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Kiaheyrati N, Babaei A, Ranji R, Bahadoran E, Taheri S, Farokhpour Z. Cancer therapy with the viral and bacterial pathogens: The past enemies can be considered the present allies. Life Sci 2024; 349:122734. [PMID: 38788973 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide despite significant advancements in cancer treatment. Many difficulties have arisen as a result of the detrimental consequences of chemotherapy and radiotherapy as a common cancer therapy, such as drug inability to penetrate deep tumor tissue, and also the drug resistance in tumor cells continues to be a major concern. These obstacles have increased the need for the development of new techniques that are more selective and effective against cancer cells. Bacterial-based therapies and the use of oncolytic viruses can suppress cancer in comparison to other cancer medications. The tumor microenvironment is susceptible to bacterial accumulation and proliferation, which can trigger immune responses against the tumor. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have also gained considerable attention in recent years because of their potential capability to selectively target and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest literature on the role of bacteria and viruses in cancer treatment, discusses the limitations and challenges, outlines various strategies, summarizes recent preclinical and clinical trials, and emphasizes the importance of optimizing current strategies for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Kiaheyrati
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Reza Ranji
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Bahadoran
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shiva Taheri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zahra Farokhpour
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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2
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Wouters CL, Abed MM, Nguyen TB, Froehlich CE, Roy P, Reineke TM, Haynes CL. Label-Free Detection of Virus-like Particles with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy through Analyte Localization and Polymer-Enabled Capture. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10302-10312. [PMID: 38873697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Virus detection is highly important; the last several years, since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, have highlighted a weakness in the field: the need for highly specialized and complex methodology for sensitive virus detection, which also manifests as sacrifices in limits of detection made to achieve simple and rapid sensing. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has the potential to fill this gap, and two novel approaches to the development of a detection scheme are presented in this study. First, the physical entrapment of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and additional virus-like particles through substrate design to localize virus analytes into SERS hotspots is explored. Then, the use of nonspecific linear polymers as affinity agents to facilitate polymer-enabled capture of the VSV for SERS detection is studied. Quantitative detection of the VSV is achieved down to 101 genetic copies per milliliter with an R2 of 0.987 using the optimized physical entrapment method. Physical entrapment of two more virus-like particles is demonstrated with electron microscopy, and distinctive SERS fingerprints are shown. This study shows great promise for the further exploration of label-free virus detection methods involving thoughtful substrate design and unconventional affinity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mahmoud Matar Abed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timmy B Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Clarice E Froehlich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Punarbasu Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Chen C, Demirkhanyan L, Gondi CS. The Multifaceted Role of miR-21 in Pancreatic Cancers. Cells 2024; 13:948. [PMID: 38891080 PMCID: PMC11172074 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
With the lack of specific signs and symptoms, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often diagnosed at late metastatic stages, resulting in poor survival outcomes. Among various biomarkers, microRNA-21 (miR-21), a small non-coding RNA, is highly expressed in PDAC. By inhibiting regulatory proteins at the 3' untranslated regions (UTR), miR-21 holds significant roles in PDAC cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, as well as cancer invasion, metastasis, and resistance therapy. We conducted a systematic search across major databases for articles on miR-21 and pancreatic cancer mainly published within the last decade, focusing on their diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and biological roles. This rigorous approach ensured a comprehensive review of miR-21's multifaceted role in pancreatic cancers. In this review, we explore the current understandings and future directions regarding the regulation, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of targeting miR-21 in PDAC. This exhaustive review discusses the involvement of miR-21 in proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis modulation, angiogenesis, and its role in therapy resistance. Also discussed in the review is the interplay between various molecular pathways that contribute to tumor progression, with specific reference to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Lusine Demirkhanyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Christopher S. Gondi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Surgery, and Health Science Education and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Health Care Engineering Systems Center, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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4
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Gao Y. Oncolytic Therapy of Solid Tumors by Modified Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:57-60. [PMID: 38079267 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus for treating solid tumors. We recently engineered a replicating VSV that specifically targets and destroys Her2/neu-expressing cancer cells. This virus was created by eliminating its natural binding site and adding a coding sequence for a single chain antibody to the Her2/neu receptor into its genome. Such an approach can be tailored to target various cellular surface molecules. This mini review will discuss genomic modifications of VSVs and their role in oncolytic therapy and discuss some challenges for moving VSVs to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Wyżewski Z, Stępkowska J, Kobylińska AM, Mielcarska A, Mielcarska MB. Mcl-1 Protein and Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1138. [PMID: 38256213 PMCID: PMC10816053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
MCL-1 is the prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family. It prevents the induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms dictating the host cell viability gain importance in the context of viral infections. The premature apoptosis of infected cells could interrupt the pathogen replication cycle. On the other hand, cell death following the effective assembly of progeny particles may facilitate virus dissemination. Thus, various viruses can interfere with the apoptosis regulation network to their advantage. Research has shown that viral infections affect the intracellular amount of MCL-1 to modify the apoptotic potential of infected cells, fitting it to the "schedule" of the replication cycle. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus-dependent deregulation of the MCL-1 level may contribute to several virus-driven diseases. In this work, we have described the role of MCL-1 in infections caused by various viruses. We have also presented a list of promising antiviral agents targeting the MCL-1 protein. The discussed results indicate targeted interventions addressing anti-apoptotic MCL1 as a new therapeutic strategy for cancers as well as other diseases. The investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in viral infections engaging MCL1 may contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death and survival balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Stępkowska
- Institute of Family Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Maria Kobylińska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
| | - Adriana Mielcarska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Av. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
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6
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Ryapolova A, Minskaia E, Gasanov N, Moroz V, Krapivin B, Egorov AD, Laktyushkin V, Zhuravleva S, Nagornych M, Subcheva E, Malogolovkin A, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Development of Recombinant Oncolytic rVSV-mIL12-mGMCSF for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:211. [PMID: 38203382 PMCID: PMC10779112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer therapy based on oncolytic viruses (OVs) is a targeted approach that takes advantage of OVs' ability to selectively infect and replicate in tumor cells, activate the host immune response, and destroy malignant cells over healthy ones. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is known for its wide range of advantages: a lack of pre-existing immunity, a genome that is easily amenable to manipulation, and rapid growth to high titers in a broad range of cell lines, to name a few. VSV-induced tumor immunity can be enhanced by the delivery of immunostimulatory cytokines. The targeted cytokine delivery to tumors avoids the significant toxicity associated with systemic delivery while also boosting the immune response. To demonstrate this enhanced effect on both tumor growth and survival, a novel recombinant VSV (rVSV)-mIL12-mGMCSF, co-expressing mouse IL-12 (interleukin-12) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), was tested alongside rVSV-dM51-GFP (rVSV-GFP) that was injected intratumorally in a syngeneic in vivo C57BL/6 mouse model infused subcutaneously with B16-F10 melanoma cells. The pilot study tested the effect of two viral injections 4 days apart and demonstrated that treatment with the two rVSVs resulted in partial inhibition of tumor growth (TGII of around 40%) and an increased survival rate in animals from the treatment groups. The effect of the two VSVs on immune cell populations will be investigated in future in vivo studies with an optimized experimental design with multiple higher viral doses, as a lack of this information presents a limitation of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ryapolova
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Minskaia
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Nizami Gasanov
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Vasiliy Moroz
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Bogdan Krapivin
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander D. Egorov
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Victor Laktyushkin
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Sofia Zhuravleva
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Maksim Nagornych
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Elena Subcheva
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Malogolovkin
- Department of Molecular Virology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 20 Pirogovskaya, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Ivanov
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.R.); (N.G.); (V.M.); (B.K.); (A.D.E.); (V.L.); (S.Z.); (M.N.); (E.S.); (R.I.); (A.K.)
