1
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Fan H, Zhao L, Wang W, Yu F, Jing H, Yang Y, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Gou Q, Zhang W, Zou Q, Zhang J, Zeng H. A highly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody targeting a novel linear epitope on staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2360338. [PMID: 38857905 PMCID: PMC11182437 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2360338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB), produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), is a powerful superantigen that induces severe immune disruption and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) upon binding to MHC-II and TCR. Despite its significant impact on the pathogenesis of S. aureus, there are currently no specific therapeutic interventions available to counteract the mechanism of action exerted by this toxin. In this study, we have identified a human monoclonal antibody, named Hm0487, that specifically targets SEB by single-cell sequencing using PBMCs isolated from volunteers enrolled in a phase I clinical trial of the five-antigen S. aureus vaccine. X-ray crystallography studies revealed that Hm0487 exhibits high affinity for a linear B cell epitope in SEB (SEB138-147), which is located distantly from the site involved in the formation of the MHC-SEB-TCR ternary complex. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that Hm0487 significantly impacts the interaction of SEB with both receptors and the binding to immune cells, probably due to an allosteric effect on SEB rather than competing with receptors for binding sites. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo studies validated that Hm0487 displayed efficient neutralizing efficacy in models of lethal shock and sepsis induced by either SEB or bacterial challenge. Our findings unveil an alternative mechanism for neutralizing the pathogenesis of SEB by Hm0487, and this antibody provides a novel strategy for mitigating both SEB-induced toxicity and S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Fan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liqun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haiming Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiang Gou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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2
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Zhang Z, Kean IRL, Dratva LM, Clark JA, Syrimi E, Khan N, Daubney E, White D, O'Neill L, Chisholm C, Payne C, Benkenstein S, Kupiec K, Galassini R, Wright V, Winmill H, Robbins C, Brown K, Ramnarayan P, Scholefield B, Peters M, Klein N, Montgomery H, Meyer KB, Teichmann SA, Bryant C, Taylor G, Pathan N. Enhanced CD95 and interleukin 18 signalling accompany T cell receptor Vβ21.3+ activation in multi-inflammatory syndrome in children. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4227. [PMID: 38762592 PMCID: PMC11102542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a post-infectious presentation SARS-CoV-2 associated with expansion of the T cell receptor Vβ21.3+ T-cell subgroup. Here we apply muti-single cell omics to compare the inflammatory process in children with acute respiratory COVID-19 and those presenting with non SARS-CoV-2 infections in children. Here we show that in Multi-Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), the natural killer cell and monocyte population demonstrate heightened CD95 (Fas) and Interleuking 18 receptor expression. Additionally, TCR Vβ21.3+ CD4+ T-cells exhibit skewed differentiation towards T helper 1, 17 and regulatory T cells, with increased expression of the co-stimulation receptors ICOS, CD28 and interleukin 18 receptor. We observe no functional evidence for NLRP3 inflammasome pathway overactivation, though MIS-C monocytes show elevated active caspase 8. This, coupled with raised IL18 mRNA expression in CD16- NK cells on single cell RNA sequencing analysis, suggests interleukin 18 and CD95 signalling may trigger activation of TCR Vβ21.3+ T-cells in MIS-C, driven by increased IL-18 production from activated monocytes and CD16- Natural Killer cells.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Child
- Signal Transduction
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- fas Receptor/metabolism
- fas Receptor/genetics
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/immunology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/metabolism
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/metabolism
- COVID-19/complications
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Inflammasomes/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Adolescent
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Female
- Child, Preschool
- Single-Cell Analysis
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Zhang
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain R L Kean
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M Dratva
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John A Clark
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleni Syrimi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Naeem Khan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Esther Daubney
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah White
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lauran O'Neill
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Catherine Chisholm
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Payne
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah Benkenstein
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Klaudia Kupiec
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Victoria Wright
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Winmill
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ceri Robbins
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katherine Brown
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Barnaby Scholefield
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Peters
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
- Departments of Paediatrics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nigel Klein
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
- Departments of Paediatrics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare Bryant
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Graham Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Nazima Pathan
