1
|
Zhang Q, Zheng X, Zhang F, Cui X, Yan N, Hu J, Guo Y, Wang X. Unveiling of the Co-Infection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and Caprine Enterovirus in Goat Herds with Severe Diarrhea in China. Viruses 2024; 16:986. [PMID: 38932277 PMCID: PMC11209052 DOI: 10.3390/v16060986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the discovery of two viruses associated with a disease characterized by severe diarrhea on a large-scale goat farm in Jilin province. Electron Microscopy observations revealed two kinds of virus particles with the sizes of 150-210 nm and 20-30 nm, respectively. Detection of 276 fecal specimens from the diseased herds showed the extensive infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (63.77%, 176/276) and caprine enterovirus (76.81%, 212/276), with a co-infection rate of 57.97% (160/276). These results were partially validated with RT-PCR, where all five PPRV-positive and CEV-positive specimens yielded the expected size of fragments, respectively, while no fragments were amplified from PPRV-negative and CEV-negative specimens. Moreover, corresponding PPRV and CEV fragments were amplified in PPRV and CEV double-positive specimens. Histopathological examinations revealed severe microscopic lesions such as degeneration, necrosis, and detachment of epithelial cells in the bronchioles and intestine. An immunohistochemistry assay detected PPRV antigens in bronchioles, cartilage tissue, intestine, and lymph nodes. Simultaneously, caprine enterovirus antigens were detected in lung, kidney, and intestinal tissues from the goats infected by the peste des petits ruminants virus. These results demonstrated the co-infection of peste des petits ruminants virus with caprine enterovirus in goats, revealing the tissue tropism for these two viruses, thus laying a basis for the future diagnosis, prevention, and epidemiological survey for these two virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (N.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zafar S, Sarfraz MS, Ali S, Saeed L, Mahmood MS, Khan AU, Anwar MN. Recapitulation of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Prevalence in Small Ruminant Populations of Pakistan from 2004 to 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vet Sci 2024; 11:280. [PMID: 38922027 PMCID: PMC11209094 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an extremely transmissible viral disease caused by the PPR virus that impacts domestic small ruminants, namely sheep and goats. This study aimed to employ a methodical approach to evaluate the regional occurrence of PPR in small ruminants in Pakistan and the contributing factors that influence its prevalence. A thorough search was performed in various databases to identify published research articles between January 2004 and August 2023 on PPR in small ruminants in Pakistan. Articles were chosen based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 25 articles were selected from 1275 studies gathered from different databases. The overall pooled prevalence in Pakistan was calculated to be 51% (95% CI: 42-60), with heterogeneity I2 = 100%, τ2 = 0.0495, and p = 0. The data were summarized based on the division into five regions: Punjab, Baluchistan, KPK, Sindh, and GB and AJK. Among these, the pooled prevalence of PPR in Sindh was 61% (95% CI: 46-75), I2 = 100%, τ2 = 0.0485, and p = 0, while in KPK, it was 44% (95% CI: 26-63), I2 = 99%, τ2 = 0.0506, and p < 0.01. However, the prevalence of PPR in Baluchistan and Punjab was almost the same. Raising awareness, proper surveillance, and application of appropriate quarantine measures interprovincially and across borders must be maintained to contain the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Zafar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; (S.Z.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Muhammad Shehroz Sarfraz
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; (S.Z.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Sultan Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; (S.Z.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Laiba Saeed
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Shahid Mahmood
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; (S.Z.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Aman Ullah Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Jhang Campus), Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; (S.Z.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carrera-Faja L, Yesson C, Jones BA, Benfield CTO, Kock RA. An Integrated Ecological Niche Modelling Framework for Risk Mapping of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Exposure in African Buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) in the Greater Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem. Pathogens 2023; 12:1423. [PMID: 38133306 PMCID: PMC10747384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants that threatens livelihoods and food security in developing countries and, in some cases, wild ungulate species conservation. The Greater Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem (GSME) encompasses one of the major wildlife populations of PPR virus (PPRV)-susceptible species left on earth, although no clinical disease has been reported so far. This study aimed to gain further knowledge about PPRV circulation in the GSME by identifying which factors predict PPRV seropositivity in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Following an ecological niche modeling framework to map host-pathogen distribution, two models of PPRV exposure and buffalo habitat suitability were performed using serological data and buffalo censuses. Western Maasai Mara National Reserve and Western Serengeti National Park were identified as high-risk areas for PPRV exposure in buffalo. Variables related to wildlife-livestock interaction contributed to the higher risk of PPRV seropositivity in buffalo, providing supportive evidence that buffalo acquire the virus through contact with infected livestock. These findings can guide the design of cost-effective PPRV surveillance using buffalo as a sentinel species at the identified high-risk locations. As more intensive studies have been carried out in Eastern GSME, this study highlights the need for investigating PPRV dynamics in Western GSME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrera-Faja
