1
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Nam M, Kim D, Kim MS. Simultaneous determination of total ergot alkaloids in wheat flour by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 441:138363. [PMID: 38199100 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The optimization screening methods for total ergot alkaloids in wheat extracts involve transforming them into a single compound, which is then analyzed via high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap MS). Orbitrap MS provides highly sensitive and accurate mass measurements, enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity of the analysis. Various hydrolysis and reduction methods have been investigated, and the use of superhydrides has emerged as the most effective method for transforming ergopeptine alkaloids. This study also focused on the epimerization of ergot alkaloids, particularly the differences between R- and S-epimers and their impact on the mass spectra. We validated our method by assessing the linearity, sensitivity, recovery, matrix effects, repeatability, and stability. The limits of detection and quantitation were set at 0.43 and 1.30 μg LSA/kg wheat, respectively. The proposed method offers a robust analytical approach for screening and quantifying total ergot alkaloids in wheat samples, addressing important concerns about their presence in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miso Nam
- Food Analysis Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Kim
- Food Analysis Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Food Analysis Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Herter SO, Haase H, Koch M. First Synthesis of Ergotamine- 13CD 3 and Ergotaminine- 13CD 3 from Unlabeled Ergotamine. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:199. [PMID: 38668624 PMCID: PMC11053779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) formed by Claviceps fungi are one of the most common food contaminants worldwide, affecting cereals such as rye, wheat, and barley. To accurately determine the level of contamination and to monitor EAs maximum levels set by the European Union, the six most common EAs (so-called priority EAs) and their corresponding epimers are quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The quantification of EAs in complex food matrices without appropriate internal standards is challenging but currently carried out in the standard method EN 17425:2021 due to their commercial unavailability. To address the need for isotopically labeled EAs, we focus on two semi-synthetic approaches for the synthesis of these reference standards. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of the N6-demethylation of native ergotamine to yield norergotamine, which can subsequently be remethylated with an isotopically labeled methylating reagent, such as iodomethane (13CD3-I), to yield isotopically labeled ergotamine and its C8-epimer ergotaminine. Testing the isotopically labeled ergotamine/-inine against native ergotamine/-inine with HPLC coupled to high-resolution HR-MS/MS proved the structure of ergotamine-13CD3 and ergotaminine-13CD3. Thus, for the first time, we can describe their synthesis from unlabeled, native ergotamine. Furthermore, this approach is promising as a universal way to synthesize other isotopically labeled EAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Oliver Herter
- Division 1.7, Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Matthias Koch
- Division 1.7, Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
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3
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Evans TJ, Romano MC. Toxigenic Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue and Ergot Alkaloids. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:95-111. [PMID: 38281896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
"Fescue toxicosis" and reproductive ergotism present identical toxidromes in late-gestational mares and, likely, other equids. Both toxic syndromes are caused by ergopeptine alkaloids (EPAs) of fungal origin, and they are collectively referred to as equine ergopeptine alkaloid toxicosis (EEPAT). EPAs are produced by either a toxigenic endophyte (Epichloë coenophiala) in tall fescue and/or a nonendophytic fungus (Claviceps purpurea), infecting small grains and grasses. EEPAT can cause hypoprolactinemia-induced agalactia/dysgalactia, prolonged gestation, dystocia, and other reproductive abnormalities in mares, as well as failure of passive transfer in their frequently dysmature/overmature/postmature foals. Prevention relies on eliminating exposures and/or reversing hypoprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Evans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, W226 Veterinary Medicine Building, 1520 Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Megan C Romano
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, 1490 Bull Lea Road, PO Box 14125, Lexington, KY 40512-4125, USA
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4
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Cherewyk JE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. The C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids - a review of biological and analytical aspects. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:1-17. [PMID: 37953416 PMCID: PMC10834577 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites that are produced by fungi and contaminate cereal crops and grasses. The ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea are the most abundant worldwide. The metabolites exist in two configurations, the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer) and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). These two configurations can interconvert to one another. Ergot alkaloids cause toxic effects after consumption of ergot-contaminated food and feed at various concentrations. For bioactivity reasons, the C-8-R-isomers have been studied to a greater extent than the C-8-S-isomer since the C-8-S-isomers were considered biologically inactive. However, recent studies suggest the contrary. Analytical assessment of ergot alkaloids now includes the C-8-S-isomers and high concentrations of specific C-8-S-isomers have been identified. The inclusion of the C-8-S-isomer in regulatory standards is reviewed. This review has identified that further research into the C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids is warranted. In addition, the inclusion of the C-8-S-isomers into regulatory recommendations worldwide for food and feed should be implemented. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of historic and current studies that have assessed the C-8-S-isomers. Specifically, this review will compare the C-8-R-isomers to the C-8-S-isomers with an emphasis on the biological activity and analytical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Barry R Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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5
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Carbonell-Rozas L, Alabrese A, Meloni R, Righetti L, Blandino M, Dall’Asta C. Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Major and Minor Cereals from Northern Italy: A Three Harvesting Years Scenario. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15821-15828. [PMID: 37843173 PMCID: PMC10603808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EAs), mycotoxins produced mainly by fungi of the Claviceps genus, have been frequently reported in rye, while their increasingly frequent occurrence in other cereals is likely related to weather conditions, with the incidence of ergot sclerotia in winter grains being related to heavy rainfall and moist soils at critical periods. However, compared to other regulated mycotoxins, data about the prevalence and occurrence of EAs in major and minor cereals harvested in the Mediterranean growing areas are still scant. In this regard, the current study reported the occurrence of EAs in 18 genotypes of winter cereals harvested over 3 years from an experimental field located in North Italy which were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Results indicate a widespread occurrence of all the major EAs in all the considered cereal crops, especially under supportive meteorological conditions. EA contamination was dependent on the harvest year (p < 0.0001) which was particularly high in 2020 for all the considered species. The results also demonstrated a large co-occurrence of EAs with 98 cereal samples out of 162 contaminated with at least one of the 12 EAs (60% positive samples) in the range LOD: 15,389 μg/kg (median value: 2.32 μg/kg), expressed as the sum of the EAs. Rye was confirmed to be the crop more susceptible to the fungal infection (EAs content up to 4,302 μg/kg). To the best of our knowledge, we have reported the accumulation of EAs in tritordeum (LOD: 15,389 μg/kg) and in emmer (LOD: 1.9 μg/kg) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carbonell-Rozas
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Arianna Alabrese
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Raffaele Meloni
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Wageningen 6700, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
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Silva Â, Mateus ARS, Barros SC, Silva AS. Ergot Alkaloids on Cereals and Seeds: Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:7233. [PMID: 37894711 PMCID: PMC10609535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites resulting from fungi of the genus Claviceps that have proven to be highly toxic. These mycotoxins commonly infect cereal crops such as wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Due to the increase worldwide consumption of cereal and cereal-based products, the presence of ergot alkaloids in food presents a concern for human safety. For this reason, it is essential to develop several analytical methods that allow the detection of these toxic compounds. This review compiles and discusses the most relevant studies and methods used in the detection and quantification of ergot alkaloids. Moreover, the decontamination techniques are also addressed, with special attention to sorting, cleaning, frying, baking, peeling, and ammonization methods, as they are the only ones already applied to ergot alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (Â.S.); (A.R.S.M.)
| | - Ana Rita Soares Mateus
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (Â.S.); (A.R.S.M.)