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Amormino C, Russo E, Tedeschi V, Fiorillo MT, Paiardini A, Spallotta F, Rosanò L, Tuosto L, Kunkl M. Targeting staphylococcal enterotoxin B binding to CD28 as a new strategy for dampening superantigen-mediated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunctions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365074. [PMID: 38510259 PMCID: PMC10951378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that may cause intestinal inflammation by secreting enterotoxins, which commonly cause food-poisoning and gastrointestinal injuries. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) acts as a superantigen (SAg) by binding in a bivalent manner the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the costimulatory receptor CD28, thus stimulating T cells to produce large amounts of inflammatory cytokines, which may affect intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and functions. However, the role of T cell-mediated SEB inflammatory activity remains unknown. Here we show that inflammatory cytokines produced by T cells following SEB stimulation induce dysfunctions in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells by promoting actin cytoskeleton remodelling and epithelial cell-cell junction down-regulation. We also found that SEB-activated inflammatory T cells promote the up-regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factors (EMT-TFs) in a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)- and STAT3-dependent manner. Finally, by using a structure-based design approach, we identified a SEB mimetic peptide (pSEB116-132) that, by blocking the binding of SEB to CD28, dampens inflammatory-mediated dysregulation of intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Russo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Spallotta
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Instituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rosanò
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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4
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Wang Y, Guan L, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Feng S, Zou A, Li Y, Zhou B, Zhang D, Che W, Liu F. A Comprehensive Pan-cancer Analysis of the Biological Immunomodulatory Function and Clinical Value of CD27. J Cancer 2024; 15:508-525. [PMID: 38169519 PMCID: PMC10758032 DOI: 10.7150/jca.85446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: CD27 is an immunological checkpoint gene, plays a critical function inInhibition or activation of cancer immunity. The CD27/CD27L axis is its pathway of action. Therefore, our goal was to examine the predictive role of CD27 in the clinical prognosis of 33 cancer types and its functions in cancer progression, as well as explore the link between pan-cancer CD27 gene expression and immune infiltration. Methods: By comprehensive use of datasets and methods from TCGA, cBioPortal, GTEx, HPA, KM-plotter, Spearman, CellMinerTM, R packages and RT-qPCR, we delved deeper into the potential impact of the CD27 on cancer development. These include expression differences, immune infiltration, matrix infiltration, gene mutations, DNA methylation, signaling pathways, TMB, MSI, and prognosis. Also, we explored CD27 interactions with different drugs. Results: The results showed that, mutated CD27 was highly expressed in most cancers. The CD27 showed strong diagnostic value in 4 cancers and marked a positive prognosis for CESC, intracervical adenocarcinoma, HNSC, and endometrial cancer, and a poor prognosis for UVM. In addition, CD27 affects multiple immune and inflammatory signaling pathways and is positively correlated with immune cell infiltration, T cell differentiation, macrophage M1 polarization, stromal infiltration, and drug sensitivity. DNA methylation is involved in CD27 expression in cancer. Conclusion: CD27, which is mutated in cancers and appears widely highly expressed and altered tumor immune invasion and stromal invasion by affecting multiple immune-related and inflammation signaling pathways, plays a significant role in CESC, HNSC, UCEC and UVM, and may be used as a therapeutic target for related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ling Guan
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yanzong Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- College of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Shengjiao Feng
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Anqi Zou
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yawei Li
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Botao Zhou
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weiqi Che
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fangyu Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
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5
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Kunkl M, Amormino C, Spallotta F, Caristi S, Fiorillo MT, Paiardini A, Kaempfer R, Tuosto L. Bivalent binding of staphylococcal superantigens to the TCR and CD28 triggers inflammatory signals independently of antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170821. [PMID: 37207220 PMCID: PMC10189049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) such as staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and B (SEB) are potent toxins stimulating T cells to produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines, thus causing toxic shock and sepsis. Here we used a recently released artificial intelligence-based algorithm to better elucidate the interaction between staphylococcal SAgs and their ligands on T cells, the TCR and CD28. The obtained computational models together with functional data show that SEB and SEA are able to bind to the TCR and CD28 stimulating T cells to activate inflammatory signals independently of MHC class II- and B7-expressing antigen presenting cells. These data reveal a novel mode of action of staphylococcal SAgs. By binding to the TCR and CD28 in a bivalent way, staphylococcal SAgs trigger both the early and late signalling events, which lead to massive inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Spallotta
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Caristi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raymond Kaempfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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6
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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Does Not Possess Intrinsic Superantigen-like Inflammatory Activity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162526. [PMID: 36010602 PMCID: PMC9406418 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare hyperinflammatory disease occurring several weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical similarities between MIS-C and the toxic shock syndrome, together with the preferential expansion of T cells with a T-cell receptor variable β chain (TCRVβ) skewing, suggested a superantigen theory of MIS-C. For instance, recent in silico modelling evidenced the presence of a highly conserved motif within SARS-CoV-2 spike protein similar in structure to the superantigenic fragment of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). However, experimental data on the superantigenic activity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike have not yet been provided. Here, we assessed the superantigenic activity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike by analysing inflammatory cytokine production in both Jurkat cells and the peripheral blood CD4+ T cells stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike or SEB as a control. We found that, unlike SEB, the SARS-CoV-2 spike does not exhibit an intrinsic superantigen-like activity.