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7
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Seyed-Khorrami SM, Azadi A, Rastegarvand N, Habibian A, Soleimanjahi H, Łos MJ. A promising future in cancer immunotherapy: Oncolytic viruses. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176063. [PMID: 37797673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Alongside the conventional methods, attention has been drawn to the use of immunotherapy-based methods for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy has developed as a therapeutic option that can be more specific with better outcomes in tumor treatment. It can boost or regulate the immune system behind the targeted virotherapy. Virotherapy is a kind of oncolytic immunotherapy that investigated broadly in cancer treatment in recent decades, due to its several advantages. According to recent advance in the field of understanding cancer cell biology and its occurrence, as well as increasing the knowledge about conditionally replicating oncolytic viruses and their destructive function in the tumor cells, nowadays, it is possible to apply this strategy in the treatment of malignancies. Relying on achievements in clinical trials of oncolytic viruses, we can certainly expect that this therapeutic perception can play a more central role in cancer treatment. In cancer treatment, combination therapy using oncolytic viruses alongside standard cancer treatment methods and other immunotherapy-based treatments can expect more promising results in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arezou Azadi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Rastegarvand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ala Habibian
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; LinkoCare Life Sciences AB, Linkoping, Sweden.
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8
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Banerjee J, Ranjan RP, Alam MT, Deshmukh S, Tripathi PP, Gandhi S, Banerjee S. Virus-associated neuroendocrine cancers: Pathogenesis and current therapeutics. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154720. [PMID: 37542862 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise malignancies involving neuroendocrine cells that often lead to fatal pathological conditions. Despite escalating global incidences, NENs still have poor prognoses. Interestingly, research indicates an intricate association of tumor viruses with NENs. However, there is a dearth of comprehension of the complete scenario of NEN pathophysiology and its precise connections with the tumor viruses. Interestingly, several cutting-edge experiments became helpful for further screening of NET for the presence of polyomavirus, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), etc. Current research on the neuroendocrine tumor (NET) pathogenesis provides new information concerning their molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Of note, scientists observed that metastatic neuroendocrine tumors still have a poor prognosis with a palliative situation. Different oncolytic vector has already demonstrated excellent efficacies in clinical studies. Therefore, oncolytic virotherapy or virus-based immunotherapy could be an emerging and novel therapeutic intervention. In-depth understanding of all such various aspects will aid in managing, developing early detection assays, and establishing targeted therapeutic interventions for NENs concerning tumor viruses. Hence, this review takes a novel approach to discuss the dual role of tumor viruses in association with NENs' pathophysiology as well as its potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Banerjee
- Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India.
| | - Ramya P Ranjan
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India
| | - Md Tanjim Alam
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence(IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Sanika Deshmukh
- Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
| | - Prem Prakash Tripathi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India; IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence(IICB-TRUE), Kolkata 700091, India.
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India.
| | - Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India.
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Muthukutty P, Yoo SY. Oncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations: Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:1645. [PMID: 37631987 PMCID: PMC10459766 DOI: 10.3390/v15081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have positively impacted cancer immunotherapy over the past 20 years. Both natural and genetically modified viruses have shown promising results in treating various cancers. Various regulatory authorities worldwide have approved four commercial oncolytic viruses, and more are being developed to overcome this limitation and obtain better anti-tumor responses in clinical trials at various stages. Faster advancements in translating research into the commercialization of cancer immunotherapy and a comprehensive understanding of the modification strategies will widen the current knowledge of future technologies related to the development of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we discuss the strategies of virus engineering and the progress of clinical trials to achieve virotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zolaly MA, Mahallawi W, Khawaji ZY, Alahmadi MA. The Clinical Advances of Oncolytic Viruses in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cureus 2023; 15:e40742. [PMID: 37485097 PMCID: PMC10361339 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising future for oncology treatment has been brought about by the emergence of a novel approach utilizing oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses are viruses that have been exploited genetically to assault malignant cells and activate a robust immune response. Several techniques have been developed to endow viruses with an oncolytic activity through genetic engineering. For instance, redirection capsid modification, stimulation of anti-neoplastic immune response, and genetically arming viruses with cytokines such as IL-12. Oncolytic viral clinical outcomes are sought after, particularly in more advanced cancers. The effectiveness and safety profile of the oncolytic virus in clinical studies with or without the combination of standard treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or primary excision) has been assessed using response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). This review will comprehensively outline the most recent clinical applications and provide the results from various phases of clinical trials in a variety of cancers in the latest published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Zolaly
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, SAU
| | - Waleed Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, SAU
| | - Zakaria Y Khawaji
- Medicine and Surgery, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, SAU
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11
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Nagalo BM, Zhou Y, Loeuillard EJ, Dumbauld C, Barro O, Elliott NM, Baker AT, Arora M, Bogenberger JM, Meurice N, Petit J, Uson PLS, Aslam F, Raupach E, Gabere M, Basnakian A, Simoes CC, Cannon MJ, Post SR, Buetow K, Chamcheu JC, Barrett MT, Duda DG, Jacobs B, Vile R, Barry MA, Roberts LR, Ilyas S, Borad MJ. Characterization of Morreton virus as an oncolytic virotherapy platform for liver cancers. Hepatology 2023; 77:1943-1957. [PMID: 36052732 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morreton virus (MORV) is an oncolytic Vesiculovirus , genetically distinct from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). AIM To report that MORV induced potent cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro models. APPROACH AND RESULTS In preliminary safety analyses, high intranasal doses (up to 10 10 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID 50 ]) of MORV were not associated with significant adverse effects in immune competent, non-tumor-bearing mice. MORV was shown to be efficacious in a Hep3B hepatocellular cancer xenograft model but not in a CCA xenograft HuCCT1 model. In an immune competent, syngeneic murine CCA model, single intratumoral treatments with MORV (1 × 10 7 TCID 50 ) triggered a robust antitumor immune response leading to substantial tumor regression and disease control at a dose 10-fold lower than VSV (1 × 10 8 TCID 50 ). MORV led to increased CD8 + cytotoxic T cells without compensatory increases in tumor-associated macrophages and granulocytic or monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that wild-type MORV is safe and can induce potent tumor regression via immune-mediated and immune-independent mechanisms in HCC and CCA animal models without dose limiting adverse events. These data warrant further development and clinical translation of MORV as an oncolytic virotherapy platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Yumei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Emilien J Loeuillard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Chelsae Dumbauld
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Oumar Barro
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Natalie M Elliott
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Mansi Arora
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - James M Bogenberger
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Nathalie Meurice
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Joachim Petit
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine , Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Faaiq Aslam
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Elizabeth Raupach
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Musa Gabere
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Alexei Basnakian
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Camila C Simoes
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Martin J Cannon
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Steven R Post
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Kenneth Buetow
- Computational Sciences and Informatics Program for Complex Adaptive System Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona , USA
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana , Monroe , Louisiana , USA
| | - Michael T Barrett
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology , Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Bertram Jacobs
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona , USA
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Phoenix , Minnesota , USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Phoenix , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Mayo Clinic Rochester , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Sumera Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Phoenix , Minnesota , USA
- Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
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12
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Moglan AM, Albaradie OA, Alsayegh FF, Alharbi HM, Samman YM, Jalal MM, Saeedi NH, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA. Preclinical efficacy of oncolytic VSV-IFNβ in treating cancer: A systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085940. [PMID: 37063914 PMCID: PMC10104167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCancer incidence and mortality are increasing rapidly worldwide, necessitating further investigation into developing and optimizing emergent cancer therapies. Oncolytic viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus encoding interferon β (VSV-IFNβ) have attracted considerable attention, as they offer great efficacy and safety profiles. This systematic review aimed to determine and compare the efficacy profile between VSV-IFNβ and non-treatment controls in preclinical cancer models.MethodologyThe Embase and Medline databases were systematically searched for relevant studies using related key terms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened, and data from eligible articles were extracted by two groups independently and in duplicate (two reviewers per group). Disagreements were resolved by a fifth independent reviewer. The included articles were all preclinical (translational) in vivo English studies that investigated and compared the efficacy profile between VSV-IFNβ and non-treatment controls in animal models. The risk of bias among the studies was assessed by two reviewers independently and in duplicate using SYRCLE’s risk-of-bias tool for animal studies; disparities were addressed by a third independent reviewer.ResultsAfter employing relevant MeSH and key terms, we identified 1598 articles. A total of 87 articles were either duplicates or conference proceedings and were thus excluded. Following title and abstract screening, 37 articles were included in the full-text assessment. Finally, 14 studies met the eligibility criteria. Forty-two experiments from the included studies examined the potential efficacy of VSV-IFNβ through different routes of administration, including intratumoral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes. Thirty-seven experiments reported positive outcomes. Meanwhile, five experiments reported negative outcomes, three and two of which examined intratumoral and intravenous VSV-IFNβ administration, respectively.ConclusionAlthough the majority of the included studies support the promising potential of VSV-IFNβ as an oncolytic virus, further research is necessary to ensure a safe and efficacious profile to translate its application into clinical trials.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022335418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Molham Moglan