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Sílvia Cruz Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (Â.S.); (A.R.S.M.)
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, 4501-401 Oporto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Cherewyk JE, Grusie-Ogilvie TJ, Parker SE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. The Impact of Storage Temperature and Time on Ergot Alkaloid Concentrations. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:497. [PMID: 37624254 PMCID: PMC10467117 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot sclerotia produce toxic secondary metabolites, ergot alkaloids, that infect cereal crops and grasses. Ergot alkaloids have two isomeric configurations: the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer), and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). Ergot contaminated matrices, such as cereal grains or grasses, may be stored for extended periods at various temperatures before being analyzed, utilized, or consumed. This study assessed the concentration of six common ergot alkaloids in both configurations found in naturally contaminated wheat over time (one, two, and four months) at different temperatures (room temperature, +4 °C, and -20 °C) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The data indicate that the total ergot concentration within a natural contaminated sample varies over time at room temperature, +4 °C, and -20 °C. The total ergot concentration increased until month two, and decreased at month four, independent of temperature (p < 0.05). The total R-epimer concentration appeared to be less stable over time than the total S-epimer concentration. The changes in the total R and total S-epimer concentrations may have been caused by changes in the ergocristine and ergocristinine concentrations, respectively. Time and temperature should be considered when storing potentially contaminated matrices in a laboratory or practical agriculture situations. Quantification of ergot contaminated matrices should occur prior to their use to ensure the most reliable estimates of the concentration of ergot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E. Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | | | - Sarah E. Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Barry R. Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Ahmad N. Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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8
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Zhang J, Gong X, Gan Q, Yan Y. Application of Metabolite-Responsive Biosensors for Plant Natural Products Biosynthesis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:633. [PMID: 37366998 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) have shown various pharmaceutical activities, possessing great potential in global markets. Microbial cell factories (MCFs) provide an economical and sustainable alternative for the synthesis of valuable PNPs compared with traditional approaches. However, the heterologous synthetic pathways always lack native regulatory systems, bringing extra burden to PNPs production. To overcome the challenges, biosensors have been exploited and engineered as powerful tools for establishing artificial regulatory networks to control enzyme expression in response to environments. Here, we reviewed the recent progress involved in the application of biosensors that are responsive to PNPs and their precursors. Specifically, the key roles these biosensors played in PNP synthesis pathways, including isoprenoids, flavonoids, stilbenoids and alkaloids, were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zhang
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xinyu Gong
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Qi Gan
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yajun Yan
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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9
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Kuner M, Lisec J, Mauch T, Konetzki J, Haase H, Koch M. Quantification of Ergot Alkaloids via Lysergic Acid Hydrazide-Development and Comparison of a Sum Parameter Screening Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093701. [PMID: 37175111 PMCID: PMC10180493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are a group of mycotoxins occurring in products derived from various grasses (e.g., rye) and have been regulated in the EU recently. The new maximum levels refer to the sum of the six most common ergot alkaloids in their two stereoisomeric forms in different food matrices. Typically, these twelve compounds are individually quantified via HPLC-MS/MS or -FLD and subsequently summed up to evaluate food safety in a time-consuming process. Since all these structures share the same ergoline backbone, we developed a novel sum parameter method (SPM) targeting all ergot alkaloids simultaneously via lysergic acid hydrazide. After extraction and clean-up, in analogy to the current European standard method EN 17425 (ESM) for ergot alkaloid quantitation, the samples were derivatized by an optimized hydrazinolysis protocol, which allowed quantitative conversion after 20 min at 100 °C. The new SPM was evaluated against another established HPLC-FLD-based method (LFGB) and the HPLC-MS/MS-based ESM using six naturally contaminated rye and wheat matrix reference materials. While the SPM provided comparable values to the ESM, LFGB showed deviating results. Determined recovery rates, limits of detection and quantification of all three employed methods confirm that the new SPM is a promising alternative to the classical approaches for ergot alkaloid screening in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kuner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Lisec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Mauch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Konetzki
- Institut Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Abaev VT, Aksenov NA, Aksenov DA, Aleksandrova EV, Akulova AS, Kurenkov IA, Leontiev AV, Aksenov AV. One-Pot Synthesis of Polynuclear Indole Derivatives by Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of γ-Hydroxybutyrolactams. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073162. [PMID: 37049924 PMCID: PMC10095734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Friedel–Crafts reaction of novel 3,5-diarylsubstituted 5-hydroxy-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones was used for low cost, one-pot preparation of polycyclic indole derivatives structurally similar to Ergot alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir T. Abaev
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, North-Ossetian State University Named after K. L. Khetagurov, 46 Vatutin St., Vladikavkaz 362025, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Nicolai A. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Elena V. Aleksandrova
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Alesia S. Akulova
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Igor A. Kurenkov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Leontiev
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
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11
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Plazas E, Faraone N. Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020461. [PMID: 36830997 PMCID: PMC9953455 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress represent a substantial long-term challenge for the global health systems because of their rising prevalence, uncertain neuropathology, and lack of effective pharmacological treatments. The approved existing studies constitute a piece of strong evidence whereby psychiatric drugs have shown to have unpleasant side effects and reduction of sustained tolerability, impacting patients' quality of life. Thus, the implementation of innovative strategies and alternative sources of bioactive molecules for the search for neuropsychiatric agents are required to guarantee the success of more effective drug candidates. Psychotherapeutic use of indole alkaloids derived from magic mushrooms has shown great interest and potential as an alternative to the synthetic drugs currently used on the market. The focus on indole alkaloids is linked to their rich history, their use as pharmaceuticals, and their broad range of biological properties, collectively underscoring the indole heterocycle as significant in drug discovery. In this review, we aim to report the physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of indole alkaloids, particularly those derived from magic mushrooms, highlighting the promising application of such active ingredients as safe and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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12
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Cherewyk JE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. Investigation of the relationship between ergocristinine and vascular receptors. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:604-611. [PMID: 37213815 PMCID: PMC10199403 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites that exist in two configurations, the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer), and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). Toxic effects of ergot, such as vasoconstriction, have been primarily attributed to the R-epimer bioactivity, as compared to the S-epimer. Recent studies demonstrated potential bioactivity of S-epimers. Therefore, further cost-effective investigations of the S-epimers are needed. The present study investigated the S-epimer - vascular receptor binding relationship. An in silico molecular docking approach, utilizing AutoDock Vina and DockThor, was used to determine if the S-epimer (ergocristinine) binds to vascular receptors and to compare the binding affinity and interactions to the corresponding R-epimer (ergocristine) and a structural analogue (lysergic acid amide). The binding energy (kcal/mol) of ergocristinine was - 9.7 or - 11.0 to the serotonin (5-HT) 2 A receptor and - 8.7 or - 11.4 to the alpha 2 A adrenergic receptor, depending on the software used. A hydrogen bond was formed between ergocristinine and amino acid residues of the 5-HT 2 A and alpha 2 A adrenergic receptor binding sites, with bond lengths of 3.10 Å and 3.28 Å, respectively. Binding affinities and molecular interactions among the ligands to each receptor differed. Different affinities and interactions may relate to differences in the chemical structures. The binding affinities and strong molecular interactions of the S-epimer to vascular receptors may contribute to the observed physiological manifestations that occur after ergot alkaloid exposure. The results of the present study suggest further investigation on the receptor binding of the S-epimers of ergot alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E. Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4 Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Barry R. Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Ahmad N. Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4 Canada
