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Wei Y, Zeng Q, Gou H, Bao S. Update on feline calicivirus: viral evolution, pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and control. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1388420. [PMID: 38756726 PMCID: PMC11096512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1388420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a prevalent and impactful viral pathogen affecting domestic cats. As an RNA virus, FCV exhibits high mutability and genetic plasticity, enabling its persistence within cat populations. Viral genetic diversity is associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infections and mild oral and upper respiratory tract diseases to the potential development of virulent systemic, and even fatal conditions. This diversity poses distinctive challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases caused by FCV. Over the past four decades, research has significantly deepened understanding of this pathogen, with an emphasis on molecular biology, evolutionary dynamics, vaccine development, and disease management strategies. This review discusses various facets of FCV, including its genomic structure, evolution, innate immunity, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and approaches to disease management. FCV remains a complex and evolving concern in feline health, requiring continuous research to enhance understanding of its genetic diversity, to improve vaccine efficacy, and to explore novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huitian Gou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shijun Bao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Cao L, Liu J, Li Y, Xie D, Yan Q, Li Q, Cao Y, Du W, Li J, Ye Z, Zhou D, Kang C, Cao S. Biological Characteristics of Feline Calicivirus Epidemic Strains in China and Screening of Broad-Spectrum Protective Vaccine Strains. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1858. [PMID: 38140261 PMCID: PMC10747013 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is one of the most important pathogens causing upper respiratory tract diseases in cats, posing a serious health threat to these animals. At present, FCV is mainly prevented through vaccination, but the protective efficacy of vaccines in China is limited. In this study, based on the differences in capsid proteins of isolates from different regions in China, as reported in our previous studies, seven representative FCV epidemic strains were selected and tested for their viral titers, virulence, immunogenicity, and extensive cross-protection. Subsequently, vaccine strains were selected to prepare inactivated vaccines. The whole-genome sequencing and analysis results showed that these seven representative FCV strains and 144 reference strains fell into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E). The strains isolated in China mainly fall into groups C and D, exhibiting regional characteristics. These Chinese isolates had a distant evolutionary relationship and low homology with the current FCV-255 vaccine strain. The screened FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 strains displayed desirable in vitro culture characteristics, with the highest virus proliferation titers (109.5 TCID50/mL) at 36 h post inoculation at a dose of 0.01 MOI. All five cats infected intranasally with FCV-HB7 or FCV-HB10 strains showed obvious clinical symptoms of FCV. The symptoms of cats infected with the FCV-HB7 strain were more severe than those infected with the FCV-HB10 strain. Both the single-strain inactivated immunization and combined bivalent inactivated vaccine immunization of FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 induced high neutralizing antibody titers in five cats immunized. Moreover, bivalent inactivated vaccine immunization protected cats from FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 strains. The cross-neutralizing antibody titer against seven representative FCV epidemic strains achieved by combined bivalent inactivated vaccine immunization was higher than that achieved by single-strain immunization, which was much higher than that achieved by commercial vaccine FCV-255 strain immunization. The above results suggest that the FCV-HB7 and FCV-HB10 strains screened in this study have great potential to become vaccine strains with broad-spectrum protective efficacy. However, their immune protective efficacy needs to be further verified by multiple methods before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Cao
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Yongfan Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Denglong Xie
- Zhejiang Hisun Animal Healthcare Products Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311400, China;
| | - Quanhui Yan
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiran Cao
- Department of Life Science, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Wenxin Du
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiakang Li
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zijun Ye
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dengyuan Zhou
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Shengbo Cao
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.Y.); (Q.L.); (W.D.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (D.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Dall’Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Servida F, Barbieri L, Zambarbieri J, Mazzotti G, Granatiero F, Scarparo E, Mirabile A, Bo S, Filipe J. Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2249. [PMID: 38137850 PMCID: PMC10744740 DOI: 10.3390/life13122249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline core vaccines strongly recommended for all cats are against Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1), and Feline calicivirus (FCV), but cats can be classified as low- and high-risk based on their lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the actual seroprotection against FPV, FeHV-1, and FCV in a large cohort of Italian cats by using the VacciCheck test. A total of 740 cats (567 owned and 173 stray cats; 435 vaccinated and 305 unvaccinated) were analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs). Differences related to origin, sex, age, breed, FIV/FeLV status, health status, and time elapsed since last vaccination were evaluated. Less than half of the entire cohort (36.4%) had PATs for all three diseases simultaneously, increasing to 48.6% if weak positive values were also considered and 50.3% when considering only the 435 vaccinated cats. Particularly, antibodies were detected against FCV, FPV, and FeHV-1 at protective titers (PATs) in 78.6%, 68.1, and 49.1% of the cats, respectively. In general, owned, neutered, and adult FIV- and/or FeLV-negative cats were the most protected categories, even if not always for the three viruses. Most cats maintained high PATs for 3 years or longer after vaccination against FPV and FCV but not FeHV-1. Long-lasting protective immunity persisted for many years after the last vaccination (more than 18 years in the oldest cats). Nevertheless, since not all cats were protected after so many years and for all pathogens, checking protection via antibody titration could be the best choice to prevent immunity breakdowns. The discussion also focuses on the reliability of antibody titration for the two URTD (upper respiratory tract disease) viruses which, unlike for FPV, is not widely accepted as a valid index of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Francesco Servida