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Chris Yesson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK;
| | - Bryony A. Jones
- WOAH Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Camilla T. O. Benfield
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Richard A. Kock
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tully M, Batten C, Ashby M, Mahapatra M, Parekh K, Parida S, Njeumi F, Willett B, Bataille A, Libeau G, Kwiatek O, Caron A, Berguido FJ, Lamien CE, Cattoli G, Misinzo G, Keyyu J, Mdetele D, Gakuya F, Bodjo SC, Taha FA, Elbashier HM, Khalafalla AI, Osman AY, Kock R. The evaluation of five serological assays in determining seroconversion to peste des petits ruminants virus in typical and atypical hosts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14787. [PMID: 37684280 PMCID: PMC10491793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an infectious viral disease, primarily of small ruminants such as sheep and goats, but is also known to infect a wide range of wild and domestic Artiodactyls including African buffalo, gazelle, saiga and camels. The livestock-wildlife interface, where free-ranging animals can interact with captive flocks, is the subject of scrutiny as its role in the maintenance and spread of PPR virus (PPRV) is poorly understood. As seroconversion to PPRV indicates previous infection and/or vaccination, the availability of validated serological tools for use in both typical (sheep and goat) and atypical species is essential to support future disease surveillance and control strategies. The virus neutralisation test (VNT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been validated using sera from typical host species. Still, the performance of these assays in detecting antibodies from atypical species remains unclear. We examined a large panel of sera (n = 793) from a range of species from multiple countries (sourced 2015-2022) using three tests: VNT, ID VET N-ELISA and AU-PANVAC H-ELISA. A sub-panel (n = 30) was also distributed to two laboratories and tested using the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) and a pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay (PVNA). We demonstrate a 75.0-88.0% agreement of positive results for detecting PPRV antibodies in sera from typical species between the VNT and commercial ELISAs, however this decreased to 44.4-62.3% in sera from atypical species, with an inter-species variation. The LIPS and PVNA strongly correlate with the VNT and ELISAs for typical species but vary when testing sera from atypical species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Ashby
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (UoG), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Genevieve Libeau
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco J Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO and IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO and IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO and IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Julius Keyyu
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Francis Gakuya
- Wildlife Research & Training Institute (WRTI), Karagita, Kenya
| | - Sanne Charles Bodjo
- Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre for African Union (AU-PANVAC), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdinasir Y Osman
- National Institute of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health, Mogadishu, Somalia
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Kock
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lugonzo G, Gitao G, Bebora L, Lutta HO. Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Coinfections in Goats in Kwale County, Kenya. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:5513916. [PMID: 37485298 PMCID: PMC10361832 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5513916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Goats are among the most important small ruminants affected by Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) diseases, two of the most significant constraints worldwide to the production of small ruminant species. Herein, the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and the latex agglutination test (LAT) were used to determine the coinfections of PPR and CCPP in goats in Kwale County on Kenya's South Coast. A total of 368 serum samples were collected from goats of various ages and sexes exhibiting respiratory distress in the four subcounties of Kwale County (Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni) and screened for PPR and CCPP antibodies. Of the 368 goats sampled, 259 (70.4%) were females and 109 (29.6%) were males, and 126 (34.2%), 71 (19.3%), 108 (29.3%), and 63 (17.1%) samples were collected from Kinango, Matuga, Lunga Lunga, and Msambweni, respectively. The overall