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Wei H, Zhao Y, Rui J, Li K, Abudunaibi B, Zhao Z, Song W, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu H, Zhang S, Li X, Luo K, Gavotte L, Frutos R, Chen T. Transmissibility of the variant of concern for SARS-CoV-2 in six regions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32164. [PMID: 38868071 PMCID: PMC11168441 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differences in transmissibility of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) in different districts are hard to assess. To address this, our study focused on calculating the Real-time reproduction number (R t ) for these variants in different regions. Methods According to the criteria defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), the global landscape was categorized into six distinct regions. In each region, the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant was first identified based on the proportion of variant sequencing analysis results. Then, using serial interval (SI) parameters, we calculated R t for the relevant Variant of Concern (VOC) in each region. This approach enabled us to compare the R t values of the same variant across different regions and analyze the transmissibility of each region's variant in relation to the overall situation in that region. Results The progression of VOC for SARS-CoV-2 shows regional variations. However, a common sequence of evolution is observed: Wild-type → Alpha → Beta → Delta → Omicron. Moreover, an increasing trend is discerned within diverse regions where the shift in R t of distinct VOC corresponds with the overarching R t route of SARS-CoV-2 in specific regions. Conclusion As the COVID-19 pandemic advances, regional epidemiological trends are aligning, likely due to similar virus mutations and shared public health strategies, suggesting opportunities for standardized global responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunkang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jia Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- CIRAD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kangguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Buasiyamu Abudunaibi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- CIRAD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Kaiwei Luo
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | | | | | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Lai J, Coleman KK, Tai SHS, German J, Hong F, Albert B, Esparza Y, Rastogi D, Srikakulapu A, Kalliomäki P, Schanz M, Smith AA, Sierra Maldonado I, Oertel M, Fadul N, Gold TL, McPhaul K, Ma T, Cowling BJ, Milton DK. Relative efficacy of masks and respirators as source control for viral aerosol shedding from people infected with SARS-CoV-2: a controlled human exhaled breath aerosol experimental study. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105157. [PMID: 38821778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight-fitting masks and respirators, in manikin studies, improved aerosol source control compared to loose-fitting masks. Whether this translates to humans is not known. METHODS We compared efficacy of masks (cloth and surgical) and respirators (KN95 and N95) as source control for SARS-CoV-2 viral load in exhaled breath of volunteers with COVID-19 using a controlled human experimental study. Volunteers (N = 44, 43% female) provided paired unmasked and masked breath samples allowing computation of source-control factors. FINDINGS All masks and respirators significantly reduced exhaled viral load, without fit tests or training. A duckbill N95 reduced exhaled viral load by 98% (95% CI: 97%-99%), and significantly outperformed a KN95 (p < 0.001) as well as cloth and surgical masks. Cloth masks outperformed a surgical mask (p = 0.027) and the tested KN95 (p = 0.014). INTERPRETATION These results suggest that N95 respirators could be the standard of care in nursing homes and healthcare settings when respiratory viral infections are prevalent in the community and healthcare-associated transmission risk is elevated. FUNDING Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and The Flu Lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Lai
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kristen K Coleman
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - S-H Sheldon Tai
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer German
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Filbert Hong
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Albert
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yi Esparza
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dewansh Rastogi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Aditya Srikakulapu
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Petri Kalliomäki
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Maria Schanz
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alycia A Smith
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Isabel Sierra Maldonado
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Molly Oertel
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Naja Fadul
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - T Louie Gold
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen McPhaul
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tianzhou Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Donald K Milton
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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Giancotti R, Lomoio U, Puccio B, Tradigo G, Vizza P, Torti C, Veltri P, Guzzi PH. The Omicron XBB.1 Variant and Its Descendants: Genomic Mutations, Rapid Dissemination and Notable Characteristics. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:90. [PMID: 38392308 PMCID: PMC10886209 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is a major threat to human health, has undergone many mutations during the replication process due to errors in the replication steps and modifications in the structure of viral proteins. The XBB variant was identified for the first time in Singapore in the fall of 2022. It was then detected in other countries, including the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. We study the impact of sequence changes on spike protein structure on the subvariants of XBB, with particular attention to the velocity of variant diffusion and virus activity with respect to its diffusion. We examine the structural and functional distinctions of the variants in three different conformations: (i) spike glycoprotein in complex with ACE2 (1-up state), (ii) spike glycoprotein (closed-1 state), and (iii) S protein (open-1 state). We also estimate the affinity binding between the spike protein and ACE2. The market binding affinity observed in specific variants raises questions about the efficacy of current vaccines in preparing the immune system for virus variant recognition. This work may be useful in devising strategies to manage the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. To stay ahead of the virus evolution, further research and surveillance should be carried out to adjust public health measures accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Giancotti
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ugo Lomoio
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Barbara Puccio
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Vizza
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veltri
