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Komu JG, Nguyen HD, Takeda Y, Fukumoto S, Imai K, Takemae H, Mizutani T, Ogawa H. Challenges for Precise Subtyping and Sequencing of a H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in Japan in the 2022-2023 Season Using Classical Serological and Molecular Methods. Viruses 2023; 15:2274. [PMID: 38005950 PMCID: PMC10675786 DOI: 10.3390/v15112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is a major concern for accurate diagnosis. We encountered some challenges in subtyping and sequencing a recently isolated H5N1 HPAIV strain using classical diagnostic methods. Oropharyngeal, conjunctival, and cloacal swabs collected from a dead white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla) were screened via real-time RT-PCR targeting the influenza A virus matrix (M) gene, followed by virus isolation. The hemagglutination inhibition test was applied in order to subtype and antigenically characterize the isolate using anti-A/duck/Hong Kong/820/80 (H5N3) reference serum or anti-H5N1 cross-clade monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Sequencing using previously reported universal primers was attempted in order to analyze the full-length hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Oropharyngeal and conjunctival samples were positive for the M gene, and high hemagglutination titers were detected in inoculated eggs. However, its hemagglutination activity was not inhibited by the reference serum or mAbs. The antiserum to a recently isolated H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strain inhibited our isolate but not older strains. A homologous sequence in the previously reported forward primer and HA2 region in our isolate led to partial HA gene amplification. Finally, next-generation sequencing confirmed the isolate as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV, with genetic similarity to H5N1 strains circulating in Japan since November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Komu
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (J.G.K.); (H.D.N.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (J.G.K.); (H.D.N.)
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CEPiR, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan; (H.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CEPiR, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan; (H.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
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Sanz-Muñoz I, Eiros JM. Old and new aspects of influenza. Med Clin (Barc) 2023; 161:303-309. [PMID: 37517930 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a classic infectious disease that, through the continuous variation of the viruses that produce it, imposes new challenges that we must solve as quickly as possible. The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially modified the behavior of influenza and other respiratory viruses, and in the coming years we will have to coexist with a new pathogen that will probably interact with existing pathogens in a way that we cannot yet glimpse. However, knowledge prior to the pandemic allows us to focus on the aspects that must be modified to make influenza an acceptable challenge for the future. In this review, emphasis is placed on the most relevant aspects of epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, and vaccine prevention, and how scientific and clinical trends in these aspects flow from the previously known to future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Sanz-Muñoz
- Centro Nacional de Gripe, Valladolid, España; Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Soria, España
| | - José M Eiros
- Centro Nacional de Gripe, Valladolid, España; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, España.
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Mahmoud SH, Khalil AA, Abo Shama NM, El Sayed MF, Soliman RA, Hagag NM, Yehia N, Naguib MM, Arafa AS, Ali MA, El-Safty MM, Mostafa A. Immunogenicity and Cross-Protective Efficacy Induced by an Inactivated Recombinant Avian Influenza A/H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) Vaccine against Co-Circulating Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1397. [PMID: 37766075 PMCID: PMC10538193 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is mainly based on culling of the infected bird flocks or via the implementation of inactivated vaccines in countries where AIVs are considered to be endemic. Over the last decade, several avian influenza virus subtypes, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b and the recent H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, have been reported among poultry populations in Egypt. This demanded the utilization of a nationwide routine vaccination program in the poultry sector. Antigenic differences between available avian influenza vaccines and the currently circulating H5Nx strains were reported, calling for an updated vaccine for homogenous strains. In this study, three H5Nx vaccines were generated by utilizing the reverse genetic system: rgH5N1_2.3.4.4, rgH5N8_2.3.4.4 and rgH5N1_2.2.1.2. Further, the immunogenicity and the cross-reactivity of the generated inactivated vaccines were assessed in the chicken model against a panel of homologous and heterologous H5Nx HPAIVs. Interestingly, the rgH5N1_2.3.4.4 induced high immunogenicity in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken and could efficiently protect immunized chickens against challenge infection with HPAIV H5N1_2.3.4.4, H5N8_2.3.4.4 and H5N1_2.2.1.2. In parallel, the rgH5N1_2.2.1.2 could partially protect SPF chickens against infection with HPAIV H5N1_2.3.4.4 and H5N8_2.3.4.4. Conversely, the raised antibodies to rgH5N1_2.3.4.4 could provide full protection against HPAIV H5N1_2.3.4.4 and HPAIV H5N8_2.3.4.4, and partial protection (60%) against HPAIV H5N1_2.2.1.2. Compared to rgH5N8_2.3.4.4 and rgH5N1_2.2.1.2 vaccines, chickens vaccinated with rgH5N1_2.3.4.4 showed lower viral shedding following challenge infection with the predefined HPAIVs. These data emphasize the superior immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy of the rgH5N1_2.3.4.4 in comparison to rgH5N8_2.3.4.4 and rgH5N1_2.2.1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.H.M.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ahmed A. Khalil
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Abbasia, Cairo 11381, Egypt;
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.H.M.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Marwa F. El Sayed
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Abbasia, Cairo 11517, Egypt (M.M.E.-S.)
| | - Reem A. Soliman
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Abbasia, Cairo 11517, Egypt (M.M.E.-S.)
| | - Naglaa M. Hagag
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdel-Sattar Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.H.M.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mounir M. El-Safty
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Abbasia, Cairo 11517, Egypt (M.M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (S.H.M.); (M.A.A.)
