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Dunay E, Rukundo J, Atencia R, Cole MF, Cantwell A, Emery Thompson M, Rosati AG, Goldberg TL. Viruses in saliva from sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Republic of Congo and Uganda. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288007. [PMID: 37384730 PMCID: PMC10310015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen surveillance for great ape health monitoring has typically been performed on non-invasive samples, primarily feces, in wild apes and blood in sanctuary-housed apes. However, many important primate pathogens, including known zoonoses, are shed in saliva and transmitted via oral fluids. Using metagenomic methods, we identified viruses in saliva samples from 46 wild-born, sanctuary-housed chimpanzees at two African sanctuaries in Republic of Congo and Uganda. In total, we identified 20 viruses. All but one, an unclassified CRESS DNA virus, are classified in five families: Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, and Retroviridae. Overall, viral prevalence ranged from 4.2% to 87.5%. Many of these viruses are ubiquitous in primates and known to replicate in the oral cavity (simian foamy viruses, Retroviridae; a cytomegalovirus and lymphocryptovirus; Herpesviridae; and alpha and gamma papillomaviruses, Papillomaviridae). None of the viruses identified have been shown to cause disease in chimpanzees or, to our knowledge, in humans. These data suggest that the risk of zoonotic viral disease from chimpanzee oral fluids in sanctuaries may be lower than commonly assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dunay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joshua Rukundo
- Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary / Chimpanzee Trust, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rebeca Atencia
- Jane Goodall Institute Congo, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Megan F. Cole
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Averill Cantwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alexandra G. Rosati
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Qi M, Wang Q, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu C, Yang W, Wu F, Huang T, Dawood AS, Zubair M, Li X, Chen J, Robertson ID, Chen H, Guo A. Epidemiological Survey and Risk Factor Analysis of 14 Potential Pathogens in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys at Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030483. [PMID: 36986405 PMCID: PMC10051804 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) belong to Class A, the highest level of endangered primate species. Exploring the infection status of potential pathogens in golden snub-nosed monkeys is important for controlling associated diseases and protecting this species. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence for a number of potential pathogens and the prevalence of fecal adenovirus and rotavirus. A total of 283 fecal samples were collected from 100 golden snub-nosed monkeys in December 2014, June 2015, and January 2016; 26 blood samples were collected from 26 monkeys in June 2014, June 2015, January 2016 and November 2016 at Shennongjia National Reserve in Hubei, China. The infection of 11 potential viral diseases was examined serologically using an Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) and Dot Immunobinding Assays (DIA), while the whole blood IFN-γ in vitro release assay was used to test tuberculosis (TB). In addition, fecal Adenovirus and Rotavirus were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). As a result, the Macacine herpesvirus-1 (MaHV-1), Golden snub-nosed monkey cytomegalovirus (GsmCMV), Simian foamy virus (SFV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) were detected with the seroprevalence of 57.7% (95% CI: 36.9, 76.6), 38.5% (95% CI: 20.2, 59.4), 26.9% (95% CI: 11.6, 47.8), and 7.7% (95% CI: 0.0, 84.2), respectively. Two fecal samples tested positive for Adenovirus (ADV) by PCR, with a prevalence of 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.5), and further, the amplification products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to the HADV-G group. However, other pathogens, such as Coxsackievirus (CV), Measles virus (MeV), Rotavirus (RV), Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Simian type D retroviruses (SRV), Simian-T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), Simian varicella virus (SVV), Simian virus 40 (SV40) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (TB) were negative in all samples. In addition, a risk factor analysis indicated that the seroprevalence of MaHV-1 infection was significantly associated with old age (≥4 years). These results have important implications for understanding the health status and conservation of the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey population at Shennongjia Nature Reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanji Yang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District 442411, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District 442411, China
| | - Tianpeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District 442411, China
| | - Ali Sobhy Dawood
