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De Troyer L, De Zutter N, De Saeger S, Dumoulin F, Croubels S, De Baere S, De Gelder L, Audenaert K. Actinobacteria as Promising Biocontrol Agents for In Vitro and In Planta Degradation and Detoxification of Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:253. [PMID: 38922147 PMCID: PMC11209476 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a prevalent mycotoxin found in grains and grain-derived products, inducing adverse health effects in both animals and humans. The in-field application of microorganisms to degrade and detoxify ZEN is a promising strategy to enhance the safety of food and feed. In this study, we investigated the potential of three actinobacterial strains to degrade and detoxify ZEN in vitro and in planta on wheat ears. The residual ZEN concentration and toxicity in the samples were analysed with UHPLC-MS/MS and a bioluminescence BLYES assay, respectively. Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus LMG19352 could completely degrade and detoxify 5 mg/L ZEN in LB broth within 24 h, along with significant reductions in ZEN concentration both in a minimal medium (MM) and on wheat ears. Additionally, it was the only strain that showed a significant colonisation of these ears. Rhodococcus sp. R25614 exhibited partial but significant degradation in LB broth and MM, whereas Streptomyces sp. LMG16995 degraded and detoxified ZEN in LB broth after 72 h by 39% and 33%, respectively. Although all three actinobacterial strains demonstrated the metabolic capability to degrade and detoxify ZEN in vitro, only S. rimosus subsp. rimosus LMG19352 showed promising potential to mitigate ZEN in planta. This distinction underscores the importance of incorporating in planta screening assays for assessing the potential of mycotoxin-biotransforming microorganisms as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa De Troyer
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie De Zutter
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bio-Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Dumoulin
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bio-Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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España Amórtegui JC, Ekroth S, Pekar H, Guerrero Dallos JA. A green-footprint approach for parallel multiclass analysis of contaminants in roasted coffee via LC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1541-1560. [PMID: 38349534 PMCID: PMC10899293 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The development and validation of a simple, comprehensive, and environment-friendly procedure to determine pesticide residues, naturally occurring and processing contaminants in roasted coffee is presented. A solid-liquid extraction of pesticides and mycotoxins with ethyl acetate and the concurrent partition of acrylamide to an aqueous phase follows a parallel analytical strategy that requires a single analytical portion to determine contaminants that are typically analyzed by dedicated single residue methods. The partition rules the lipids out of the aqueous extract before an "in-tube" dispersive solid phase microextraction (dSPME) for acrylamide retention. This is followed by the elution with buffer prior to injection. This extract is independently introduced into the system front end followed by the injection of the compounds from the organic phase, yet all spotted in the same run. A novel liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method setup enables the quantification of 186 compounds at 10 µg/kg, 226 at 5 µg/kg, and the acrylamide at 200 µg/kg for a total of 414 molecules, with acceptable recoveries (70-120%) and precision (RSD < 20%) making this strategy significantly faster and cost-effective than the dedicated single residue methods. Even though the presence of chlorpyrifos, acrylamide, and ochratoxin A was confirmed on samples of different origins, the findings were below the limit of quantification. During the storage of raw coffee, no proof of masking of OTA was found; however, condensation with glucose was evidenced during thermal processing experiments with sucrose by using stable isotope labeling (SIL). No detected conjugates were found in roasted nor in commercial sugar-added torrefacto samples, an industrial processing usually carried out above the decomposition temperature of the disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Ekroth
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Pekar
- Science Department, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Svoboda T, Labuda R, Sulyok M, Krska R, Bacher M, Berthiller F, Adam G. Fusarium sporotrichioides Produces Two HT-2-α-Glucosides on Rice. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:99. [PMID: 38393177 PMCID: PMC10893509 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a genus that mostly consists of plant pathogenic fungi which are able to produce a broad range of toxic secondary metabolites. In this study, we focus on a type A trichothecene-producing isolate (15-39) of Fusarium sporotrichioides from Lower Austria. We assessed the secondary metabolite profile and optimized the toxin production conditions on autoclaved rice and found that in addition to large amounts of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, this strain was able to produce HT-2-glucoside. The optimal conditions for the production of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and HT-2-glucoside on autoclaved rice were incubation at 12 °C under constant light for four weeks, darkness at 30 °C for two weeks, and constant light for three weeks at 20 °C, respectively. The HT-2-glucoside was purified, and the structure elucidation by NMR revealed a mixture of two alpha-glucosides, presumably HT-2-3-O-alpha-glucoside and HT-2-4-O-alpha-glucoside. The efforts to separate the two compounds by HPLC were unsuccessful. No hydrolysis was observed with two the alpha-glucosidases or with human salivary amylase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae maltase. We propose that the two HT-2-alpha-glucosides are not formed by a glucosyltransferase as they are in plants, but by a trans-glycosylating alpha-glucosidase expressed by the fungus on the starch-containing rice medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svoboda
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Roman Labuda
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Research Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.); (F.B.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
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Cao Y, Shan Y, Wang G, Wu Z, Wang H, Wu S, Yin Z, Wei J, Bao W. Integrated of multi-omics and molecular docking reveal PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH in the serine synthetic pathway as potential targets of T-2 toxin exposure in pig intestinal tract. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126647. [PMID: 37678681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2) with a molecular weight of 466.52 g/mol is an inevitable mycotoxin in food products and feeds, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxic effects of T-2 exposure on porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of T-2 exposure on IPEC-J2 through the detection of cell viability, cell morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS, apoptosis and autophagy. Further transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of IPEC-J2 upon T-2 exposure were performed by using RNA-seq and TMT techniques. A total of 546 differential expressed genes (DEGs) and 269 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected. Among these, 24 common DEGs/DEPs were involved in IPEC-J2 upon T-2 exposure. Interestingly, molecular docking analysis revealed potential interactions between T-2 and three key enzymes (PHGDP, PSAT1, and PSPH) in the serine biosynthesis pathway. Besides, further experimental showed that PSAT1 knockdown exacerbated T-2-induced oxidative damage. Together, our findings indicated that the serine biosynthesis pathway including PHGDP, PSAT1, PSPH genes probably acts critical roles in the regulation of T-2-induced cell damage. This study provided new insights into the global molecular effects of T-2 exposure and identified the serine biosynthesis pathway as molecular targets and potential treatment strategies against T-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiyi Shan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guangzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haifei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Julong Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit 48202, United States
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Conjugated type A trichothecenes in oat-based products: Occurrence data and estimation of the related risk. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Khairullina A, Tsardakas Renhuldt N, Wiesenberger G, Bentzer J, Collinge DB, Adam G, Bülow L. Identification and Functional Characterisation of Two Oat UDP-Glucosyltransferases Involved in Deoxynivalenol Detoxification. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070446. [PMID: 35878183 PMCID: PMC9318758 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oat is susceptible to several Fusarium species that cause contamination with different trichothecene mycotoxins. The molecular mechanisms behind Fusarium resistance in oat have yet to be elucidated. In the present work, we identified and characterised two oat UDP-glucosyltransferases orthologous to barley HvUGT13248. Overexpression of the latter in wheat had been shown previously to increase resistance to deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) and to decrease disease the severity of both Fusarium head blight and Fusarium crown rot. Both oat genes are highly inducible by the application of DON and during infection with Fusarium graminearum. Heterologous expression of these genes in a toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conferred high levels of resistance to DON, NIV and HT-2 toxins, but not C4-acetylated trichothecenes (T-2, diacetoxyscirpenol). Recombinant enzymes AsUGT1 and AsUGT2 expressed in Escherichia coli rapidly lost activity upon purification, but the treatment of whole cells with the toxin clearly demonstrated the ability to convert DON into DON-3-O-glucoside. The two UGTs could therefore play an important role in counteracting the Fusarium virulence factor DON in oat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfia Khairullina
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikos Tsardakas Renhuldt
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (G.W.); (G.A.)
| | - Johan Bentzer
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
| | - David B. Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (G.W.); (G.A.)