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7
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Zong F, Gan C, Wang Y, Su D, Deng M, Xiao N, Zhang Z, Zhou D, Gao B, Yang H. Exposure to aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B potentiated by lipopolysaccharide modifies lung transcriptomes and results in lung injury in the mouse model. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1205-1217. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Changjiao Gan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Duo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Mengyun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Nan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences Beijing China
| | - Huiying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
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8
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Yudin NS, Yurchenko AA, Larkin DM. [Signatures of selection and candidate genes for adaptation to extreme environmental factors in the genomes of Turano-Mongolian cattle breeds]. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:190-201. [PMID: 34901717 PMCID: PMC8627871 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the environment force populations of organisms to adapt to new conditions, either through phenotypic plasticity or through genetic or epigenetic changes. Signatures of selection, such as specific changes in the frequency of alleles and haplotypes, as well as the reduction or increase in genetic diversity, help to identify changes in the cattle genome in response to natural and artificial selection, as well as loci and genetic variants directly affecting adaptive and economically important traits. Advances in genetics and biotechnology enable a rapid transfer of unique genetic variants that have originated in local cattle breeds in the process of adaptation to local environments into the genomes of cosmopolitan high-performance breeds, in order to preserve their outstanding performance in new environments. It is also possible to use genomic selection approach to increase the frequency of already present adaptive alleles in cosmopolitan breeds. The review examines recent work on the origin and evolution of Turano-Mongolian cattle breeds, adaptation of Turano-Mongolian cattle to extreme environments, and summarizes available information on potential candidate genes for climate adaptation of Turano-Mongolian breeds, including cold resistance genes, immune response genes, and high-altitude adaptation genes. The authors conclude that the current literature data do not provide preference to one of the two possible scenarios of Turano-Mongolian breed origins: as a result of the domestication of a wild aurochs at East Asia or as a result of the migration of taurine proto-population from the Middle East. Turano-Mongolian breeds show a high degree of adaptation to extreme climatic conditions (cold, heat, lack of oxygen in the highlands) and parasites (mosquitoes, ticks, bacterial and viral infections). As a result of high-density genotyping and sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes, prospective candidate genes and genetic variants involved in adaptation to environmental factors have recently been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Yudin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Yurchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D M Larkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Cordeiro AS, Patil-Sen Y, Shivkumar M, Patel R, Khedr A, Elsawy MA. Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34959372 PMCID: PMC8707864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoprophylaxis via mass immunisation with vaccines has been shown to be an efficient strategy to control such viral infections, with the successful and recently accelerated development of different types of vaccines, thanks to the advanced biotechnological techniques involved in the upstream and downstream processing of these products. However, there is still much work to be done for the improvement of efficacy and safety when it comes to the choice of delivery systems, formulations, dosage form and route of administration, which are not only crucial for immunisation effectiveness, but also for vaccine stability, dose frequency, patient convenience and logistics for mass immunisation. In this review, we discuss the main vaccine delivery systems and associated challenges, as well as the recent success in developing nanomaterials-based and advanced delivery systems to tackle these challenges. Manufacturing and regulatory requirements for the development of these systems for successful clinical and marketing authorisation were also considered. Here, we comprehensively review nanovaccines from development to clinical application, which will be relevant to vaccine developers, regulators, and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sara Cordeiro
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yogita Patil-Sen
- Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Health Service, Wigan WN6 0SZ, UK;
| | - Maitreyi Shivkumar
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Ronak Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Abdulwahhab Khedr
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Elsawy
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
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10
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Kunkl M, Amormino C, Caristi S, Tedeschi V, Fiorillo MT, Levy R, Popugailo A, Kaempfer R, Tuosto L. Binding of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) to B7 Receptors Triggers TCR- and CD28-Mediated Inflammatory Signals in the Absence of MHC Class II Molecules. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723689. [PMID: 34489975 PMCID: PMC8418141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) relies on its capacity to trigger polyclonal T-cell activation by binding both T-cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory receptor CD28 on T cells and MHC class II and B7 molecules on antigen presenting cells (APC). Previous studies highlighted that SEB may bind TCR and CD28 molecules independently of MHC class II, yet the relative contribution of these interactions to the pro-inflammatory function of SEB remained unclear. Here, we show that binding to MHC class II is dispensable for the inflammatory activity of SEB, whereas binding to TCR, CD28 and B7 molecules is pivotal, in both human primary T cells and Jurkat T cell lines. In particular, our finding is that binding of SEB to B7 molecules suffices to trigger both TCR- and CD28-mediated inflammatory signalling. We also provide evidence that, by strengthening the interaction between CD28 and B7, SEB favours the recruitment of the TCR into the immunological synapse, thus inducing lethal inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Caristi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Revital Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrey Popugailo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raymond Kaempfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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11