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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Saba Villarroel PM, Gumpangseth N, Songhong T, Yainoy S, Monteil A, Leaungwutiwong P, Missé D, Wichit S. Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases in Southeast Asia: One Health challenge. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1141483. [PMID: 37383270 PMCID: PMC10298164 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1141483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing significant social, environmental, and economic changes in Southeast Asia (SEA) make the region highly vulnerable to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic viral diseases. In the last century, SEA has faced major viral outbreaks with great health and economic impact, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), arboviruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV); and so far, imported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Given the recent challenging experiences in addressing emerging zoonotic diseases, it is necessary to redouble efforts to effectively implement the "One Health" initiative in the region, which aims to strengthen the human-animal-plant-environment interface to better prevent, detect and respond to health threats while promoting sustainable development. This review provides an overview of important emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases in SEA, with emphasis on the main drivers behind their emergency, the epidemiological situation from January 2000 to October 2022, and the importance of One Health to promote improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Viral Vector Joint Unit and Joint Laboratory, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nuttamonpat Gumpangseth
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Viral Vector Joint Unit and Joint Laboratory, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Thanaphon Songhong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Viral Vector Joint Unit and Joint Laboratory, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sakda Yainoy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Arnaud Monteil
- Viral Vector Joint Unit and Joint Laboratory, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, BioCampus, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sineewanlaya Wichit
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Viral Vector Joint Unit and Joint Laboratory, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Noisumdaeng P, Phadungsombat J, Weerated S, Wiriyarat W, Puthavathana P. Genetic evolution of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Thailand. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14419. [PMID: 36518286 PMCID: PMC9744161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ongoing outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and the emergence of the genetic-related hemagglutinin (HA) gene of reassortant H5Nx viruses currently circulating in wild birds and poultries pose a great global public health concern. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the genetic evolution of Thai H5N1 HA and neuraminidase (NA) genes between 2003 and 2010. The H5N1 Thailand virus clade 2.3.4 was also genetically compared to the currently circulating clade 2.3.4.4 of H5Nx viruses. Methods Full-length nucleotide sequences of 178 HA and 143 NA genes of H5N1 viruses circulating between 2003 and 2010 were phylogenetically analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic construction. Bayesian phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using BEAST analysis with a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. The maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree was determined, and the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was estimated. The H5N1 HA nucleotide sequences of clade 2.3.4 Thailand viruses were phylogenetically analyzed using ML phylogenetic tree construction and analyzed for nucleotide similarities with various subtypes of reassortant H5Nx HA clade 2.3.4.4. Results ML phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct HA clades, clade 1 and clade 2.3.4, and two distinct NA groups within the corresponding H5 clade 1 viruses. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction for molecular clock suggested that the Thai H5N1 HA and NA emerged in 2001.87 (95% HPD: 2001.34-2002.49) and 2002.38 (95% HPD: 2001.99-2002.82), respectively, suggesting that the virus existed before it was first reported in 2004. The Thai H5N1 HA clade 2.3.4 was grouped into corresponding clades 2.3.4, 2.3.4.1, 2.3.4.2, and 2.3.4.3, and shared nucleotide similarities to reassortant H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 ranged from 92.4-96.8%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed monophyletic H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 evolved from H5N1 clade 2.3.4. Conclusion H5N1 viruses existed, and were presumably introduced and circulated in avian species in Thailand, before they were officially reported in 2004. HA and NA genes continuously evolved during circulation between 2004 and 2010. This study provides a better understanding of genetic evolution with respect to molecular epidemiology. Monitoring and surveillance of emerging variants/reassortants should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirom Noisumdaeng
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand,Thammasat University Research Unit in Modern Microbiology and Public Health Genomics, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sasrinakarn Weerated
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Park YR, Lee YN, Lee DH, Si YJ, Baek YG, Bunnary S, Theary R, Tum S, Kye SJ, Lee MH, Park CK, Lee YJ. Phylogeographic analysis of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated in Cambodia from 2018 to 2019. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104599. [PMID: 33096302 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported in Cambodia. Until 2013, all H5N1 viruses identified in Cambodia belonged to clade 1 and its subclades. H5N1 HPAI viruses belonging to clade 2.3.2.1c have been dominant since the beginning of 2014, with various genotypes (KH1-KH5) reported. Here, we isolated nine H5N1 HPAI viruses from domestic poultry farms and slaughterhouses in Cambodia during 2018-2019 and performed phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences. All isolates were classified as H5 clade 2.3.2.1c viruses and all harbored multi-basic amino acid sequences (PQRERRRKR/GLF) at the haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H5N1 isolates in this study belonged to the KH2 genotype, the dominant genotype in Cambodia in 2015. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene showed that the isolates were divided into two groups (A and B). The results of Bayesian discrete phylogeography analysis revealed that the viral migration pathways from Vietnam to Cambodia (Bayes factor value: 734,039.01; posterior probability: 1.00) and from Cambodia to Vietnam (Bayes factor value: 26,199.95; posterior probability: 1.00) were supported by high statistical values. These well-supported viral migrations between Vietnam and Cambodia demonstrate that viral transmission continued in both directions. Several factors may have contributed to this, including the free-grazing duck system and movement of poultry-related products. Thus, the results emphasize the need for an enhanced international surveillance program to better understand transboundary infection and evolution of H5N1 HPAI viruses, along with implementation of more stringent international trade controls on poultry and poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ri Park
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seng Bunnary
- Department of Animal Health and Production, National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ren Theary
- Department of Animal Health and Production, National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothyra Tum
- Department of Animal Health and Production, National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Soo-Jeong Kye
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
