisin B1 Activated the Glutathione Redox System in the EU-Limiting Doses in Laying Hens. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050305. [PMID: 37235340 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Different mycotoxins in feed lead to combined exposure, increasing adverse effects on animal health. Trichothecene mycotoxins have been associated with inducing oxidative stress, which is neutralized by the glutathione system within the antioxidant defense, depending on the dose and duration of exposure. T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are commonly found in feed commodities simultaneously. In the present study, the intracellular biochemical and gene expression changes were investigated in the case of multi-mycotoxin exposure, focusing on certain elements of the glutathione redox system. In a short-term feeding trial, an in vivo study was performed with low (EU-proposed) doses: T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg; DON/2-AcDON/15-AcDON.: 5 mg; FB1: 20 mg/kg feed, and high doses (twice the low dose) in laying hens. The multi-mycotoxin exposure affected the glutathione system; GSH concentration and GPx activity was higher in the liver in the low-dose group on day 1 compared to the control. Furthermore, the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly on day 1 in both exposure levels compared to the control. The results suggest that when EU-limiting doses are applied, individual mycotoxins may have a synergistic effect in the induction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Kulcsár
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Benjámin Kövesi
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Erika Zándoki
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Ancsin
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Márta Erdélyi
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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14
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Popescu RG, Marinescu GC, Rădulescu AL, Marin DE, Țăranu I, Dinischiotu A. Natural Antioxidant By-Product Mixture Counteracts the Effects of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A Exposure of Piglets after Weaning: A Proteomic Survey on Liver Microsomal Fraction. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040299. [PMID: 37104237 PMCID: PMC10143337 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain strains of fungi that can contaminate raw feed materials. Once ingested, even in small doses, they cause multiple health issues for animals and, downstream, for people consuming meat. It was proposed that inclusion of antioxidant-rich plant-derived feed might diminish the harmful effects of mycotoxins, maintaining the farm animals' health and meat quality for human consumption. This work investigates the large scale proteomic effects on piglets' liver of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A mycotoxins and the potential compensatory effects of grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal administration as dietary byproduct antioxidants against mycotoxins' damage. Forty cross-bred TOPIGS-40 hybrid piglets after weaning were assigned to three (n = 10) experimental groups (A, M, AM) and one control group (C) and fed with experimental diets for 30 days. After 4 weeks, liver samples were collected, and the microsomal fraction was isolated. Unbiased label-free, library-free, data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry SWATH methods were able to relatively quantify 1878 proteins from piglets' liver microsomes, confirming previously reported effects on metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, TCA cycle, glutathione synthesis and use, and oxidative phosphorylation. Pathways enrichment revealed that fatty acid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, regulation of gene expression by spliceosomes, membrane trafficking, peroxisome, thermogenesis, retinol, pyruvate, and amino acids metabolism pathways are also affected by the mycotoxins. Antioxidants restored expression level of proteins PRDX3, AGL, PYGL, fatty acids biosynthesis, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, amino acid synthesis pathways, and, partially, OXPHOS mitochondrial subunits. However, excess of antioxidants might cause significant changes in CYP2C301, PPP4R4, COL18A1, UBASH3A, and other proteins expression levels. Future analysis of proteomics data corelated to animals growing performance and meat quality studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roua Gabriela Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei No. 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Independent Research Association, Timisului No. 58, 012416 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Cătălin Marinescu
- Independent Research Association, Timisului No. 58, 012416 Bucharest, Romania
- Blue Screen SRL, Timisului No. 58, 012416 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Luminița Rădulescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei No. 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Eliza Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania
| | - Ionelia Țăranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei No. 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Muñoz-Solano B, González-Peñas E. Biomonitoring of 19 Mycotoxins in Plasma from Food-Producing Animals (Cattle, Poultry, Pigs, and Sheep). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040295. [PMID: 37104233 PMCID: PMC10144229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are of great concern in relation to food safety. When animals are exposed to them, health problems, economic losses in farms and related industries, and the carryover of these compounds to animal-derived foods can occur. Therefore, control of animal exposure is of great importance. This control may be carried out by analyzing raw material and/or feed or through the analysis of biomarkers of exposure in biological matrixes. This second approach has been chosen in the present study. Firstly, a methodology capable of analyzing mycotoxins and some derivatives (AFB1, OTA, ZEA, DON, 3- and 15-ADON, DOM-1, T-2, HT-2, AFM1, STER, NEO, DAS, FUS-X, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTB, and NIV) by LC-MS/MS in human plasma, has been revalidated to be applied in animal plasma. Secondly, this methodology was used in 80 plasma samples obtained from animals dedicated to food production: cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep (20 samples of each), with and without being treated with a mixture of β-glucuronidase-arylsulfatase to determine possible glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Without enzymatic treatment, no mycotoxin was detected in any of the samples. Only one sample from poultry presented levels of DON and 3- and 15-ADON. With enzymatic treatment, only DON (1 sample) and STER were detected. The prevalence of STER was 100% of the samples, without significant differences among the four species; however, the prevalence and levels of this mycotoxin in the previously analyzed feed were low. This could be explained by the contamination of the farm environment. Animal biomonitoring can be a useful tool to assess animal exposure to mycotoxins. However, for these studies to be carried out and to be useful, knowledge must be increased on appropriate biomarkers for each mycotoxin in different animal species. In addition, adequate and validated analytical methods are needed, as well as knowledge of the relationships between the levels found in biological matrices and mycotoxin intake and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Muñoz-Solano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Wu J, Wu Y, Fan H, Yang C, Yang M, Kong X, Ning C, Wang S, Xiao W, Wang N, Yi J, Yuan Z. Citrinin Exposure Induced Testicular Damage and Spermatogenesis Disorder by Triggering Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081616. [PMID: 37107412 PMCID: PMC10137750 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the reproductive system is the key factor leading to male infertility. Citrinin (CTN) is produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus in nature, and is definitely found in food and animal feed. Studies have revealed that CTN can cause damage to male reproductive organs and reduce fertility, but the mechanism of toxicity has not been revealed. In the present study, male Kunming mice were given different doses of CTN (0, 1.25, 5 or 20 mg/kg BW) by intragastric administration. The results demonstrated that CTN exposure caused disorder of androgen, a decline in sperm quality, and histopathological damage of testis. The inhibition of the expression of ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin suggests that the blood-testis barrier (BTB) was damaged. Simultaneously, CTN inhibited the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT and SOD, and promoted the production of MDA and ROS, resulting in oxidative damage of testis. Additionally, apoptotic cells were detected and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. Not only that, CTN activated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, and GRP78. Interestingly, 4-Phenylbutyric Acid (4-PBA, an ERS inhibitor) treatment blocked the adverse effects of CTN exposure on male reproduction. In short, the findings suggested that CTN exposure can cause damage to mouse testis tissue, in which ERS exhibited an important regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - You Wu
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chenglin Yang
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengran Yang
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Can Ning
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenguang Xiao
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jine Yi
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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17
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Urugo MM, Teka TA, Berihune RA, Teferi SL, Garbaba CA, Adebo JA, Woldemariam HW, Astatkie T. Novel non-thermal food processing techniques and their mechanism of action in mycotoxins decontamination of foods. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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18
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Potekhina RM, Tarasova EY, Matrosova LE, Khammadov NI, Saifutdinov AM, Ermolaeva OK, Tanaseva SA, Mishina NN, Nigmatulin GN, Mukharlyamova AZ, Smolentsev SY, Semenov EI. A Case of Laying Hens Mycosis Caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:5281260. [PMID: 37168542 PMCID: PMC10164870 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5281260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present the first case report of a chicken mycosis caused by F. proliferatum occurred on a private farm in the Russian Federation. Lesions on the skin of the legs and scallops were reported. The object of this study was samples of feed and pathological material from sick hens-layers. Mycological analysis included determination of the total number of fungi (TNF) and identification and determination of the toxicity and pathogenicity of the isolates. The identification of the isolate was carried out taking into account direct microscopy, morphological features, and the method of molecular genetic analysis. Microscopic fungi of the genus Penicillium and Rhizopus were isolated by mycological analysis of the feed. The test feed was nontoxic. Mycological examination of pathological material (scrapings from the combs and affected legs) identified an isolate of Fusarium proliferatum, which showed toxicity on biological objects (protozoa, rabbits) and pathogenicity (white mice). Dermal application of F. proliferatum suspension was accompanied by reddening of the rabbit skin. Intraperitoneal injection of fungal spores caused mycosis in white mice. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) made it possible to identify this type of microscopic fungus (F. proliferatum) with high accuracy in the samples under study. The research results allow us to consider F. proliferatum as a cause of poultry disease against the background of predisposing factors in the form of desquamation of the stratum corneum of the skin against the background of immunosuppression and metabolic disorders caused by an imbalance in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramziya M. Potekhina