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Shokrollahi N, Ho CL, Mohd Zainudin NAI, Abdul Wahab MAB, Wong MY. Plant Defense Inducers and Antioxidant Metabolites Produced During Oil Palm-Ganoderma boninense Interaction In Vitro. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Carbonell-Rozas L, Hernández-Mesa M, Righetti L, Monteau F, Lara FJ, Gámiz-Gracia L, Bizec BL, Dall'Asta C, García-Campaña AM, Dervilly G. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry to extend analytical performance in the determination of ergot alkaloids in cereal samples. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463502. [PMID: 36174373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the potential of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to improve the analytical performance of current liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) workflows applied to the determination of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in cereal samples. Collision cross section (CCS) values for EA epimers are reported for the first time to contribute to their unambiguous identification. Additionally, CCS values have been inter-laboratory cross-validated and compared with CCS values predicted by machine-learning models. Slight differences were observed in terms of CCS values for ergotamine, ergosine and ergocristine and their corresponding epimers (from 3.3 to 4%), being sufficient to achieve a satisfactory peak-to-peak resolution for their unequivocal identification. A LC-travelling wave ion mobility (TWIM)-MS method has been developed for the analysis of EAs in barley and wheat samples. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was improved between 2.5 and 4-fold compared to the analog LC-TOF-MS method. The quality of the extracted ion chromatograms was also improved by using IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carbonell-Rozas
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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15
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Ayala-Soldado N, Lora-Benitez AJ, Mora-Medina R, Molina-Lopez AM, Artillo-Guimera JI, Moyano-Salvago MR. Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in cattle, caused by Claviceps paspali. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:638-643. [PMID: 38623308 PMCID: PMC11016296 DOI: 10.17221/25/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Claviceps paspali is a fungus that mainly parasitises Paspalum dilatatum, generating a structure denominated sclerotium, in which indole-diterpenoid alkaloids are isolated. Its action mechanism is related to the inhibition of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor. It basically affects bovines, triggering the tremorgenic syndrome, the prevalence of this intoxication being relatively low in Europe. This work describes a clinical case on a cattle farm in Seville (southern Spain), composed of 91 bovines, 60% of which were principally affected with nervous clinical signs. The diagnosis was based on a clinical inspection of the animals, as well as of the presence of paspalum seed heads containing the sclerotia of Claviceps paspali in the plants present in the pastures. The causal agent was identified as being Claviceps paspali, which had parasitised numerous examples of Paspalum paspaloides. The indole-diterpenoid alkaloids produced by Claviceps paspali were identified using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. At present, no effective aetiological treatment has been described for poisoning caused by this mycotoxin, so a supportive treatment was administered, and different handling methods were applied, resulting in the complete recovery of the animals. Finally, it was concluded that unusually high humidity and temperature levels for the region triggered the development of the sclerotium generated by this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Ayala-Soldado
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesus Lora-Benitez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Mora-Medina
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Mª Molina-Lopez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Artillo-Guimera
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mª Rosario Moyano-Salvago
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Stanford K, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Meléndez DM, Ngo S, Harding M, McAllister TA, Schatzmayr D, Swift ML, Blakley B, Ribeiro GO. Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090580. [PMID: 36136518 PMCID: PMC9500729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As the contamination of cereal grains with ergot has been increasing in Western Canada, studies were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of heating (60, 80, 120, or 190 °C) alone or in combination with pelleting on concentrations of ergot alkaloids. Fifteen samples of ergot-contaminated grain from Alberta and Saskatchewan were assayed for R and S epimers of six alkaloids (ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergocornine, ergometrine, ergosine, and ergotamine) using HPLC MS/MS. Five samples with distinct alkaloid profiles were then selected for heating and pelleting studies. Heating resulted in a linear increase (p < 0.05) of total R and total S epimers with increasing temperature, although some individual R epimers were stable (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine). Pelleting also increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of total R and total S epimers detected, although ergometrine concentration decreased (p < 0.05) after pelleting. A feeding study arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial structure used 48 backgrounding Angus-cross steers fed four different diets: (1) Control Mash (CM, no added ergot), (2) Control Pellet (CP), (3) Ergot Mash (EM), or (4) Ergot Pellet (EP). Pelleting heated the ergot to 90−100 °C under 4 bars pressure, but the ergot used in the feeding study was not otherwise heated. Alkaloid concentrations of EM and EP varied by up to 1.1 mg/kg depending on the feed matrix assayed. No differences among treatments were noted for growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion, concentrations of serum prolactin and haptoglobin, hair cortisol, or in temperatures of extremities measured by infrared thermography. The only negative impacts of ergot alkaloids were on blood parameters indicative of reduced immune function or chronic inflammation. Pelleting did not heighten the negative clinical outcomes of ergot, although alkaloid concentrations of pelleted feed increased depending on the matrix assayed. It was hypothesized that the heat and pressure associated with pelleting may enhance the recovery of alkaloids from pelleted feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Daniela M. Meléndez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Skyler Ngo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Michael Harding
- Alberta Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Economic Development, Crop Diversification Center South, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- DSM–BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Mary Lou Swift
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Gabriel O. Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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17
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Cherewyk JE, Parker SE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. Sustained vascular contractile response induced by a R and S-epimer of the ergot alkaloid ergocristine, and attenuation by a non-competitive antagonist. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6623923. [PMID: 35775420 PMCID: PMC9492154 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoconstriction is a known effect associated with ergot alkaloid consumption. The vascular contractile responses are often sustained for an extended period after exposure. Ergot alkaloids exist in two molecular configurations, the C-8-(R)-isomer (R-epimer) and the C-8-(S)-isomer (S-epimer). The sustained vascular contractile response to the R-epimers have been studied previously, unlike the S-epimers which are thought to be biologically inactive. Additionally, antagonists have been utilized to attenuate the vascular contraction associated with the R-epimers of ergot alkaloids utilizing ex vivo techniques. This study utilized an arterial tissue bath to examine and compare the sustained vascular contractile response attributed to ergocristine (R) and ergocristinine (S) using dissected bovine metatarsal arteries. The contractile blocking effect of a non-competitive alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (POB), was also investigated in precontracted arteries. Arteries (n=6/epimer) were exposed to a single dose of ergocristine or ergocristinine (1 × 10 -6 M in buffer). Each of the epimer doses were followed by a POB (1 × 10 -3 M) or methanol (control) treatment at 90 minutes and the response was observed for another 90 min. Both epimers produced a sustained contractile response over the 180 min incubation period in the control groups. The R-epimer caused a greater sustained contractile response from 60-180 min post epimer exposure, compared to the S-epimer (P < 0.05, Generalized Estimating Equations, Independent t-test). Phenoxybenzamine caused a decrease in the contractile response induced by ergocristine and ergocristinine from 105 - 180 min, compared to the control (P < 0.05, Generalized estimating equations, Paired t-test). Overall, these results demonstrate the presence of a sustained vascular contractile response attributed to the R and S-epimer of an ergot alkaloid with differences in contractile response between the epimers, suggesting differences in receptor binding mechanisms. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that a non-competitive antagonist could attenuate the sustained arterial contractile effects of both ergot configurations ex vivo. Additional investigation into S-epimers of ergot alkaloids is needed. This research contributes to the understanding of the ergot epimer-vascular receptor binding mechanisms, which may support the investigation of different approaches of minimizing ergot toxicity in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Barry R Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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18