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A. Albaradie
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares Fayez Alsayegh
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Mohsen Alharbi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Marwan Samman
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Jalal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar H. Saeedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, ; Almohanad A. Alkayyal,
| | - Almohanad A. Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, ; Almohanad A. Alkayyal,
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13
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Bakhshizadeh Gashti A, Chahal PS, Gaillet B, Garnier A. Purification of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based HIV vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2023; 41:2198-2207. [PMID: 36842887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, laboratory- and large-scale methods were tested for purification of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidate, based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV). First step of the purification, the clarification of the rVSVs produced in serum-free cell culture medium, was tested by centrifugation and filtration using different filtration media and pore sizes (0.45 to 30 µm). To reduce the supernatant volume and process time, the clarified sample was concentrated by ultrafiltration either using tangential flow filtration or centrifugal-based filtration units, depending on the process scale. The final purification step at laboratory-scale, was carried out by density gradient ultracentrifugation, the recovery of which was compared with chromatographic purification at large-scale. The virus preparations were analyzed using dynamic light scattering to verify the virus size and transmission electron microscopy for purity and virus morphology. Density gradient ultracentrifugation allowed the recovery of ≥ 80% infectious particles and reduced the contaminant DNA and host cell proteins relatively to standard ultracentrifugation pelleting using a sucrose cushion. At large-scale, weak and strong anion-exchangers were tested and compared. The best columns allowed infectious virus recoveries as high as 77% and eliminated 92% of host cell proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Bakhshizadeh Gashti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada; Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Parminder S Chahal
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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14
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Liu J, Hu YY, Zhang QY, Zhang YN, Li N, Zhang ZR, Zhan SL, Gao L, Deng CL, Li XD, Yuan SP, He YQ, Ye HQ, Zhang B. Attenuated WNV-poly(A) exerts a broad-spectrum oncolytic effect by selective virus replication and CD8+ T cell-dependent immune response. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114094. [PMID: 36502755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an emerging tumor therapy, ideal oncolytic viruses preferentially replicate in malignant cells, reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and eventually can be eliminated by the patient. It is of great significance for cancer treatment to discover new excellent oncolytic viruses. Here, we found that WNV live attenuated vaccine WNV-poly(A) could be developed as a novel ideal oncolytic agent against several types of cancers. Mechanistically, due to its high sensitivity to type Ι interferon (IFN-Ι), WNV-poly(A) could specifically kill tumor cells rather than normal cells. At the same time, WNV-poly(A) could activate Dendritic cells (DCs) and trigger tumor antigen specific response mediated by CD8 + T cell, which contributed to inhibit the propagation of original and distal tumor cells. Like intratumoral injection, intravenous injection with WNV-poly(A) also markedly delays Huh7 hepatic carcinoma (HCC) transplanted tumor progression. Most importantly, in addition to an array of mouse xenograft tumor models, WNV-poly(A) also has a significant inhibitory effect on many different types of patient-derived tumor tissues and HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor models. Our studies reveal that WNV-poly(A) is a potent and excellent oncolytic agent against many types of tumors and may have a role in metastatic and recurrent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Li Zhan
- Beijing Shunlei Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Beijing Shunlei Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yuan-Qiao He
- Center of Laboratory Animal Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Han-Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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15
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Groeneveldt C, van den Ende J, van Montfoort N. Preexisting immunity: Barrier or bridge to effective oncolytic virus therapy? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 70:1-12. [PMID: 36732155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a highly promising treatment strategy for a wide range of cancers, by mediating both the direct killing of tumor cells as well as mobilization of antitumor immune responses. As many OVs circulate in the human population, preexisting OV-specific immune responses are prevalent. Indeed, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are abundantly present in the human population for commonly used OVs, such as Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Vaccinia virus, Measles virus, and Reovirus. This review discusses (pre)clinical evidence regarding the effect of preexisting immunity against OVs on two distinct aspects of OV therapy; OV infection and spread, as well as the immune response induced upon OV therapy. Combined, this review provides evidence that consideration of preexisting immunity is crucial in realizing the full potential of the highly promising therapeutic implementation of OVs. Future investigation of current gaps in knowledge highlighted in this review should yield a more complete understanding of this topic, ultimately allowing for better and more personalized OV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jasper van den Ende
- Master Infection & Immunity, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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16
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Basu R, Moles CM. Rational selection of an ideal oncolytic virus to address current limitations in clinical translation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37541726 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) is a promising modality that leverages the propensity of natural or engineered viruses to selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. Over the past decade, (pre)clinical studies have focused on the development and testing of adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus-based vectors. These studies have identified barriers to success confronting the field. Here, we propose a set of selection criteria or ideal properties of a successful oncolytic virus, which include lack of pathogenicity, low seroprevalence, selectivity (infection and replication), transgene carrying capacity, and genome stability. We use these requirements to analyze the oncolytic virus landscape, and then identify a potentially optimal species for platform development - vesicular stomatitis virus.
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17
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Larrieux A, Sanjuán R. Cellular resistance to an oncolytic virus is driven by chronic activation of innate immunity. iScience 2022; 26:105749. [PMID: 36590165 PMCID: PMC9794979 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of cellular resistances to oncolytic viruses is an underexplored process that could compromise the efficacy of cancer virotherapy. Here, we isolated and characterized B16 mouse melanoma cells that evolved resistance to an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-D51). RNA-seq revealed that resistance was associated to broad changes in gene expression, which typically involved chronic upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. Innate immunity activation was maintained in the absence of the virus or other infection signals, and conferred cross-resistance to wild-type VSV and the unrelated Sindbis virus. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed genes with no obvious role in antiviral immunity, such as Mnda, Psmb8 and Btn2a2, suggesting novel functions for these genes. Transcriptomic changes associated to VSV resistance were similar among B16 clones and in some clones derived from the mouse colon carcinoma cell line CT26, suggesting that oncolytic virus resistance involves certain conserved mechanisms and is therefore a potentially predictable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Larrieux
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, València 46980, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, València 46980, Spain,Corresponding author
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18
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Dang W, Li T, Xu F, Wang Y, Yang F, Zheng H. Establishment of a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout library for screening type I interferon-inducible antiviral effectors in pig cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016545. [PMID: 36505425 PMCID: PMC9732717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by emerging swine viruses had a great economic impact, constituting a new challenge for researchers and practicing veterinarians. Innate immune control of viral pathogen invasion is mediated by interferons (IFNs), resulting in transcriptional elevation of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, the ISG family is vast and species-specific, and despite remarkable advancements in uncovering the breadth of IFN-induced gene expression in mouse and human, it is less characterized with respect to the repertoire of porcine ISGs and their functional annotation. Herein, with the application of RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) gene profiling, the breadth of IFN-induced gene expression in the context of type I IFN stimulation was explored by using IBRS-2 cell, a commonly used high-efficient cultivation system for porcine picornaviruses. By establishing inclusion criteria, a total of 359 ISGs were selected. Aiming to identify key effectors mediating type I IFN inhibition of swine viruses, a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout library of 1908 sgRNAs targeting 5' constitutive exons of 359 ISGs with an average of 5 to 6 sgRNAs per gene was constructed. Using VSV-eGFP (vesicular stomatitis virus, fused with GFP) as a model virus, a subset of highest-ranking candidates were identified, including previously validated anti-VSV genes IRF9, IFITM3, LOC100519082 and REC8, as well as several novel hits. This approach attains a high level of feasibility and reliability, and a high rate of hit identification, providing a forward-looking platform to systematically profile the effectors of type I IFN antiviral response against porcine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yannan Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Department of Radiology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Haixue Zheng,
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19
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Recombinant Viral Vectors for Therapeutic Programming of Tumour Microenvironment: Advantages and Limitations. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092142. [PMID: 36140243 PMCID: PMC9495732 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been widely investigated as tools for cancer immunotherapy. Although many preclinical studies demonstrate significant virus-mediated tumour inhibition in synergy with immune checkpoint molecules and other drugs, the clinical success of viral vector applications in cancer therapy currently is limited. A number of challenges have to be solved to translate promising vectors to clinics. One of the key elements of successful virus-based cancer immunotherapy is the understanding of the tumour immune state and the development of vectors to modify the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Tumour-associated immune cells, as the main component of TME, support tumour progression through multiple pathways inducing resistance to treatment and promoting cancer cell escape mechanisms. In this review, we consider DNA and RNA virus vectors delivering immunomodulatory genes (cytokines, chemokines, co-stimulatory molecules, antibodies, etc.) and discuss how these viruses break an immunosuppressive cell development and switch TME to an immune-responsive “hot” state. We highlight the advantages and limitations of virus vectors for targeted therapeutic programming of tumour immune cell populations and tumour stroma, and propose future steps to establish viral vectors as a standard, efficient, safe, and non-toxic cancer immunotherapy approach that can complement other promising treatment strategies, e.g., checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T, and advanced chemotherapeutics.