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Evgenya Yu. Tarasova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Lilia E. Matrosova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Nail I. Khammadov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Saifutdinov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Olga K. Ermolaeva
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Tanaseva
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Nailya N. Mishina
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Gali N. Nigmatulin
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Aisylu Z. Mukharlyamova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | | | - Eduard I. Semenov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
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19
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Ráduly Z, Szabó A, Mézes M, Balatoni I, Price RG, Dockrell ME, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. New perspectives in application of kidney biomarkers in mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity, with a particular focus on domestic pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1085818. [PMID: 37125184 PMCID: PMC10140568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1085818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gradual spread of Aspergilli worldwide is adding to the global shortage of food and is affecting its safe consumption. Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. Although the kidney functions as the major excretory system in mammals, monitoring and screening for mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity is only now a developmental area in the field of livestock feed toxicology. Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. However, this requires selective and sensitive analytical methods (e.g., HPLC-MS/MS), which are time consuming and expensive. The toxicokinetic of mycotoxin metabolites is becoming better understood. Several kidney biomarkers are used successfully in drug development, however cost-efficient, and reliable kidney biomarkers are urgently needed for monitoring farm animals for early signs of kidney disease. β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research, while kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as effective markers to identify mycotoxin induced nephropathy. Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. In addition to commonly used diagnostic markers for nephrotoxicity including plasma creatinine, NAG, KIM-1 and NGAL can be used in pigs. In this review, the currently available techniques are summarized, which are used for screening mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity in farm animals. Possible approaches are considered, which could be used to detect mycotoxin induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Physiology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Ráduly,
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | - Robert G. Price
- Department of Nutrition, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Dockrell
- SWT Institute of Renal Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George’s University, London, United Kingdom
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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20
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Kara K. Comparison of some mycotoxin concentration and prevalence in premium and economic class of adult dog foods. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2117105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanber Kara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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21
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Impact of Volatile Organic Compounds on the Growth of Aspergillus flavus and Related Aflatoxin B1 Production: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415557. [PMID: 36555197 PMCID: PMC9779742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary metabolites of varied chemical nature that are emitted by living beings and participate in their interactions. In addition, some VOCs called bioactive VOCs cause changes in the metabolism of other living species that share the same environment. In recent years, knowledge on VOCs emitted by Aspergillus flavus, the main species producing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a highly harmful mycotoxin, has increased. This review presents an overview of all VOCs identified as a result of A. flavus toxigenic (AFB1-producing) and non-toxigenic (non AFB1-producing) strains growth on different substrates, and the factors influencing their emissions. We also included all bioactive VOCs, mixes of VOCs or volatolomes of microbial species that impact A. flavus growth and/or related AFB1 production. The modes of action of VOCs impacting the fungus development are presented. Finally, the potential applications of VOCs as biocontrol agents in the context of mycotoxin control are discussed.