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Couteaudier M, Montange T, Njouom R, Bilounga-Ndongo C, Gessain A, Buseyne F. Plasma antibodies from humans infected with zoonotic simian foamy virus do not inhibit cell-to-cell transmission of the virus despite binding to the surface of infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010470. [PMID: 35605011 PMCID: PMC9166401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic simian foamy viruses (SFV) establish lifelong infection in their human hosts. Despite repeated transmission of SFV from nonhuman primates to humans, neither transmission between human hosts nor severe clinical manifestations have been reported. We aim to study the immune responses elicited by chronic infection with this retrovirus and previously reported that SFV-infected individuals generate potent neutralizing antibodies that block cell infection by viral particles. Here, we assessed whether human plasma antibodies block SFV cell-to-cell transmission and present the first description of cell-to-cell spreading of zoonotic gorilla SFV. We set-up a microtitration assay to quantify the ability of plasma samples from 20 Central African individuals infected with gorilla SFV and 9 uninfected controls to block cell-associated transmission of zoonotic gorilla SFV strains. We used flow-based cell cytometry and fluorescence microscopy to study envelope protein (Env) localization and the capacity of plasma antibodies to bind to infected cells. We visualized the cell-to-cell spread of SFV by real-time live imaging of a GFP-expressing prototype foamy virus (CI-PFV) strain. None of the samples neutralized cell-associated SFV infection, despite the inhibition of cell-free virus. We detected gorilla SFV Env in the perinuclear region, cytoplasmic vesicles and at the cell surface. We found that plasma antibodies bind to Env located at the surface of cells infected with primary gorilla SFV strains. Extracellular labeling of SFV proteins by human plasma samples showed patchy staining at the base of the cell and dense continuous staining at the cell apex, as well as staining in the intercellular connections that formed when previously connected cells separated from each other. In conclusion, SFV-specific antibodies from infected humans do not block cell-to-cell transmission, at least in vitro, despite their capacity to bind to the surface of infected cells. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03225794/. Foamy viruses are the oldest known retroviruses and have been mostly described to be nonpathogenic in their natural animal hosts. Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) can be transmitted to humans, in whom they establish persistent infection, as have the simian viruses that led to the emergence of two major human pathogens, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Such cross-species transmission of SFV is ongoing in many parts of the world where humans have contact with nonhuman primates. We previously showed high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the plasma of most SFV-infected individuals. These antiviral antibodies can inhibit cell-free virus entry. However, SFV efficiently spread from one cell to another. Here, we demonstrate that plasma antibodies do not block such cell-to-cell transmission, despite their capacity to bind to the surface of infected cells. In addition, we document for the first time the cell-to-cell spread of primary zoonotic gorilla SFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Couteaudier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Montange
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Florence Buseyne
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Becker D, Luedde T, Gohlke H, Münk C. Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction. Viruses 2021; 13:504. [PMID: 33803830 PMCID: PMC8003144 DOI: 10.3390/v13030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are an important source of viruses that can spillover to humans and, after adaptation, spread through the host population. Whereas HIV-1 and HTLV-1 emerged as retroviral pathogens in humans, a unique class of retroviruses called foamy viruses (FV) with zoonotic potential are occasionally detected in bushmeat hunters or zookeepers. Various FVs are endemic in numerous mammalian natural hosts, such as primates, felines, bovines, and equines, and other animals, but not in humans. They are apathogenic, and significant differences exist between the viral life cycles of FV and other retroviruses. Importantly, FVs replicate in the presence of many well-defined retroviral restriction factors such as TRIM5α, BST2 (Tetherin), MX2, and APOBEC3 (A3). While the interaction of A3s with HIV-1 is well studied, the escape mechanisms of FVs from restriction by A3 is much less explored. Here we review the current knowledge of FV biology, host restriction factors, and FV-host interactions with an emphasis on the consequences of FV regulatory protein Bet binding to A3s and outline crucial open questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Daniel Becker
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.B.); (H.G.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.B.); (H.G.)