PPR seropositivity rate was 48.6% (179/368); rates in Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni were 70.6%, 29.6%, 49.3%, and 36.5%, respectively. The overall CCPP seropositivity rate was 45.4% (167/368), while rates in Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni were 51.6%, 49.1%, 36.6%, and 36.5%, respectively. Notably, the seropositivity of PPR was higher in male (53.3%) than in female (46.72%) goats, though not statistically significant. In addition, the CCPP seropositivity rates were not significantly different between male (44.0%) and female (45.9%) goats. Regarding age, the PPR seropositivity rates were 45.9%, 55.8%, and 52.3% in adults, kids, and weaners, respectively. For CCPP, the seropositivity rates were 48.3%, 40.4%, and 42.3% in adults, kids, and weaners, respectively. The coinfection rate of PPR and CCPP was 22.3% (82/368). Despite the high coinfection, univariate analysis revealed no relationship between PPR and CCPP infections. However, given the high PPR and CCPP infection rates, as a result of separate or coinfection, there is a need to upscale or intensify vaccination in the county.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Lugonzo
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Biotechnology Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Gitao
- University of Nairobi, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilly Bebora
- University of Nairobi, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harrison Osundwa Lutta
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Biotechnology Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogenetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Circulating in Sheep in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/1175689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of small ruminants that is highly contagious, severe, reportable, and economically important. The present study was conducted to detect the PPR virus (PPRV) circulating in sheep in Bangladesh to determine its association with epidemiological risk factors and the degree of relationship between the F and H genes of the PPRV of sheep with those of other sheep and goat isolates. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five selected districts of Bangladesh to collect data on locations, ecological zones, breeds, age, sex, sources, time period, and farming systems using a structured questionnaire accompanied by face-to-face interviews. During sampling, 250 nasal swab samples were collected from live sheep with the typical clinical signs of PPR. Thereafter, a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was employed to detect PPRV using the F and H genes. Risk factors were determined using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of the detected PPRV was performed using MEGA software after sequencing both F and H genes. Using RT-PCR, 35.6% (89/250, 95% CI: 29.6%–41.6%) of the samples were found to be positive for PPRV. Locations, breeds, sources, and feeding systems were identified as potential molecular epidemiological risk factors for PPRV infection in a multivariate logistic regression model. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the PPRV strain was genetically related to the lineage IV virus isolates. For the F gene, the sequence divergence of our gene and other selected genes ranged from 0.01% to 0.018% within lineage IV, and the similarity ranged from 98.2% to 99.0%. In the case of the H gene, similar results were also observed in divergence, ranging from 0.017% to 0.083% among lineage IV and others, and similarity varied from 91.7% to 98.3%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh conducted to determine the RT-PCR-based molecular epidemiology of PPRV in sheep. This study highlights the importance of establishing successful interventions for managing PPRV infections in small ruminants in Bangladesh.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li ZC, Lu LF, Zhang C, Wang XL, Tong JF, Han KJ, Chen DD, Li XY, Zhou L, Gui JF, Li S. GCRV NS38 counteracts SVCV proliferation by intracellular antagonization during co-infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:142-156. [PMID: 36526167 PMCID: PMC10006313 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral co-infection has been found in animals; however, the mechanisms of co-infection are unclear. The abundance and diversity of viruses in water make fish highly susceptible to co-infection. Here, we reported a co-infection in fish, which resulted in reduced host lethality and illustrated the intracellular molecular mechanism of viral co-infection. The spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a highly lethal virus that infects Cyprinidae, such as zebrafish. The mortality of SVCV infection was significantly reduced when co-infected with the grass carp reovirus (GCRV). The severity of tissue damage and viral proliferation of SVCV was also reduced in co-infection with GCRV. The transcriptome bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the effect on the host transcripts in response to SVCV infection was significantly reduced in co-infection. After excluding the extracellular interactions of these two viruses, the intracellular mechanisms were studied. We found that the GCRV NS38 remarkably decreased SVCV infection and viral proliferation. The interaction between GCRV NS38 and SVCV nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) proteins was identified, and NS38 downregulated both N and P proteins. Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein was degraded by NS38 indispensable of the autophagy receptor, sequestosome 1 (p62). Meanwhile, K63-linked ubiquitination of the P protein was reduced by NS38, leading to ubiquitinated degradation of the P protein. These results reveal that the intracellular viral protein interactions are a crucial mechanism of co-infection and influence the host pathology and expand our understanding in intracellular viral interactions co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue-Li Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jin-Feng Tong