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Cherewyk J, Grusie-Ogilvie T, Blakley B, Al-Dissi A. Validation of a New Sensitive Method for the Detection and Quantification of R and S-Epimers of Ergot Alkaloids in Canadian Spring Wheat Utilizing Deuterated Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:22. [PMID: 35050999 PMCID: PMC8778827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot sclerotia effect cereal crops intended for consumption. Ergot alkaloids within ergot sclerotia are assessed to ensure contamination is below safety standards established for human and animal health. Ergot alkaloids exist in two configurations, the R and S-epimers. It is important to quantify both configurations. The objective of this study was to validate a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for quantification of six R and six S-epimers of ergot alkaloids in hard red spring wheat utilizing deuterated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-D3) as an internal standard. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effects, recovery and precision were investigated. For the 12 epimers analyzed, low LOD and LOQ values were observed, allowing for the sensitive detection of ergot epimers. Matrix effects ranged between 101-113% in a representative wheat matrix. Recovery was 68.3-119.1% with an inter-day precision of <24% relative standard deviation (RSD). The validation parameters conform with previous studies and exhibit differences between the R and S-epimers which has been rarely documented. This new sensitive method allows for the use of a new internal standard and can be incorporated and applied to research or diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | | | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Ahmad Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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19
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Qie M, Li S, Guo C, Yang S, Zhao Y. Study of the occurrence of toxic alkaloids in forage grass by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462463. [PMID: 34438299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The toxic alkaloids in forage grass present a serious health hazard to humans and livestock, especially ergot alkaloids (EAs), pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and tropane alkaloids (TAs). Hence, there is a need for a simultaneous method that allows these dangerous plant toxins to be determined. A simple and effective method was developed to determine fifteen toxic alkaloids (EAs, PAs and TAs) in forage grass using the QuEChERS method and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The developed method was validated with average recoveries ranging from 63.10 to 102.10%, and relative standard deviations lower than or equal to 6.39% were obtained. Good linearity over the concentration range of 10-600 µg/kg dry matter (DM) was observed for the target alkaloids. The determination coefficients R2 calculated for each of the matrix calibration curves were greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were 5 µg/kg DM and 10 µg/kg DM, respectively. The reproducibility of the method was verified in three laboratories: all of the mean recoveries of 15 alkaloids were higher than 60%, and the relative standard deviations in alkaloids between laboratories were all less than 14.24%. The proposed method was applied to analyse 134 forage grass samples from the meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia to monitor toxic alkaloids. A significant difference in the frequency of contamination was found between different herbage species and different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qie
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Chuntao Guo
- Bceijing Purkinje General Instrument Co., Ltd., Beijing 101200, P.R. China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
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20
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Arroyo-Manzanares N, Rodríguez-Estévez V, García-Campaña AM, Castellón-Rendón E, Gámiz-Gracia L. Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in swine feeding. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5214-5224. [PMID: 33609041 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed. RESULTS Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z-Sep+ as sorbent in the clean-up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1 and 21.7 μg kg-1 . The analytes were subsequently quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg kg-1 for ergosinine to 145.3 μg kg-1 for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg kg-1 . CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez
- Department Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Castellón-Rendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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21
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Tkachenko A, Benson K, Mostrom M, Guag J, Reimschuessel R, Webb B. Extensive Evaluation via Blinded Testing of an UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantitation of Ten Ergot Alkaloids in Rye and Wheat Grains. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:546-554. [PMID: 33394021 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins produced by the fungus Claviceps, which can contaminate grains and pose a health risk to humans and animals. Validation of an ergot alkaloid method in collaborative projects can be challenging due to instability of analytes, a lack of reliable reference materials, and a fully validated reference method. OBJECTIVE To extensively evaluate performance of a quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS method to detect ten ergot alkaloids at concentrations between 16 and 500 ng/g in grains. METHOD The method performance was evaluated in the Blinded Method Test (BMT) exercise, which allowed organizers to successfully address the challenges. Forty completely blinded test samples were prepared in an independent laboratory and shipped to a participating laboratory to analyze on two separate days. RESULTS Precision, accuracy, and HorRatr values met or exceeded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommendations. The design of the BMT exercise provided a high degree of confidence in data and conclusions drawn. CONCLUSIONS The method performed in a manner as expected, and the method can be used by the laboratory for routine testing of wheat and rye grains. HIGHLIGHTS BMT of laboratory methods facilitate validation of tests by evaluating performance in an unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Tkachenko
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Kelly Benson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, 4035 19th Ave. N. Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Michelle Mostrom
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, 4035 19th Ave. N. Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Jake Guag
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Renate Reimschuessel
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, 4035 19th Ave. N. Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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22
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Determination of the Main Ergot Alkaloids and Their Epimers in Oat-Based Functional Foods by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123717. [PMID: 34207051 PMCID: PMC8234484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method is proposed for the determination of the major ergot alkaloids (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergokryptine, ergocristine) and their epimers (ergometrinine, ergosinine, ergotaminine, ergocorninine, ergokryptinine, and ergocristinine) in oat-based foods and food supplements. A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure was applied as sample treatment, reducing the consumption of organic solvent and increasing sensitivity. This method involved an extraction with acetonitrile and ammonium carbonate (85:15, v/v) and a clean-up step based on dispersive solid-phase extraction, employing a mixture of C18/Z-Sep+ as sorbents. Procedural calibration curves were established and limits of quantification were below 3.2 μg/kg for the studied compounds. Repeatability and intermediate precision (expressed as RSD%) were lower than 6.3% and 15%, respectively, with recoveries ranging between 89.7% and 109%. The method was applied to oat-based products (bran, flakes, flour, grass, hydroalcoholic extracts, juices, and tablets), finding a positive sample of oat bran contaminated with ergometrine, ergosine, ergometrinine, and ergosinine (total content of 10.7 μg/kg).
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23
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Kuner M, Kühn S, Haase H, Meyer K, Koch M. Cleaving Ergot Alkaloids by Hydrazinolysis-A Promising Approach for a Sum Parameter Screening Method. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050342. [PMID: 34064772 PMCID: PMC8151494 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins formed by fungi of the Claviceps genus, which are some of the most common contaminants of food and feed worldwide. These toxins are a structurally heterogeneous group of compounds, sharing an ergoline backbone. Six structures and their corresponding stereoisomers are typically quantified by either HPLC-FLD or HPLC-MS/MS and the values subsequently summed up to determine the total ergot alkaloid content. For the development of a screening method targeting all ergot alkaloids simultaneously, the alkaloids need to be transferred to one homogeneous structure: a lysergic acid derivative. In this study, two promising cleaving methods—acidic esterification and hydrazinolysis—are compared, using dihydroergocristine as a model compound. While the acidic esterification proved to be unsuitable, due to long reaction times and oxidation sensitivity, hydrazinolysis reached a quantitative yield in 40‒60 min. Parallel workup of several samples is possible. An increasing effect on the reaction rate by the addition of ammonium iodide was demonstrated. Application of hydrazinolysis to a major ergot alkaloid mix solution showed that all ergopeptines were cleaved, but ergometrine/-inine was barely affected. Still, hydrazinolysis is a suitable tool for the development of a sum parameter screening method for ergot alkaloids in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kuner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Susanne Kühn
- Institut Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH, 13347 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Klas Meyer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Matthias Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Barley and Wheat from Algeria. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050316. [PMID: 33925104 PMCID: PMC8145663 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural occurrence of six major ergot alkaloids, ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergokryptine and ergocristine, as well as their corresponding epimers, were investigated in 60 cereal samples (barley and wheat) from Algeria. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and a QuEChERS extraction method were used for sample analysis. The results revealed that 12 out of 60 samples (20%) were contaminated with ergot alkaloids. Wheat was the most contaminated matrix, with an incidence of 26.7% (8 out of 30 samples). The concentration of total ergot alkaloids ranged from 17.8 to 53.9 µg/kg for barley and from 3.66 to 76.0 μg/kg for wheat samples. Ergosine, ergokryptine and ergocristine showed the highest incidences in wheat, while ergometrine was the most common ergot in barley.