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Farooq QUA, Shaukat Z, Aiman S, Zhou T, Li C. A systems biology-driven approach to construct a comprehensive protein interaction network of influenza A virus with its host. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:480. [PMID: 32631335 PMCID: PMC7339526 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a serious public health problem not only in South East Asia but also in European and African countries. Scientists are using network biology to dig deep into the essential host factors responsible for regulation of virus infections. Researchers can explore the virus invasion into the host cells by studying the virus-host relationship based on their protein-protein interaction network. METHODS In this study, we present a comprehensive IAV-host protein-protein interaction network that is obtained based on the literature-curated protein interaction datasets and some important interaction databases. The network is constructed in Cytoscape and analyzed with its plugins including CytoHubba, CytoCluster, MCODE, ClusterViz and ClusterOne. In addition, Gene Ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses are performed on the highly IAV-associated human proteins. We also compare the current results with those from our previous study on Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-host protein-protein interaction network in order to find out valuable information. RESULTS We found out 1027 interactions among 829 proteins of which 14 are viral proteins and 815 belong to human proteins. The viral protein NS1 has the highest number of associations with human proteins followed by NP, PB2 and so on. Among human proteins, LNX2, MEOX2, TFCP2, PRKRA and DVL2 have the most interactions with viral proteins. Based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the highly IAV-associated human proteins, we found out that they are enriched in the KEGG pathway of basal cell carcinoma. Similarly, the result of KEGG analysis of the common host factors involved in IAV and HCV infections shows that these factors are enriched in the infection pathways of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Viral Carcinoma, measles and certain other viruses. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the list of proteins we identified might be used as potential drug targets for the drug design against the infectious diseases caused by Influenza A Virus and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat Ul Ain Farooq
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zeeshan Shaukat
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Sara Aiman
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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Mosad SM, El-Gohary FA, Ali HS, El-Sharkawy H, Elmahallawy EK. Pathological and Molecular Characterization of H5 Avian Influenza Virus in Poultry Flocks from Egypt over a Ten-Year Period (2009-2019). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061010. [PMID: 32527004 PMCID: PMC7341251 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian influenza virus (H5) remains one of the challenging zoonotic viruses in Egypt. Our study investigated the occurrence of this virus among chickens from Dakhalia governorate, Egypt over ten years through histopathological examination and molecular characterization of the virus. The molecular characterization was followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples. Importantly, we have reported several interesting pathological changes and high occurrence of the H5 avian influenza virus, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that positive samples were aligned with several Egyptian sub clades. Clearly, our study concludes the widespread of the virus among poultry flocks in Egypt and suggests further future research aims to develop an efficient surveillance program with investigation into the effectiveness of the implemented control measures for controlling this disease of public health concern. Abstract Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains one of the enzootic zoonotic diseases that challenges the poultry industry in Egypt. In the present study, a total of 500 tissue samples were collected from 100 chicken farms (broilers and layers) suspected to be infected with AIV through the period from 2009 to 2019 from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. These samples were pooled in 100 working samples and screened for AIV then the positive samples were subjected to histopathological examination combined with real time-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). RRT-PCR positive samples were also subjected to conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of H5 AIV and some of these resulting positive samples were sequenced for detection of the molecular nature of the studied virus. Interestingly, the histopathological examination revealed necrotic liver with leukocytic infiltration with degenerative changes with necrotic pancreatitis, edema, and intense lymphoid depletion of splenic tissue and hyperplastic tracheal epithelium. Likewise, edema and congested sub mucosal blood vessels and intense bronchial necrosis with hyalinized wall vascular wall and heterophils infiltration were reported. Pneumonic areas with intense leukocytic aggregation mainly and vasculitis of the pulmonary blood vessels were also detected in lung. Collectively, these significant pathological changes in examined tissues cohered with AIV infection. Regarding the molecular characterization, 66 samples were positive for AIV by RRT-PCR and 52 of them were positive for H5 AIV by RT-PCR. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H5 viruses identified in this study were aligned with other Egyptian H5N1 AIVs in the Egyptian sub clade 2.2.1, while some of the identified strains were aligned with other Egyptian H5N8 strains in the new Egyptian sub clade 2.3.4.4. Taken together, our present findings emphasize the wide spread of AIV in Egypt and the importance of developing an efficient surveillance and periodical screening program for controlling such disease of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mosad Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Fatma A. El-Gohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Hanaa Said Ali
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura Branch, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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9
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Park YR, Lee YN, Lee DH, Baek YG, Si YJ, Meeduangchanh P, Theppangna W, Douangngeun B, Kye SJ, Lee MH, Park CK, Lee YJ. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks in Laos during 2015-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:947-955. [PMID: 31769586 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, there have been multiple outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in Laos. Here, we isolated H5N1 HPAI viruses from poultry outbreaks in Laos during 2015-2018 and investigated their genetic characteristics and pathogenicity in chickens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and that they differed from previous Laos viruses with respect to genetic composition. In particular, the isolates were divided into two genotypes, each of which had a different NS segments. The results of possible migration analysis suggested a high likelihood that the Laos isolates were introduced from neighbouring countries, particularly Vietnam. The recent Laos isolate, A/Duck/Laos/NL-1504599/2018, had an intravenous pathogenicity index score of 3.0 and showed a 50% chicken lethal dose of 102.5 EID50 /0.1 ml, indicating high pathogenicity. The isolated viruses exhibited no critical substitution in the markers associated with mammalian adaptation, but possess markers related to neuraminidase inhibitor resistance. These results emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance of circulating influenza virus in South-East Asia, including Laos, to better prepare for and mitigate global spread of H5 HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ri Park
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Soo-Jeong Kye
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
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10