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre & Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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van der Kuyl AC. Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 2:46-67. [PMID: 36417189 PMCID: PMC9620922 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Old World monkeys (OWM), simians inhabiting Africa and Asia, are currently affected by at least four infectious retroviruses, namely, simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian type D retrovirus (SRV). OWM also show chromosomal evidence of having been infected in the past with four more retroviral species, baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), Papio cynocephalus endogenous virus (PcEV), simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), and Rhesus endogenous retrovirus-K (RhERV-K/SERV-K1). For some of the viruses, transmission to other primates still occurs, resulting, for instance, in the HIV pandemic. Retroviruses are intimately connected with their host as they are normally spread by close contact. In this review, an attempt to reconstruct the distribution and history of OWM retroviruses will be made. A literature overview of the species infected by any of the eight retroviruses as well as an age estimation of the pathogens will be given. In addition, primate genomes from databases have been re-analyzed for the presence of endogenous retrovirus integrations. Results suggest that some of the oldest retroviruses, SERV and PcEV, have travelled with their hosts to Asia during the Miocene, when a higher global temperature allowed simian expansions. In contrast, younger viruses, such as SIV and SRV, probably due to the lack of a primate continuum between the continents in later times, have been restricted to Africa and Asia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040301. [PMID: 32325980 PMCID: PMC7238228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
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Nyamota R, Owino V, Murungi EK, Villinger J, Otiende M, Masiga D, Thuita J, Lekolool I, Jeneby M. Broad diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infecting Chlorocebus species (African green monkey) and evidence of cross-species infection in Papio anubis (olive baboon) in Kenya. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:165-178. [PMID: 32030774 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) naturally infects African non-human primates (NHPs) and poses a threat of transmission to humans through hunting and consumption of monkeys as bushmeat. This study investigated the as of yet unknown molecular diversity of SIV in free-ranging Chlorocebus species (African green monkeys-AGMs) and Papio anubis (olive baboons) within Mombasa, Kisumu and Naivasha urban centres in Kenya. METHODS We collected blood samples from 124 AGMs and 65 olive baboons in situ, and detected SIV by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS Simian immunodeficiency virus prevalence was 32% in AGMs and 3% in baboons. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis demonstrated distinct melt profiles illustrating virus diversity confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is persistent evolutionary diversification of SIVagm strains in its natural host, AGMs and cross-species infection to olive baboons is occurring. Further study is required to establish pathogenesis of the diverse SIVagm variants and baboon immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Nyamota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Vincent Owino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Thuita
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (BioRI-KALRO), Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Maamun Jeneby
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Kenya
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Abstract
The full-length sequence of a Papio anubis simian foamy provirus was obtained by using PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. This simian foamy virus from a P. anubis animal (SFVp.anubis) is 13,393 bp long. Like other proviruses, the genome of SFVp.anubis is organized with long terminal repeats (LTRs), as well as gag, pol, env, tas, and bet genes. SFVp.anubis is closer to Old World African strains than to New World ones. The full-length sequence of a Papio anubis simian foamy provirus was obtained by using PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. This simian foamy virus from a P. anubis animal (SFVp.anubis) is 13,393 bp long. Like other proviruses, the genome of SFVp.anubis is organized with long terminal repeats (LTRs), as well as gag, pol, env, tas, and bet genes. SFVp.anubis is closer to Old World African strains than to New World ones.