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Chung SWC. A critical review of analytical methods for ergot alkaloids in cereals and feed and in particular suitability of method performance for regulatory monitoring and epimer-specific quantification. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:997-1012. [PMID: 33784227 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1898679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cereals and feed contaminated with ergot alkaloids (EAs) have been of concern for several decades. Nowadays, analysis of EAs is focused on ergometrine, ergotamine, ergosine, ergocristine, ergocryptine (a mixture of α- and β-isomers) and ergocornine and their related -inine epimers as listed in the European Commission Recommendation 2012/154/EU. Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been used for quantification of EAs for decades whilst LC-MS has become the work-horse for quantification of EAs in the last decade. However, in LC-MS analysis matrix effects of different magnitudes exist for each EA epimer, especially ergometrine/ergometrinine, even after different clean-up procedures. This leads to an underestimation or overestimation of EAs levels. Moreover, isotopic labelled standards for EAs are still not available in the market. This review aims to provide background information on different analytical methods, discuss their advantages and disadvantages and possible advancement. Moreover, the method performance requirements to support forthcoming regulations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W C Chung
- Independent Researcher, Formerly with the Food Research Laboratory, Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong
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Biosynthesis, total synthesis, and biological profiles of Ergot alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 85:1-112. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Biased Ligands Differentially Shape the Conformation of the Extracellular Loop Region in 5-HT 2B Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249728. [PMID: 33419260 PMCID: PMC7767279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are linked to various intracellular transducers, each pathway associated with different physiological effects. Biased ligands, capable of activating one pathway over another, are gaining attention for their therapeutic potential, as they could selectively activate beneficial pathways whilst avoiding those responsible for adverse effects. We performed molecular dynamics simulations with known β-arrestin-biased ligands like lysergic acid diethylamide and ergotamine in complex with the 5-HT2B receptor and discovered that the extent of ligand bias is directly connected with the degree of closure of the extracellular loop region. Given a loose allosteric coupling of extracellular and intracellular receptor regions, we delineate a concept for biased signaling at serotonin receptors, by which conformational interference with binding pocket closure restricts the signaling repertoire of the receptor. Molecular docking studies of biased ligands gathered from the BiasDB demonstrate that larger ligands only show plausible docking poses in the ergotamine-bound structure, highlighting the conformational constraints associated with bias. This emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate receptor conformation on which to base virtual screening workflows in structure-based drug design of biased ligands. As this mechanism of ligand bias has also been observed for muscarinic receptors, our studies provide a general mechanism of signaling bias transferable between aminergic receptors.
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Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids in Cereal Grains Intended for Animal Feeding Collected in Slovenia: Occurrence, Pattern and Correlations. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110730. [PMID: 33233446 PMCID: PMC7700445 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This four-year study reports the occurrence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in cereals intended for animal feeding collected in Slovenia. A total of 517 samples of cereals were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the presence of EAs. The sample set included wheat, rye, triticale, oat, spelt and barley. The study revealed that 17% of the analysed cereal samples were contaminated with at least one ergot alkaloid. EAs have two epimeric forms: -ine and -inine. The incidence rates of the -ine and -inine forms in the analysed samples were 16% and 15%, respectively. The highest contamination rates were observed in rye (54%), oat (50%) and spelt (30%), where the highest mean concentrations of total EAs were also determined (502 µg/kg, 594 µg/kg and 715 µg/kg, respectively). However, the highest concentrations of total EAs were found in wheat and rye (4217 µg/kg and 4114 µg/kg, respectively). The predominant EAs were ergometrine, ergosine and ergocristinine. The occurrence of six or more ergot alkaloids was observed in 49% of the positive samples. A weak correlation (p = 0.284) in the positive samples was found between the mass of sclerotia and the total concentrations of EAs using the Spearman correlation coefficient.
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Covariation of Ergot Severity and Alkaloid Content Measured by HPLC and One ELISA Method in Inoculated Winter Rye across Three Isolates and Three European Countries. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110676. [PMID: 33114663 PMCID: PMC7692364 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot caused by Claviceps purpurea is a problem for food and feed security in rye due to the occurrence of toxic ergot alkaloids (EAs). For grain elevators and breeders, a quick, easy-to-handle, and cheap screening assay would have a high economic impact. The study was performed to reveal (1) the covariation of ergot severity (= percentage of sclerotia in harvested grain) and the content of 12 EAs determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and (2) the covariation between these traits and results of one commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In total, 372 winter rye samples consisting of a diverse set of genotypes, locations from Germany, Austria, and Poland over two years, and three isolates were analyzed. Ergocornine and α-ergocryptine were detected as major EAs. Ergocristinine occurred as a minor component. Claviceps isolates from different countries showed a similar EA spectrum, but different quantities of individual EAs. A moderate, positive covariation between ergot severity and EA content determined by HPLC was observed across two years (r = 0.53, p < 0.01), but large deviation from the regression was detected. ELISA values did neither correlate with the HPLC results nor with ergot severity. In conclusion, a reliable prediction of the EA content based on ergot severity is, at present, not possible.
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Natural Ergot Alkaloids in Ocular Pharmacotherapy: Known Molecules for Novel Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070980. [PMID: 32630018 PMCID: PMC7408209 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several pharmacological properties are attributed to ergot alkaloids as a result of their antibacterial, antiproliferative, and antioxidant effects. Although known for their biomedical applications (e.g., for the treatment of glaucoma), most ergot alkaloids exhibit high toxicological risk and may even be lethal to humans and animals. Their pharmacological profile results from the structural similarity between lysergic acid-derived compounds and noradrenalin, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmitters. To reduce their toxicological risk, while increasing their bioavailability, improved delivery systems were proposed. This review discusses the safety aspects of using ergot alkaloids in ocular pharmacology and proposes the development of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles for the topical administration of these drugs to enhance their therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Sita V G, Vavia P. Bromocriptine Nanoemulsion-Loaded Transdermal Gel: Optimization Using Factorial Design, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:80. [PMID: 31975311 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-1620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromocriptine mesylate (BCM), a dopaminergic agonist administered orally, exhibits retarded bioavailability owing to poor absorption and extreme first-pass metabolism. The objective of the current study was to develop, characterize, and statistically optimize BCM nanoemulsion (BCM-NE) loaded into a gel (BCM-NE gel) to evaluate its potential for improved permeation of BCM through the transdermal route, thereby improving its pharmacokinetic profile. BCM-NE was prepared by o/w spontaneous emulsification method and the effects of different formulation variables on the critical attributes of NE like globule size were investigated by implementing factorial design. The optimized formulation exhibited a mean globule size of 160 ± 6.5 nm, zeta potential of - 20.4 ± 1.23 mV, and drug content of 99.45 ± 1.9%. Ex vivo permeation studies across rat skin exhibited a significant enhancement in permeation, i.e., enhancement ratio (ER) of ~ 7.4 and 5.86 for BCM-NE and BCM-NE gel, respectively, when compared with aqueous BCM suspension gel. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies performed in rats demonstrated a higher and prolonged drug release of BCM from BCM-NE gel when compared to oral aqueous BCM suspension. The AUC0-t for BCM-NE gel and BCM suspension was found to be 562.54 ± 77.55 and 204.96 ± 51.93 ng/ml h, respectively. The relative bioavailability (%F) of BCM was shown to be enhanced 274% by BCM-NE gel. Histopathological studies demonstrated the safety and biocompatibility of the developed system. All the above results proved that the BCM-NE gel could be a superior and patient-compliant alternative to oral delivery in the management of PD.