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Nashiry A, Sarmin Sumi S, Islam S, Quinn JMW, Moni MA. Bioinformatics and system biology approach to identify the influences of COVID-19 on cardiovascular and hypertensive comorbidities. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1387-1401. [PMID: 33458761 PMCID: PMC7929376 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected individuals that have hypertension or cardiovascular comorbidities have an elevated risk of serious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and high rates of mortality but how COVID-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$19$\end{document} and cardiovascular diseases interact are unclear. We therefore sought to identify novel mechanisms of interaction by identifying genes with altered expression in SARS-CoV-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$2$\end{document} infection that are relevant to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Some recent research shows the SARS-CoV-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$2$\end{document} uses the angiotensin converting enzyme-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$2$\end{document} (ACE-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$2$\end{document}) as a receptor to infect human susceptible cells. The ACE2 gene is expressed in many human tissues, including intestine, testis, kidneys, heart and lungs. ACE2 usually converts Angiotensin I in the renin–angiotensin-aldosterone system to Angiotensin II, which affects blood pressure levels. ACE inhibitors prescribed for cardiovascular disease and hypertension may increase the levels of ACE-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$2$\end{document}, although there are claims that such medications actually reduce lung injury caused by COVID-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$19$\end{document}. We employed bioinformatics and systematic approaches to identify such genetic links, using messenger RNA data peripheral blood cells from COVID-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$19$\end{document} patients and compared them with blood samples from patients with either chronic heart failure disease or hypertensive diseases. We have also considered the immune response genes with elevated expression in COVID-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$19$\end{document} to those active in cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common to COVID-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$19$\end{document} and chronic heart failure, and common to COVID-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$19$\end{document} and hypertension, were identified; the involvement of these common genes in the signalling pathways and ontologies studied. COVID-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$19$\end{document} does not share a large number of differentially expressed genes with the conditions under consideration. However, those that were identified included genes playing roles in T cell functions, toll-like receptor pathways, cytokines, chemokines, cell stress, type 2 diabetes and gastric cancer. We also identified protein–protein interactions, gene regulatory networks and suggested drug and chemical compound interactions using the differentially expressed genes. The result of this study may help in identifying significant targets of treatment that can combat the ongoing pandemic due to SARS-CoV-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$2$\end{document} infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Nashiry
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Shauli Sarmin Sumi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Healthy Ageing Theme, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Healthy Ageing Theme, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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12
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Anvari S, Schuster K, Grimbergen A, Davis CM, Makedonas G. Attenuation of GARP expression on regulatory T cells by protein transport inhibitors. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112998. [PMID: 33600819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An integrated understanding of the functional capacities of cells in the context of their physical parameters and molecular markers is increasingly demanded in immunologic studies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells involved in immune response modulation and mediating tolerance to self-antigen with their absence leading to a loss of tolerance. Glycoprotein repetitions A predominant (GARP) is a key marker for activated Tregs, but its detection may also be useful in determining the functional capacities of the cell. This study aims to deduce the optimal stimulation period and the impact of protein transport inhibitors (PTIs), commonly used in the detection of intracellular cytokines, on GARP detection. Through flow cytometric analysis we analyzed different cell culture conditions for optimal GARP expression on activated Tregs. Healthy donor PBMCs were stimulated with either Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) or PMA/Ionomycin (PMA/Iono), in the presence and absence of PTIs monensin and/or brefeldin A (BFA) and GARP expression was assessed on CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs. The optimal stimulation period for the detection of GARP was highest at 24-h. Furthermore, we determined that GARP expression on Tregs is significantly reduced when cells are treated with the PTIs monensin and/or BFA following PMA/Iono stimulation. This effect was not seen following SEB stimulation. Therefore, due to the effects of PTIs, alternative methods should be considered when performing simultaneous analysis for cytokine expression and GARP expression on Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Anvari
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, 1102 Bates Avenue, Ste. 330, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Kimberly Schuster
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, 1102 Bates Avenue, Ste. 330, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Andrea Grimbergen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, 1102 Bates Avenue, Ste. 330, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Carla M Davis
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, 1102 Bates Avenue, Ste. 330, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - George Makedonas
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, 1102 Bates Avenue, Ste. 330, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Bacteria and Host Interplay in Staphylococcus aureus Septic Arthritis and Sepsis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020158. [PMID: 33546401 PMCID: PMC7913561 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are a major healthcare challenge and new treatment alternatives are needed. S. aureus septic arthritis, a debilitating joint disease, causes permanent joint dysfunction in almost 50% of the patients. S. aureus bacteremia is associated with higher mortalities than bacteremia caused by most other microbes and can develop to severe sepsis and death. The key to new therapies is understanding the interplay between bacterial virulence factors and host immune response, which decides the disease outcome. S. aureus produces numerous virulence factors that facilitate bacterial dissemination, invasion into joint cavity, and cause septic arthritis. Monocytes, activated by several components of S. aureus such as lipoproteins, are responsible for bone destructions. In S. aureus sepsis, cytokine storm induced by S. aureus components leads to the hyperinflammatory status, DIC, multiple organ failure, and later death. The immune suppressive therapies at the very early time point might be protective. However, the timing of treatment is crucial, as late treatment may aggravate the immune paralysis and lead to uncontrolled infection and death.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe recent advances in the development of therapeutic agents for acute kidney injury (AKI). RECENT FINDINGS Traditional care for AKI is mostly supportive. At present, no specific therapy has been developed to prevent or treat AKI. However, based on a better understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI, various potential compounds have been recently identified and tested. A variety of pathways has been targeted, including oxidative and mitochondrial stress, cellular metabolism and repair, inflammation, apoptosis and hemodynamics. Many of these potential agents are currently ongoing early-phase clinical trials, and the purpose of this review is to provide a summary of those with the most potential. SUMMARY Despite the lack of therapies specifically approved for AKI, many interesting potential agents are entering clinical trials, with the potential to transform the care of patients with AKI.