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Narat V, Kampo M, Heyer T, Rupp S, Ambata P, Njouom R, Giles-Vernick T. Using physical contact heterogeneity and frequency to characterize dynamics of human exposure to nonhuman primate bodily fluids in central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006976. [PMID: 30589843 PMCID: PMC6307716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin constitute a recurrent threat to global health. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) occupy an important place in zoonotic spillovers (pathogenic transmissions from animals to humans), serving as reservoirs or amplifiers of multiple neglected tropical diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fevers and arboviruses, parasites and bacteria, as well as retroviruses (simian foamy virus, PTLV) that are pathogenic in human beings. Hunting and butchering studies in Africa characterize at-risk human social groups, but overlook critical factors of contact heterogeneity and frequency, NHP species differences, and meat processing practices. In southeastern Cameroon, a region with a history of zoonotic emergence and high risk of future spillovers, we conducted a novel mixed-method field study of human physical exposure to multiple NHP species, incorporating participant-based and ecological methodologies, and qualitative interviews (n = 25). We find frequent physical contact across adult human populations, greater physical contact with monkeys than apes, especially for meat handling practices, and positive correlation of human exposure with NHP species abundance and proximity to human settlement. These fine-grained results encourage reconsideration of the likely dynamics of human-NHP contact in past and future NTD emergence events. Multidisciplinary social science and ecological approaches should be mobilized to generate more effective human and animal surveillance and risk communications around neglected tropical diseases. At a moment when the WHO has included "Disease X", a presumably zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential, on its list of blueprint priority diseases as, new field-based tools for investigating zoonotic disease emergence, both known and unknown, are of critical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Narat
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, CNRS/MNHN/Paris Diderot, France
| | - Mamadou Kampo
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Heyer
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Rupp
- City University of New York, Lehman College, Department of Anthropology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philippe Ambata
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Studies, Toronto, Canada
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First Complete Genome Sequence of a Simian Foamy Virus Infecting the Neotropical Primate Brachyteles arachnoides. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA00839-18. [PMID: 30533805 PMCID: PMC6211362 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00839-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a simian foamy virus infecting the neotropical primate Brachyteles arachnoides (SFVbar) was obtained using next-generation sequencing and genome walking. The full-length SFVbar genome is composed of 11,994 bp and shows a genomic organization similar to that of other neotropical SFVs. The complete genome sequence of a simian foamy virus infecting the neotropical primate Brachyteles arachnoides (SFVbar) was obtained using next-generation sequencing and genome walking. The full-length SFVbar genome is composed of 11,994 bp and shows a genomic organization similar to that of other neotropical SFVs.