- Department of Computer Engineering, Modelling, Electronics and System, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Pietro Hiram Guzzi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Ogwara CA, Ronberg JW, Cox SM, Wagner BM, Stotts JW, Chowell G, Spaulding AC, Fung ICH. Impact of public health policy and mobility change on transmission potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Rhode Island, March 2020 - November 2021. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:65-79. [PMID: 37075167 PMCID: PMC10769146 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2201984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential in Rhode Island (RI) and its association with policy changes and mobility changes, the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, was estimated. The daily incident case counts (16 March 2020, through 30 November 2021) were bootstrapped within a 15-day sliding window and multiplied by Poisson-distributed multipliers (λ = 4, sensitivity analysis: 11) to generate 1000 estimated infection counts, to which EpiEstim was applied to generate Rt time series. The median Rt percentage change when policies changed was estimated. The time lag correlations were assessed between the 7-day moving average of the relative changes in Google mobility data in the first 90 days, and Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. There were three major pandemic waves in RI in 2020-2021: spring 2020, winter 2020-2021 and fall-winter 2021. The median Rt fluctuated within the range of 0.5-2 from April 2020 to November 2021. Mask mandate (18 April 2020) was associated with a decrease in Rt (-25.99%, 95% CrI: -37.42%, -14.30%). Termination of mask mandates on 6 July 2021 was associated with an increase in Rt (36.74%, 95% CrI: 27.20%, 49.13%). Positive correlations were found between changes in grocery and pharmacy, Rt retail and recreation, transit, and workplace visits, for both Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. Negative correlations were found between changes in residential area visits for both Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. Public health policies enacted in RI were associated with changes in the pandemic trajectory. This ecological study provides further evidence of how non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination slowed COVID-19 transmission in RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozie A. Ogwara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer W. Ronberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Sierra M. Cox
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Briana M. Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline W. Stotts
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne C. Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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5
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Lau JTF, Ng JHY, Goodwin R, Kang TS, Fong VWI, Lau MMC, Yu Y. Level and factors of support for the Living with the Virus policy in a Chinese adult general population: a mediation analysis via positive and negative attitudes toward the policy. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1286596. [PMID: 38347928 PMCID: PMC10860402 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1286596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the public's support for the Living with the Virus (LWV) policy, its associated factors, and related mediations at a time when more countries were considering adopting the LWV policy amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A random, population-based telephone survey was conducted among 500 Chinese adults in Hong Kong during March/April 2022. Results 39.6% of the participants were supportive/strongly supportive of the LWV policy. Perceived efficacy of the control measures was negatively associated with the support and was partially mediated via the perception that the policy would greatly improve the economy/daily life of the policy. Perceived physical harms of the Omicron variant was negatively associated with the support and was fully mediated via perceived negative impacts of the policy. 26.2%/54.6% believed that the policy would improve the economy/daily life greatly; about 40% perceived negative impacts on deaths and the medical system due to the policy. COVID-19 ever infection did not significantly moderate the studied associations. Conclusion The public was split regarding the support for the LWV policy and whether it would cause better economy/daily life, unnecessary deaths, and the collapse of the medical system. Health communication is needed in shifting toward the LWV policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. F. Lau
- Public Mental Health Center, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joyce Hoi-Yuk Ng
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Robin Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tarandeep S. Kang
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian W. I. Fong
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mason M. C. Lau
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanqiu Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liu W, Huang Z, Xiao J, Wu Y, Xia N, Yuan Q. Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants: Genetic Impact on Viral Fitness. Viruses 2024; 16:184. [PMID: 38399960 PMCID: PMC10893260 DOI: 10.3390/v16020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last three years, the pandemic of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on people's lives and the global economy. The incessant emergence of variant strains has compounded the challenges associated with the management of COVID-19. As the predominant variant from late 2021 to the present, Omicron and its sublineages, through continuous evolution, have demonstrated iterative viral fitness. The comprehensive elucidation of the biological implications that catalyzed this evolution remains incomplete. In accordance with extant research evidence, we provide a comprehensive review of subvariants of Omicron, delineating alterations in immune evasion, cellular infectivity, and the cross-species transmission potential. This review seeks to clarify the underpinnings of biology within the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, thereby providing a foundation for strategic considerations in the post-pandemic era of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; (W.L.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zehong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; (W.L.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; (W.L.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; (W.L.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; (W.L.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; (W.L.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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7
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Ma Y, Xu S, Luo Y, Li J, Lei L, He L, Wang T, Yu H, Xie J. Model-based analysis of the incidence trends and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 associated with the Omicron variant in representative cities in China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2400. [PMID: 38042794 PMCID: PMC10693062 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2022, Omicron outbreaks occurred at multiple sites in China. It is of great importance to track the incidence trends and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to guide further interventions. METHODS Given the population size, economic level and transport level similarities, two groups of outbreaks (Shanghai vs. Chengdu and Sanya vs. Beihai) were selected for analysis. We developed the SEAIQRD, ARIMA, and LSTM models to seek optimal modeling techniques for waves associated with the Omicron variant regarding data predictive performance and mechanism transmission dynamics, respectively. In addition, we quantitatively modeled the impacts of different combinations of more stringent interventions on the course of the epidemic through scenario analyses. RESULTS The best-performing LSTM model showed better prediction accuracy than the best-performing SEAIQRD and ARIMA models in most cases studied. The SEAIQRD model had an absolute advantage in exploring the transmission dynamics of the outbreaks. Regardless of the time to inflection point or the time to Rt curve below 1.0, Shanghai was later than Chengdu (day 46 vs. day 12/day 54 vs. day 14), and Sanya was later than Beihai (day 16 vs. day 12/day 20 vs. day 16). Regardless of the number of peak cases or the cumulative number of infections, Shanghai was higher than Chengdu (34,350 vs. 188/623,870 vs. 2,181), and Sanya was higher than Beihai (1,105 vs. 203/16,289 vs. 3,184). Scenario analyses suggested that upgrading control level in advance, while increasing the index decline rate and quarantine rate, were of great significance for shortening the time to peak and Rt below 1.0, as well as reducing the number of peak cases and final affected population. CONCLUSIONS The LSTM model has great potential for predicting the prevalence of Omicron outbreaks, whereas the SEAIQRD model is highly effective in revealing their internal transmission mechanisms. We recommended the use of joint interventions to contain the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ma