| | - Leif Bülow
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
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Prusova N, Dzuman Z, Jelinek L, Karabin M, Hajslova J, Rychlik M, Stranska M. Free and conjugated Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins during Pilsner malt production and double-mash brewing. Food Chem 2022; 369:130926. [PMID: 34474284 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Malting and brewing have previously been demonstrated to be risky procedures in terms of mycotoxins contamination. The goal of the study was to describe the fate of less investigated Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins, together with their conjugates, during these processes. The Pilsner malt producing process, together with double-mash brewing, were performed in a pilot-scale malting and brewery plants to simulate production of lager - the most popular type of central European beer. In addition, changes in temperature during barley germination were investigated to assess the influence of this critical step. QuEChERS-like extraction followed by UHPLC-HRMS/MS were utilized to quantify the mass balance of 13 mycotoxins and four of their conjugates. The results confirmed germination as the most determining malting step, followed by mashing of malt during brewing. Occurrence of type A trichothecenes, Alternaria mycotoxins and their conjugates in the final beer product indicates the need to take mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Prusova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Dzuman
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Jelinek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Karabin
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
| | - Milena Stranska
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Kamle M, Gupta A, Sharma B, Panda BK, Srivastava S, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Pandey AK, Suthar P, Arora S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Bharti A, Kumar P. Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies. Toxicon 2022; 208:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Righetti L, Bhandari DR, Rolli E, Tortorella S, Bruni R, Dall’Asta C, Spengler B. Mycotoxin Uptake in Wheat - Eavesdropping Fusarium Presence for Priming Plant Defenses or a Trojan Horse to Weaken Them? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:711389. [PMID: 34381485 PMCID: PMC8350570 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins represent a major threat for cereal crops and food safety. While previous investigations have described plant biotransforming properties on mycotoxins or metabolic relapses of fungal infections in plants, so far, the potential consequences of radical exposure in healthy crops are mostly unknown. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating whether the exposure to mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), at the plant-soil interface may be considered a form of biotic stress capable of inducing priming or a potential initiation of fungal attack. To address this, we used atmospheric-pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging to investigate the activation or the inhibition of specific biosynthetic pathways and in situ localization of primary and secondary metabolites in wheat. According to our untargeted metabolomics investigation, the translocation of plant defense metabolites (i.e., hydroxycinnamic acid amide and flavones) follows the mycotoxin accumulation organs, which is the root for ZEN-treated plantlet and culm for DON-treated sample, suggesting a local "defense-on-demand response." Therefore, it can be hypothesized that DON and ZEN are involved in the eavesdropping of Fusarium presence in soil and that wheat response based on secondary metabolites may operate on multiple organs with a potential interplay that involves masked mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dhaka Ram Bhandari
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Enrico Rolli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Protective effect of selenomethionine on intestinal injury induced by T- 2 toxin. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:439-447. [PMID: 32777540 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic as a type A trichothecenes, which could contaminate grains, especially in wheat and corn. It can cause immune suppression, neurotoxicity, the apoptosis of cells and even induce tumorigenesis. Recent studies have indicated that selenium (Se) have protective effect against mycotoxins-induced toxicity. The present studies was designed to investigate the protective role of Selenomethionine (SeMet) on T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in rabbit's jejunum. 50 New Zealand rabbits were divided into five group (Control group, T-2 group, low-dose Se + T-2 group, medium-dose + T-2 group and high-dose Se + T-2 group). New Zealand rabbits were orally administered with SeMet (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, Adding diet) for 21 days. On 17th days, each group began to take 0.4 mg/kg of T-2 toxin orally every day for 5 days. We found that rabbit exposed to T-2 toxin could increase the levels of ROS, and decrease activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of Occludin and ZO-1. In addition, T-2 toxin could trigger jejunal inflammatory response and enhance the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. After SeMet pretreatment, our results indicated that Se attenuated the T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress, decreasing the level of ROS, MDA and enhancing the activity of SOD and GSH-Px. Moreover, SeMet can alleviate jejunal inflammatory response, and protect the integrity of the intestinal barrier through up-regulating the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin. In the present research, supplementation of 0.2 mg/kg SeMet in the diet could effectively alleviate the T-2 toxin poisoning in rabbits.