- Clinica Veterinaria Pegaso, Via Dante Alighieri 169, 22070 Rovello Porro, CO, Italy
| | - Laura Barbieri
- Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Via Gerolamo Rovetta 8, 20127 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Jari Zambarbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Giulia Mazzotti
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Mazzotti, Via Papa Giovanni XXIII 93, 24054 Calcio, BG, Italy
| | | | - Elena Scarparo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Aurora Mirabile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefano Bo
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Bo-Ferro, Via Fratelli Calandra 3, 10123 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
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Lanave G, Buonavoglia A, Pellegrini F, Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Diakoudi G, Catella C, Omar AH, Vasinioti VI, Cardone R, Santo G, Martella V, Camero M. An Outbreak of Limping Syndrome Associated with Feline Calicivirus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1778. [PMID: 37889723 PMCID: PMC10251824 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common viral pathogen found in domestic cats. FCV is highly contagious and demonstrates a high genetic variability. Upper respiratory tract disease, oral ulcerations, salivation, and gingivitis-stomatitis have been regarded as typical clinical signs of FCV infection. Ulcerative dermatitis, abortion, severe pneumonia, enteritis, chronic stomatitis, and virulent systemic disease have been reported more sporadically. Limping syndrome has been also described either in naturally or experimentally FCV-infected cats. In this study, we monitored a small outbreak of FCV infection in two household cats, in which limping disease was monitored with a 12-day lag time. The complete genome sequence was determined for the viruses isolated from the oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of the two animals, mapping up to 39 synonymous nucleotide mutations. The four isolates were sensitive to low pH conditions and trypsin treatment, a pattern usually associated with viruses isolated from the upper respiratory tract. Overall, the asynchronous pattern of infections and the results of genome sequencing suggest that a virus of respiratory origin was transmitted between the animals and that the FCV strain was able to retain the limping disease pathotype during the transmission chain, as previously observed in experimental studies with FCV strains associated with lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.D.M.); (F.D.P.)
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (B.D.M.); (F.D.P.)
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Ahmed H. Omar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Violetta I. Vasinioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberta Cardone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (G.D.); (C.C.); (A.H.O.); (V.I.V.); (R.C.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
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Liang J, Zang M, Zhou Z. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of capsid gene of feline calicivirus in Nanjing, China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105323. [PMID: 35777531 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common and important pathogen in cats, typically resulting in upper respiratory tract disease or ulcerative oral lesions. Although there are large number of researches on FCV and vaccines against FCV have been widely used for years, the explanation for vaccination failure and further studies on the prevalence of FCV are still necessary in China. In this study, 86 nasopharyngeal swabs from pet cats with upper respiratory symptoms from several Nanjing animal hospitals were collected in 2020. Among them, 36 (41.86%) were positive for FCV. In addition, 13 FCV capsid genes were sequenced. The comparative analysis of linear B-cell epitopes of VP1 gene indicated that there were many amino acid variations existed among FCV vaccine strains and these strains currently circulating in Nanjing, which may relate to the failure of vaccination and maybe aid for future vaccine design. Besides, phylogenetic analysis of capsid gene revealed two genotypes. Except for the F86 strain, most of the strains were clustered with FCV I genotype, which indicated that FCV I genotype was the most prevalent genotype currently circulating in Nanjing. In conclusion, this study provided useful information as to the evolution and genetic variants of FCV in Nanjing, which is urgent for the future instructions of effective disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liang
- College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minghui Zang
- College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Abstract
Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination guidelines provided by industry and veterinary organizations, based on minimal duration of immunity (DOI). For certain diseases, particularly feline panleukopenia, antibody titres correlate with protection. For feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus, a similar correlation is absent, or less clear. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents current knowledge and expert opinion on the use of antibody testing in different situations. Antibody testing can be performed either in diagnostic laboratories, or in veterinary practice using point of care (POC) tests, and can be applied for several purposes, such as to provide evidence that a successful immune response was induced following vaccination. In adult cats, antibody test results can inform the appropriate re-vaccination interval. In shelters, antibody testing can support the control of FPV outbreaks by identifying potentially unprotected cats. Antibody testing has also been proposed to support decisions on optimal vaccination schedules for the individual kitten. However, such testing is still expensive and it is considered impractical to monitor the decline of maternally derived antibodies.