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yuxin Luo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Lijian Lei
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Lu He
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Diseases Risk Assessment, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Jun Xie
- Center of Reverse Microbial Etiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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8
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Song W, Abudunaibi B, Zhao Z, Liu W, Wang X, Chen T. Analysis of the effect of PCR testing and antigen testing on controlling the transmission for Omicron based on different scenarios. Infect Dis Model 2023; 8:939-946. [PMID: 37608880 PMCID: PMC10440508 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the policy adjustment, China no longer carries out COVID-19 PCR testing for all people, and antigen testing has become the main way to detect and manage infectious sources. We developed a dynamic model to evaluate and compare the effects between PCR and antigen testing for controlling the pandemic. Due to the increase of contact degree, the peak reduction effect of PCR testing in population is lower than that of antigen testing. Even if it was only 20% of people isolated at home after antigen testing, the peak of the epidemic could be reduced by 9.46%. If the proportion of antigen testing is further increased to 80%, the peak of the pandemic can be reduced by 31.41%. Antigen testing performed better effects in school (reduction proportion 29.27%) and community (29.34%) than in workplace (27.75%). Therefore, we recommend that antigen testing in the population should be encouraged during the pandemic, and home isolation of infected persons should be advocated, especially in crowded places. To improve the availability of antigen, the testing proportion should be further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Buasiyamu Abudunaibi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Liu
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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Shang ZZ. Security or severity? A research of COVID-19 pandemic control policy based on nonlinear programming approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21080. [PMID: 38027929 PMCID: PMC10661509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge impacts to human health and world's econ-omy. Finding out the balance between social productions and pandemic control becomes crucial. In this paper, we first extend the SIR model by introducing two new status. We calibrate the model by 2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak. The results shows compared to zero-constraint policy, under our control policy, 50 % more life can be saved at the cost of 2.13 % loss of consumptions. Our results also emphasize the importance of the dynamic nature and the timing of control policy, either a static pandemic control or a lagged pandemic control damages badly to people's livelihood and social productions. Counter factual experiments show that compared to the baseline, when a persistent high-strength control is applied, aggregate productions decreases by 57 %; when pandemic control ends too early, the death would rise by 15 %, when pandemic control starts too late, the death rises by 23 % and aggregate productions decreases by 13 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhong Shang
- China Jiliang University, Faculty of Economics and Management, Xueyuan Street, HangZhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Cui H, Chen H, Gao W, Shi S, Li Y, Li H, Shen B. Quarantine experience of healthcare workers in close contact with COVID-19 patients in China: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073868. [PMID: 37865408 PMCID: PMC10603403 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the experiences of front-line healthcare workers who had been in close contact with COVID-19 patients and had been quarantined in order to provide guidance on quarantine measures with more humanistic care when dealing with future public health emergencies. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using semistructured, qualitative, in-depth interviews between April and June 2022. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, followed by a thematic analysis. The study followed the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. RESULTS This study identified the following four themes: (1) personal psychological changes, (2) increased reflection on life and work during quarantine, (3) the important role of others' support and (4) different types of demands during quarantine and isolation. Each theme is supported by several subthemes that further illustrate the participants' experiences. CONCLUSIONS Quarantine of close contacts is necessary to prevent outbreaks. Front-line doctors and nurses are at a greater risk of COVID-19 infection than others. The results showed the psychological reactions of ordinary close contacts, and the unique feelings and experiences of doctors and nurses during the epidemic. Therefore, future research should cooperate with multiple departments to assess their needs, provide them with individualised care and love and give them incentives in order to reduce their psychological burden, improve their quality of life and allow them to engage in healthcare with a healthy mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengmei Cui
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyang Chen
- Department of Nursing, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Nursing, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songsong Shi
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Li
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiling Li
- School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biyu Shen
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Albright C, Van Egeren D, Thakur A, Chakravarty A, White LF, Stoddard M. Antibody escape, the risk of serotype formation, and rapid immune waning: Modeling the implications of SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292099. [PMID: 37851632 PMCID: PMC10584102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, widespread community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has ushered in a volatile era of viral immune evasion rather than the much-heralded stability of "endemicity" or "herd immunity." At this point, an array of viral strains has rendered essentially all monoclonal antibody therapeutics obsolete and strongly undermined the impact of vaccinal immunity on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In this work, we demonstrate that antibody escape resulting in evasion of pre-existing immunity is highly evolutionarily favored and likely to cause waves of short-term transmission. In the long-term, invading strains that induce weak cross-immunity against pre-existing strains may co-circulate with those pre-existing strains. This would result in the formation of serotypes that increase disease burden, complicate SARS-CoV-2 control, and raise the potential for increases in viral virulence. Less durable immunity does not drive positive selection as a trait, but such strains may transmit at high levels if they establish. Overall, our results draw attention to the importance of inter-strain cross-immunity as a driver of transmission trends and the importance of early immune evasion data to predict the trajectory of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra Van Egeren