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15
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Etter D, Schelin J, Schuppler M, Johler S. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C-An Update on SEC Variants, Their Structure and Properties, and Their Role in Foodborne Intoxications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E584. [PMID: 32927913 PMCID: PMC7551944 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the most common cause of foodborne intoxications (staphylococcal food poisoning) and cause a wide range of diseases. With at least six variants staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) stands out as particularly diverse amongst the 25 known staphylococcal enterotoxins. Some variants present unique and even host-specific features. Here, we review the role of SEC in human and animal health with a particular focus on its role as a causative agent for foodborne intoxications. We highlight structural features unique to SEC and its variants, particularly, the emetic and superantigen activity, as well as the roles of SEC in mastitis and in dairy products. Information about the genetic organization as well as regulatory mechanisms including the accessory gene regulator and food-related stressors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Etter
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
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16
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Noli Truant S, De Marzi MC, Sarratea MB, Antonoglou MB, Meo AP, Iannantuono López LV, Fernández Lynch MJ, Todone M, Malchiodi EL, Fernández MM. egc Superantigens Impair Monocytes/Macrophages Inducing Cell Death and Inefficient Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3008. [PMID: 32010128 PMCID: PMC6974467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens (SAgs) are enterotoxins that bind to MHC-II and TCR molecules, activating as much as 20% of the T cell population and promoting a cytokine storm which enhances susceptibility to endotoxic shock, causing immunosuppression, and hindering the immune response against bacterial infection. Since monocytes/macrophages are one of the first cells SAgs find in infected host and considering the effect these cells have on directing the immune response, here, we investigated the effect of four non-classical SAgs of the staphylococcal egc operon, namely, SEG, SEI, SEO, and SEM on monocytic-macrophagic cells, in the absence of T cells. We also analyzed the molecular targets on APCs which could mediate SAg effects. We found that egc SAgs depleted the pool of innate immune effector cells and induced an inefficient activation of monocytic-macrophagic cells, driving the immune response to an impaired proinflammatory profile, which could be mediated directly or indirectly by interactions with MHC class II. In addition, performing surface plasmon resonance assays, we demonstrated that non-classical SAgs bind the gp130 molecule, which is also present in the monocytic cell surface, among other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Noli Truant
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio C De Marzi
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), UNLU-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina
| | - María B Sarratea
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B Antonoglou
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana P Meo
- Hospital Dr. J. M. Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura V Iannantuono López
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Fernández Lynch
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Todone
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), UNLU-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina
| | - Emilio L Malchiodi
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa M Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral "Prof. Ricardo A. Margni" (IDEHU), UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
The care of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) has been limited due to the lack of effective therapeutics that can either prevent AKI during high-risk situations or treat AKI once established. A revolution in the scientific understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI has led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets. These targets include pathways involved in inflammation, cellular repair and fibrosis, cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and hemodynamics and oxygen delivery. Many compounds are entering early-phase clinical trials. In addition, efforts to better describe sub-categories of AKI (through endo-phenotyping) hold promise to target therapies more effectively based upon pathways that are operative in the pathogenesis. These advances bring optimism that the care of patients with AKI will be transformed with the hope of better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hulse
- Divison of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mitchell H Rosner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, 135 Hospital Drive, Suite 1031, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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18
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19
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Fu X, Xu M, Song Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang C. Enhanced interaction between SEC2 mutant and TCR Vβ induces MHC II-independent activation of T cells via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19771-19784. [PMID: 30352872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SEC2, a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-dependent T-cell mitogen, binds MHC II and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβs to induce effective co-stimulating signals for clonal T-cell expansion. We previously characterized a SEC2 mutant with increased recognition of TCR Vβs, ST-4, which could intensify NF-κB signaling transduction, leading to IL-2 production and T-cell activation. In this study, we found that in contrast to SEC2, ST-4 could induce murine CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a Vβ8.2- and Vβ8.3-specific manner in the absence of MHC II+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, although IL-2 secretion in response to either SEC2 or ST-4 stimulation was accompanied by up-regulation of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ), inhibitor of κB (IκB), α and β IκB kinase (IKKα/β), IκBα, and NF-κB in mouse splenocytes, only ST-4 could activate CD4+ T cells in the absence of MHC II+ APCs through the PKCθ/NF-κB signaling pathway. The PKCθ inhibitor AEB071 significantly suppressed SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell proliferation, CD69 and CD25 expression, and IL-2 secretion with or without MHC II+ APCs. Further, SEC2/ST-4-induced changes in PKCθ/NF-κB signaling were significantly relieved by AEB071 in a dose-dependent manner. Using Lck siRNA, we found that Lck controlled SEC2/ST-4-induced phosphorylation of PKCθ. We also demonstrated that the IL-2R/STAT5 pathway is essential for SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell activation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that an enhanced ST-4-TCR interaction can compensate for lack of MHC II and stimulate MHC II-free CD4+ T-cell proliferation via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. Compared with SEC2, intensified PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signals induced by ST-4 lead to enhanced T-cell activation. The results of this study will facilitate better understanding of TCR-based immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Fu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and.,the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingkai Xu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yubo Song
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yongqiang Li
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
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20
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Benoit SW, Devarajan P. Acute kidney injury: emerging pharmacotherapies in current clinical trials. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:779-787. [PMID: 28601936 PMCID: PMC5723563 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients, affecting more than one quarter of critically ill children. Despite significant need, there are no targeted therapies to reliably prevent or treat AKI. Recent advances in our understanding of renal injury and repair signaling pathways have enabled the development of several targeted pharmaceuticals. Here we review emerging pharmacotherapies for AKI that are currently in clinical trials. Categorized by their general mechanism of action, the therapies discussed include anti-inflammatory agents (recAP, AB103, ABT-719), antioxidants (iron chelators, heme arginate), vasodilators (levosimendan), apoptosis inhibitors (QPI-1002), and repair agents (THR-184, BB-3, mesenchymal stem cells).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7022, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.