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20
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Li Q, Tan F, Wang Y, Liu X, Kong X, Meng J, Yang L, Cen S. The gamble between oncolytic virus therapy and IFN. Front Immunol 2022; 13:971674. [PMID: 36090998 PMCID: PMC9453641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies are being conducted on oncolytic virotherapy which one of the mechanisms is mediating interferon (IFN) production by it exerts antitumor effects. The antiviral effect of IFN itself has a negative impact on the inhibition of oncolytic virus or tumor eradication. Therefore, it is very critical to understand the mechanism of IFN regulation by oncolytic viruses, and to define its mechanism is of great significance for improving the antitumor effect of oncolytic viruses. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of IFNs by various oncolytic viruses and their combination therapies. In addition, the exerting and the producing pathways of IFNs are briefly summarized, and some current issues are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxian Tan
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xianbin Kong, ; Jingyan Meng, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| | - Jingyan Meng
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xianbin Kong, ; Jingyan Meng, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xianbin Kong, ; Jingyan Meng, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xianbin Kong, ; Jingyan Meng, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
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21
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Runge A, Petersson M, Riechelmann H. [Oncolytic virotherapy in head and neck cancer]. Laryngorhinootologie 2022; 101:787-796. [PMID: 35977557 DOI: 10.1055/a-1901-9214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oncolytic viruses (OV) infect and kill cancer cells and elicit an antitumoral immune response. With their potential to break through tumor immunoresistance, OV might be a future combination treatment option in patients with advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). Modes of action, biological modifications, handling and side effects of OV for treatment of HNC are reviewed. Results of preclinical and clinical trials are reported. METHODS Publications and clinical trials dealing with OV and HNC were searched in PubMed and international platforms for clinical study records. Studies on preclinical and clinical trials regarding oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Adenovirus, Vacciniavirus and Reovirus were selected. RESULTS Enhanced infection and killing of tumor cells through capsid and genome modifications of OV were reported in recent preclinical studies. Most of the clinical studies were phase-I/II trials. In phase III studies, tumor regression and prolonged survival were observed after treatment with oncolytic HSV, Adenoviruses and Reoviruses. In most trials, OV were combined with chemoradiotherapy or immunotherapy. CONCLUSION In the published studies, OV treatment of HNC patients was safe, often well tolerated and showed promising results with regard to response and survival, especially in combination with chemoradiotherapy or checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Runge
- Universitätsklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Universitätsklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Zhang Y, Nagalo BM. Immunovirotherapy Based on Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Where Are We? Front Immunol 2022; 13:898631. [PMID: 35837384 PMCID: PMC9273848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA virus of the Vesiculovirus genus, has demonstrated encouraging anti-neoplastic activity across multiple human cancer types. VSV is particularly attractive as an oncolytic agent because of its broad tropism, fast replication kinetics, and amenability to genetic manipulations. Furthermore, VSV-induced oncolysis can elicit a potent antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response to viral proteins and tumor-associated antigens, resulting in a long-lasting antitumor effect. Because of this multifaceted immunomodulatory property, VSV was investigated extensively as an immunovirotherapy alone or combined with other anticancer modalities, such as immune checkpoint blockade. Despite these recent opportunities to delineate synergistic and additive antitumor effects with existing anticancer therapies, FDA approval for the use of oncolytic VSV in humans has not yet been granted. This mini-review discusses factors that have prompted the use of VSV as an immunovirotherapy in human cancers and provides insights into future perspectives and research areas to improve VSV-based oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Bolni Marius Nagalo,
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23
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Porosnicu M, Quinson AM, Crossley K, Luecke S, Lauer UM. Phase I study of VSV-GP (BI 1831169) as monotherapy or combined with ezabenlimab in advanced and refractory solid tumors. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2627-2638. [PMID: 35699077 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced, recurrent or metastatic cancer have poor prognosis despite treatment advancements. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-GP (BI 1831169) is a chimeric VSV with its neurotropic glycoprotein G replaced by the non-neurotropic glycoprotein (GP) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. This live, recombinant oncolytic virus has demonstrated preclinical efficacy as a viral-based immunotherapy due to its interferon-dependent tumor specificity, potent oncolysis and stimulation of antitumor immune activity. Co-administration of the immune checkpoint inhibitor, ezabenlimab (BI 754091), alongside VSV-GP may synergistically enhance antitumor immune activity. Here, we describe the rationale and design of the first-in-human, phase I, dose-escalation study of VSV-GP alone and in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor ezabenlimab in patients with advanced, metastatic or relapsed and refractory solid tumors (NCT05155332).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Porosnicu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology & Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | - Stephan Luecke
- Biostatistics + Data Science Corp., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Medical Oncology & Pneumology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), member of the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Sanborn RE, Schneiders FL, Senan S, Gadgeel SM. Beyond Checkpoint Inhibitors: Enhancing Antitumor Immune Response in Lung Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2022; 42:1-14. [PMID: 35671433 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_350967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically changed the treatment landscape and improved survival for many patients with thoracic malignancies. Although some patients may experience prolonged survival benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a majority do not experience disease control or benefit, supporting the need for research and development of improved approaches for facilitating immune recognition. Additionally, many patients will experience toxicity with the current approaches to immunotherapy, supporting the need for developing treatment strategies with less risk of adverse events. An extensive array of different strategies are currently under investigation, including novel combinations of checkpoint inhibitors or immunotherapies; novel agents beyond checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., bispecific antibodies, vaccine strategies, cytokine therapies); and different approaches for use of radiation to augment systemic immunotherapy agents. With each strategy, researchers are evaluating the potential for augmenting antitumor responses and ensuring more sustained antitumor effects. This article highlights areas of active research, reviewing the rationale for different investigative strategies, as well as currently available clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Sanborn
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | | | - Suresh Senan
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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25
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Mardi A, Shirokova AV, Mohammed RN, Keshavarz A, Zekiy AO, Thangavelu L, Mohamad TAM, Marofi F, Shomali N, Zamani A, Akbari M. Biological causes of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) and anti-tumor therapy; Combination of Oncolytic virus-based immunotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy for ICD induction. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 35488303 PMCID: PMC9052538 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising and rapidly expanding therapeutic option for a wide range of human malignancies. Despite the ongoing progress of CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies, the application of this therapeutic strategy in solid tumors has encountered several challenges due to antigen heterogeneity, suboptimal CAR T-cell trafficking, and the immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel cancer therapy that employs competent or genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially proliferate in tumor cells. OVs in combination with CAR T-cells are promising candidates for overcoming the current drawbacks of CAR T-cell application in tumors through triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. ICD is a type of cellular death in which danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor-specific antigens are released, leading to the stimulation of potent anti-cancer immunity. In the present review, we discuss the biological causes of ICD, different types of ICD, and the synergistic combination of OVs and CAR T-cells to reach potent tumor-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia V Shirokova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Rebar N Mohammed
- Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, College of Health Science, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Suleimanyah, Kurdistan region, Iraq.,College of. Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Suleimanyah, Iraq
| | - Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angelina O Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Talar Ahmad Merza Mohamad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Region-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zamani
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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26
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Li Y, Bao Q, Yang S, Yang M, Mao C. Bionanoparticles in cancer imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Shuxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Science Research Center University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
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27