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Suttie A, Karlsson EA, Deng YM, Hurt AC, Greenhill AR, Barr IG, Dussart P, Horwood PF. Avian influenza in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 2003-2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103920. [PMID: 31201870 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistent circulation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is an ongoing problem for many countries in South East Asia, causing large economic losses to both the agricultural and health sectors. This review analyses AIV diversity, evolution and the risk of AIV emergence in humans in countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (excluding China). The analysis was based on AIV sequencing data, serological studies, published journal articles and AIV outbreak reports available from January 2003 to December 2018. All countries of the GMS have suffered losses due repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 that has also caused human cases in all GMS countries. In Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam AIV outbreaks in domestic poultry have also been caused by clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6. A diverse range of low pathogenic AIVs (H1-H12) have been detected in poultry and wild bird species, though surveillance for and characterization of these subtypes is limited. Subtype H3, H4, H6 and H11 viruses have been detected over prolonged periods; whilst H1, H2, H7, H8, H10 and H12 viruses have only been detected transiently. H9 AIVs circulate endemically in Cambodia and Vietnam with seroprevalence data indicating human exposure to H9 AIVs in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. As surveillance studies focus heavily on the detection of H5 AIVs in domestic poultry further research is needed to understand the true level of AIV diversity and the risk AIVs pose to humans in the GMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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11
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Antigua KJC, Choi WS, Baek YH, Song MS. The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060156. [PMID: 31146461 PMCID: PMC6616411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C Antigua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
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12
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Efficient Inhibition of Avian and Seasonal Influenza A Viruses by a Virus-Specific Dicer-Substrate Small Interfering RNA Swarm in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01916-18. [PMID: 30463970 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01916-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are viral pathogens that cause epidemics and occasional pandemics of significant mortality. The generation of efficacious vaccines and antiviral drugs remains a challenge due to the rapid appearance of new influenza virus types and antigenic variants. Consequently, novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of IAV infections are needed, given the limitations of the presently available antivirals. Here, we used enzymatically produced IAV-specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules and Giardia intestinalis Dicer for the generation of a swarm of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules. The siRNAs target multiple conserved genomic regions of the IAVs. In mammalian cells, the produced 25- to 27-nucleotide-long siRNA molecules are processed by endogenous Dicer into 21-nucleotide siRNAs and are thus designated Dicer-substrate siRNAs (DsiRNAs). We evaluated the efficacy of the above DsiRNA swarm at preventing IAV infections in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. The replication of different IAV strains, including avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, was significantly inhibited by pretransfection of the cells with the IAV-specific DsiRNA swarm. Up to 7 orders of magnitude inhibition of viral RNA expression was observed, which led to a dramatic inhibition of IAV protein synthesis and virus production. The IAV-specific DsiRNA swarm inhibited virus replication directly through the RNA interference pathway although a weak induction of innate interferon responses was detected. Our results provide direct evidence for the feasibility of the siRNA strategy and the potency of DsiRNA swarms in the prevention and treatment of influenza, including the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.IMPORTANCE In spite of the enormous amount of research, influenza virus is still one of the major challenges for medical virology due to its capacity to generate new variants, which potentially lead to severe epidemics and pandemics. We demonstrated here that a swarm of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, including more than 100 different antiviral RNA molecules targeting the most conserved regions of the influenza A virus genome, could efficiently inhibit the replication of all tested avian and seasonal influenza A variants in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. The wide antiviral spectrum makes the virus-specific siRNA swarm a potentially efficient treatment modality against both avian and seasonal influenza viruses.
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13
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Li R, Yang C, Du Q, Zhao X, Jiang H, Hu W, Yang Z. Pinanamine Is a Promising Lead Compound against Influenza A Virus: Evidence from in Vitro and in Vivo Efficacy Compared to Amantadine. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:954-959. [PMID: 28674259 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses with the presence of mutations in M2 still circulate and threaten to avian species and human in China. A novel M2 inhibitor pinanamine was previously identified as an antiviral agent by an in vitro assay. In this study, we monitored the activity of pinanamine against influenza A/FM1/47 (H1N1) virus infection in cell culture and mice. Pinanamine showed more potent antiviral effect than ribavirin, and was as effective as oseltamivir carboxylate and amantadine in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Pinanamine at dose of 50 mg/kg/d administrated once a day for 6 d starting 24 h prior to virus exposure promoted survival rate of infected mice to 100% (p<0.001) and produced significant reduction (p<0.001) in lung virus yields and lung index. Even lower the dose of 3.1 mg/kg/d, pinanamine was 60% protective (p<0.05), which was equivalent to treatment with amantadine at 50 mg/kg/d. Our finding highlights the potential of pinanamine as a promising lead compound for influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Medical University)
| | - Chunguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Medical University)
| | - Qiuling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Medical University)
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease
| | - Haiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Medical University)
| | - Wenhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Medical University).,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Medical University).,Macau University of Science and Technology
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14
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Molecular Markers for Interspecies Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122706. [PMID: 29236050 PMCID: PMC5751307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a wide range of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have infected various mammalian hosts and continuously threaten both human and animal health. It is a result of overcoming the inter-species barrier which is mostly associated with gene reassortment and accumulation of mutations in their gene segments. Several recent studies have shed insights into the phenotypic and genetic changes that are involved in the interspecies transmission of AIVs. These studies have a major focus on transmission from avian to mammalian species due to the high zoonotic potential of the viruses. As more mammalian species have been infected with these viruses, there is higher risk of genetic evolution of these viruses that may lead to the next human pandemic which represents and raises public health concern. Thus, understanding the mechanism of interspecies transmission and molecular determinants through which the emerging AIVs can acquire the ability to transmit to humans and other mammals is an important key in evaluating the potential risk caused by AIVs among humans. Here, we summarize previous and recent studies on molecular markers that are specifically involved in the transmission of avian-derived influenza viruses to various mammalian hosts including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, and marine mammals.