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Aditya Thakur
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Laura F. White
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
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12
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Adhikari K, Gautam R, Pokharel A, Uprety KN, Vaidya NK. Data-driven models for the risk of infection and hospitalization during a pandemic: Case study on COVID-19 in Nepal. J Theor Biol 2023; 574:111622. [PMID: 37734704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The newly emerging pandemic disease often poses unexpected troubles and hazards to the global health system, particularly in low and middle-income countries like Nepal. In this study, we developed mathematical models to estimate the risk of infection and the risk of hospitalization during a pandemic which are critical for allocating resources and planning health policies. We used our models in Nepal's unique data set to explore national and provincial-level risks of infection and risk of hospitalization during the Delta and Omicron surges. Furthermore, we used our model to identify the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to mitigate COVID-19 in various groups of people in Nepal. Our analysis shows no significant difference in reproduction numbers in provinces between the Delta and Omicron surge periods, but noticeable inter-provincial disparities in the risk of infection (for example, during Delta (Omicron) surges, the risk of infection of Bagmati province is: ∼ 98.94 (89.62); Madhesh province: ∼ 12.16 (5.1); Karnali province ∼31.16 (3) per hundred thousands). Our estimates show a significantly low level of hospitalization risk during the Omicron surge compared to the Delta surge (hospitalization risk is: ∼10% in Delta and ∼2.5% in Omicron). We also found significant inter-provincial disparities in the hospitalization rate (for example, ∼ 6% in Madhesh province and ∼ 21% in Sudur Paschim) during the Delta surge. Moreover, our results show that closing only schools, colleges, and workplaces reduces the risk of infection by one-third, while a complete lockdown reduces the infections by two-thirds. Our study provides a framework for the computation of the risk of infection and the risk of hospitalization and offers helpful information for controlling the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh Gautam
- Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anjana Pokharel
- Padma Kanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kedar Nath Uprety
- Central Department of Mathematics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Naveen K Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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13
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Bai Y, Shao Z, Zhang X, Chen R, Wang L, Ali ST, Chen T, Lau EHY, Jin DY, Du Z. Reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, China, December 2022-January 2023. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad049. [PMID: 37043284 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
China adjusted the zero-COVID strategy in late 2022, triggering an unprecedented Omicron wave. We estimated the time-varying reproduction numbers of 32 provincial-level administrative divisions from December 2022 to January 2023. We found that the pooled estimate of initial reproduction numbers is 4.74 (95% confidence interval: 4.41, 5.07).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bai
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Admimistrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zengyang Shao
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ruohan Chen
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sheikh Taslim Ali
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Admimistrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Admimistrative Region, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Admimistrative Region, China
| | - Zhanwei Du
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Admimistrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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14
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Yu Y, Ling RHY, Ng JHY, Lau MMC, Ip TKM, Lau JTF. Illness representation of COVID-19 affected public's support and anticipated panic regarding the living with the virus policy: a cross-sectional study in a Chinese general population. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1158096. [PMID: 37727606 PMCID: PMC10506401 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1158096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a global trend for countries to adopt the Living with the Virus (LWV) policy regarding COVID-19. Little is known about the public's supportiveness and emotional responses (e.g., anticipated panic) related to this policy. Such responses may be associated with illness representations of COVID-19 (i.e., how people think and feel about COVID-19). This novel topic was investigated in this study to facilitate policy-making and health communication. Methods A random, population-based telephone survey interviewed 500 adults aged ≥18 of the Hong Kong general adult population from March to April 2022. Results The prevalence of the public's support and anticipated panic regarding the LWV policy, which were negatively correlated with each other, was 39.6 and 24.2%, respectively. The illness representation constructs of consequences, timeline, identity, illness concern, and emotional representations were negatively associated with supportiveness and positively associated with anticipated panic regarding the LWV policy. Illness coherence was significantly associated with policy support but not with anticipated panic. The associations between personal control/treatment control and supportiveness/anticipated panic were statistically non-significant. Moderation analyses showed that the above significant associations were invariant between those with and without previous COVID-19 infection. Conclusion Policymakers need to be sensitized about the public's supportive/unsupportive attitude and potential worry (panic) when adopting the LWV policy. Such attitudes/emotional responses may be affected by people's illness representations of COVID-19. In general, those who found COVID-19 involving a milder nature and less negative emotions would be more supportive and anticipated less panic under the LWV policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rachel Hau Yin Ling
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joyce Hoi-Yuk Ng
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mason M. C. Lau
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsun Kwan Mary Ip
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph T. F. Lau
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Stroo J, Lepolder M, Murk JL, Rijkers GT. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Status and Societal Restrictions in Controlling COVID-19 across the World. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1407. [PMID: 37766084 PMCID: PMC10535952 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To control the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries implemented vaccination and imposed societal restrictions both at the national level and for international travel. As a check of corona status, COVID passes have been issued. A COVID pass could be obtained when either fully vaccinated against COVID-19, or after recovering from a documented COVID-19 episode, or after a recent (24-48 h) negative SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. A global analysis of SARS-CoV-2 immune status determined by past infection and/or vaccination, vaccination rates, as well as societal restrictions in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. The data show that across the world, vaccination was more effective in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections with the delta variant than the omicron variant. Strict societal restrictions could control spread of the virus, but relief of the restrictions was associated with an increase in omicron infections. No significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 infections were found when comparing countries or territories which did or did not implement a COVID pass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn Stroo