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Zadaloo KM, Bamdad T, Abdoli A, Choobin H, Karimi H. Inhibition of Autophagy by 3-MA Increases Oncolysis Effect of VSV in a Murine Model of Cancer. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Mamizadeh Z, Kalani MR, Parsania M, Soltan Dallal MM, Moradi A. NEBL and AKT1 maybe new targets to eliminate the colorectal cancer cells resistance to oncolytic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus M-protein. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 23:593-601. [PMID: 34977336 PMCID: PMC8666707 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares the oncolytic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) wild type and M51R M-protein on the colorectal tumors of different invasive intensity on SW480 and HCT116 cell lines and 114 fresh colorectal cancer primary cell cultures. Fresh tumor samples were divided into two groups of lower stages (I/II) and higher stages (III/IV) regarding the medical records. The presence of two mutations in the PIK3CA gene and the expression of NEBL and AKT1 genes were evaluated. The cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding VSV wild-type and M51R mutant M-protein. Results showed either wild type or M51R mutant can kill SW480 and stage I/II primary cultures while mutant M-protein had no apoptotic effects on HCT116 cells and stage III/IV primary cultures. NEBL and AKT1 expression were significantly higher in resistant cells. Elevated caspase-9 activity confirmed that the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is the reason for cell death in lower-stage cells. Different tumors from the same cancer exhibit different treatment sensitivity due to genetic difference. NEBL and AKT1 gene expression may be responsible for this difference, which may be the target of future investigations. Therefore, tumor staging should be considered in oncolytic viral treatment as an interfering factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Mamizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Kalani
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Science, 1 Shastcola Avenue, Sari Road, Gorgan 49177-65181, Iran
| | - Masoud Parsania
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
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29
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Oncolytic viruses: A novel treatment strategy for breast cancer. Genes Dis 2021; 10:430-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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The Evolution and Future of Targeted Cancer Therapy: From Nanoparticles, Oncolytic Viruses, and Oncolytic Bacteria to the Treatment of Solid Tumors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113018. [PMID: 34835785 PMCID: PMC8623458 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While many classes of chemotherapeutic agents exist to treat solid tumors, few can generate a lasting response without substantial off-target toxicity despite significant scientific advancements and investments. In this review, the paths of development for nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, and oncolytic bacteria over the last 20 years of research towards clinical translation and acceptance as novel cancer therapeutics are compared. Novel nanoparticle, oncolytic virus, and oncolytic bacteria therapies all start with a common goal of accomplishing therapeutic drug activity or delivery to a specific site while avoiding off-target effects, with overlapping methodology between all three modalities. Indeed, the degree of overlap is substantial enough that breakthroughs in one therapeutic could have considerable implications on the progression of the other two. Each oncotherapeutic modality has accomplished clinical translation, successfully overcoming the potential pitfalls promising therapeutics face. However, once studies enter clinical trials, the data all but disappears, leaving pre-clinical researchers largely in the dark. Overall, the creativity, flexibility, and innovation of these modalities for solid tumor treatments are greatly encouraging, and usher in a new age of pharmaceutical development.
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31
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Phosphor-IWS1-dependent U2AF2 splicing regulates trafficking of CAR-E-positive intronless gene mRNAs and sensitivity to viral infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1179. [PMID: 34635782 PMCID: PMC8505486 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT-phosphorylated IWS1 promotes Histone H3K36 trimethylation and alternative RNA splicing of target genes, including the U2AF65 splicing factor-encoding U2AF2. The predominant U2AF2 transcript, upon IWS1 phosphorylation block, lacks the RS-domain-encoding exon 2, and encodes a protein which fails to bind Prp19. Here we show that although both U2AF65 isoforms bind intronless mRNAs containing cytoplasmic accumulation region elements (CAR-E), only the RS domain-containing U2AF65 recruits Prp19 and promotes their nuclear export. The loading of U2AF65 to CAR-Elements was RS domain-independent, but RNA PolII-dependent. Virus- or poly(I:C)-induced type I IFNs are encoded by genes targeted by the pathway. IWS1 phosphorylation-deficient cells therefore, express reduced levels of IFNα1/IFNβ1 proteins, and exhibit enhanced sensitivity to infection by multiple cytolytic viruses. Enhanced sensitivity of IWS1-deficient cells to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Reovirus resulted in enhanced apoptotic cell death via caspase activation. Inhibition of this pathway may therefore sensitize cancer cells to oncolytic viruses.
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32
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Sarwar A, Hashim L, Faisal MS, Haider MZ, Ahmed Z, Ahmed TF, Shahzad M, Ansar I, Ali S, Aslam MM, Anwer F. Advances in viral oncolytics for treatment of multiple myeloma - a focused review. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:1071-1083. [PMID: 34428997 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1972802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses are genetically engineered viruses that target myeloma-affected cells by detecting specific cell surface receptors (CD46, CD138), causing cell death by activating the signaling pathway to induce apoptosis or by immune-mediated cellular destruction. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes oncolytic virotherapy advancements such as the therapeutic use of viruses by targeting cell surface proteins of myeloma cells as well as the carriers to deliver viruses to the target tissues safely. The major classes of viruses that have been studied for this include measles, myxoma, adenovirus, reovirus, vaccinia, vesicular-stomatitis virus, coxsackie, and others. The measles virus acts as oncolytic viral therapy by binding to the CD46 receptors on the myeloma cells to utilize its surface H protein. These H-protein and CD46 interactions lead to cellular syncytia formation resulting in cellular apoptosis. Vesicular-stomatitis virus acts by downregulation of anti-apoptotic factors (Mcl-2, BCL-2). Based upon the published literature searches till December 2020, we have summarized the data supporting the advances in viral oncolytic for the treatment of MM. EXPERT OPINION Oncolytic virotherapy is an experimental approach in multiple myeloma (MM); many issues need to be addressed for safe viral delivery to the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sarwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Salman Faisal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Columbus Oh, USA
| | | | - Zahoor Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehniat Faraz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Shahzad
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Mary's Medical Center, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Iqraa Ansar
- Department of Internal medicine, Riverside Methodist hospital, Columbus OH
| | - Sundas Ali
- Department of Internal medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Faiz Anwer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
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Liu G, Cao W, Salawudeen A, Zhu W, Emeterio K, Safronetz D, Banadyga L. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: From Agricultural Pathogen to Vaccine Vector. Pathogens 2021; 10:1092. [PMID: 34578125 PMCID: PMC8470541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which belongs to the Vesiculovirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae, is a well studied livestock pathogen and prototypic non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus. Although VSV is responsible for causing economically significant outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in cattle, horses, and swine, the virus also represents a valuable research tool for molecular biologists and virologists. Indeed, the establishment of a reverse genetics system for the recovery of infectious VSV from cDNA transformed the utility of this virus and paved the way for its use as a vaccine vector. A highly effective VSV-based vaccine against Ebola virus recently received clinical approval, and many other VSV-based vaccines have been developed, particularly for high-consequence viruses. This review seeks to provide a holistic but concise overview of VSV, covering the virus's ascension from perennial agricultural scourge to promising medical countermeasure, with a particular focus on vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Abdjeleel Salawudeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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Steinberg J, Wadenpohl T, Jung S. The Endogenous RIG-I Ligand Is Generated in Influenza A-Virus Infected Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:1564. [PMID: 34452429 PMCID: PMC8402674 DOI: 10.3390/v13081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of a viral infection, viral genomes are not only recognized by RIG-I, but also lead to the activation of RNase L, which cleaves cellular RNA to generate the endogenous RIG-I ligand (eRL). The eRL was previously identified as a specific sequence derived from the internal transcribed spacer region 2, which bears a 2'3' cyclic phosphate instead of the common 5' triphosphate. By now, the generation of the eRL and its immunostimulatory effect were shown both in vitro and in reporter systems. In this work, we aimed to elucidate whether the eRL is also generated in Influenza A (IAV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infected cells. RNA was extracted from virus-infected cells and used for immunostimulations as well as specific PCR-strategies to detect eRL cleavage. We show that the eRL is generated in IAV infected HEK293 cells, but we could not detect specific eRL fragments in VSV infected cells. Further, RIG-I mediated IFN-response depends not only on viral genomes but also on the eRL, as immunostimulatory properties remain present under 5'triphosphate degrading conditions. In summary, we prove the IAV infection induced eRL generation in HEK293 cells, amplifying the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie Jung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (J.S.); (T.W.)