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15
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Sangma C, Lieberzeit PA, Sukjee W. H5N1 Virus Plastic Antibody Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1575:381-388. [PMID: 28255894 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6857-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Normally, antibodies against influenza A have been prepared from viable virus or an engineered strain in certain hosts or cultured media. Two factors concerning antibody production are obvious. The obtaining antibody that is a kind of biomolecule has to be handled carefully, e.g., to be kept in a refrigerator. Furthermore, when the virus strain is highly pathogenic, such as H5N1, antibody production has to be done carefully in a high-level biosafety lab. Here, we show how to produce an antibody against H5N1 from a polymeric material using inactivated virus which can be conducted in a low-level biosafety lab. The process is based on imprinting the whole virus on a polymer surface to form molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The MIPs show some properties of H5N1 antibody as they recognize H5N1 and have some important antibody activity. The H5N1 MIPs are not to be considered biomaterial, so they can be stored at room temperature and thus do not need any special care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Sangma
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Peter A Lieberzeit
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wannisa Sukjee
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Shchelkanov MY, Kirillov IM, Shestopalov AM, Litvin KE, Deryabin PG, Lvov DK. Evolution of influ- 245 enza A/H5N1 virus (1996-2016). Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:245-256. [PMID: 36494983 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-6-245-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago in the South Chinese province of Guangdong the epizooty of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, which has laid the foundation of the largest epizooty in the contemporary history, has flashed. Hemagglutinin of prototype A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) changing many times and generating new genetic subgroups participated in various reassortations; it still exists today. The present review is devoted to the retrospective analysis of HPAI/H5N1evolution for the last twenty years in the territory of Eurasia, Africa and America. The basis for the discussion is ecological model according to which new genetic variants are formed in the migration pathways with close contacts between different bird populations and in the overwintering areas where the maximum values of the immune layer occur; amplification of virus variants occurs in nesting areas among juvenile populations. The updated system of designations of genetic groups introduced by WHO/OIE/FAO H5 Evolution Working Group in 2015 is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Shchelkanov
- Far Eastern Federal University.,Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences.,Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky Krai
| | - I M Kirillov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | | | - K E Litvin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
| | - P G Deryabin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | - D K Lvov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
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17
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Hasan NH, Ignjatovic J, Peaston A, Hemmatzadeh F. Avian Influenza Virus and DIVA Strategies. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:198-211. [PMID: 26900835 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is becoming a more acceptable option in the effort to eradicate avian influenza viruses (AIV) from commercial poultry, especially in countries where AIV is endemic. The main concern surrounding this option has been the inability of the conventional serological tests to differentiate antibodies produced due to vaccination from antibodies produced in response to virus infection. In attempts to address this issue, at least six strategies have been formulated, aiming to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), namely (i) sentinel birds, (ii) subunit vaccine, (iii) heterologous neuraminidase (NA), (iv) nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein, (v) matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein, and (vi) haemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2) glycoprotein. This short review briefly discusses the strengths and limitations of these DIVA strategies, together with the feasibility and practicality of the options as a part of the surveillance program directed toward the eventual eradication of AIV from poultry in countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Haliza Hasan
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,2 Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jagoda Ignjatovic
- 3 School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Peaston
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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18
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Liu Q, Cao L, Zhu XQ. Major emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in China: a matter of global health and socioeconomic development for 1.3 billion. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:65-72. [PMID: 24858904 PMCID: PMC7110807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses are a significant public health concern and cause considerable socioeconomic problems globally. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, avian influenza H7N9, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), and the re-emergence of rabies, brucellosis, and other zoonoses have had a significant effect on the national economy and public health in China, and have affected other countries. Contributing factors that continue to affect emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in China include social and environmental factors and microbial evolution, such as population growth, urbanization, deforestation, livestock production, food safety, climate change, and pathogen mutation. The Chinese government has devised new strategies and has taken measures to deal with the challenges of these diseases, including the issuing of laws and regulations, establishment of disease reporting systems, implementation of special projects for major infectious diseases, interdisciplinary and international cooperation, exotic disease surveillance, and health education. These strategies and measures can serve as models for the surveillance and response to continuing threats from emerging and re-emerging zoonoses in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China; Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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19
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Herbreteau CH, Jacquot F, Rith S, Vacher L, Nguyen L, Carbonnelle C, Lotteau V, Jolivet M, Raoul H, Buchy P, Saluzzo JF. Specific polyclonal F(ab')2 neutralize a large panel of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (H5N1) and control infection in mice. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:699-708. [PMID: 24673720 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM There is still no specific therapy for infection with the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAI) H5N1, which caused 39 human cases with a 64% fatality rate in 2013. MATERIALS & METHODS We prepared highly purified specific equine polyclonal immunoglobulin fragments (F(ab')2) against H5N1 and tested them for efficacy in vitro and with different administration schedules in H5N1-challenged BALB/c mice. RESULTS in vitro, F(ab')2 neutralized 21 different H5N1 strains from different areas, representative of 11 different clades and sub-clades and 9 years of evolution of the virus. In vivo mouse experiments identified that the most efficient administration protocol consists of five consecutive daily injections after infection; 10 mg/kg giving a 60% increase in survival. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the ability of anti-H5N1 F(ab')2 to markedly reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with infection of mice with HPAI H5N1 virus, and their potential for human therapy.