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22
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Asghar MA, Ahmed F, Kamal M, Khan S, Aghar MA. Effectiveness of citrus fruit peel as a biosorbent for the mitigation of aflatoxins in vitro. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1987-2001. [PMID: 36223515 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2132300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effectiveness of novel and cost-effective citrus fruit peel (oranges, agro-waste material) for the removal of four aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in vitro. The biosorbent was described using SEM, XRF, XRD, FITR spectroscopy, and point of zero charge. The adsorption performance was optimised in a batch experiment by altering the various parameters, such as biosorbent dose (1-15 mg/mL), the preliminary concentration of AFs (20-200 ng/mL), pH (1-9), the incubation period (10-60 min), and temperature (10-45 °C). Maximum removal (90%) was achieved when using biosorbent at 10 mg, each AF concentration 100 ng/mL, pH 3, and incubation time 45 min at 37 °C. The experimental data were well-described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the monolayer coverage (Qe) was calculated to be 78.5, 77.8, 79.2, and 75.6 ng/mg for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively. The thermodynamic and kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption performance was endothermic and obeyed the pseudo-second-order rate model. Studies at different pH also proved that the adsorption of toxins would be strong and sufficient under pH variation, as found in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus the biosorption of AFs by orange peel powder might be an efficient low price detoxification method in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Asghar
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ahmed
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Kamal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Khan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Aghar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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23
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Analysis and Comparison of Rapid Methods for the Determination of Ochratoxin a Levels in Organs and Body Fluids Obtained from Exposed Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090634. [PMID: 36136572 PMCID: PMC9503121 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are bioaccumulative contaminants impacting animals and humans. The simultaneous detection of frequent active exposures and accumulated mycotoxin level (s) in exposed organisms would be the most ideal to enable appropriate actions. However, few methods are available for the purpose, and there is a demand for dedicated, sensitive, reliable, and practical assays. To demonstrate the issue, mice were exposed to a relevant agent Ochratoxin A (OTA), and accumulated OTA was measured by fine-tuned commercial assays. Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry assays have been developed/modified using reagents available as commercial products when appropriate. Assays were performed on excised samples, and results were compared. Accumulated OTA could be detected and quantified; positive correlations (between applied doses of exposure and accumulated OTA levels and the results from assays) were found. Dedicated assays could be developed, which provided comparable results. The presence and accumulation of OTA following even a short exposure could be quantitatively detected. The assays performed similarly, but HPLC had the greatest sensitivity. Blood contained higher levels of OTA than liver and kidney. We demonstrate that specific but flexible and practical assays should be used for specific/local purposes, to measure the exposure itself and accumulation in blood or organs.
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24
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Dietary Exposure to Aflatoxins in Some Randomly Selected Foods and Cancer Risk Estimations of Cereals Consumed on a Ghanaian Market. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5770836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins have gained so much reputation among all mycotoxins due to their notoriety in causing countless adverse health effects on humans as well as animals. It continues to be a major concern in food safety globally. In this study, total and constitutive aflatoxins levels as well as the carcinogenic risks posed by 110 food and feed samples (55 cereals, 20 nuts and oils, 18 animal feed, and 18 fruits and vegetables) collected from the Ho Central market in the Volta region, Ghana, were assessed. Using high-performance liquid chromatography connected to a fluorescent detector (HPLC-FLD), levels of total aflatoxins (AFtotal) and aflatoxins constituents, namely, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, were analyzed. By using the model prescribed by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), the risks posed by the food and feed samples were determined. The degrees of toxicity were in the ranges of 0.78–234.73 μg/kg, 0.47–21.6 μg/kg, 1.01–13.75 μg/kg, and 0.66–5.51 μg/kg, respectively, for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2. Out of the samples analyzed for AFtotal, about 51 (46.4%) exceeded the limits of GSA and were in the range 10.63 ± 1.20–236.28 ± 4.2 μg/kg. While for EFSA, 71 (64.54%) exceeded and ranged between 4.72 ± 0.28 and 236.28 ± 4.2 μg/kg. Furthermore, estimated daily intake (EDI) of 27.10–283.70 ng/kg·bw/day, margin of exposure (MOE) of 1.409–14.76, average potency of 0–0.00396 ng aflatoxins/kg·bw/day, and cancer risks with a range of 0.107–1.122 cases/100,000 person/yr were observed. Taken together, it could be concluded that consuming cereals pose adverse effects on human health regardless of the age of the consumer.
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