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Isidro-Sánchez J, D'Arcy Cusack K, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Kahla A, Bekele W, Doohan F, Magan N, Medina A. Genome-wide association mapping of Fusarium langsethiae infection and mycotoxin accumulation in oat (Avena sativa L.). THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20023. [PMID: 33016604 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium langsethiae is a symptomless pathogen of oat panicles that produces T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins, two of the most potent trichothecenes produced by Fusarium fungi in cereals. In the last few years, the levels of these mycotoxin in oat grain has increased and the European commission have already recommended a maximum level for of 1000 μg kg-1 for unprocessed oat for human consumption. The optimal and most sustainable way of combating infection and mycotoxin contamination is by releasing resistant oat varieties. Here the objective was to determine if we could identify any genomic loci associated with either the accumulation of F. langsethiae DNA or mycotoxins in the grain. In each of two years, field trials were conducted wherein 190 spring oat varieties were inoculated with a mixture of three isolate of the pathogen. Mycotoxins were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Varieties were genotyped using 16,863 genotyping by sequencing markers. Genome-wide association studies associated 5 SNPs in the linkage group Mr06 with T-2 + HT-2 mycotoxin accumulation. Markers were highly correlated, and a single QTL was identified. The marker avgbs_6K_95238.1 mapped within genes showing similarity to lipase, lipase-like or lipase precursor mRNA sequences and zinc-finger proteins. These regions have previously been shown to confer a significant increase in resistance to Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Isidro-Sánchez
- UCD Agriculture & Food Science, College of Health and Agriculture Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Kane D'Arcy Cusack
- UCD Agriculture & Food Science, College of Health and Agriculture Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Amal Kahla
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Wubishet Bekele
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Fiona Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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Stadler D, Berthiller F, Suman M, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Novel analytical methods to study the fate of mycotoxins during thermal food processing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:9-16. [PMID: 31637463 PMCID: PMC6989622 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food processing can lead to a reduction of contaminants, such as mycotoxins. However, for food processing operations where thermal energy is employed, it is often not clear whether a reduction of mycotoxins also results in a mitigation of the toxicological impact. This is often due to the reason that the formed degradation products are not characterized and data on their toxicity is scarce. From the perspective of an analytical chemist, the elucidation of the fate of a contaminant in a complex food matrix is extremely challenging. An overview of the analytical approaches is given here, and the application and limitations are exemplified based on cases that can be found in recent literature. As most studies rely on targeted analysis, it is not clear whether the predetermined set of compounds differs from the degradation products that are actually formed during food processing. Although untargeted analysis allows for the elucidation of the complete spectrum of degradation products, only one such study is available so far. Further pitfalls include insufficient precision, natural contamination with masked forms of mycotoxins and interferences that are caused by the food matrix. One topic that is of paramount importance for both targeted and untargeted approaches is the availability of reference standards to identity and quantity the formed degradation products. Our vision is that more studies need to be published that characterize the formed degradation products, collect data on their toxicity and thereby complete the knowledge about the mycotoxin mitigating effect during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stadler
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G. R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, Via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK.
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13
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Daud N, Currie V, Duncan G, Busman M, Gratz SW. Intestinal hydrolysis and microbial biotransformation of diacetoxyscirpenol-α-glucoside, HT-2-β-glucoside and N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl) fumonisin B1 by human gut microbiota in vitro. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:540-548. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1698015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noshin Daud
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Valerie Currie
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gary Duncan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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14
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Righetti L, Körber T, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Suman M, Bruni R, Dall'Asta C. Plant biotransformation of T2 and HT2 toxin in cultured organs of Triticum durum Desf. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14320. [PMID: 31586121 PMCID: PMC6778183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at elucidating the uptake and biotransformation of T2 and HT2 toxins in five cultivars of durum wheat, by means of cultured plant organs. An almost complete absorption of T2 toxin (up to 100 µg) was noticed after 7 days, along with the contemporaneous formation of HT2 in planta, whereas HT2 showed a slower uptake by uninfected plant organs. Untargeted MS-analysis allowed to identify a large spectrum of phase I and phase II metabolites, resulting in 26 T2 and 23 HT2 metabolites plus tentative isomers. A novel masked mycotoxin, 3-acetyl-HT2-glucoside, was reported for the first time in wheat. The in vitro approach confirmed its potential to both investigate the contribution of plant metabolism in the biosynthesis of masked mycotoxins and to foresee the development of biocatalytic tools to develop nature-like mixtures to be used as reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Tania Körber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Max-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Rolli
- Department of Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/a, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G.R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy.