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Qu Z, Kang H, Cui C, Meng K, Zhang X, Qu L, Zhang Y, Meng G. Purification-induced damage to calicivirus particles at near-atomic resolution. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35579608 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification of virus particles is an essential process for the manufacture of vaccines. However, the application of different purification processes may affect the quality of the virus particles, such as structural integrity and homogeneity, which may further influence the infectivity and immunogenicity of the purified virus. In this study, we took Feline calicivirus (FCV), a common natural pathogen in cats belonging to Caliciviridae, as a research model. By using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we incorporated the 3D classification process as a virus flexibility evaluation system. Cryo-EM images of virus particles resulting from different purification processes were compared at near-atomic resolution. The results indicated that molecular sieving purification will impact the stability of P-domains through increasing flexibility as determined by the evaluation system, which can be extended to assess the purification effect on the entire particle. This evaluation process can be further applied to all non-enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hongtao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Chenxi Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kaiwen Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Liandong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China
| | - Geng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, PR China
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Tasker S, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Addie DD, Lutz H, Thiry E, Radford AD, Möstl K. Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:937. [PMID: 35632680 PMCID: PMC9145992 DOI: 10.3390/v14050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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9
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Spiri AM, Novacco M, Meli ML, Stirn M, Riond B, Fogle JE, Boretti FS, Herbert I, Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Modified-Live Feline Calicivirus Vaccination Elicits Cellular Immunity against a Current Feline Calicivirus Field Strain in an Experimental Feline Challenge Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091736. [PMID: 34578316 PMCID: PMC8473420 DOI: 10.3390/v13091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cat virus associated with oral ulcerations and virulent-systemic disease. Efficacious FCV vaccines protect against severe disease but not against infection. The high genetic diversity of FCV poses a challenge in vaccine design. Protection against FCV has been related to humoral and cellular immunity; the latter has not been studied in detail. This study investigates the cellular and humoral immune response of specified pathogen-free (SPF) cats after modified-live FCV F9 vaccinations and two heterologous FCV challenges by the analysis of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine mRNA transcription levels, interferon (IFN)-γ release assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), anti-FCV antibodies, and neutralisation activity. Vaccinated cats developed a Th1 cytokine response after vaccination. Vaccination resulted in antibodies with neutralising activity against the vaccine but not the challenge viruses. Remarkably, IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs were detected in vaccinated cats upon stimulation with the vaccine strain and the first heterologous FCV challenge strain. After the first experimental infection, the mRNA transcription levels of perforin, granzyme B, INF-γ, and antiviral factor MX1 and the number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the first challenge virus were higher in vaccinated cats compared to control cats. The first FCV challenge induced crossneutralising antibodies in all cats against the second challenge virus. Before the second challenge, vaccinated cats had a higher number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the second challenge virus than control cats. After the second FCV challenge, there were less significant differences detected between the groups regarding lymphocyte subsets and cytokine mRNA transcription levels. In conclusion, modified-live FCV vaccination induced cellular but not humoral crossimmunity in SPF cats; innate immune mechanisms, secretory and membranolytic pathways, and IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs seem to be important in the host immune defence against FCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-83-78
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Jonathan E. Fogle
- Comparative Immunology Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Felicitas S. Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Imogen Herbert
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
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Icariin, Formononetin and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Inhibit Feline Calicivirus Replication In Vitro. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2443-2450. [PMID: 34173062 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cats infected with feline calicivirus (FCV) often display oral ulcers and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death in severe cases. Antiviral therapy is one of the most effective ways to control FCV infection. Natural compounds in Chinese herbal medicines and medicinal plants provide abundant resources for research on antiviral drugs. In this study, we found that icariin (ICA), formononetin (FMN) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CPAE) show low cytotoxicity towards F81 cells, that the three natural compounds have apparent antiviral effects on FCV in vitro, and that they can inhibit different FCV strains. Then, we found that ICA and FMN mainly function in the early stage of FCV infection, while CAPE can function in both the early and late stages of FCV infection. Finally, we found that ICA has an antagonistic effect on FMN and CAPE in FCV infection, and FMN has a synergistic effect with CAPE against FCV infection. Our results showed that ICA, FMN and CAPE may be potential drug candidates for FCV-induced diseases.