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke-Jia Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi-Yin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Clinical, Pathological, Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of Recent Outbreaks of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Domestic and Wild Small Ruminants in the Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010056. [PMID: 36669056 PMCID: PMC9862675 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious animal disease affecting small ruminants, leading to significant economic losses. There has been little published data on PPR virus (PPRV) infection in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) Methods: four outbreaks reported in goats and Dama gazelle in 2021 were investigated using pathological and molecular testing; (3) Results: The infected animals showed symptoms of dyspnea, oculo-nasal secretions, cough, and diarrhea. Necropsy findings were almost similar in all examined animals and compliant to the classical forms of the disease. Phylogenetic analysis based on N gene and F gene partial sequences revealed a circulation of PPRV Asian lineage IV in the UAE, and these sequences clustered close to the sequences of PPRV from United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Iran; (4) Conclusions: PPRV Asian lineage IV is currently circulating in the UAE. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first study describing PPRV in domestic small ruminant in the UAE.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jemberu WT, Knight-Jones TJD, Gebru A, Mekonnen SA, Yirga A, Sibhatu D, Rushton J. Economic impact of a peste des petits ruminants outbreak and vaccination cost in northwest Ethiopia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2084-e2092. [PMID: 35353947 PMCID: PMC9790723 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important endemic disease of small ruminants in Ethiopia. While vaccination is widely used in the country to control the disease, quantitative estimates of the actual economic losses due to outbreaks and costs of vaccination are scarce. This study assessed the economic impact and costs of PPR vaccination in Metema district, northwest Ethiopia. The economic impact of the disease was estimated from an outbreak investigation including interviews with 233 smallholder farmers in PPR-affected kebeles (subdistricts). The cost of PPR vaccination was obtained from vaccination programs in six kebeles of the district and from secondary data in the district veterinary office. In the investigated PPR outbreak, animal-level PPR morbidity and mortality rates were 51% and 22%, respectively, in sheep and 51% and 25%, respectively, in goats. The flock level morbidity rate was 83% for sheep flocks and 87% for goat flocks. The mean flock level loss was Ethiopian Birr (ETB) 7835 (USD 329 in 2018 average exchange rate) (95% CI: 5954-9718) for affected sheep flocks and ETB 7136 (USD 300) (95% CI: 5869-8404) for affected goat flocks. The losses in all study flocks during the outbreak were ETB 319 (USD 13.4) per sheep and ETB 306 (USD 12.9) per goat. Mortality accounted for more than 70% of the total losses in both sheep and goat flocks. Vaccination costs for PPR were estimated at ETB 3 per correctly vaccinated animal. Based on the estimated animal-level direct economic losses and vaccination cost, it can be conjectured that vaccination will pay if a district PPR outbreak occurs more than once every 13 years. This does not account for additional benefits from vaccine-derived herd immunity reducing disease burden in the wider population. In conclusion, PPR caused high morbidity and mortality in the affected flocks and resulted in high economic losses, equivalent to 14% of annual household income, dramatically affecting the livelihoods of affected flock owners. The vaccination practised in the district is likely to have a positive economic return, with strengthened vaccination programmes bringing reduced economic impact and improved livelihoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wudu T Jemberu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Alemseged Gebru
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sefinew A Mekonnen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Andnet Yirga
- Department of Veterinary Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Sibhatu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