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35
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Costa A, Vale N. Strategies for the treatment of breast cancer: from classical drugs to mathematical models. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:6328-6385. [PMID: 34517536 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and generally affects women. It is a heterogeneous disease that presents different entities, different biological characteristics, and differentiated clinical behaviors. With this in mind, this literature review had as its main objective to analyze the path taken from the simple use of classical drugs to the application of mathematical models, which through the many ongoing studies, have been considered as one of the reliable strategies, explaining the reasons why chemotherapy is not always successful. Besides, the most commonly mentioned strategies are immunotherapy, which includes techniques and therapies such as the use of antibodies, cytokines, antitumor vaccines, oncolytic and genomic viruses, among others, and nanoparticles, including metallic, magnetic, polymeric, liposome, dendrimer, micelle, and others, as well as drug reuse, which is a process by which new therapeutic indications are found for existing and approved drugs. The most commonly used pharmacological categories are cardiac, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, antiviral, antibiotic, and others. For the efficient development of reused drugs, there must be a process of exchange of purposes, methods, and information already available, and for their better understanding, computational mathematical models are then used, of which the methods of blind search or screening, based on the target, knowledge, signature, pathway or network and the mechanism to which it is directed, stand out. To conclude it should be noted that these different strategies can be applied alone or in combination with each other always to improve breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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36
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Ravirala D, Mistretta B, Gunaratne PH, Pei G, Zhao Z, Zhang X. Co-delivery of novel bispecific and trispecific engagers by an amplicon vector augments the therapeutic effect of an HSV-based oncolytic virotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002454. [PMID: 34230110 PMCID: PMC8261877 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although oncolytic virotherapy has shown substantial promises as a new treatment modality for many malignancies, further improvement on its therapeutic efficacy will likely bring more clinical benefits. One plausible way of enhancing the therapeutic effect of virotherapy is to enable it with the ability to concurrently engage the infiltrating immune cells to provide additional antitumor mechanisms. Here, we report the construction and evaluation of two novel chimeric molecules (bispecific chimeric engager proteins, BiCEP and trispecific chimeric engager protein, TriCEP) that can engage both natural killer (NK) and T cells with tumor cells for enhanced antitumor activities. METHODS BiCEP was constructed by linking orthopoxvirus major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein, which can selectively bind to NKG2D with a high affinity to a mutant form of epidermal growth factor (EGF) that can strongly bind to EGF receptor. TriCEP is similarly constructed except that it also contains a modified form of interleukin-2 that can only function as a tethered form. As NKG2D is expressed on both NK and CD8+ T cells, both of which can thus be engaged by BiCEP and TriCEP. RESULTS Both BiCEP and TriCEP showed the ability to engage NK and T cells to kill tumor cells in vitro. Coadministration of BiCEP and TriCEP with an oncolytic herpes simplex virus enhanced the overall antitumor effect. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that TriCEP not only engaged NK and T cells to kill tumor cells, it also promotes the infiltration and activation of these important immune cells. CONCLUSIONS These novel chimeric molecules exploit the ability of the oncolytic virotherapy in altering the tumor microenvironment with increased infiltration of important immune cells such as NK and T cells for cancer immunotherapy. The ability of BiCEP and TriCEP to engage both NK and T cells makes them an ideal choice for arming an oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ravirala
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brandon Mistretta
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,UH Seq-N-Edit Core, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Preethi H Gunaratne
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,UH Seq-N-Edit Core, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoliu Zhang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Malogolovkin A, Gasanov N, Egorov A, Weener M, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Combinatorial Approaches for Cancer Treatment Using Oncolytic Viruses: Projecting the Perspectives through Clinical Trials Outcomes. Viruses 2021; 13:1271. [PMID: 34209981 PMCID: PMC8309967 DOI: 10.3390/v13071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs have fundamentally changed oncology and revived the fading hope for a cancer cure. The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) became an indispensable tool for the treatment of many malignant tumors. Alongside ICI, the application of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials is demonstrating encouraging outcomes. Dozens of combinations of oncolytic viruses with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy are widely used or studied, but it seems quite complicated to highlight the most effective combinations. Our review summarizes the results of clinical trials evaluating oncolytic viruses with or without genetic alterations in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, cytokines, antigens and other oncolytic viruses as well. This review is focused on the efficacy and safety of virotherapy and the most promising combinations based on the published clinical data, rather than presenting all oncolytic virus variations, which are discussed in comprehensive literature reviews. We briefly revise the research landscape of oncolytic viruses and discuss future perspectives in virus immunotherapy, in order to provide an insight for novel strategies of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Malogolovkin
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
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Concilio SC, Russell SJ, Peng KW. A brief review of reporter gene imaging in oncolytic virotherapy and gene therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 21:98-109. [PMID: 33981826 PMCID: PMC8065251 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter gene imaging (RGI) can accelerate development timelines for gene and viral therapies by facilitating rapid and noninvasive in vivo studies to determine the biodistribution, magnitude, and durability of viral gene expression and/or virus infection. Functional molecular imaging systems used for this purpose can be divided broadly into deep-tissue and optical modalities. Deep-tissue modalities, which can be used in animals of any size as well as in human subjects, encompass single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional/molecular magnetic resonance imaging (f/mMRI). Optical modalities encompass fluorescence, bioluminescence, Cerenkov luminescence, and photoacoustic imaging and are suitable only for small animal imaging. Here we discuss the mechanisms of action and relative merits of currently available reporter gene systems, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of deep tissue versus optical imaging systems and the hardware/reagents that are used for data capture and processing. In light of recent technological advances, falling costs of imaging instruments, better availability of novel radioactive and optical tracers, and a growing realization that RGI can give invaluable insights across the entire in vivo translational spectrum, the approach is becoming increasingly essential to facilitate the competitive development of new virus- and gene-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Arias-Arias JL, Corrales-Aguilar E, Mora-Rodríguez RA. A Fluorescent Real-Time Plaque Assay Enables Single-Cell Analysis of Virus-Induced Cytopathic Effect by Live-Cell Imaging. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071193. [PMID: 34206483 PMCID: PMC8310316 DOI: 10.3390/v13071193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional plaque assays rely on the use of overlays to restrict viral infection allowing the formation of distinct foci that grow in time as the replication cycle continues leading to countable plaques that are visualized with standard techniques such as crystal violet, neutral red, or immunolabeling. This classical approach takes several days until large enough plaques can be visualized and counted with some variation due to subjectivity in plaque recognition. Since plaques are clonal lesions produced by virus-induced cytopathic effect, we applied DNA fluorescent dyes with differential cell permeability to visualize them by live-cell imaging. We could observe different stages of that cytopathic effect corresponding to an early wave of cells with chromatin-condensation followed by a wave of dead cells with membrane permeabilization within plaques generated by different animal viruses. This approach enables an automated plaque identification using image analysis to increase single plaque resolution compared to crystal violet counterstaining and allows its application to plaque tracking and plaque reduction assays to test compounds for both antiviral and cytotoxic activities. This fluorescent real-time plaque assay sums to those next-generation technologies by combining this robust classical method with modern fluorescence microscopy and image analysis approaches for future applications in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Arias-Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (E.C.-A.); (R.A.M.-R.)
- Dulbecco Lab Studio, Residencial Lisboa 2G, Alajuela 20102, Costa Rica
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (E.C.-A.); (R.A.M.-R.)
| | - Rodrigo A. Mora-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (E.C.-A.); (R.A.M.-R.)