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Ledesma-Feliciano C, Hagen S, Troyer R, Zheng X, Musselman E, Slavkovic Lukic D, Franke AM, Maeda D, Zielonka J, Münk C, Wei G, VandeWoude S, Löchelt M. Replacement of feline foamy virus bet by feline immunodeficiency virus vif yields replicative virus with novel vaccine candidate potential. Retrovirology 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 29769087 PMCID: PMC5956581 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hosts are able to restrict viral replication to contain virus spread before adaptive immunity is fully initiated. Many viruses have acquired genes directly counteracting intrinsic restriction mechanisms. This phenomenon has led to a co-evolutionary signature for both the virus and host which often provides a barrier against interspecies transmission events. Through different mechanisms of action, but with similar consequences, spumaviral feline foamy virus (FFV) Bet and lentiviral feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Vif counteract feline APOBEC3 (feA3) restriction factors that lead to hypermutation and degradation of retroviral DNA genomes. Here we examine the capacity of vif to substitute for bet function in a chimeric FFV to assess the transferability of anti-feA3 factors to allow viral replication. RESULTS We show that vif can replace bet to yield replication-competent chimeric foamy viruses. An in vitro selection screen revealed that an engineered Bet-Vif fusion protein yields suboptimal protection against feA3. After multiple passages through feA3-expressing cells, however, variants with optimized replication competence emerged. In these variants, Vif was expressed independently from an N-terminal Bet moiety and was stably maintained. Experimental infection of immunocompetent domestic cats with one of the functional chimeras resulted in seroconversion against the FFV backbone and the heterologous FIV Vif protein, but virus could not be detected unambiguously by PCR. Inoculation with chimeric virus followed by wild-type FFV revealed that repeated administration of FVs allowed superinfections with enhanced antiviral antibody production and detection of low level viral genomes, indicating that chimeric virus did not induce protective immunity against wild-type FFV. CONCLUSIONS Unrelated viral antagonists of feA3 cellular restriction factors can be exchanged in FFV, resulting in replication competence in vitro that was attenuated in vivo. Bet therefore may have additional functions other than A3 antagonism that are essential for successful in vivo replication. Immune reactivity was mounted against the heterologous Vif protein. We conclude that Vif-expressing FV vaccine vectors may be an attractive tool to prevent or modulate lentivirus infections with the potential option to induce immunity against additional lentivirus antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Hagen
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ryan Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Esther Musselman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dragana Slavkovic Lukic
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Mareen Franke
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Roche Pharma AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
| | - Daniel Maeda
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jörg Zielonka
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guochao Wei
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Complete Genome Sequence of the African Green Monkey Simian Foamy Virus Serotype 3 Strain FV2014 (SFVcae_FV2014). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/3/e01437-17. [PMID: 29348335 PMCID: PMC5773720 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01437-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The full-length sequence of simian foamy virus serotype 3 (SFV-3) strain FV2014, an African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) isolate, was obtained using high-throughput sequencing. SFVcae_FV2014 consisted of 13,127 bp and had a genomic organization similar to those of other SFVs but was distinct from SFV strain LK3, isolated from the same monkey species.