SowjanyaKumari S, Bhavya AP, Akshata N, Kumar KV, Bokade PP, Suresh KP, Shome BR, Balamurugan V. Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1589-1606. [PMID: 35546985 PMCID: PMC9083865 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) or goat plague is considered a leading, highly contagious, and most lethal infectious viral disease of small ruminants affecting the worldwide livestock economy and international animal trade. Although sheep and goats are the primarily affected, the PPR Virus (PPRV) host range has expanded to other livestock (large ruminants) and wildlife animals over the last few decades, resulting in serious concern to the ongoing PPR global eradication program, which is primarily optimized, designed, and targeted towards accessible sheep and goat population. A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and spill-over infection of PPRV in large ruminants (bovine and camel) and wildlife. Published articles from 2001 to October 2021 on the "PPR" were searched in four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Google Scholars. The articles were then selected using inclusion criteria (detection/prevalence of PPRV in bovine, camel, and wildlife population), exclusion criteria (only sheep or goats, lack of prevalence data, experimental trial, test evaluation, and reviews written in other languages or published before 2001), and the prevalence was estimated by random effect meta-analysis model. In the current study, all published articles belonged to Africa and Asia. The overall pooled prevalence of PPR estimates was 24% (95% CI: 15-33), with 30% in Asia (95% CI: 14-49) and 20% in Africa (95% CI: 11-30). The overall estimated pooled prevalence at an Africa-Asia level in bovine and camel was 13% (95% CI: 8-19), and in wildlife, it was 52% (95% CI: 30-74) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97%) in most pooled estimates with a high prevalence in atypical hosts and wildlife across Asia and Africa. Over the last two decades, the host range has increased drastically in the wildlife population, even for prevalent PPR in the unnatural hosts only for a short time, contributing to virus persistence in multi-host systems with an impact on PPR control and eradication program. This observation on the epidemiology of the PPRV in unnatural hosts demands appropriate intervention strategies, particularly at the livestock-wildlife interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A P Bhavya
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N Akshata
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K V Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Bokade
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Retrospective Characterization of Initial Peste des petits ruminants Outbreaks (2008-2012) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122373. [PMID: 34960642 PMCID: PMC8708707 DOI: 10.3390/v13122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, contagious viral disease of small ruminants, goats and sheep. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was a PPR-free country until 2007, although in 2006, scare alerts were received from the east and the southwest of the country, reporting repeated mortalities, specifically in goats. In 2008, PPR outbreaks were seen in several villages in the west, leading to structured veterinary field operations. Blood, swabs and pathological specimens consisting of tissues from lungs, spleens, lymph nodes, kidneys, livers and hearts were ethically collected from clinically infected and/or dead animals, as appropriate, in 35 districts. Epidemiological information relating to major risk factors and socio-economic impact was progressively collected, revealing the deaths of 744,527 goats, which converted to a trade value of USD 35,674,600. Samples from infected and dead animals were routinely analyzed by the Central Veterinary Laboratory at Kinshasa for diagnosis, and after official declaration of PPR outbreaks by the FAO in July 2012, selected tissue samples were sent to The Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom, for genotyping. As a result of surveys undertaken between 2008 and 2012, PPR virus (PPRV)-specific antibodies were detected in 25 locations out of 33 tested (75.7%); PPRV nucleic acid was detected in 25 locations out of 35 (71.4%); and a typical clinical picture of PPR was observed in 23 locations out of 35 (65.7%). Analysis of the partial and full genome sequences of PPR viruses (PPRVs) obtained from lymphoid tissues of dead goats collected in Tshela in the DRC in 2012 confirmed the circulation of lineage IV PPRV, showing the highest homology (99.6-100%) with the viruses circulating in the neighboring countries of Gabon, in the Aboumi outbreak in 2011, and Nigeria (99.3% homology) in 2013, although recent outbreaks in 2016 and 2018 in the western part of the DRC that borders with East Africa demonstrated circulation of lineage II and lineage III PPRV.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mahapatra M, Neto MM, Khunti A, Njeumi F, Parida S. Development and Evaluation of a Nested PCR for Improved Diagnosis and Genetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3170. [PMID: 34827902 PMCID: PMC8614562 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants caused by PPR virus (PPRV). PPR is endemic in Asia, the Middle East and across large areas of Africa and is currently targeted for global eradication by 2030. The virus exists as four different lineages that are usually limited to specific geographical areas. However, recent reports of spread of PPRV, in particular of lineage IV viruses to infection-free countries and previously PPR endemic areas are noteworthy. A rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis and reports on its epidemiological linkage for virus spread play a major role in the effective control and eradication of the disease. Currently, molecular assays, including conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) are usually used for diagnosis of PPR while the sequencing of part of the nucleocapsid gene is usually carried out for the viral lineage identification. However, it is difficult to diagnose and sequence the genetic material if the animal excreted a low level of virus at the initial stage of infection or if the PPRV is degraded during the long-distance transportation of samples to the reference laboratories. This study describes the development of a novel nested RT-PCR assay for the detection of the PPRV nucleic acid by targeting the N-protein gene, compares the performance of the assay with the existing conventional RT-PCR and also provides good-quality DNA suitable for sequencing in order to identify circulating lineages. The assay was evaluated using cell culture propagated PPRVs, field samples from clinically infected animals and samples from experimentally infected animals encompassing all four lineages (I-IV) of PPRV. This assay provides a solution with an easy, accurate, rapid and cost-effective PPR diagnostic and partial genome sequencing for use in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Martin Mayora Neto