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Babaei A, Soleimanjahi H, Soleimani M, Arefian E. Mesenchymal stem cells loaded with oncolytic reovirus enhances antitumor activity in mice models of colorectal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114644. [PMID: 34090878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising alternative biological agents for treating cancer. However, triggered immune responses against viruses and their delivery to tumor sites are their primary limitations in cancer therapy. To address these challenges, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can serve as permissive tools for OVs loading and delivery to tumor sites. Here, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor capability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) as a new vehicle for Dearing strain of reovirus (ReoT3D) loading. We first isolated and confirmed the purity of MSCs, and the optimized dose of ReoT3D for MSCs loading was computed by a standard assay. Next, we used murine CT26 cell line to establish the colorectal cancer model in BALB/c mice and demonstrated the antitumor effects of MSCs loaded with reovirus. Our results demonstrated that multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 pfu/cells of reovirus was the safe dose for loading into purified MSCs. Moreover, our anticancer experiments exhibited that treatment with MSCs loaded with ReoT3D was more effective than ReoT3D and MSCs alone. Higher anticancer impact of MSCs loaded with OV was associated with induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrests, P53 expression in tumor sections, and reduced tumor growth and size. The present results suggest that MSCs as a permissive shuttle for oncolytic virus (OV) delivery increased the anticancer activity of ReoT3D in mice models of colorectal cancer and these findings should be supported by more preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Nano Medicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Chianese A, Santella B, Ambrosino A, Stelitano D, Rinaldi L, Galdiero M, Zannella C, Franci G. Oncolytic Viruses in Combination Therapeutic Approaches with Epigenetic Modulators: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112761. [PMID: 34199429 PMCID: PMC8199618 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer rates have been accelerating significantly in recent years. Despite notable advances having been made in cancer therapy, and numerous studies being currently conducted in clinical trials, research is always looking for new treatment. Novel and promising anticancer therapies comprise combinations of oncolytic viruses and epigenetic modulators, including chromatin modifiers, such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylases, and microRNA. Combinatorial treatments have several advantages: they enhance viral entry, replication, and spread between proximal cells and, moreover, they strengthen the immune response. In this review we summarize the main combination of therapeutic approaches, giving an insight into past, present, and future perspectives. Abstract According to the World Cancer Report, cancer rates have been increased by 50% with 15 million new cases in the year 2020. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the only one of the most common tumors to cause a huge increase in mortality with a survival rate between 40% and 70% at 5 years, due to the high relapse and limitations associated with current therapies. Despite great progress in medicine, oncological research is always looking for new therapies: different technologies have been evaluated in clinical trials and others have been already used in clinics. Among them, oncolytic virotherapy represents a therapeutic option with a widespread possibility of approaches and applications. Oncolytic viruses are naturally occurring, or are engineered, viruses characterized by the unique features of preferentially infecting, replicating, and lysing malignant tumor cells, as well as activating the immune response. The combination of oncolytic virotherapy and chemical drugs are arousing great interest in the tumor treatment. In this scenario, novel and promising anticancer therapies comprise combinations of oncolytic viruses and epigenetic modulators or inhibitors of the signalling pathways. Combination treatments are required to improve the immune response and allow viral entry, replication, and diffusion between proximal cells. In this review, we summarize all combination therapies associated with virotherapy, including co-administered inhibitors of chromatin modifiers (combination strategies) and inserted target sites for miRNAs (recombination or arming strategies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Ambrosino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Debora Stelitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (G.F.)
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Al-Zaher A, Domingo-Calap P, Sanjuán R. Experimental virus evolution in cancer cell monolayers, spheroids, and tissue explants. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab045. [PMID: 34040797 PMCID: PMC8134955 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral laboratory evolution has been used for different applications, such as modeling viral emergence, drug-resistance prediction, and therapeutic virus optimization. However, these studies have been mainly performed in cell monolayers, a highly simplified environment, raising concerns about their applicability and relevance. To address this, we compared the evolution of a model virus in monolayers, spheroids, and tissue explants. We performed this analysis in the context of cancer virotherapy by performing serial transfers of an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-Δ51) in 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells. We found that VSV-Δ51 gained fitness in each of these three culture systems, and that adaptation to the more complex environments (spheroids or explants) correlated with increased fitness in monolayers. Most evolved lines improved their ability to suppress β-interferon secretion compared to the VSV-Δ51 founder, suggesting that the selective pressure exerted by antiviral innate immunity was important in the three systems. However, system-specific patterns were also found. First, viruses evolved in monolayers remained more oncoselective that those evolved in spheroids, since the latter showed concomitant adaptation to non-tumoral mouse cells. Second, deep sequencing indicated that viral populations evolved in monolayers or explants tended to be more genetically diverse than those evolved in spheroids. Finally, we found highly variable outcomes among independent evolutionary lines propagated in explants. We conclude that experimental evolution in monolayers tends to be more reproducible than in spheroids or explants, and better preserves oncoselectivity. Our results also suggest that monolayers capture at least some relevant selective pressures present in more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Zaher
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, València 46980, Spain
| | - Pilar Domingo-Calap
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, València 46980, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, València 46980, Spain
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JMJD6 negatively regulates cytosolic RNA induced antiviral signaling by recruiting RNF5 to promote activated IRF3 K48 ubiquitination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009366. [PMID: 33684176 PMCID: PMC7971890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative regulation of antiviral immune responses is essential for the host to maintain homeostasis. Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) was previously identified with a number of functions during RNA virus infection. Upon viral RNA recognition, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs) physically interact with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and activate TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to induce type-I interferon (IFN-I) production. Here, JMJD6 was demonstrated to reduce type-I interferon (IFN-I) production in response to cytosolic poly (I:C) and RNA virus infections, including Sendai virus (SeV) and Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Genetic inactivation of JMJD6 enhanced IFN-I production and impaired viral replication. Our unbiased proteomic screen demonstrated JMJD6 contributes to IRF3 K48 ubiquitination degradation in an RNF5-dependent manner. Mice with gene deletion of JMJD6 through piggyBac transposon-mediated gene transfer showed increased VSV-triggered IFN-I production and reduced susceptibility to the virus. These findings classify JMJD6 as a negative regulator of the host’s innate immune responses to cytosolic viral RNA. RLRs-mediated signaling needs to be terminated in order to prevent persistent immune responses and adverse effects to the host once the virus has been cleared. In this study, we provide rigorous evidence that JMJD6 negatively regulates RLRs-mediated innate immune responses. We found that JMJD6 recruits RNF5 to induce the K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of activated IRF3. Genetic inactivation of JMJD6 in cells increases IFN-I production to suppress viral infection. Consistently, in vivo studies show that, compared with WT mice, JMJD6-deficient mice are more resistant to VSV infection with more IFN-I production and reduced viral load in livers. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism to downregulate innate immune responses mediated by RNA viral infection, which allows the host to prevent undue immune responses and sustain homeostasis.
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Zhu XJ, Feng JQ, Zheng MZ, Yang ZR, Zhao L, Zhang W, Zhong W, Chen YY, Lin J. Metal-Protein Nanoparticles Facilitate Anti-VSV and H1N1 Viruses Through the Coordinative Actions on Innate Immune Responses and METTL14. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000382. [PMID: 33522144 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host defense systems can invade viral infection through immune responses and cellular metabolism. Recently, many studies have shown that cellular metabolism can be reprogrammed through N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modifications during viral infection. Among of them, methyltransferase like-14 enzyme (METTL14) plays an important role in m6 A RNA modification, yet its antiviral function still remains unclear. In this work, it is uncovered that metal-protein nanoparticles designated GSTP1-MT3(Fe2+ ) (MPNP) can polarize macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and activate immune responses to induce Interferon-beta (IFN-β) production in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected macrophages. Further investigation elucidates that a high dose of IFN-β can promote the expression of METTL14, which has a well anti-VSV capacity. Moreover, it is found that other negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses (H1N1(WSN)), can also be inhibited through either immune responses or METTL14. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the antiviral function of METTL14 and suggest that the manipulation of METTL14 may be a potential strategy to intervene with other negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Zhu
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Feng
- Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Zheng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Ruo Yang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Vrba SM, Kirk NM, Brisse ME, Liang Y, Ly H. Development and Applications of Viral Vectored Vaccines to Combat Zoonotic and Emerging Public Health Threats. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E680. [PMID: 33202961 PMCID: PMC7712223 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is arguably the most cost-effective preventative measure against infectious diseases. While vaccines have been successfully developed against certain viruses (e.g., yellow fever virus, polio virus, and human papilloma virus HPV), those against a number of other important public health threats, such as HIV-1, hepatitis C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have so far had very limited success. The global pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, highlights the urgency of vaccine development against this and other constant threats of zoonotic infection. While some traditional methods of producing vaccines have proven to be successful, new concepts have emerged in recent years to produce more cost-effective and less time-consuming vaccines that rely on viral vectors to deliver the desired immunogens. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different viral vaccine vectors and their general strategies and applications in both human and veterinary medicines. A careful review of these issues is necessary as they can provide important insights into how some of these viral vaccine vectors can induce robust and long-lasting immune responses in order to provide protective efficacy against a variety of infectious disease threats to humans and animals, including those with zoonotic potential to cause global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M. Vrba
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.M.V.); (Y.L.)
| | - Natalie M. Kirk
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Morgan E. Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.M.V.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.M.V.); (Y.L.)