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15
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Verheecke-Vaessen C, Diez-Gutierrez L, Renaud J, Sumarah M, Medina A, Magan N. Interacting climate change environmental factors effects on Fusarium langsethiae growth, expression of Tri genes and T-2/HT-2 mycotoxin production on oat-based media and in stored oats. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:618-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Eshelli M, Qader MM, Jambi EJ, Hursthouse AS, Rateb ME. Current Status and Future Opportunities of Omics Tools in Mycotoxin Research. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E433. [PMID: 30373184 PMCID: PMC6267353 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. Dangerous mycotoxins cause a variety of health problems not only for humans, but also for animals. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food composition. The potential of combined omics approaches such as metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics would contribute to our understanding about pathogen fungal crosstalk as well as strengthen our ability to identify, isolate, and characterise mycotoxins pre and post-harvest. Multi-omics approaches along with advanced analytical tools and chemometrics provide a complete annotation of such metabolites produced before/during the contamination of crops. We have assessed the merits of these individual and combined omics approaches and their promising applications to mitigate the issue of mycotoxin contamination. The data included in this review focus on aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and patulin and would be useful as benchmark information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Eshelli
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13538, Libya.
| | - M Mallique Qader
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ebtihaj J Jambi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Girls Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andrew S Hursthouse
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
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17
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Yang S, Zhang H, De Boevre M, Zhang J, Li Y, Zhang S, De Saeger S, Zhou J, Li Y, Sun F. Toxicokinetics of HT-2 Toxin in Rats and Its Metabolic Profile in Livestock and Human Liver Microsomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8160-8168. [PMID: 29996643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The lack of information on HT-2 toxin leads to inaccurate hazard evaluations. In the present study, toxicokinetic studies of HT-2 toxin were investigated following intravenous (iv) and oral administration to rats at dosages of 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight. After oral administration, HT-2 toxin was not detected in plasma, whereas its hydroxylated metabolite, 3'-OH HT-2 was identified. Following iv administration, HT-2 toxin; its 3'-hydroxylated product; and its glucuronide derivative, 3-GlcA HT-2, were observed in plasma, and the glucuronide conjugate was the predominant metabolite. To explore the missing HT-2 toxin in plasma, metabolic studies of HT-2 toxin in liver microsomes were conducted. Consequently, eight phase I and three phase II metabolites were identified. Hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation were the main metabolic pathways, among which hydroxylation was the predominant one, mediated by 3A4, a cytochrome P450 enzyme. Additionally, significant interspecies metabolic differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong 264005 , People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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18
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Schmidt HS, Schulz M, Focke C, Becker S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Glucosylation of T-2 and HT-2 toxins using biotransformation and chemical synthesis: Preparation, stereochemistry, and stability. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:159-172. [PMID: 29511991 PMCID: PMC6061246 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived phase II metabolites of T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 toxin (HT2) were first described in 2011 and further characterized in the following years. Since then, some efforts have been made to understand their biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity, toxicokinetics, and finally relevance for consumers. Thus, the probably most important question is whether and how these metabolites contribute to toxicity upon hydrolysis either during food processing or the gastrointestinal passage. To answer this question, firstly, knowledge on the correct stereochemistry of T2 and HT2 glucosides is important as this affects hydrolysis and chemical behavior. So far, contradictory results have been published concerning the number and anomericity of occurring glucosides. For this reason, we set up different strategies for the synthesis of mg-amounts of T2, HT2, and T2 triol glucosides in both α and ß configuration. All synthesized glucosides were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry and used as references for the analysis of naturally contaminated food samples to validate or invalidate their natural occurrence. Generally, 3-O-glucosylation was observed with two anomers of HT2 glucoside being present in contaminated oats. In contrast, only one anomer of T2 glucoside was found. The second aspect of this study addresses the stability of the glucosides during thermal food processing. Oat flour was artificially contaminated with T2 and HT2 glucosides individually and extruded at varying initial moisture content and temperature. All four glucosides appear to be more stable during food extrusion than the parent compounds with the glucosidic bond not being hydrolyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Sören Schmidt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike Schulz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Focke
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Becker
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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19