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Nolan P, Auer S, Spehar A, Elliott CT, Campbell K. Current trends in rapid tests for mycotoxins. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:800-814. [PMID: 30943116 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1595171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There are an ample number of commercial testing kits available for mycotoxin analysis on the market today, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, membrane-based immunoassays, fluorescence polarisation immunoassays and fluorometric assays. It can be observed from the literature that not only are developments and improvements ongoing for these assays but there are also novel assays being developed using biosensor technology. This review focuses on both the currently available methods and recent innovative methods for mycotoxin testing. Furthermore, it highlights trends that are influencing assay developments such as multiplexing capabilities and rapid on-site analysis, indicating the possible detection methods that will shape the future market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philana Nolan
- a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | | | | | - Christopher T Elliott
- a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | - Katrina Campbell
- a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
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Holderied I, Rychlik M, Elsinghorst PW. Optimized Analysis of Ergot Alkaloids in Rye Products by Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection Applying Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E184. [PMID: 30925708 PMCID: PMC6520901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of ergot alkaloids remains a topic of importance and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has encouraged laboratories to provide monitoring data for the further evaluation of their occurrence in food and feed. While LC-MS/MS has dominated developments in recent years, LC-FLD is still more widespread, especially in developing countries. To improve the analysis of ergot alkaloids by LC-FLD, we developed an improved protocol introducing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for internal standardization. Several aspects such as the composition and pH of the extraction medium, type of sorbent and conditions applied for solid-phase extraction/clean-up, use of a keeper during final evaporation and the type of syringe filter used for filtration prior to injection were thoroughly investigated. Optimized conditions comprise extraction by ethyl acetate, methanol and 28% aqueous ammonia in combination with basic aluminum oxide for extract clean-up. Use of a keeper was found inappropriate as LC-FLD analysis was significantly affected by co-eluting keeper components. Similar observations were made with some of the investigated syringe filters, where polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) proved to be the most suitable. Validation and application of the optimized methodology to real samples provided limits of detection and quantification suitable for the evaluation of relevant ergot alkaloid contaminations in rye and bakery products with superior precision that was facilitated by the introduced internal standard, LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Holderied
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 102, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Paul W Elsinghorst
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 102, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Wagmann L, Richter LHJ, Kehl T, Wack F, Bergstrand MP, Brandt SD, Stratford A, Maurer HH, Meyer MR. In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4751-4763. [PMID: 30617391 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The market of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is characterized by a high turnover and thus provides several challenges for analytical toxicology. The analysis of urine samples often requires detailed knowledge about metabolism given that parent compounds either may be present only in small amounts or may not even be excreted. Hence, knowledge of the metabolism of NPS is a prerequisite for the development of reliable analytical methods. The main aim of this work was to elucidate for the first time the pooled human liver S9 fraction metabolism of the nine d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives 1-acetyl-LSD (ALD-52), 1-propionyl-LSD (1P-LSD), 1-butyryl-LSD (1B-LSD), N6-ethyl-nor-LSD (ETH-LAD), 1-propionyl-N6-ethyl-nor-LSD (1P-ETH-LAD), N6-allyl-nor-LSD (AL-LAD), N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide (ECPLA), (2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ), and lysergic acid morpholide (LSM-775) by means of liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Identification of the monooxygenase enzymes involved in the initial metabolic steps was performed using recombinant human enzymes and their contribution confirmed by inhibition experiments. Overall, N-dealkylation and hydroxylation, as well as combinations of these steps predominantly catalyzed by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, were found. For ALD-52, 1P-LSD, and 1B-LSD, deacylation to LSD was observed. The obtained mass spectral data of all metabolites are essential for reliable analytical detection particularly in urinalysis and for differentiation of the LSD-like compounds as biotransformations also led to structurally identical metabolites. However, in urine of rats after the administration of expected recreational doses and using standard urine screening approaches, parent drugs or metabolites could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lilian H J Richter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kehl
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Wack
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Pettersson Bergstrand
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byron Street, Liverpool, L33AF, UK
| | | | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Driehuis F, Wilkinson JM, Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Animal and human health risks from silage. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4093-4110. [PMID: 29685279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silage may contain several agents that are potentially hazardous to animal health, the safety of milk or other animal food products, or both. This paper reviews published literature about microbial hazards, plant toxins, and chemical hazards. Microbial hazards include Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium bovis, and various mold species. High concentrations of C. botulinum in silage have been associated with cattle botulism. A high initial concentration of C. botulinum spores in forage in combination with poor silage fermentation conditions can promote the growth of C. botulinum in silage. The elevated pH level that is generally associated with aerobic deterioration of silage is a major factor influencing concentrations of L. monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and molds in silage and may also encourage survival and growth of M. bovis, the bacterium that causes bovine tuberculosis. Soil is a major source of B. cereus spores in silage; growth of this bacterium in silage appears to be limited. Hazards from plant toxins include pyrrolizidine, tropane and tropolone alkaloids, phytoestrogens, prussic acid, and mimosine, compounds that exist naturally in certain plant species that may contaminate forages at harvesting. Another group of toxins belonging to this category are ergot alkaloids, which are produced by endophytic fungal species in forages such as tall fescue grass, sorghum, and ryegrass. Varying effects of ensiling on the degradation of these plant toxins have been reported. Chemical hazards include nitrate, nitrite, and toxic oxide gases of nitrogen produced from nitrate and high levels of butyric acid, biogenic amines, and ammonia. Chemical and microbiological hazards are associated with poorly fermented silages, which can be avoided by using proper silage-making practices and creating conditions that promote a rapid and sufficient reduction of the silage pH and prevent aerobic deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Driehuis
- NIZO Food Research, PO Box 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, the Netherlands.