- Science Department, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The Netherlands
| | - Michaëla Lepolder
- Science Department, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Ger T Rijkers
- Science Department, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The Netherlands
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16
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Zhu W, Wen Z, Chen Y, Gong X, Zheng B, Liang X, Xu A, Yao Y, Wang W. Age-specific transmission dynamics under suppression control measures during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 epidemic. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:743. [PMID: 37087436 PMCID: PMC10121427 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From March to June 2022, an Omicron BA.2 epidemic occurred in Shanghai. We aimed to better understand the transmission dynamics and identify age-specific transmission characteristics for the epidemic. METHODS Data on COVID-19 cases were collected from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission during the period from 20th February to 1st June. The effective reproductive number (Rt) and transmission distance between cases were calculated. An age-structured SEIR model with social contact patterns was developed to reconstruct the transmission dynamics and evaluate age-specific transmission characteristics. Least square method was used to calibrate the model. Basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated with next generation matrix. RESULTS R0 of Omicron variant was 7.9 (95% CI: 7.4 to 8.4). With strict interventions, Rt had dropped quickly from 3.6 (95% CI: 2.7 to 4.7) on 4th March to below 1 on 18th April. The mean transmission distance of the Omicron epidemic in Shanghai was 13.4 km (95% CI: 11.1 to 15.8 km), which was threefold longer compared with that of epidemic caused by the wild-type virus in Wuhan, China. The model estimated that there would have been a total 870,845 (95% CI: 815,400 to 926,289) cases for the epidemic from 20th February to 15th June, and 27.7% (95% CI: 24.4% to 30.9%) cases would have been unascertained. People aged 50-59 years had the highest transmission risk 0.216 (95% CI: 0.210 to 0.222), and the highest secondary attack rate (47.62%, 95% CI: 38.71% to 56.53%). CONCLUSIONS The Omicron variant spread more quickly and widely than other variants and resulted in about one third cases unascertained for the recent outbreak in Shanghai. Prioritizing isolation and screening of people aged 40-59 might suppress the epidemic more effectively. Routine surveillance among people aged 40-59 years could also provide insight into the stage of the epidemic and the timely detection of new variants. TRIAL REGISTRATION We did not involve clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zexuan Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1G5Z3, Canada
| | - Xiaohuan Gong
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xueyao Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Weibing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Arantes I, Bello G, Nascimento V, Souza V, da Silva A, Silva D, Nascimento F, Mejía M, Brandão MJ, Gonçalves L, Silva G, da Costa CF, Abdalla L, Santos JH, Ramos TCA, Piantham C, Ito K, Siqueira MM, Resende PC, Wallau GL, Delatorre E, Gräf T, Naveca FG. Comparative epidemic expansion of SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Omicron in the Brazilian State of Amazonas. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2048. [PMID: 37041143 PMCID: PMC10089528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) Delta and Omicron spread globally during mid and late 2021, respectively. In this study, we compare the dissemination dynamics of these VOCs in the Amazonas state, one of Brazil's most heavily affected regions. We sequenced the virus genome from 4128 patients collected in Amazonas between July 1st, 2021, and January 31st, 2022, and investigated the viral dynamics using a phylodynamic approach. The VOCs Delta and Omicron BA.1 displayed similar patterns of phylogeographic spread but different epidemic dynamics. The replacement of Gamma by Delta was gradual and occurred without an upsurge of COVID-19 cases, while the rise of Omicron BA.1 was extremely fast and fueled a sharp increase in cases. Thus, the dissemination dynamics and population-level impact of new SARS-CoV-2 variants introduced in the Amazonian population after mid-2021, a setting with high levels of acquired immunity, greatly vary according to their viral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighor Arantes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Valdinete Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Victor Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Arlesson da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Dejanane Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Matilde Mejía
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Brandão
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luciana Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas - Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Brazil
| | - George Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fernandes da Costa
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas - Dra Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, Brazil
- Conselho de Secretários Municipais de Saúde do Amazonas COSEMS - AM, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Chayada Piantham
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kimihito Ito
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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18
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Wang M, Mi H, Li N, Shi Q, Sun W, He T, Lin J, Jin W, Gao X, Hu B, Su C, Pan J. Association between the overall burden of comorbidity and Ct values among the older patients with Omicron infection: Mediated by inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145044. [PMID: 36999038 PMCID: PMC10043200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo investigate the associations between the overall burden of comorbidity, inflammatory indicators in plasma and Ct values among the elderly with COVID-19.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study. The results of each nucleic acid test of during hospitalization were obtained. Linear regression models assessed the associations between the overall burden of comorbidity, inflammatory indicators in plasma and Ct values among the elderly. A causal mediation analysis was performed to assess the mediation effects of inflammatory indicators on the association between the overall burden of comorbidity and Ct values.ResultsA total of 767 COVID-19 patients aged ≥ 60 years were included between April 2022 and May 2022. Patients with a high burden of comorbidity had significantly lower Ct values of the ORF gene than subjects with a low burden of comorbidity (median, 24.81 VS 26.58, P < 0.05). Linear regression models showed that a high burden of comorbidity was significantly associated with higher inflammatory responses, including white blood cell count, neutrophil count and C-reactive protein. Also, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, C-reactive protein and the overall burden of comorbidity assessed by age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index were independent risk factors for the Ct values. A mediation analysis detected the mediation effect of white blood cells on the association between the burden of comorbidity and Ct values, with the indirect effect estimates of 0.381 (95% CI: 0.166, 0.632, P < 0.001). Similarly, the indirect effect of C-reactive protein was -0.307 (95% CI: -0.645, -0.064, P = 0.034). White blood cells and C-reactive protein significantly mediated the relationship between the burden of comorbidity and Ct values by 29.56% and 18.13% of the total effect size, respectively.ConclusionsInflammation mediated the association between the overall burden of comorbidity and Ct values among elderly with COVID-19, which suggests that combined immunomodulatory therapies could reduce the Ct values for such patients with a high burden of comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Wang