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Kolesarova A, Maruniakova N, Kadasi A, Halenar M, Marak M, Sirotkin AV. The effect of HT-2 toxin on ovarian steroidogenesis and its response to IGF-I, leptin and ghrelin in rabbits. Physiol Res 2018; 66:705-708. [PMID: 28937260 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin and its metabolite HT-2 toxin are one of the most toxic mycotoxins of type A-trichothecenes, which are produced mainly by Fusarium species. Therefore, study of Fusarium toxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin is an essential issue because they could also play role in failures of reproductive functions as well as endocrine system of domestic animals. Assessment of the effect of A-trichothecene mycotoxin HT-2 toxin alone or combined with insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), leptin and ghrelin on estradiol secretion by rabbit ovarian fragments in vitro was done. Rabbit ovarian fragments were incubated without (control group) or with HT-2 toxin, or its combinations with IGF-I, leptin and ghrelin at various concentrations for 24 h. Secretion of 17beta-estradiol was determined by ELISA. Firstly, HT-2 toxin at the doses 10 and 100 ng.ml(-1), but not at 1 ng.ml(-1) decreased 17beta-estradiol secretion by ovarian fragments. Secondly, 17beta-estradiol secretion was not affected by HT-2 toxin exposure combined with growth factor IGF-I, metabolic hormones leptin and ghrelin. In conclusion, HT-2 toxin has potent direct dose-dependent effects on ovarian steroidogenesis in rabbits. These direct effects of HT-2 mycotoxin on ovarian steroidogenesis could impact negatively on the reproductive performance of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kolesarova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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20
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Righetti L, Dellafiora L, Cavanna D, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Bruni R, Suman M, Dall’Asta C. Identification of acetylated derivatives of zearalenone as novel plant metabolites by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5583-5592. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Modified Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereals and Their Products-Metabolism, Occurrence, and Toxicity: An Updated Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E963. [PMID: 29677133 PMCID: PMC6017960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to humans, animals and plants. Under the influence of various factors, mycotoxins may undergo modifications of their chemical structure. One of the methods of mycotoxin modification is a transformation occurring in plant cells or under the influence of fungal enzymes. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the natural occurrence of the most important trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereals/cereal products, their metabolism, and the potential toxicity of the metabolites. Only very limited data are available for the majority of the identified mycotoxins. Most studies concern biologically modified trichothecenes, mainly deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, which is less toxic than its parent compound (deoxynivalenol). It is resistant to the digestion processes within the gastrointestinal tract and is not absorbed by the intestinal epithelium; however, it may be hydrolysed to free deoxynivalenol or deepoxy-deoxynivalenol by the intestinal microflora. Only one zearalenone derivative, zearalenone-14-glucoside, has been extensively studied. It appears to be more reactive than deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. It may be readily hydrolysed to free zearalenone, and the carbonyl group in its molecule may be easily reduced to α/β-zearalenol and/or other unspecified metabolites. Other derivatives of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are poorly characterised. Moreover, other derivatives such as glycosides of T-2 and HT-2 toxins have only recently been investigated; thus, the data related to their toxicological profile and occurrence are sporadic. The topics described in this study are crucial to ensure food and feed safety, which will be assisted by the provision of widespread access to such studies and obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Michlmayr H, Varga E, Malachová A, Fruhmann P, Piątkowska M, Hametner C, Šofrová J, Jaunecker G, Häubl G, Lemmens M, Berthiller F, Adam G. UDP-Glucosyltransferases from Rice, Brachypodium, and Barley: Substrate Specificities and Synthesis of Type A and B Trichothecene-3-O-β-d-glucosides. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E111. [PMID: 29509722 PMCID: PMC5869399 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene toxins are confirmed or suspected virulence factors of various plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. Plants can detoxify these to a variable extent by glucosylation, a reaction catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). Due to the unavailability of analytical standards for many trichothecene-glucoconjugates, information on such compounds is limited. Here, the previously identified deoxynivalenol-conjugating UGTs HvUGT13248 (barley), OsUGT79 (rice) and Bradi5g03300 (Brachypodium), were expressed in E. coli, affinity purified, and characterized towards their abilities to glucosylate the most relevant type A and B trichothecenes. HvUGT13248, which prefers nivalenol over deoxynivalenol, is also able to conjugate C-4 acetylated trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 toxin) to some degree while OsUGT79 and Bradi5g03300 are completely inactive with C-4 acetylated derivatives. The type A trichothecenes HT-2 toxin and T-2 triol are the kinetically preferred substrates in the case of HvUGT13248 and Bradi5g03300. We glucosylated several trichothecenes with OsUGT79 (HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol) and HvUGT13248 (T-2 toxin, neosolaniol, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, fusarenon X) in the preparative scale. NMR analysis of the purified glucosides showed that exclusively β-D-glucosides were formed regio-selectively at position C-3-OH of the trichothecenes. These synthesized standards can be used to investigate the occurrence and toxicological properties of these modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Malachová