| | - J M Wilkinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - I Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
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Schummer C, Brune L, Moris G. Development of a UHPLC-FLD method for the analysis of ergot alkaloids and application to different types of cereals from Luxembourg. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:279-287. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shukla M, Francis FM, Lal J. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of a potent H 3 receptor antagonist conessine in serum and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:289-298. [PMID: 29554815 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718756226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conessine, a steroidal alkaloid obtained from the bark and seeds of the plant species of Apocynaceae family, elicits a histamine antagonistic action, selectively for the H3 histaminergic receptors. This alkaloid is used mainly for the treatment of dysentery and helminthic disorders. For the quantification of conessine in serum, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-CN column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm), and a mobile phase consisting of 90% methanol in aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (pH 3.5) with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid at an isocratic flow rate of 0.6 ml/min at 40℃ provides efficiency in separation. A volume of 40 µl was injected each time and the run time for each sample was 5 min. Phenacetin (internal standard) was added to 50 µl of serum sample prior to liquid-liquid extraction using 3% isopropanol in n-hexane. The detection was performed on a 5500 QTRAP mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization source. The multiple reaction monitoring of conessine and IS was m/ z 357.4 to m/ z 312.1 and m/ z 180.1 to m/ z 138.1, respectively. The method that showed selectivity and linearity in the range of 1-200 ng/ml was validated in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, precision and stability. The detection and quantitation limits were recognized at 0.1 and 1 ng/ml, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy fulfils the acceptance criteria. Applying the method to the pharmacokinetic studies in rats, conessine showed a peak serum concentration at 2 h post oral dose with a good bioavailability of 71.28 ± 4.65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Shukla
- 1 Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- 2 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Femi M Francis
- 1 Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- 1 Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- 2 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
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Kudupoje MB, Klotz JL, Yiannikouris A, Dawson KA, McLeod KR, Vanzant ES. Contractile Response of Bovine Lateral Saphenous Vein to Ergotamine Tartrate Exposed to Different Concentrations of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E58. [PMID: 29385697 PMCID: PMC5848159 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids, in their active isomeric form, affect animal health and performance, and adsorbents are used to mitigate toxicities by reducing bioavailability. Adsorbents with high specificity (molecularly imprinted polymers: MIP) adsorb ergot alkaloids in vitro, but require evaluation for biological implications. Using ex vivo myography, synthetic polymers were evaluated for effects on the bioactivity of ergotamine tartrate (ETA). Polymers were first evaluated using isotherms. Lateral saphenous veins were collected from 17 steers for four independent studies: dose response of ETA, adsorbent dose response, validation of pre-myograph incubation conditions and MIP/ non-molecularly imprinted polymer (NIP) comparison. Norepinephrine normalized percent contractile response to increasing ETA exhibited a sigmoidal dose response (max: 88.47 and log of the effective molar concentration (EC50) (-log [ETA]) of 6.66 ± 0.17 M). Although sample preparation time affected contractile response (p < 0.001), pre-myograph incubation temperature (39 vs. 21 °C, 1 h) had no effect (p > 0.05). Isothermal adsorption showed a maximum adsorption of 3.27E-008 moles·mg-1 and affinity between 0.51 and 0.57 mg (R²: 0.83-0.92) for both polymers, with no significant difference between polymers (p > 0.05). No significant differences in maximum inhibitory (p = 0.96) and IC50 responses (p = 0.163) between MIP and NIP were noticed. Normalized percent contraction could be predicted from the in vitro adsorption data (R² = 0.87, p < 0.01), for both polymers. These studies indicate that synthetic polymers are potentially effective adsorbents to mitigate ergot toxicity caused by ergot alkaloids, with little evidence of significant differences between MIP and NIP in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B Kudupoje
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics & Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc. 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
| | - James L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics & Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc. 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
| | - Karl A Dawson
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics & Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc. 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
| | - Kyle R McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Eric S Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Recent advances on HPLC/MS in medicinal plant analysis—An update covering 2011–2016. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:211-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Coufal-Majewski S, Stanford K, McAllister T, Wang Y, Blakley B, McKinnon J, Swift ML, Chaves AV. Effects of Continuously Feeding Diets Containing Cereal Ergot Alkaloids on Nutrient Digestibility, Alkaloid Recovery in Feces, and Performance Traits of Ram Lambs. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E405. [PMID: 29257065 PMCID: PMC5744125 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allowable limits for cereal ergot alkaloids in livestock feeds are being re-examined, and the objective of this study was to compare nutrient digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs fed a range of alkaloid concentrations, including the maximum currently allowed in Canada (2 to 3 ppm). Four pelleted diets were fed: control, with no added alkaloids; 930; 1402; and 2447 ppb alkaloids based on total R and S epimers. Eight ram lambs (30.0 ± 3.1 kg) were used to examine the impacts of dietary treatments on nutrient digestibility and alkaloid recovery from feces. Concentrations of dietary alkaloids evaluated did not affect nutrient digestibility or N metabolism. Excepting ergocornine and ergocryptine, recovery of alkaloids in feces varied among periods, suggesting that individual lambs may differ in their ability to metabolize ergocristine, ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine and their S epimers. In a second experiment, ram lambs (n = 47, 30 ± 8 kg) were randomly assigned to a diet and weighed weekly until they achieved a slaughter weight of ≥ 45 kg (average 9 weeks; range 6 to 13 weeks). Intake of DM did not differ (p = 0.91) among diets, although lambs fed 2447 ppb alkaloids had a lower (p < 0.01) ADG than did lambs receiving other treatments. The concentration of serum prolactin linearly declined (p < 0.01) with increasing alkaloids. Feeding 2447 ppb total alkaloids negatively impacted growth, while feeding 1402 ppb did not harm growth performance, but reduced carcass dressing percentage. Due to different concentrations of alkaloids affecting growth and carcass characteristics in the present study, determining allowable limits for total dietary alkaloids will require a better understanding of impacts of alkaloid profiles and interactions among individual alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Coufal-Majewski
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kim Stanford
- Livestock Research Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada.
| | - Tim McAllister
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - John McKinnon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Mary Lou Swift
- Ruminant Nutrition, Hi-Pro Feeds, Okotoks, AB T1S 1A2, Canada.