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Asha Khunti
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.N.); (A.K.)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kinimi E, Mahapatra M, Kgotlele T, Makange MR, Tennakoon C, Njeumi F, Odongo S, Muyldermans S, Kock R, Parida S, Rweyemamu M, Misinzo G. Complete Genome Sequencing of Field Isolates of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus from Tanzania Revealed a High Nucleotide Identity with Lineage III PPR Viruses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2976. [PMID: 34679994 PMCID: PMC8532778 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly devastating disease of sheep and goats that threatens food security, small ruminant production and susceptible endangered wild ruminants. With policy directed towards achieving global PPR eradication, the establishment of cost-effective genomic surveillance tools is critical where PPR is endemic. Genomic data can provide sufficient in-depth information to identify the pockets of endemicity responsible for PPRV persistence and viral evolution, and direct an appropriate vaccination response. Yet, access to the required sequencing technology is low in resource-limited settings and is compounded by the difficulty of transporting clinical samples from wildlife across international borders due to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, and Nagoya Protocol regulations. Oxford nanopore MinION sequencing technology has recently demonstrated an extraordinary performance in the sequencing of PPRV due to its rapidity, utility in endemic countries and comparatively low cost per sample when compared to other whole-genome (WGS) sequencing platforms. In the present study, Oxford nanopore MinION sequencing was utilised to generate complete genomes of PPRV isolates collected from infected goats in Ngorongoro and Momba districts in the northern and southern highlands of Tanzania during 2016 and 2018, respectively. The tiling multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with twenty-five pairs of long-read primers. The resulting PCR amplicons were used for nanopore library preparation and sequencing. The analysis of output data was complete genomes of PPRV, produced within four hours of sequencing (accession numbers: MW960272 and MZ322753). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes revealed a high nucleotide identity, between 96.19 and 99.24% with lineage III PPRV currently circulating in East Africa, indicating a common origin. The Oxford nanopore MinION sequencer can be deployed to overcome diagnostic and surveillance challenges in the PPR Global Control and Eradication program. However, the coverage depth was uneven across the genome and amplicon dropout was observed mainly in the GC-rich region between the matrix (M) and fusion (F) genes of PPRV. Thus, larger field studies are needed to allow the collection of sufficient data to assess the robustness of nanopore sequencing technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edson Kinimi
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (S.P.); (M.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3017, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (T.K.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Tebogo Kgotlele
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (T.K.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Mariam R. Makange
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (T.K.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Steven Odongo
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Satya Parida
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (S.P.); (M.R.)
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (M.M.); (C.T.)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (S.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (S.P.); (M.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania; (T.K.); (M.R.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Review of Peste des Petits Ruminants Occurrence and Spread in Tanzania. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061698. [PMID: 34200290 PMCID: PMC8230322 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), caused by PPR virus (PPRV), is a transboundary animal disease of sheep and goats that has a significant impact on farmer’s livelihoods, food and nutritional security; and threatens susceptible wildlife. This review compiled information on the introduction and spread of PPR in Tanzania, from published and unpublished sources. PPR was first confirmed in Tanzania in 2008, but could have been present earlier, based on antibody detection in archived sera. The virus was probably introduced to northern Tanzania through cross-border movement of sheep and goats, and afterwards spread to eastern, central and southern Tanzania through movement of animals by pastoralists and traders. Genome sequencing shows that there have been several introductions of PPRV and it is now considered to be endemic. PPR has not been observed in cattle, camels or wildlife, but sera collected from these species contain PPRV antibodies, indicating virus exposure, probably through contact with infected sheep and goats. Some challenges for PPR control in Tanzania include the spread of the disease through small ruminants movements for pastoralism and trade, and limited veterinary services for disease surveillance and vaccination. The socio-economic impact of PPR justifies investment in a comprehensive disease eradication programme. Abstract Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important transboundary animal disease of domestic small ruminants, camels, and wild artiodactyls. The disease has significant socio-economic impact on communities that depend on livestock for their livelihood and is a threat to endangered susceptible wild species. The aim of this review was to describe the introduction of PPR to Tanzania and its subsequent spread to different parts of the country. On-line databases were searched for peer-reviewed and grey literature, formal and informal reports were obtained from Tanzanian Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centres and Laboratories, and Veterinary Officers involved with PPR surveillance were contacted. PPR virus (PPRV) was confirmed in northern Tanzania in 2008, although serological data from samples collected in the region in 1998 and 2004, and evidence that the virus was already circulating in Uganda in 2003, suggests that PPRV might have been present earlier than this. It is likely that the virus which became established in Tanzania was introduced from Kenya between 2006–7 through the cross-border movement of small ruminants for trade or grazing resources, and then spread to eastern, central, and southern Tanzania from 2008 to 2010 through movement of small ruminants by pastoralists and traders. There was no evidence of PPRV sero-conversion in wildlife based on sera collected up to 2012, suggesting that they did not play a vectoring or bridging role in the establishment of PPRV in Tanzania. PPRV lineages II, III and IV have been detected, indicating that there have been several virus introductions. PPRV is now considered to be endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, but there has been no evidence of PPR clinical disease in wildlife species in Tanzania, although serum samples collected in 2014 from several wild ruminant species were PPRV sero-positive. Similarly, no PPR disease has been observed in cattle and camels. In these atypical hosts, serological evidence indicates exposure to PPRV infection, most likely through spillover from infected sheep and goats. Some of the challenges for PPRV eradication in Tanzania include movements of small ruminants, including transboundary movements, and the capacity of veterinary services for disease surveillance and vaccination. Using wildlife and atypical domestic hosts for PPR surveillance is a useful indicator of endemism and the ongoing circulation of PPRV in livestock, especially during the implementation of vaccination to control or eliminate the disease in sheep and goats. PPR disease has a major socio-economic impact in Tanzania, which justifies the investment in a comprehensive PPRV eradication programme.
Collapse
|
15
|
Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, 2015-2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050838. [PMID: 34066336 PMCID: PMC8148116 DOI: 10.3390/v13050838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of goats and sheep that occurs in Africa, the Middle East and Asia with a severe impact on livelihoods and livestock trade. Many wild artiodactyls are susceptible to PPR virus (PPRV) infection, and some outbreaks have threatened endangered wild populations. The role of wild species in PPRV epidemiology is unclear, which is a knowledge gap for the Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR. These studies aimed to investigate PPRV infection in wild artiodactyls in the Greater Serengeti and Amboseli ecosystems of Kenya and Tanzania. Out of 132 animals purposively sampled in 2015–2016, 19.7% were PPRV seropositive by ID Screen PPR competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; IDvet, France) from the following species: African buffalo, wildebeest, topi, kongoni, Grant’s gazelle, impala, Thomson’s gazelle, warthog and gerenuk, while waterbuck and lesser kudu were seronegative. In 2018–2019, a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected African buffalo and Grant’s gazelle herds was conducted. The weighted estimate of PPRV seroprevalence was 12.0% out of 191 African buffalo and 1.1% out of 139 Grant’s gazelles. All ocular and nasal swabs and faeces were negative by PPRV real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Investigations of a PPR-like disease in sheep and goats confirmed PPRV circulation in the area by rapid detection test and/or RT-qPCR. These results demonstrated serological evidence of PPRV infection in wild artiodactyl species at the wildlife–livestock interface in this ecosystem where PPRV is endemic in domestic small ruminants. Exposure to PPRV could be via spillover from infected small ruminants or from transmission between wild animals, while the relatively low seroprevalence suggests that sustained transmission is unlikely. Further studies of other major wild artiodactyls in this ecosystem are required, such as impala, Thomson’s gazelle and wildebeest.