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13
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Muniz CP, Cavalcante LTF, Jia H, Zheng H, Tang S, Augusto AM, Pissinatti A, Fedullo LP, Santos AF, Soares MA, Switzer WM. Zoonotic infection of Brazilian primate workers with New World simian foamy virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184502. [PMID: 28931021 PMCID: PMC5606925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are retroviruses present in nearly all nonhuman primates (NHPs), including Old World primates (OWP) and New World primates (NWP). While all confirmed human infections with SFV are from zoonotic transmissions originating from OWP, little is known about the zoonotic transmission potential of NWP SFV. We conducted a longitudinal, prospective study of 56 workers occupationally exposed to NWP in Brazil. Plasma from these workers was tested using Western blot (WB) assays containing NWP SFV antigens. Genomic DNA from blood and buccal swabs was analyzed for the presence of proviral SFV sequences by three nested PCR tests and a new quantitative PCR assay. Exposure histories were obtained and analyzed for associations with possible SFV infection. Ten persons (18%) tested seropositive and two persons were seroindeterminate (3.6%) for NWP SFV. Six persons had seroreactivity over 2–3 years suggestive of persistent infection. All SFV NWP WB-positive workers reported at least one incident involving NWP, including six reporting NWP bites. NWP SFV viral DNA was not detected in the blood or buccal swabs from all 12 NWP SFV seroreactive workers. We also found evidence of SFV seroreversion in three workers suggestive of possible clearance of infection. Our findings suggest that NWP SFV can be transmitted to occupationally-exposed humans and can elicit specific humoral immune responses but infection remains well-controlled resulting in latent infection and may occasionally clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P. Muniz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hongwei Jia
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - HaoQiang Zheng
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shaohua Tang
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anderson M. Augusto
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz P. Fedullo
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André F. Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William M. Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Muniz CP, Zheng H, Jia H, Cavalcante LTF, Augusto AM, Fedullo LP, Pissinatti A, Soares MA, Switzer WM, Santos AF. A non-invasive specimen collection method and a novel simian foamy virus (SFV) DNA quantification assay in New World primates reveal aspects of tissue tropism and improved SFV detection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184251. [PMID: 28863180 PMCID: PMC5581185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) co-evolved with a wide range of Old World and New World primates (OWPs and NWPs, respectively) and occasionally transmit to humans. Previous studies of OWPs showed that the predominant site of SFV replication is the oral mucosa. However, very little is known about SFV viral loads (VLs) in the oral mucosa or blood of NWPs. NWPs have smaller body sizes, limiting collection of sufficient whole blood volumes to molecularly detect and quantify SFV. Our study evaluated the use of noninvasively collected buccal swabs to detect NWP SFV compared with detection in blood using a new NWP SFV quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Buccal and blood samples were collected from 107 captive NWPs in Brazil comprising eleven distinct genera at the Primate Center of Rio de Janeiro (n = 58) and at Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio Janeiro (n = 49). NWP SFV western blot (WB) testing was performed on a subset of animals for comparison with PCR results. The qPCR assay was validated using distinct SFV polymerase sequences from seven NWP genera (Callithrix, Sapajus, Saimiri, Ateles, Alouatta, Cacajao and Pithecia). Assay sensitivity was 20 copies/106 cells, detectable in 90% of replicates. SFV DNA VLs were higher in buccal swabs (5 log copies/106 cells) compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (3 log copies/106 cells). The qPCR assay was also more sensitive than nested PCR for detection of NWP SFV infection and identified an additional 27 SFV-infected monkeys of which 18 (90%) were WB-positive and three that were WB-negative. We show the utility of using both blood and buccal swabs and our new qPCR assay for detection and quantification of diverse NWP SFV, which will assist a better understanding of the epidemiology of SFV in NWPs and any potential zoonotic infection risk for humans exposed to NWPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P. Muniz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - HaoQiang Zheng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Anderson M. Augusto
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz P. Fedullo
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual de Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William M. Switzer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - André F. Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Naturally Occurring Simian Foamy Virus Isolate from Rhesus Macaque (SFVmmu_K3T). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/33/e00827-17. [PMID: 28818911 PMCID: PMC5604784 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00827-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The full-length genome sequence of a simian foamy virus (SFVmmu_K3T), isolated from a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), was obtained using high-throughput sequencing. SFVmmu_K3T consisted of 12,983 bp and had a genomic organization similar to that of other SFVs, with long terminal repeats (LTRs) and open reading frames for Gag, Pol, Env, Tas, and Bet.
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16
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Muehlenbein MP. Primates on display: Potential disease consequences beyond bushmeat. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162 Suppl 63:32-43. [PMID: 28105720 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human interactions with nonhuman primates vary tremendously, from daily cultural engagements and food commodities, to pet ownership and tourist encounters. These interactions provide opportunities for the exchange of pathogenic organisms (both zoonoses and anthroponoses). As exposures are not limited to areas where bushmeat usage continues to be a major problem, we must work to understand better our motivations for engaging in activities like owning primates as pets and having direct physical contact with wild primates within the context of nature-based tourism. These topics, and the theoretical potential for pathogen transmission, are reviewed in the present manuscript. This is followed by a case study utilizing 3845 survey responses collected from four international locations known for primate-based tourism, with results indicating that while a majority of people understand that they can give/get diseases to/from wild primates, a surprising percentage would still touch or feed these animals if given the opportunity. Many people still choose to touch and/or own primates, as their drive to bond with animals outweighs some basic health behaviors. Desires to tame, control, or otherwise establish emotional connections with other species, combined with the central role of touch for exploring our environment, necessitate the development of better communication and educational campaigns to minimize risks of emerging infectious diseases.