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20
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Gerloff NA, Khan SU, Balish A, Shanta IS, Simpson N, Berman L, Haider N, Poh MK, Islam A, Gurley E, Hasnat MA, Dey T, Shu B, Emery S, Lindstrom S, Haque A, Klimov A, Villanueva J, Rahman M, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Ziaur Rahman M, Luby SP, Zeidner N, Donis RO, Sturm-Ramirez K, Davis CT. Multiple reassortment events among highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses detected in Bangladesh. Virology 2014; 450-451:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Alders R, Awuni JA, Bagnol B, Farrell P, de Haan N. Impact of avian influenza on village poultry production globally. ECOHEALTH 2014; 11:63-72. [PMID: 24136383 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Village poultry and their owners were frequently implicated in disease transmission in the early days of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 pandemic. With improved understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, it was recognized that village poultry raised under extensive conditions pose less of a threat than intensively raised poultry of homogeneous genetic stock with poor biosecurity. This paper provides an overview of village poultry production and the multiple ways that the HPAI H5N1 pandemic has impacted on village poultry, their owners, and the traders whose livelihoods are intimately linked to these birds. It reviews impact in terms of gender and cultural issues; food security; village poultry value chains; approaches to biosecurity; marketing; poultry disease prevention and control; compensation; genetic diversity; poultry as part of livelihood strategies; and effective communication. It concludes on a positive note that there is growing awareness amongst animal health providers of the importance of facilitating culturally sensitive dialogue to develop HPAI prevention and control options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Alders
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia,
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22
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Horm SV, Sorn S, Allal L, Buchy P. Influenza A(H5N1) virus surveillance at live poultry markets, Cambodia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:305-8. [PMID: 23347451 PMCID: PMC3559060 DOI: 10.3201/eid1902.121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Cambodia, influenza A(H5N1) virus surveillance at live poultry markets (LPMs) relies on virus isolation from poultry specimens; however, virus is rarely detected by this method. We tested 502 environmental LPM samples: 90 were positive by PCR, 10 by virus isolation. Virus circulation could be better monitored by environmental sampling of LPMs.
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23
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Ratanakorn P, Wiratsudakul A, Wiriyarat W, Eiamampai K, Farmer AH, Webster RG, Chaichoune K, Suwanpakdee S, Pothieng D, Puthavathana P. Satellite tracking on the flyways of brown-headed gulls and their potential role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49939. [PMID: 23209623 PMCID: PMC3509151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown-headed gulls (Larus brunnicephalus), winter visitors of Thailand, were tracked by satellite telemetry during 2008-2011 for investigating their roles in the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus spread. Eight gulls negative for influenza virus infection were marked with solar-powered satellite platform transmitters at Bang Poo study site in Samut Prakarn province, Thailand; their movements were monitored by the Argos satellite tracking system, and locations were mapped. Five gulls completed their migratory cycles, which spanned 7 countries (China, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam) affected by the HPAI H5N1 virus. Gulls migrated from their breeding grounds in China to stay overwinter in Thailand and Cambodia; while Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, and Vietnam were the places of stopovers during migration. Gulls traveled an average distance of about 2400 km between Thailand and China and spent 1-2 weeks on migration. Although AI surveillance among gulls was conducted at the study site, no AI virus was isolated and no H5N1 viral genome or specific antibody was detected in the 75 gulls tested, but 6.6% of blood samples were positive for pan-influenza A antibody. No AI outbreaks were reported in areas along flyways of gulls in Thailand during the study period. Distance and duration of migration, tolerability of the captive gulls to survive the HPAI H5N1 virus challenge and days at viral shedding after the virus challenging suggested that the Brown-headed gull could be a potential species for AI spread, especially among Southeast Asian countries, the epicenter of H5N1 AI outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parntep Ratanakorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | - Krairat Eiamampai
- Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adrian H. Farmer
- Wild Ecological Solutions, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangrat Pothieng
- Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Lee SMY, Yen HL. Targeting the host or the virus: current and novel concepts for antiviral approaches against influenza virus infection. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:391-404. [PMID: 23022351 PMCID: PMC7132421 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza epidemics and pandemics are constant threats to human health. The application of antiviral drugs provides an immediate and direct control of influenza virus infection. At present, the major strategy for managing patients with influenza is through targeting conserved viral proteins critical for viral replication. Two classes of conventional antiviral drugs, the M2 ion channel blockers and the neuraminidase inhibitors, are frequently used. In recent years, increasing levels of resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern, highlighting the urgent need for the development of alternative treatments. Novel classes of antiviral compounds or biomolecules targeting viral replication mechanism are under development, using approaches including high-throughput small-molecule screening platforms and structure-based designs. In response to influenza virus infection, host cellular mechanisms are triggered to defend against the invaders. At the same time, viruses as obligate intracellular pathogens have evolved to exploit cellular responses in support of their efficient replication, including antagonizing the host type I interferon response as well as activation of specific cellular pathways at different stages of the replication cycle. Numerous studies have highlighted the possibility of targeting virus-host interactions and host cellular mechanisms to develop new treatment regimens. This review aims to give an overview of current and novel concepts targeting the virus and the host for managing influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suki Man-Yan Lee
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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25