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21
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Lee J, Park N, Park JY, Kaplan BLF, Pruett SB, Park JW, Park YH, Seo KS. Induction of Immunosuppressive CD8 +CD25 +FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cells by Suboptimal Stimulation with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:669-680. [PMID: 29237775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus at high concentrations induce proliferation of T cells bearing specific TCR Vβ sequences and massive cytokinemia that cause toxic shock syndrome. However, the biological relevance of SAgs produced at very low concentrations during asymptomatic colonization or chronic infections is not understood. In this study, we demonstrate that suboptimal stimulation of human PBMCs with a low concentration (1 ng/ml) of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1, at which half-maximal T cell proliferation was observed, induced CD8+CD25+ T cells expressing markers related to regulatory T cells (Tregs), such as IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β, FOXP3, CD28, CTLA4, TNFR2, CD45RO, and HLA-DR. Importantly, these CD8+CD25+ T cells suppressed responder cell proliferation mediated in contact-dependent and soluble factor-dependent manners, involving galectin-1 and granzymes, respectively. In contrast, optimal stimulation of human PBMCs with a high concentration (1 μg/ml) of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1, at which maximal T cell proliferation was observed, also induced similar expression of markers related to Tregs, including FOXP3 in CD8+CD25+ cells, but these T cells were not functionally immunosuppressive. We further demonstrated that SAg-induced TCR Vβ-restricted and MHC class II-restricted expansion of immunosuppressive CD8+CD25+ T cells is independent of CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that the concentration of SAg strongly affects the functional characteristics of activated T cells, and low concentrations of SAg produced during asymptomatic colonization or chronic S. aureus infection induce immunosuppressive CD8+ Tregs, potentially promoting colonization, propagation, and invasion of S. aureus in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeun Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Nogi Park
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Joo Youn Park
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Stephen B Pruett
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Juw Won Park
- Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network Bioinformatics Core, Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292; and
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Microbiology, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762;
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Whitfield SJC, Taylor C, Risdall JE, Griffiths GD, Jones JTA, Williamson ED, Rijpkema S, Saraiva L, Vessillier S, Green AC, Carter AJ. Interference of the T Cell and Antigen-Presenting Cell Costimulatory Pathway Using CTLA4-Ig (Abatacept) Prevents Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Pathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3989-3998. [PMID: 28320831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a bacterial superantigen that binds the receptors in the APC/T cell synapse and causes increased proliferation of T cells and a cytokine storm syndrome in vivo. Exposure to the toxin can be lethal and cause significant pathology in humans. The lack of effective therapies for SEB exposure remains an area of concern, particularly in scenarios of acute mass casualties. We hypothesized that blockade of the T cell costimulatory signal by the CTLA4-Ig synthetic protein (abatacept) could prevent SEB-dependent pathology. In this article, we demonstrate mice treated with a single dose of abatacept 8 h post SEB exposure had reduced pathology compared with control SEB-exposed mice. SEB-exposed mice showed significant reductions in body weight between days 4 and 9, whereas mice exposed to SEB and also treated with abatacept showed no weight loss for the duration of the study, suggesting therapeutic mitigation of SEB-induced morbidity. Histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that SEB mediated lung damage and edema, which were absent after treatment with abatacept. Analysis of plasma and lung tissues from SEB-exposed mice treated with abatacept demonstrated significantly lower levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ (p < 0.0001), which is likely to have resulted in less pathology. In addition, exposure of human and mouse PBMCs to SEB in vitro showed a significant reduction in levels of IL-2 (p < 0.0001) after treatment with abatacept, indicating that T cell proliferation is the main target for intervention. Our findings demonstrate that abatacept is a robust and potentially credible drug to prevent toxic effects from SEB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J C Whitfield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Chris Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Risdall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom.,Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Griffiths
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - James T A Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - E Diane Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sjoerd Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Saraiva
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; and
| | - A Christopher Green