Collapse
|
16
|
Idoga ES, Armson B, Alafiatayo R, Ogwuche A, Mijten E, Ekiri AB, Varga G, Cook AJC. A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:592662. [PMID: 33324702 PMCID: PMC7723822 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.592662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with high mortality. The disease is of considerable economic importance in countries such as Tanzania, where small ruminant products are important for sustainable livelihoods. This review assesses current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of PPRV in Tanzania, highlighting the challenges with respect to control and suggesting possible interventions. Thirty-three articles were identified after literature searches using Google Scholar and PubMed. Studies revealed that PPRV is endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, although seropositivity has also been reported in cattle, camels, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest and impala, but with no clinical manifestation. Three lineages (lineage II to IV) of PPRV have been identified in Tanzania, implying at least two separate introductions of the virus. Diagnosis of PPR in Tanzania is mostly by observation of clinical signs and lesions at post mortem. Risk factors in Tanzania include age, sex, species, and close contact of animals from different farms/localities. Although there is an efficacious vaccine available for PPR, poor disease surveillance, low vaccine coverage, and uncontrolled animal movements have been the bane of control efforts for PPR in Tanzania. There is need for collaborative efforts to develop interventions to control and eradicate the disease. The establishment of a national reference laboratory for PPR, conduct of surveillance, the development of high-quality DIVA vaccines, as well as execution of a carefully planned national vaccination campaign may be key to the control and subsequent eradication of PPR in Tanzania and achieving the global goal of eradicating PPR by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enokela S. Idoga
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Bryony Armson
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Adah Ogwuche
- Zoetis-ALPHA Initiative, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Erik Mijten
- Zoetis-ALPHA Initiative, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
"FastCheck FLI PPR-like"-A Molecular Tool for the Fast Genome Detection of PPRV and Differential Diagnostic Pathogens. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111227. [PMID: 33138260 PMCID: PMC7694148 DOI: 10.3390/v12111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To assist the global eradication of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a molecular test for the rapid and reliable detection of PPRV was developed which additionally enables the detection of pathogens relevant for differential diagnostics. For this purpose, the necessary time frame of a magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction protocol was markedly shortened to 7 min and 13 s. The optimized extraction was run on a BioSprint 15 platform. Furthermore, a high-speed multi-well RT-qPCR for the genome detection of PPRV and additional important pathogens such as Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Parapoxvirus ovis, Goatpox virus, and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was established and combined with suitable internal control assays. The here-described qPCR is based on a lyophilized master mix and takes only around 30 to 40 min. Several qPCR cyclers were evaluated regarding their suitability for fast-cycling approaches and for their diagnostic performance in a high-speed RT-qPCR. The final evaluation was conducted on the BioRad CFX96 and also on a portable Liberty16 qPCR cycler. The new molecular test designated as "FastCheckFLI PPR-like", which is based on rapid nucleic acid extraction and high-speed RT-qPCR, delivered reliable results in less than one hour, allowing its use also in a pen-side scenario.
Collapse
|
18
|
Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2147-2163. [PMID: 32653984 PMCID: PMC7497342 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.
Collapse
|
19
|
Halecker S, Joseph S, Mohammed R, Wernery U, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Comparative evaluation of different antigen detection methods for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2881-2891. [PMID: 32502324 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a fatal disease of small ruminants which has spread rapidly to previously PPR-free countries in recent decades, causing enormous economic losses in the affected regions. Here, two newly emerged PPR virus (PPRV) isolates from India and from the Middle East were tested in an animal trial to analyse their pathogenesis, and to evaluate serological and molecular detection methods. Animals infected with the two different PPRV isolates showed marked differences in clinical manifestation and scoring. The PPRV isolate from India was less virulent than the virus from the Middle East. Commercially available rapid detection methods for PPRV antigen (two Lateral Flow Devices (LFDs) and one antigen ELISA) were evaluated in comparison with a nucleic acid detection method. For this purpose, ocular and nasal swabs were used. Due to the easy non-invasive sampling, faecal samples were also analysed. For all rapid antigen detection methods, a high specificity of 100% was observed independent of the sample matrix and dilution buffers used. Both antigen ELISA and LFD tests showed highest sensitivities for nasal swabs. Here, the detection rate of the antigen ELISA, the LFD-PESTE-TEST and the LFD-ID Rapid-Test was 78%, 75% and 78%, respectively. Ocular swabs were less suitable for antigen detection of PPRV. These results reflect the increased viral load in nasal swabs of PPRV infected goats compared to ocular swabs. The faecal samples were the least suitable for antigen detection. In conclusion, nasal swab samples are the first choice for the antigen and genome detection of PPRV. Nevertheless, based on the excellent diagnostic specificity of the rapid tests, positive results generated with other sample matrices are solid. In contrast, negative test results can be caused on the reduced analytical sensitivity of the rapid antigen tests and must be treated with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Halecker
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rubeena Mohammed
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|