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Wang Q, Zhang S, Jiang H, Wang J, Weng L, Mao Y, Sekiguchi S, Yasui F, Kohara M, Buchy P, Deubel V, Xu K, Sun B, Toyoda T. PA from an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus activates viral transcription and replication and induces apoptosis and interferon expression at an early stage of infection. Virol J 2012; 9:106. [PMID: 22681768 PMCID: PMC3507744 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although gene exchange is not likely to occur freely, reassortment between the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and currently circulating human viruses is a serious concern. The PA polymerase subunit of H5N1 HPAIV was recently reported to activate the influenza replicon activity. Methods The replicon activities of PR8 and WSN strains (H1N1) of influenza containing PA from HPAIV A/Cambodia/P0322095/2005 (H5N1) and the activity of the chimeric RNA polymerase were analyzed. A reassortant WSN virus containing the H5N1 Cambodia PA (C-PA) was then reconstituted and its growth in cells and pathogenicity in mice examined. The interferon promoter, TUNEL, and caspase 3, 8, and 9 activities of C-PA-infected cells were compared with those of WSN-infected cells. Results The activity of the chimeric RNA polymerase was slightly higher than that of WSN, and C-PA replicated better than WSN in cells. However, the multi-step growth of C-PA and its pathogenicity in mice were lower than those of WSN. The interferon promoter, TUNEL, and caspase 3, 8, and 9 activities were strongly induced in early infection in C-PA-infected cells but not in WSN-infected cells. Conclusions Apoptosis and interferon were strongly induced early in C-PA infection, which protected the uninfected cells from expansion of viral infection. In this case, these classical host-virus interactions contributed to the attenuation of this strongly replicating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 411 Hefei Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
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26
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Horm VS, Gutiérrez RA, Nicholls JM, Buchy P. Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) virus survival in complex artificial aquatic biotopes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34160. [PMID: 22514622 PMCID: PMC3325971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very little is known regarding the persistence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses in aquatic environments in tropical countries, although environmental materials have been suggested to play a role as reservoirs and sources of transmission for H5N1 viruses. Methodology/Principal Findings The survival of HPAI H5N1 viruses in experimental aquatic biotopes (water, mud, aquatic flora and fauna) relevant to field conditions in Cambodia was investigated. Artificial aquatic biotopes, including simple ones containing only mud and water, and complex biotopes involving the presence of aquatic flora and fauna, were set up. They were experimentally contaminated with H5N1 virus. The persistence of HPAI H5N1 virus (local avian and human isolates) was determined by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and by real-time reverse-polymerase chain reaction. Persistence of infectious virus did not exceed 4 days, and was only identified in rain water. No infectious virus particles were detected in pond and lake water or mud even when high inoculum doses were used. However, viral RNA persisted up to 20 days in rain water and 7 days in pond or lake water. Viral RNA was also detected in mud samples, up to 14 days post-contamination in several cases. Infectious virus and viral RNA was detected in few cases in the aquatic fauna and flora, especially in bivalves and labyrinth fish, although these organisms seemed to be mostly passive carriers of the virus rather than host allowing virus replication. Conclusions/Significance Although several factors for the survival and persistence of HPAI viruses in the environment are still to be elucidated, and are particularly hard to control in laboratory conditions, our results, along with previous data, support the idea that environmental surveillance is of major relevance for avian influenza control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viseth Srey Horm
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ramona A. Gutiérrez
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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27
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Hu H, Voss J, Zhang G, Buchy P, Zuo T, Wang L, Wang F, Zhou F, Wang G, Tsai C, Calder L, Gamblin SJ, Zhang L, Deubel V, Zhou B, Skehel JJ, Zhou P. A human antibody recognizing a conserved epitope of H5 hemagglutinin broadly neutralizes highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. J Virol 2012; 86:2978-89. [PMID: 22238297 PMCID: PMC3302345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06665-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection is a persistent threat to public health worldwide due to its ability to evade immune surveillance through rapid genetic drift and shift. Current vaccines against influenza A virus provide immunity to viral isolates that are similar to vaccine strains. High-affinity neutralizing antibodies against conserved epitopes could provide immunity to diverse influenza virus strains and protection against future pandemic viruses. In this study, by using a highly sensitive H5N1 pseudotype-based neutralization assay to screen human monoclonal antibodies produced by memory B cells from an H5N1-infected individual and molecular cloning techniques, we developed three fully human monoclonal antibodies. Among them, antibody 65C6 exhibited potent neutralization activity against all H5 clades and subclades except for subclade 7.2 and prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in mice. Studies on hemagglutinin (HA)-antibody complexes by electron microscopy and epitope mapping indicate that antibody 65C6 binds to a conformational epitope comprising amino acid residues at positions 118, 121, 161, 164, and 167 (according to mature H5 numbering) on the tip of the membrane-distal globular domain of HA. Thus, we conclude that antibody 65C6 recognizes a neutralization epitope in the globular head of HA that is conserved among almost all divergent H5N1 influenza stains.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Conserved Sequence
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/chemistry
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Hu
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jarrod Voss
- National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Teng Zuo
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulan Wang
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiqing Wang
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheguo Tsai
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lesley Calder
- National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - John J. Skehel
- National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Horm SV, Gutiérrez RA, Sorn S, Buchy P. Environment: a potential source of animal and human infection with influenza A (H5N1) virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:442-8. [PMID: 22340982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known regarding the persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in natural settings during outbreaks in tropical countries, although environmental factors may well play a role in the persistence and in the transmission of H5N1 virus. OBJECTIVE To investigate various environmental compartments surrounding outbreak areas as potential sources for H5N1 virus transmission. METHODS Environmental specimens were collected following outbreaks of avian influenza in Cambodia between April 2007 and February 2010. The methods used to concentrate H5N1 virus from water samples were based either on agglutination of the virus with chicken red blood cells or on adsorption on glass wool, followed by an elution-concentration step. An elution-concentration method was used for mud specimens. All samples that tested positive by real-time RT-PCRs (qRT-PCRs) targeting the HA5, M and NA1 genes were inoculated into embryonated hen eggs for virus isolation. RESULTS Of a total of 246 samples, 46 (19%) tested positive for H5N1 by qRT-PCRs. Viral RNA was frequently detected in dust, mud and soil samples from the farms' environment (respectively, 46%, 31% and 15%). Samples collected from ponds gave a lower proportion of positive samples (6%) as compared to those collected from the farms (24%). In only one sample, infectious virus particles were successfully isolated. CONCLUSION During H5N1 virus outbreaks, numerous environmental samples surrounding outbreak areas are contaminated by the virus and may act as potential sources for human and/or animal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srey V Horm
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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29