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alun J Carter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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23
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Kaempfer R, Popugailo A, Levy R, Arad G, Hillman D, Rotfogel Z. Bacterial superantigen toxins induce a lethal cytokine storm by enhancing B7-2/CD28 costimulatory receptor engagement, a critical immune checkpoint. RECEPTORS & CLINICAL INVESTIGATION 2017; 4:e1500. [PMID: 28286804 PMCID: PMC5341606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Formation of the costimulatory axis between the B7-2 and CD28 coreceptors is critical for T-cell activation. Superantigens, Gram-positive bacterial virulence factors, cause toxic shock and sepsis by hyperinducing inflammatory cytokines. We report a novel role for costimulatory receptors CD28 and B7-2 as obligatory receptors for superantigens, rendering them therapeutic targets. We show that by engaging not only CD28 but also its coligand B7-2 directly, superantigens potently enhance the interaction between B7-2 and CD28, inducing thereby T-cell hyperactivation. Using a conserved twelve amino-acid domain, superantigens engage both B7-2 and CD28 at their homodimer interfaces, sites far removed from where these receptors interact, implying that inflammatory signaling can be controlled through the receptor homodimer interfaces. Short B7-2 and CD28 dimer interface mimetic peptides bind diverse superantigens, prevent superantigen binding to cell-surface B7-2 or CD28, attenuate inflammatory cytokine overexpression, and protect mice from lethal superantigen challenge. Thus, superantigens induce a cytokine storm by mediating not only the interaction between MHC-II molecule and T-cell receptor but critically, by promoting B7-2/CD28 coreceptor engagement, forcing the principal costimulatory axis to signal excessively. Our findings highlight the B7/CD28 interaction as a bottleneck in signaling for expression of inflammatory cytokines. B7-2 and CD28 homodimer interface mimetic peptides prevent superantigen lethality by blocking the superantigen-host costimulatory receptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Kaempfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrey Popugailo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Revital Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gila Arad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dalia Hillman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ziv Rotfogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
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Gallagher KM, O'neill S, Harrison EM, Ross JA, Wigmore SJ, Hughes J. Recent early clinical drug development for acute kidney injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 26:141-154. [PMID: 27997816 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1274730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite significant need and historical trials, there are no effective drugs in use for the prevention or treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI). There are several promising agents in early clinical development for AKI and two trials have recently been terminated. There are also exciting new findings in pre-clinical AKI research. There is a need to take stock of current progress in the field to guide future drug development for AKI. Areas covered: The main clinical trial registries, PubMed and pharmaceutical company website searches were used to extract the most recent clinical trials for sterile, transplant and sepsis-associated AKI. We summarise the development of the agents recently in clinical trial, update on their trial progress, consider reasons for failed efficacy of two agents, and discuss new paradigms in pre-clinical targets for AKI. Agents covered include- QPI-1002, THR-184, BB-3, heme arginate, human recombinant alkaline phosphatase (recAP), ciclosporin A, AB103, levosimendan, AC607 and ABT-719. Expert opinion: Due to the heterogenous nature of AKI, agents with the widest pleiotropic effects on multiple pathophysiological pathways are likely to be most effective. Linking preclinical models to clinical indication and improving AKI definition and diagnosis are key areas for improvement in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Gallagher
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Stephen O'neill
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Ewen M Harrison
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - James A Ross
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Stephen J Wigmore
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- a MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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Abstract
Superantigens secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes interact with the T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells to elicit a massive cytokine release and activation of T cells in higher numbers than that seen with ordinary antigens. Because of this unique ability, superantigens have been implicated as etiological agents for many different types of diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, infective endocarditis, pneumonia, and inflammatory skin diseases. This review covers the main animal models that have been developed in order to identify the roles of superantigens in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brosnahan
- Department of Science, Concordia University - Saint Paul, 1282 Concordia Ave., S-115, St. Paul, MN, 55104, USA.