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hongfei Mi
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Shi
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingjuan He
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiabing Lin
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bijie Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghao Su
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jue Pan
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Pan,
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19
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Du Z, Luo W, Sippy R, Wang L. Editorial: Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics. Viruses 2023; 15:246. [PMID: 36680286 PMCID: PMC9863623 DOI: 10.3390/v15010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Du
- WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Rachel Sippy
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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20
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Lancemaside A from Codonopsis lanceolata: Studies on Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Action against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0120122. [PMID: 36374087 PMCID: PMC9765103 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01201-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several plant-derived natural products with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity have been evaluated for the potential to serve as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Codonopsis lanceolata (CL) has long been used as a medicinal herb in East Asian countries to treat inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system but its antiviral activity has not been investigated so far. Here, we showed that CL extract and its active compound lancemaside A (LA) displayed potent inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection using a pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 entry assay system. We demonstrated that this inhibitory effect of LA was due to the alteration of membrane cholesterol and blockade of the membrane fusion between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells by filipin staining and cell-based membrane fusion assays. Our findings also showed that LA, as a membrane fusion blocker, could impede the endosomal entry pathway of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOCs), including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529), in Vero cells with similar of IC50 values ranging from 2.23 to 3.37 μM as well as the TMPRSS2-mediated viral entry pathway in A549 cells overexpressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with IC50 value of 3.92 μM. We further demonstrated that LA could prevent the formation of multinucleated syncytia arising from SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Altogether, the findings reported here suggested that LA could be a broad-spectrum anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic agent by targeting the fusion of viral envelope with the host cell membrane.
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21
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Rodríguez D, Urbieta IR, Velasco Á, Campano-Laborda MÁ, Jiménez E. Assessment of indoor air quality and risk of COVID-19 infection in Spanish secondary school and university classrooms. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 226:109717. [PMID: 36313012 PMCID: PMC9595429 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Spanish educational centers were reopened after six months of lockdown. Ventilation was mostly adopted as a preventive measure to reduce the transmission risk of the virus. However, it could also affect indoor air quality (IAQ). Therefore, here we evaluate the ventilation conditions, COVID-19 risk, and IAQ in secondary school and university classrooms in Toledo (central Spain) from November 2020 to June 2021. Ventilation was examined by monitoring outdoor and indoor CO2 levels. CO2, occupancy and hygrothermal parameters, allowed estimating the relative transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha and Omicron BA.1), H r, under different scenarios, using the web app COVID Risk airborne . Additionally, the effect of ventilation on IAQ was evaluated by measuring indoor/outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios of O3, NO2, and suspended particulate matter (PM). University classrooms, particularly the mechanically ventilated one, presented better ventilation conditions than the secondary school classrooms, as well as better thermal comfort conditions. The estimated H r for COVID-19 ranged from intermediate (with surgical masks) to high (no masks, teacher infected). IAQ was generally good in all classrooms, particularly at the university ones, with I/O below unity, implying an outdoor origin of gaseous pollutants, while the source of PM was heterogeneous. Consequently, controlled mechanical ventilation systems are essential in educational spaces, as well as wearing well-fitting FFP2-N95 masks indoors is also highly recommended to minimize the transmission risk of COVID-19 and other airborne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Itziar R Urbieta
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, UCLM, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángel Velasco
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, UCLM, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Campano-Laborda
- Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, UCLM, Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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22
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Chia TRT, Young BE, Chia PY. The Omicron-transformer: Rise of the subvariants in the age of vaccines. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2022. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Omicron is the latest SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern, the pathogen that causes COVID-19. Since its emergence in late 2021, Omicron has displaced other circulating variants and caused successive waves of infection worldwide throughout 2022. Omicron is characterised by the rapid emergence of many subvariants and high rates of infection in people with vaccine- and/or infection-induced immunity. This review article will consolidate current knowledge regarding Omicron subvariants, the role of boosters, and future vaccine development. Method: This narrative review is based on a literature search using PubMed. Search terms related to Omicron were used and priority was given to published peer-reviewed articles over pre-prints. Results: Studies indicate that vaccinations and boosters are important to reduce disease severity, hospitalisation and death from Omicron. A variety of factors, such as differing host factors, circulating variants, and forces of infection, can influence the benefit of repeated booster administration. Next-generation bivalent vaccines have now been approved in some countries including Singapore and have demonstrated the ability to induce broad variant protection. Future third-generation vaccines involving mucosal vaccines and/or pan-sarbecovirus vaccines may provide broader and longer-lasting protection. Conclusion: Due to current high levels of vaccine- and infection-induced immunity, it is likely that rates of severe illness, hospitalisation, and death due to Omicron will continue to moderate. Nevertheless, the virus is ever-changing, and public health policies, especially those related to vaccinations, will also have to continually evolve and adapt as COVID-19 transitions to endemicity.