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Gutiérrez RA, Sorn S, Nicholls JM, Buchy P. Eurasian Tree Sparrows, risk for H5N1 virus spread and human contamination through Buddhist ritual: an experimental approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28609. [PMID: 22164310 PMCID: PMC3229601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 virus has dramatically spread throughout Southeast Asia since its first detection in 1997. Merit Release Birds, such as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, are believed to increase one's positive karma when kissed and released during Buddhist rituals. Since these birds are often in close contact with both poultry and humans, we investigated their potential role in the spread of H5N1 virus. Methodology/Principal Findings Seven series of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the possible interactions between inoculated and exposed birds, including sparrow/sparrow, sparrow/chicken, duck/sparrow. Daily and post-mortem samples collected were tested for H5N1 virus by real-time RT-PCR and egg inoculation. When directly inoculated, Eurasian Tree Sparrows were highly susceptible to the H5N1 virus, with a fatality rate approaching 100% within 5 days post-inoculation. Although transmission of fatal infection between sparrows did not occur, seroconversion of the exposed birds was observed. Up to 100% chickens exposed to inoculated sparrows died of H5N1 infection, depending on the caging conditions of the birds, while a fatality rate of 50% was observed on sparrows exposed to infected ducks. Large quantities of H5N1 virus were detected in the sparrows, particularly in their feathers, from which infectious particles were recovered. Conclusions/Significance Our study indicates that under experimental conditions, Eurasian Tree Sparrows are susceptible to H5N1 infection, either by direct inoculation or by contact with infected poultry. Their ability to transmit H5N1 infection to other birds is also demonstrated, suggesting that the sparrows may play a role in the dissemination of the virus. Finally, the presence of significant quantities of H5N1 virus on sparrows' feathers, including infectious particles, would suggest that Merit Release Birds represent a risk for human contamination in countries where avian influenza virus is circulating and where this religious ritual is practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - San Sorn
- National Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zhang S, Wang Q, Wang J, Mizumoto K, Toyoda T. Two mutations in the C-terminal domain of influenza virus RNA polymerase PB2 enhance transcription by enhancing cap-1 RNA binding activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:78-83. [PMID: 22146492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus RNA polymerase (RdRp) PB2 is the cap-1 binding subunit and determines host range and pathogenicity. The mutant human influenza virus RdRp containing PB2 D701N and D701N/S714R demonstrated enhanced replicon activity in mammalian cells. We investigated the influence of these mutations on RdRp activity. Cap-1-dependent transcription activities of D701N/S714R, D701N, and S714R were 348.1±6.2%, 146.4±11%, and 250.1±0.8% of that of the wild type (wt), respectively. Replication activity of these mutants for complimentary RNA to viral RNA ranged from 44% to 53% of that of the wt. Cap-1 RNA-binding activities of D701N/S714R, D701N, and S714R were 262±25%, 257±34%, and 315±9.6% of that of the wt, respectively, and their cap-dependent endonuclease activities were similar to that of the wt. These mutations did not affect template RNA-binding activities. D701N and S714R mutations enhanced transcription by enhancing cap-1 RNA-binding activity, but they may exhibit decreased efficiency of priming by the cap-1 primer. These mutations at the C-terminal domain of PB2 may affect its cap-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijian Zhang
- Unit of Viral Genome Regulation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 411 Hefei Road, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
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31
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Molecular mechanisms of transcription and replication of the influenza A virus genome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Pfeiffer DU, Otte MJ, Roland-Holst D, Inui K, Nguyen T, Zilberman D. Implications of global and regional patterns of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clades for risk management. Vet J 2011; 190:309-16. [PMID: 21288747 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyses the publicly available data on the distribution and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clades, whilst acknowledging the biases resulting from the non-random selection of isolates for gene sequencing. The data indicate molecular heterogeneity in the global distribution of HPAIV H5N1, in particular in different parts of East and Southeast Asia. Analysis of the temporal pattern of haemagglutinin clade data shows a progression from clade 0 (the 'dominant' clade between 1996 and 2002) to clade 1 (2003-2005) and then to clade 2.3.4 (2005 onwards). This process continuously produces variants, depending on the frequency of virus multiplication in the host population, which is influenced by geographical variation in poultry density, poultry production systems and also HPAI risk management measures such as vaccination. Increased multilateral collaboration needs to focus on developing enhanced disease surveillance and control targeted at evolutionary 'hotspots'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology & Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Ding H, Tsai C, Gutiérrez RA, Zhou F, Buchy P, Deubel V, Zhou P. Superior neutralizing antibody response and protection in mice vaccinated with heterologous DNA prime and virus like particle boost against HPAI H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16563. [PMID: 21305045 PMCID: PMC3030595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although DNA plasmid and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines have been individually tested against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, the combination of both vaccines into a heterologous prime-boost strategy against HPAI H5N1 viruses has not been reported before. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We constructed DNA plasmid encoding H5HA (A/Shenzhen/406H/06, subclade 2.3.4) and generated VLP expressing the same H5HA and N1NA. We then compared neutralizing antibody responses and immune protection elicited with heterologous DNA-VLP, homologous DNA-DNA and VLP-VLP prime-boost strategies against HPAI H5N1 viruses in mice. We demonstrate that DNA-VLP elicits the highest neutralizing antibody titers among the three prime-boost strategies, whereas DNA-DNA elicits higher neutralizing antibody titers than VLP-VLP. We show that although all three prime-boost strategies protect mice from death caused by 10 MLD(50) of homologous and heterologous H5N1 challenge, only DNA-VLP and DNA-DNA protect mice from infection as manifested by no weight loss and no lung pathology. In addition, we show that although DNA-VLP and DNA-DNA protect mice from death caused by 1,000 MLD(50) of homologous H5N1 challenge, only DNA-VLP protects mice from infection. Moreover, we show that after 1,000 MLD(50) of heterologous H5N1 challenge, while all mice in PBS, VLP-VLP and DNA-DNA died, 3 of 6 mice in DNA-VLP actually survived. Finally, we show that DNA-VLP completely protects mice from infection after 1,000 MLD(50) of homologous H5N1 challenge even when the challenge was administrated at 60 days post the boost. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results provide strong support for clinical evaluation of heterologous DNA-VLP prime-boost strategy as a public health intervention against a possible H5N1 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ding
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheguo Tsai
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Fan Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Paul Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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