| | - Alexandre V Chaves
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Soto-Barajas MC, Zabalgogeazcoa I, González-Martin I, Vázquez-de-Aldana BR. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of endophyte alkaloids in perennial ryegrass using near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:5028-5036. [PMID: 28417464 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in forage quality control because it is faster, cleaner and less expensive than conventional chemical procedures. In Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), one of the most important forage grasses, the infection by asymptomatic Epichloë fungal endophytes alters the plant nutritional quality due to the production of alkaloids. In this research, we developed a rapid method based on NIRS to detect and quantify endophyte alkaloids (peramine, lolitrem B and ergovaline) using a heterogeneous set of L. perenne plants obtained from wild grasslands and cultivars. RESULTS NIR spectra from dried grass samples were recorded and classified according to the absence or presence of alkaloids, based on reference methods. The best discriminant equations for detection of alkaloids classified correctly 94.4%, 87.5% and 92.9% of plants containing peramine, lolitrem B and ergovaline, respectively. The quantitative NIR equations obtained by modified partial least squares (MPLS) algorithm had coefficients of correlation of 0.93, 0.41, and 0.76 for peramine, lolitrem B and ergovaline respectively. CONCLUSION NIRS is a suitable tool for qualitative analysis of endophyte alkaloids in grasses and for the accurate quantification of peramine and ergovaline. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton C Soto-Barajas
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Inmaculada González-Martin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caidos s/n, Salamanca, Spain
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Grusie T, Cowan V, Singh J, McKinnon J, Blakley B. Correlation and variability between weighing, counting and analytical methods to determine ergot (Claviceps purpurea) contamination of grain. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloid mycotoxins produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, are contaminants of cereal crops and grasses. The objectives of this study were to determine the correlation between number of ergot sclerotia and weight compared to the total ergot alkaloid concentration, to evaluate the effect of grinding process (i.e. particle size (PS)) on ergot alkaloid analysis using high performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry, and to determine the impact of sample volume on analytical variability. This study demonstrated that correlations exist between both ergot sclerotia count (R2=0.7242, P<0.001) and ergot sclerotia weight (R2=0.9618, P<0.001) compared to the total alkaloid concentration of 6 ergot alkaloids. However, at alkaloid ergot concentrations below 350 µg/kg grain, ergot sclerotia count (R2=0.0002, P=0.956) and ergot sclerotia weight (R2=0.0064, P=0.769) were not correlated to the total alkaloid concentration. A lower variability (P=0.041), defined by coefficient of variation (CV), was observed using a commercial UDY cyclone sample mill (PS=192 µm, CV=9 µg/kg) as compared to a household coffee grinder (PS=516 µm, CV=66 µg/kg). Total amount and concentration of individual ergot alkaloids varied (P<0.05) among sclerotia of similar weight. For the analytical method, CV was numerically reduced as sample volume increased (97% CV for 75 ml to 64% CV for 1000 ml; mean of all concentrations) but increased as sample concentration declined (17% CV for 81,678 µg/kg to 284% for 35 µg/kg; mean of all sample volumes). This implies that analysis of small sample volumes at low ergot alkaloid concentrations may result in highly variable and potentially misleading results. In conclusion, number of ergot sclerotia and weight are unreliable indicators of alkaloid content at ergot concentrations below 350 µg/kg and particle size influences the variability. An analytical approach with fine grinding (mean PS<200 µm, 85% particles <400 µm) of a large sample should be used to assess low-level ergot contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Grusie
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - V. Cowan
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - J. Singh
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - B. Blakley
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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Abstract
The ergot alkaloids (EAs) are mycotoxins produced by several species of fungi in the genus Claviceps. In Europe, Claviceps purpurea is the most widespread species and it commonly affects cereals such as rye, wheat, triticale, barley, millets and oats. Food and feed samples used to estimate human and animal dietary exposure were analysed for the 12 main C. purpurea EAs: ergometrine, ergosine, ergocornine, ergotamine, ergocristine, ergocryptine (α‐ and β‐isomers) and their corresponding –inine (S)‐epimers. The highest levels of EAs were reported in rye and rye‐containing commodities. In humans, mean chronic dietary exposure was highest in ‘Toddlers’ and ‘Other children’ with maximum UB estimates of 0.47 and 0.46 μg/kg bw per day, respectively. The 95th percentile exposure was highest in ‘Toddlers’ with a maximum UB estimate of 0.86 μg/kg bw per day. UB estimations were on average fourfold higher than LB estimations. Average acute exposure (MB estimations) ranged from 0.02 μg/kg bw per day in ‘Infants’ up to 0.32 μg/kg bw per day estimated in ‘Other children’. For the 95th percentile acute exposure, the highest estimate was for a dietary survey within the age class ‘Other children’ (0.98 μg/kg bw per day). Dietary exposure estimates for animals, assuming a mean concentration scenario, varied between 0.31–0.46 μg/kg bw per day in beef cattle and 6.82–8.07 μg/kg bw per day (LB–UB) in piglets, while exposure estimates assuming a high concentration scenario (95th percentile) varied between 1.43–1.45 μg/kg bw per day and 16.38–16.61 μg/kg bw per day (LB–UB) in the same species. A statistically significant linear relationship between the content of sclerotia and the levels of EAs quantified was observed in different crops (barley, oats, rye, triticale and wheat grains). However, the absence of sclerotia cannot exclude the presence of EAs as samples with no sclerotia identified showed measurable levels of EAs (‘false negatives’).
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Duval R, Duplais C. Fluorescent natural products as probes and tracers in biology. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:161-193. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence is a remarkable property of many natural products in addition to their medicinal and biological value. Herein, we provide a review of these peculiar secondary metabolites to stimulate prospecting of them as original fluorescent tracers, endowed with unique photophysical properties and with applications in most fields of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Duval
- IRD
- UMR 216 IRD MERIT (Mère et Enfant face aux Infections Tropicales)
- Université Paris-Descartes
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | - Christophe Duplais
- CNRS
- UMR 8172 EcoFoG (Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane)
- AgroParisTech
- Cirad
- INRA
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Dopstadt J, Vens-Cappell S, Neubauer L, Tudzynski P, Cramer B, Dreisewerd K, Humpf HU. Localization of ergot alkaloids in sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1221-1230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Corbett BM, O'Connell C, Boutin MA, Fatayerji NI, Sauer CW. Inadvertent Methylergonovine Administration to a Neonate. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2016; 17:770-773. [PMID: 27765939 PMCID: PMC5077293 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.900263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, Newborn Final Diagnosis: Accidental methylergonovine poisoning Symptoms: Respiratory distress Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Pediatrics and Neonatology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Corbett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles O'Connell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mallory A Boutin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nabil I Fatayerji
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles W Sauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Coufal-Majewski S, Stanford K, McAllister T, Blakley B, McKinnon J, Chaves AV, Wang Y. Impacts of Cereal Ergot in Food Animal Production. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:15. [PMID: 26942186 PMCID: PMC4766294 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impacts of ergot contamination of grain on the health of humans and animals were first documented during the fifth century AD. Although ergotism is now rare in humans, cleaning contaminated grain concentrates ergot bodies in screenings which are used as livestock feed. Ergot is found worldwide, with even low concentrations of alkaloids in the diet (<100 ppb total), reducing the growth efficiency of livestock. Extended periods of increased moisture and cold during flowering promote the development of ergot in cereal crops. Furthermore, the unpredictability of climate change may have detrimental impacts to important cereal crops, such as wheat, barley, and rye, favoring ergot production. Allowable limits for ergot in livestock feed are confusing as they may be determined by proportions of ergot bodies or by total levels of alkaloids, measurements that may differ widely in their estimation of toxicity. The proportion of individual alkaloids, including ergotamine, ergocristine, ergosine, ergocornine, and ergocryptine is extremely variable within ergot bodies and the relative toxicity of these alkaloids has yet to be determined. This raises concerns that current recommendations on safe levels of ergot in feeds may be unreliable. Furthermore, the total ergot alkaloid content is greatly dependent on the geographic region, harvest year, cereal species, variety, and genotype. Considerable animal-to-animal variation in the ability of the liver to detoxify ergot alkaloids also exists and the impacts of factors, such as pelleting of feeds or use of binders to reduce bioavailability of alkaloids require study. Accordingly, unknowns greatly outnumber the knowns for cereal ergot and further study to help better define allowable limits for livestock would be welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Coufal-Majewski
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Agriculture Centre, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry , Lethbridge, AB , Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge, AB , Canada
| | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatchewan, SK , Canada
| | - John McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatchewan, SK , Canada
| | - Alexandre Vieira Chaves
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge, AB , Canada
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Crews C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2014-2015. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2014 and mid-2015. In tradition with previous articles of this series, analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. The critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address shortcomings of current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Vienna, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety – GMO and mycotoxins unit, ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Crews
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - M.H. Iha
- Laboratorio I de Ribeiro Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Rua Minas 877, CEP 14085-410 Ribeiro Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - S. MacDonald
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr., Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA-ARS NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | | | - J. Stroka
- IRMM, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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