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Beatty JA, Hartmann K. Advances in Feline Viruses and Viral Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050923. [PMID: 34067533 PMCID: PMC8156448 DOI: 10.3390/v13050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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12
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Songaksorn N, Petsophonsakul W, Pringproa K, Lampang KN, Sthitmatee N, Srifawattana N, Piyarungsri K, Thongkorn K. Prevalence of autoantibodies that bind to kidney tissues in cats and association risk with antibodies to feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e38. [PMID: 34056879 PMCID: PMC8170220 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia (FVRCP) vaccine, prepared from viruses grown in the Crandell-Rees feline kidney cell line, can induce antibodies to cross-react with feline kidney tissues. OBJECTIVES This study surveyed the prevalence of autoantibodies to feline kidney tissues and their association with the frequency of FVRCP vaccination. METHODS Serum samples and kidneys were collected from 156 live and 26 cadaveric cats. Antibodies that bind to kidney tissues and antibodies to the FVRCP antigen were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and kidney-bound antibody patterns were investigated by examining immunofluorescence. Proteins recognized by antibodies were identified by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The prevalences of autoantibodies that bind to kidney tissues in cats were 41% and 13% by ELISA and immunofluorescence, respectively. Kidney-bound antibodies were observed at interstitial cells, apical border, and cytoplasm of proximal and distal tubules; the antibodies were bound to proteins with molecular weights of 40, 47, 38, and 20 kDa. There was no direct link between vaccination and anti-kidney antibodies, but positive antibodies to kidney tissues were significantly associated with the anti-FVRCP antibody. The odds ratio or association in finding the autoantibody in cats with the antibody to FVRCP was 2.8 times higher than that in cats without the antibody to FVRCP. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results demonstrate an association between anti-FVRCP and anti-cat kidney tissues. However, an increase in the risk of inducing kidney-bound antibodies by repeat vaccinations could not be shown directly. It will be interesting to expand the sample size and follow-up on whether these autoantibodies can lead to kidney function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisakorn Songaksorn
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Petsophonsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kannika Na Lampang
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Nuttawan Srifawattana
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kakanang Piyarungsri
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kriangkrai Thongkorn
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.,Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Circulatory Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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13
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Cui Z, Li D, Xie Y, Wang K, Zhang Y, Li G, Zhang Q, Chen X, Teng Y, Zhao S, Shao J, Xingmeng F, Zhao Y, Du D, Guo Y, Huang H, Dong H, Hu G, Zhang S, Zhao Y. Nitazoxanide protects cats from feline calicivirus infection and acts synergistically with mizoribine in vitro. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104827. [PMID: 32579897 PMCID: PMC7306210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes acute upper respiratory infections and oral disease in cats, thus seriously endangering feline health. Recently, there have been outbreaks of particularly virulent variant strains of FCV, which can cause both acute symptoms and fatal systemic disease. The discovery of effective antiviral agents to treat FCV infection is, therefore, gradually assuming increased importance. In this study, we showed that both nitazoxanide and mizoribine had antiviral activity in F81 cells infected with different strains of FCV and also demonstrated a synergistic effect between the two drugs. Experiments in cats challenged with FCV showed that nitazoxanide significantly reduced the clinical symptoms of FCV infection, reduced viral load in the trachea and lungs, and reduced viral shedding. Our results showed that nitazoxanide and mizoribine could potentially be used as therapeutic agents to treat FCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanding Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dengliang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yinli Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Guohua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiaoxueying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yue Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shihui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fan Xingmeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dongju Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanbing Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guixue Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China.
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