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Philipp Fruhmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- CEST Kompetenzzentrum für elektrochemische Oberflächentechnologie GmbH, Viktor-Kaplan-Str. 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Marta Piątkowska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jana Šofrová
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Georg Häubl
- Romerlabs Division Holding GmbH, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Marc Lemmens
- Biotechnology in Plant Production, IFA-Tulln, BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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23
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Weber J, Vaclavikova M, Wiesenberger G, Haider M, Hametner C, Fröhlich J, Berthiller F, Adam G, Mikula H, Fruhmann P. Chemical synthesis of culmorin metabolites and their biologic role in culmorin and acetyl-culmorin treated wheat cells. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2043-2048. [PMID: 29465119 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02460f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium metabolite culmorin (1) is receiving increased attention as an "emerging mycotoxin". It co-occurs with trichothecene mycotoxins and potentially influences their toxicity. Its ecological role and fate in plants is unknown. We synthesized sulfated and glucosylated culmorin conjugates as potential metabolites, which are expected to be formed in planta, and used them as reference compounds. An efficient procedure for the synthesis of culmorin sulfates was developed. Diastereo- and regioselective glucosylation of culmorin (1) was achieved by exploiting or preventing unexpected acyl transfer when using different glucosyl donors. The treatment of a wheat suspension culture with culmorin (1) revealed an in planta conversion of culmorin into culmorin-8-glucoside (6) and culmorin acetate, but no sulfates or culmorin-11-glucoside (7) was found. The treatment of wheat cells with the fungal metabolite 11-acetylculmorin (2) revealed its rapid deacetylation, but also showed the formation of 11-acetylculmorin-8-glucoside (8). These results show that plants are capable of extensively metabolizing culmorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weber
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria.
| | - Marta Vaclavikova
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Maximilian Haider
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria.
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria.
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria.
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria.
| | - Philipp Fruhmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria. and Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology (CEST), Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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24
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Martin C, Schöneberg T, Vogelgsang S, Mendes Ferreira CS, Morisoli R, Bertossa M, Bucheli TD, Mauch-Mani B, Mascher F. Responses of Oat Grains to Fusarium poae and F. langsethiae Infections and Mycotoxin Contaminations. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010047. [PMID: 29361693 PMCID: PMC5793134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent increases of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease caused by infections with F. poae (FP) and F. langsethiae (FL) have been observed in oats. These pathogens are producers of nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT-2), respectively, which are now considered major issues for cereal food and feed safety. To date, the impact of FP and FL on oat grains has not yet been identified, and little is known about oat resistance elements against these pathogens. In the present study, the impact of FL and FP on oat grains was assessed under different environmental conditions in field experiments with artificial inoculations. The severity of FP and FL infection on grains were compared across three field sites, and the resistance against NIV and T-2/HT2 accumulation was assessed for seven oat genotypes. Grain weight, β-glucan content, and protein content were compared between infected and non-infected grains. Analyses of grain infection showed that FL was able to cause infection on the grain only in the field site with the highest relative humidity, whereas FP infected grains in all field sites. The FP infection of grains resulted in NIV contamination (between 30–500 μg/kg). The concentration of NIV in grains was not conditioned by environmental conditions. FL provoked an average contamination of grains with T-2/HT-2 (between 15–132 μg/kg). None of the genotypes was able to fully avoid toxin accumulation. The general resistance of oat grains against toxin accumulation was weak, and resistance against NIV accumulation was strongly impacted by the interaction between the genotype and the environment. Only the genotype with hull-less grains showed partial resistance to both NIV and T-2/HT-2 contamination. FP and FL infections could change the β-glucan content in grains, depending on the genotypes and environmental conditions. FP and FL did not have a significant impact on the thousand kernel weight (TKW) and protein content. Hence, resistance against toxin accumulation remains the only indicator of FHB resistance in oat. Our results highlight the need for new oat genotypes with enhanced resistance against both NIV and T-2/HT-2 to ensure food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martin
- Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Ecology of Noxious and Beneficial Organisms, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Vogelgsang
- Ecology of Noxious and Beneficial Organisms, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Romina Morisoli
- Plant Protection South of the Alps, Agroscope, 6593 Cadenazzo, Switzerland.