Keywords: Booster, COVID-19, infectious diseases, Omicron, vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Po Ying Chia
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
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23
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Wu Y, Long Y, Wang F, Liu W, Wang Y. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and strategies for tackling the infection. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e733. [PMID: 36444634 PMCID: PMC9639460 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays, emerging SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, the novel highly mutated VOC, has quickly spread as the dominant variant in over 190 countries worldwide through the first part of 2022, which is influencing the infectivity, transmissibility, pathogenicity, and severity of COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, clinical cases and experimental studies have reported that Omicron variant likely leads to weakened immune protection elicited by infection, antibody therapies, and vaccines. The new wave, from late February, 2022, was escalated abruptly by higher levels of transmission of Omicron BA.2 sublineage in China. METHODS AND RESULTS Following a systematic database search, this review summarizes the salient features of Omicron sublineages, and their impact on transmissibility, disease severity as well as the efficacy of the available vaccines and treatment against the Omicron. CONCLUSION We hope this study will provide a scientific reference for alleviating the burden of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineTianjin TEDA HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yiyin Long
- Tianjin Institute of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Tianjin Children's HospitalChildren's Hospital of Tianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Tianjin Institute of UrologyThe Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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24
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COVID-19 variants' cross-reactivity on the paper microfluidic particle counting immunoassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7957-7965. [PMID: 36131142 PMCID: PMC9491260 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has mutated many times since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the omicron is currently the most dominant variant. Determining the specific strain of the virus is beneficial in providing proper care and containment of the disease. We have previously reported a novel method of counting the number of particle immunoagglutination on a paper microfluidic chip using a smartphone-based fluorescence microscope. A single-copy-level detection was demonstrated from clinical saline gargle samples. In this work, we further evaluated two different SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies to spike vs. nucleocapsid antigens for detecting omicron vs. delta and spike vs. nucleocapsid proteins. The SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody to nucleocapsid proteins could distinguish omicron from delta variants and nucleocapsid from spike proteins. However, such distinction could not be found with the monoclonal antibody to spike proteins, despite the numerous mutations found in spike proteins among variants. This result may suggest a clue to the role of nucleocapsid proteins in recognizing different variants.
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25
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Lai L, Du Z, Huang Y, Su J, Wu C, Yang S, Jia P. Risk assessment of imported COVID-19 in China: A modelling study in Sichuan Province. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3433-3448. [PMID: 36074809 PMCID: PMC9538622 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The importation of COVID-19 cases in China is due to the returning of Chinese citizens abroad, where the majority of cases stand. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of importing COVID-19 into the Sichuan Province of China and conduct a short-term risk prediction assessment and analysis. Data on COVID-19 cases in each country and Sichuan were collected, as well as visitors to Sichuan, population, area, and medical resources in each city in Sichuan province. According to different control strategies of entry aviation and quarantine control, we built models of epidemic transmission to estimate the risk for imported COVID-19 cases in 21 cities of Sichuan. Within 140 days of the policy change's implementation, the number of susceptible, infected, and recovered people in all cities followed the same pattern over time: (1) the number of susceptible people declined slowly at first, then accelerated to reach a stable value; (2) the number of infections gradually increased to a peak, then decreased; and (3) the number of recovered patients gradually increased to a stable value. Under the four different scenarios, there were no significant differences between the risk peaks because the social distance did not change. However, the peak time would be delayed due to the implementation of flight control and nucleic acid detection measures. The improvement of foreign epidemics (reduction of attenuation factors) all delayed the arrival of the peak risk value in Chengdu by about 20 days; however, the size of the peak value did not change significantly. The improvement of nucleic acid detection accuracy delayed the arrival of the peak risk value in Chengdu, but the size of the peak value did not change significantly. Therefore, flight control and the improvement of nucleic acid detection accuracy and overseas epidemic situations have positively affected the prevention and control of the epidemic in Sichuan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Cyber Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduChina,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE)Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of MathematicsSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Lai
- College of MathematicsSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhanwei Du
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE)Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina,School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yuling Huang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and PreventionChengduChina
| | - Jianming Su
- Health Commission of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Canglang Wu
- Health Information Center of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Shujuan Yang
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE)Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Peng Jia
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE)Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina,School of Resource and Environmental SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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26
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High mortality and morbidity among vaccinated residents infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant during an outbreak in a nursing home in Kyoto City, Japan. Am J Infect Control 2022:S0196-6553(22)00675-7. [PMID: 36116676 PMCID: PMC9474996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in long-term care facilities are associated with mortality, although vaccination have contributed to improvements. This study reports clinical impacts of a COVID-19 outbreak in a nursing home for elderly individuals in Kyoto City, Japan. Methods We performed epidemiologic and molecular investigations of the outbreak and characterized outcomes of the nursing home residents. Results During the outbreak period, a total of 31 residents (39.2%) and 26 staff members (49.1%) were infected with COVID-19. All residents and staff received two doses of a vaccine approximately 7 months prior. Ten residents with severe hypoxemia could not be transferred to a hospital due to a shortage of beds for COVID-19 patients. Within 90 days of the onset of the outbreak, 8 residents with COVID-19 (25.8%) died. A total of 48.4% of residents with COVID-19 developed 1 or more comorbidities. Viral genome analysis showed that the outbreak was caused by the Omicron BA.1.1.2 variant. Conclusions Despite vaccination, high mortality and morbidity were observed in the COVID-19 outbreak due to the Omicron variant. Limiting medical care for residents with COVID-19 in facilities that experience ongoing outbreaks may be needed to reduce the risk of mortality among nursing home residents.