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Scher G, Schnell MJ. Rhabdoviruses as vectors for vaccines and therapeutics. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:169-182. [PMID: 33130500 PMCID: PMC8331071 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate choice of vaccine vector is crucial for effective vaccine development. Rhabdoviral vectors, such as rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, have been used in a variety of vaccine strategies. These viruses have small, easily manipulated genomes that can stably express foreign glycoproteins due to a well-established reverse genetics system for virus recovery. Both viruses have well-described safety profiles and have been demonstrated to be effective vaccine vectors. This review will describe how these Rhabdoviruses can be manipulated for use as vectors, their various applications as vaccines or therapeutics, and the advantages and disadvantages of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Concilio SC, Suksanpaisan L, Pham L, Peng KW, Russell SJ. Improved Noninvasive In Vivo Tracking of AAV-9 Gene Therapy Using the Perchlorate-Resistant Sodium Iodide Symporter from Minke Whale. Mol Ther 2020; 29:236-243. [PMID: 33038323 PMCID: PMC7791078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is widely used as a reporter gene to noninvasively monitor the biodistribution and durability of vector-mediated gene expression via gamma scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron-emission tomography (PET). However, the approach is limited by background signal due to radiotracer uptake by endogenous NIS-expressing tissues. In this study, using the SPECT tracer pertechnetate (99mTcO4) and the PET tracer tetrafluoroborate (B18F4), in combination with the NIS inhibitor perchlorate, we compared the transport properties of human NIS and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni) NIS in vitro and in vivo. Based on its relative resistance to perchlorate, the NIS protein from minke whale appeared to be the superior candidate reporter gene. SPECT and PET imaging studies in nude mice challenged with NIS-encoding adeno-associated virus (AAV)-9 vectors confirmed that minke whale NIS, in contrast to human and endogenous mouse NIS, continues to function as a reliable reporter even when background radiotracer uptake by endogenous NIS is blocked by perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Concilio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Linh Pham
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, LLC, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, LLC, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
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Hwang YJ, Myung H. Engineered Bacteriophage T7 as a Potent Anticancer Agent in vivo. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:491001. [PMID: 33072000 PMCID: PMC7541933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.491001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) induce antitumor effect by both direct lysis of target cells and eliciting immunogenic response to the virus and ultimately to the target cells. These viruses are usually natural human pathogens. Bacteriophages are natural pathogens of bacteria that do not infect human and have greater advantages in safety, manipulation, and production over human viruses. We constructed an engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying a peptide, which targets murine melanoma cells and harbors a mammalian expression cassette of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in viral genomic DNA. The engineered phage was successfully transduced to B16F10 melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. GM-CSF was expressed from the transduced phage DNA. All mice treated with the phage intravenously survived for 25 days until the end of experiment, while only 40% of those not treated survived. During the 16 days of phage treatment, phage T7 displaying homing peptide and expressing GM-CSF inhibited tumor growth by 72% compared to the untreated control. Serum cytokine levels of IL-1α, TNF-α, and GM-CSF were seen to increase during the treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue revealed infiltration by macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and CD8+ T cells. Migration of murine macrophages to bacteriophages was also observed in in vitro transwell assays in both time- and dose-dependent manners. Taken together, the recombinant bacteriophage T7 efficiently inhibited tumor growth by changing the tumor microenvironment and recruiting anti-tumor immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-In, South Korea.,Bacteriophage Bank of Korea, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-In, South Korea
| | - Heejoon Myung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-In, South Korea.,Bacteriophage Bank of Korea, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-In, South Korea.,LyseNTech, Yong-In, South Korea
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Characterization of the Impact of Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus on the Trafficking, Phenotype, and Antigen Presentation Potential of Neutrophils and Their Ability to Acquire a Non-Structural Viral Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176347. [PMID: 32882969 PMCID: PMC7570176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate leukocytes that mount a rapid response to invading pathogens and sites of inflammation. Although neutrophils were traditionally considered responders to bacterial infections, recent advances have demonstrated that they are interconnected with both viral infections and cancers. One promising treatment strategy for cancers is to administer an oncolytic virus to activate the immune system and directly lyse cancerous cells. A detailed characterization of how the innate immune system responds to a viral-based therapy is paramount in identifying its systemic effects. This study analyzed how administering the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) intravenously at 1 × 109 PFU acutely influenced neutrophil populations. Bone marrow, blood, lungs, and spleen were acquired three- and 24-h after administration of VSV for analysis of neutrophils by flow cytometry. Infection with VSV caused neutrophils to rapidly egress from the bone marrow and accumulate in the lungs. A dramatic increase in immature neutrophils was observed in the lungs, as was an increase in the antigen presentation potential of these cells within the spleen. Furthermore, the potential for neutrophils to acquire viral transgene-encoded proteins was monitored using a variant of VSV that expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). If an in vitro population of splenocytes were exposed to αCD3 and αCD28, a substantial proportion of the neutrophils would become GFP-positive. This suggested that the neutrophils could either acquire more virus-encoded antigens from infected splenocytes or were being directly infected. Five different dosing regimens were tested in mice, and it was determined that a single dose of VSV or two doses of VSV administered at a 24-h interval, resulted in a substantial proportion of neutrophils in the bone marrow becoming GFP-positive. This correlated with a decrease in the number of splenic neutrophils. Two doses administered at intervals longer than 24-h did not have these effects, suggesting that neutrophils became resistant to antigen uptake or direct infection with VSV beyond 24-h of activation. These findings implicated neutrophils as major contributors to oncolytic rhabdoviral therapies. They also provide several clear future directions for research and suggest that neutrophils should be carefully monitored during the development of all oncolytic virus-based treatment regimens.
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50
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Lee KJ, Lee SW, Woo HN, Cho HM, Yu DB, Jeong SY, Joo CH, Jeong GS, Lee H. Real-time monitoring of oncolytic VSV properties in a novel in vitro microphysiological system containing 3D multicellular tumor spheroids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235356. [PMID: 32628693 PMCID: PMC7337297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new class of cancer therapeutic agents, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have gained much attention not only due to their ability to selectively replicate in and lyse tumor cells, but also for their potential to stimulate antitumor immune responses. As a result, there is an increasing need for in vitro modeling systems capable of recapitulating the 3D physiological tumor microenvironment. Here, we investigated the potential of our recently developed microphysiological system (MPS), featuring a vessel-like channel to reflect the in vivo tumor microenvironment and serving as culture spaces for 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs). The MCTSs consist of cancer A549 cells, stromal MRC5 cells, endothelial HUVECs, as well as the extracellular matrix. 3D MCTSs residing in the MPS were infected with oncolytic VSV expressing GFP (oVSV-GFP). Post-infection, GFP signal intensity increased only in A549 cells of the MPS. On the other hand, HUVECs were susceptible to virus infection under 2D culture and IFN-β secretion was quite delayed in HUVECs. These results thus demonstrate that OV antitumoral characteristics can be readily monitored in the MPS and that its behavior therein somewhat differs compared to its activity in 2D system. In conclusion, we present the first application of the MPS, an in vitro model that was developed to better reflect in vivo conditions. Its various advantages suggest the 3D MCTS-integrated MPS can serve as a first line monitoring system to validate oncolytic virus efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Na Woo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Mi Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Bong Yu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Jeong
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Hyun Joo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Seok Jeong
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HL); (GSJ)
| | - Heuiran Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HL); (GSJ)
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