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Ataee RA, Kashefi R, Alishiri GH, Esmaieli D. Assay of Blood and Synovial Fluid of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis for Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin D: Absence of Bacteria But Presence of Its Toxin. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e28395. [PMID: 26870313 PMCID: PMC4746793 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.28395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease. The staphylococcal superantigens are considered as the causative agent of RA disease. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin D in synovial fluid and blood of patients with RA. Patients and Methods: A total of 120 blood and SF samples of patients with RA were studied. Bacterial culture, primer pairs design, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods have been used to assess of the staphylococcal enterotoxin D. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results: During this study and after sequential subcultures, only 5 bacterial strains were isolated. The results of PCR showed the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin D gene in almost 50% of SF and also in 48.4% of blood samples of patients with RA. Similarly, the ELISA method detected staphylococcal enterotoxin D in 36.16% of SF and in 33.33% of blood of patients with RA. Conclusions: The result of this study showed that a high percentage of patients with RA have shown staphylococcal enterotoxin D (superantigen D) or entD gene in SF and in blood. However, the origin of this superantigen was not clarified and no Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin D producer was isolated. This finding indicates other role of this superantigen besides its intoxication. Therefore, staphylococcal enterotoxin D as a biomarker may provide a good model for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramezan Ali Ataee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reyhane Kashefi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Reyhane Kashefi, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-989122190418, Fax: +98-2126127258, E-mail:
| | - Gholam Hossein Alishiri
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Davoud Esmaieli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Ramachandran G, Kaempfer R, Chung CS, Shirvan A, Chahin AB, Palardy JE, Parejo NA, Chen Y, Whitford M, Arad G, Hillman D, Shemesh R, Blackwelder W, Ayala A, Cross AS, Opal SM. CD28 homodimer interface mimetic peptide acts as a preventive and therapeutic agent in models of severe bacterial sepsis and gram-negative bacterial peritonitis. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:995-1003. [PMID: 25305323 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe gram-negative bacterial infections and sepsis are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Dysregulated, excessive proinflammatory cytokine expression contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis. A CD28 mimetic peptide (AB103; previously known as p2TA) that attenuates CD28 signaling and T-helper type 1 cytokine responses was tested for its ability to increase survival in models of polymicrobial infection and gram-negative sepsis. METHODS Mice received AB103, followed by an injection of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS); underwent induction E. coli 018:K1 peritonitis induction, followed by treatment with AB103; or underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by treatment with AB103. The effects of AB103 on factors associated with and the lethality of challenge infections were analyzed. RESULTS AB103 strongly attenuated induction of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 (IL-6) by LPS in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Receipt of AB103 following intraperitoneal injection of LPS resulted in survival among 73% of CD1 mice (11 of 15), compared with 20% of controls (3 of 15). Suboptimal doses of antibiotic alone protected 20% of mice (1 of 5) from E. coli peritonitis, whereas 100% (15 of 15) survived when AB103 was added 4 hours following infection. Survival among mice treated with AB103 12 hours after CLP was 100% (8 of 8), compared with 17% among untreated mice (1 of 6). In addition, receipt of AB103 12 hours after CLP attenuated inflammatory cytokine responses and neutrophil influx into tissues and promoted bacterial clearance. Receipt of AB103 24 hours after CLP still protected 63% of mice (5 of 8). CONCLUSIONS Single-dose AB103 reduces mortality in experimental models of polymicrobial and gram-negative bacterial infection and sepsis, warranting further studies of this agent in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
| | - Raymond Kaempfer
- Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
| | - Chun-Shiang Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, The Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | | | - Abdullah B Chahin
- Faculty of Medicine, The Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - John E Palardy
- Faculty of Medicine, The Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Nicolas A Parejo
- Faculty of Medicine, The Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Yaping Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, The Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Melissa Whitford
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
| | - Gila Arad
- Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
| | - Dalia Hillman
- Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
| | | | - William Blackwelder
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Faculty of Medicine, The Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Alan S Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
| | - Steven M Opal
- Faculty of Medicine, The Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
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Mirzoeva S, Paunesku T, Wanzer MB, Shirvan A, Kaempfer R, Woloschak GE, Small W. Single administration of p2TA (AB103), a CD28 antagonist peptide, prevents inflammatory and thrombotic reactions and protects against gastrointestinal injury in total-body irradiated mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101161. [PMID: 25054224 PMCID: PMC4108308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the action of the CD28 mimetic peptide p2TA (AB103) that attenuates an excessive inflammatory response in mitigating radiation-induced inflammatory injuries. BALB/c and A/J mice were divided into four groups: Control (C), Peptide (P; 5 mg/kg of p2TA peptide), Radiation (R; total body irradiation with 8 Gy γ-rays), and Radiation + Peptide (RP; irradiation followed by p2TA peptide 24 h later). Gastrointestinal tissue damage was evaluated by analysis of jejunum histopathology and immunohistochemistry for cell proliferation (Cyclin D1) and inflammation (COX-2) markers, as well as the presence of macrophages (F4/80). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and KC as well as fibrinogen were quantified in plasma samples obtained from the same mice. Our results demonstrated that administration of p2TA peptide significantly reduced the irradiation-induced increase of IL-6 and fibrinogen in plasma 7 days after exposure. Seven days after total body irradiation with 8 Gy of gamma rays numbers of intestinal crypt cells were reduced and villi were shorter in irradiated animals compared to the controls. The p2TA peptide delivery 24 h after irradiation led to improved morphology of villi and crypts, increased Cyclin D1 expression, decreased COX-2 staining and decreased numbers of macrophages in small intestine of irradiated mice. Our study suggests that attenuation of CD28 signaling is a promising therapeutic approach for mitigation of radiation-induced tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salida Mirzoeva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - M. Beau Wanzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Raymond Kaempfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William Small
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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