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27
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O'Leary A, Wattengel BA, Carter MT, Drye AF, Mergenhagen KA. Risk Factors Associated with Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Laboratory Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the Period of Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant Predominance. Am J Infect Control 2022; 51:603-606. [PMID: 36075298 PMCID: PMC9444305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has a high transmission rate. In December 2021, Omicron became the dominant variant and quickly accounted for majority of infections in the United States. Drug shortages have led to prioritization of patients for COVID-19 treatment based on risk factors for severe disease. Methods A retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection at Veteran Affairs Healthcare System across the United States. The primary outcome was 14-day all-cause mortality after the first documented positive SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test. Odds ratios were generated from a multivariate logistic regression of significant factors. Results This study included 12,936 COVID-19 inpatients during a period of Omicron predominance. Age ≥ 65 years is a predictor of 14-day mortality among the vaccinated and unvaccinated population (OR 4.05, CI 3.06-5.45, P ≤ .0001). Triple vaccinated patients demonstrated a 52% decreased risk of death with COVID-19 infection (OR 0.48, CI 0.37-0.61, P ≤ .0001). Patients who were double vaccinated had a 39% decreased risk of death with COVID-19 infection (OR 0.61, CI 0.46-0.80, P = .003). Conclusion Advanced age ≥ 65 is the greatest risk factor for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 vaccination, especially booster doses, was associated with a decreased risk of 14-day mortality compared to double vaccinated or non-vaccinated patients. Results of this study suggest that advanced age should be considered first for prioritization of COVID-19 treatments for Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley O'Leary
- Veteran Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Department of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Bethany A Wattengel
- Veteran Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Department of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael T Carter
- Veteran Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Department of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alexandra F Drye
- Veteran Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Department of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kari A Mergenhagen
- Veteran Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Department of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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28
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Zhu Y, Liu S, Zhang D. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shot Compared with Non-Booster: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091396. [PMID: 36146474 PMCID: PMC9504142 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the effectiveness of booster shots compared with primary vaccination is extremely vital. This paper aimed to summarize the results of all available evidence studies on the effectiveness of booster vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Articles published up to 21 June 2022 were systematically searched through PubMed and EMBASE databases. The searched studies were independently assessed for quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: Seven studies (nine datasets) met the criteria and were included in this study. The pooled results demonstrated a 71% (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.17–0.48) reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates among subjects who received a booster shot compared with those who did not receive a booster shot of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine. In addition, this analysis emphasized that during the period when the Delta variant was predominant, subjects who received the booster shot showed an 82% (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.13–0.25) reduction in infection rates. Moreover, during the period of dominance of the Omicron variant, subjects who received the booster vaccination displayed a 47% (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.35–0.81) reduction in infection rates. This finding confirmed that booster vaccination against the Omicron variant is significantly less effective than that against the Delta variant. In pandemic periods, correlations between the dominant variant and the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine booster should be considered when making vaccine booster plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Du Z, Wang C, Liu C, Bai Y, Pei S, Adam DC, Wang L, Wu P, Lau EHY, Cowling BJ. Systematic review and meta-analyses of superspreading of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3007-e3014. [PMID: 35799321 PMCID: PMC9349569 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superspreading, or overdispersion in transmission, is a feature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission which results in surging epidemics and large clusters of infection. The dispersion parameter is a statistical parameter used to characterize and quantify heterogeneity. In the context of measuring transmissibility, it is analogous to measures of superspreading potential among populations by assuming that collective offspring distribution follows a negative-binomial distribution. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on globally reported dispersion parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection. All searches were carried out on 10 September 2021 in PubMed for articles published from 1 January 2020 to 10 September 2021. Multiple estimates of the dispersion parameter have been published for 17 studies, which could be related to where and when the data was obtained, in 8 countries (e.g., China, USA, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, and Singapore). High heterogeneity was reported among the included studies. The mean estimates of dispersion parameters range from 0.06 to 2.97 over eight countries, the pooled estimate was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.79), with changing means over countries and decreasing slightly with the increasing reproduction number. The expected proportion of cases accounting for 80% of all transmissions is 19% (95% CrI: 7, 34) globally. The study location and method were found to be important drivers for diversity in estimates of dispersion parameters. While under high potential of superspreading, larger outbreaks could still occur with the import of the COVID-19 virus by traveling even when an epidemic seems to be under control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Du
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Caifen Liu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sen Pei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Dillon C Adam
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Peng Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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