| | - Mario Bertossa
- Plant Protection South of the Alps, Agroscope, 6593 Cadenazzo, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Fabio Mascher
- Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
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25
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Microbial Inhibition of Fusarium Pathogens and Biological Modification of Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120408. [PMID: 29261142 PMCID: PMC5744128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Fusarium infect cereal crops during the growing season and cause head blight and other diseases. Their toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) contaminate grains. Several dozen toxic compounds produced by fungal pathogens have been identified to date. Type B trichothecenes—deoxynivalenol, its acetyl derivatives and nivalenol (produced mainly by F. graminearum and F. culmorum)—are most commonly detected in cereal grains. “T-2 toxin” (produced by, among others, F. sporotrichioides) belongs to type-A trichothecenes which are more toxic than other trichothecenes. Antagonistic bacteria and fungi can affect pathogens of the genus Fusarium via different modes of action: direct (mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism), mixed-path (antibiotic secretion, production of lytic enzymes) and indirect (induction of host defense responses). Microbial modification of trichothecenes involves acetylation, deacetylation, oxidation, de-epoxidation, and epimerization, and it lowers the pathogenic potential of fungi of the genus Fusarium. Other modifing mechanisms described in the paper involve the physical adsorption of mycotoxins in bacterial cells and the conjugation of mycotoxins to glucose and other compounds in plant and fungal cells. The development of several patents supports the commercialization and wider application of microorganisms biodegrading mycotoxins in grains and, consequently, in feed additives.
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26
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Laganà A. Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on LC-MS/MS Methods for Mycotoxin Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100325. [PMID: 29035304 PMCID: PMC5666372 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Arcella D, Gergelova P, Innocenti ML, Steinkellner H. Human and animal dietary exposure to T-2 and HT-2 toxin. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04972. [PMID: 32625633 PMCID: PMC7010047 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 (HT2) toxin are trichothecenes, which form part of the group of Fusarium mycotoxins. Food and feed samples used to estimate human dietary and animal exposure were reported either as the individual results for T2 and/or, HT2, and/or as the sum of the two. The highest concentrations were reported in oats and oat-containing commodities. Very high levels were reported in a small number of data on specific plant- and herb-based dietary supplements. In humans, the mean chronic dietary exposure to the sum of T2 and HT2 was highest in 'Toddlers' and 'Infants', with maximum upper bound (UB) estimates of 64.8 and 62.9 ng/kg body weight (bw) per day, respectively. The 95th percentile dietary exposure was highest in 'Infants' with a maximum UB estimate of 146 ng/kg bw per day. UB estimations were on average fourfold higher than lower bound (LB) estimations. Average acute exposure ranged from a minimum of 13.4 ng/kg bw per day, estimated in 'Elderly', up to a maximum of 64.7 ng/kg bw per day estimated in 'Toddlers'. The highest 95th percentile acute dietary exposure was estimated for a dietary survey within the age class 'Infants' (170 ng/kg bw per day). Overall, among processed foods the main contributors were cereal flakes, fine bakery wares and, for acute exposure, also bread and rolls. In the elderly and very elderly, dietary supplements made an important contribution. Exposure to the sum of T2 and HT2 in farm and companion animals varied according to the animal species. Exposures considering mean concentration scenarios varied between 0.03-0.08 (LB-UB) μg/kg bw per day in beef cattle and 1.13-1.47 μg/kg bw per day in milking goats. For high concentration scenarios, exposures varied between 0.12-0.16 μg/kg bw per day and 2.37-2.58μg/kg bw per day in the same species. In the absence of data, potential modified form were not included.
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