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17
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Reid MJC, Switzer WM, Schillaci MA, Klegarth AR, Campbell E, Ragonnet-Cronin M, Joanisse I, Caminiti K, Lowenberger CA, Galdikas BMF, Hollocher H, Sandstrom PA, Brooks JI. Bayesian inference reveals ancient origin of simian foamy virus in orangutans. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:54-66. [PMID: 28274887 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) infect most nonhuman primate species and appears to co-evolve with its hosts. This co-evolutionary signal is particularly strong among great apes, including orangutans (genus Pongo). Previous studies have identified three distinct orangutan SFV clades. The first of these three clades is composed of SFV from P. abelii from Sumatra, the second consists of SFV from P. pygmaeus from Borneo, while the third clade is mixed, comprising an SFV strain found in both species of orangutan. The existence of the mixed clade has been attributed to an expansion of P. pygmaeus into Sumatra following the Mount Toba super-volcanic eruption about 73,000years ago. Divergence dating, however, has yet to be performed to establish a temporal association with the Toba eruption. Here, we use a Bayesian framework and a relaxed molecular clock model with fossil calibrations to test the Toba hypothesis and to gain a more complete understanding of the evolutionary history of orangutan SFV. As with previous studies, our results show a similar three-clade orangutan SFV phylogeny, along with strong statistical support for SFV-host co-evolution in orangutans. Using Bayesian inference, we date the origin of orangutan SFV to >4.7 million years ago (mya), while the mixed species clade dates to approximately 1.7mya, >1.6 million years older than the Toba super-eruption. These results, combined with fossil and paleogeographic evidence, suggest that the origin of SFV in Sumatran and Bornean orangutans, including the mixed species clade, likely occurred on the mainland of Indo-China during the Late Pliocene and Calabrian stage of the Pleistocene, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J C Reid
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Michael A Schillaci
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Amy R Klegarth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Ellsworth Campbell
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Manon Ragonnet-Cronin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Joanisse
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kyna Caminiti
- Centre for Biosecurity, Public Health Agency of Canada, 100 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Carl A Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Birute Mary F Galdikas
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Orangutan Foundation International, 824 S. Wellesley Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
| | - Hope Hollocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Paul A Sandstrom
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - James I Brooks
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 1053 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ONK1Y 4E9, Canada
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18
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A survey of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences in the vicinity of multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:827-36. [PMID: 27169423 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common central nervous system diseases in young adults, little is known about its etiology. Several human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are considered to play a role in MS. We are interested in which ERVs can be identified in the vicinity of MS associated genetic marker to find potential initiators of MS. We analysed the chromosomal regions surrounding 58 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with MS identified in one of the last major genome wide association studies. We scanned these regions for putative endogenous retrovirus sequences with large open reading frames (ORFs). We observed that more retrovirus-related putative ORFs exist in the relatively close vicinity of SNP marker indices in multiple sclerosis compared to control SNPs. We found very high homologies to HERV-K, HCML-ARV, XMRV, Galidia ERV, HERV-H/env62 and XMRV-like mouse endogenous retrovirus mERV-XL. The associated genes (CYP27B1, CD6, CD58, MPV17L2, IL12RB1, CXCR5, PTGER4, TAGAP, TYK2, ICAM3, CD86, GALC, GPR65 as well as the HLA DRB1*1501) are mainly involved in the immune system, but also in vitamin D regulation. The most frequently detected ERV sequences are related to the multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1, HERV-K, and the Simian foamy virus. Our data shows that there is a relation between MS associated SNPs and the number of retroviral elements compared to control. Our data identifies new ERV sequences that have not been associated with MS, so far.
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19
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Bähr A, Singer A, Hain A, Vasudevan AAJ, Schilling M, Reh J, Riess M, Panitz S, Serrano V, Schweizer M, König R, Chanda S, Häussinger D, Kochs G, Lindemann D, Münk C. Interferon but not MxB inhibits foamy retroviruses. Virology 2016; 488:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Lei J, Osen W, Gardyan A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Wei G, Gissmann L, Eichmüller S, Löchelt M. Replication-Competent Foamy Virus Vaccine Vectors as Novel Epitope Scaffolds for Immunotherapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138458. [PMID: 26397953 PMCID: PMC4580568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of whole viruses as antigen scaffolds is a recent development in vaccination that improves immunogenicity without the need for additional adjuvants. Previous studies highlighted the potential of foamy viruses (FVs) in prophylactic vaccination and gene therapy. Replication-competent FVs can trigger immune signaling and integrate into the host genome, resulting in persistent antigen expression and a robust immune response. Here, we explored feline foamy virus (FFV) proteins as scaffolds for therapeutic B and T cell epitope delivery in vitro. Infection- and cancer-related B and T cell epitopes were grafted into FFV Gag, Env, or Bet by residue replacement, either at sites of high local sequence homology between the epitope and the host protein or in regions known to tolerate sequence alterations. Modified proviruses were evaluated in vitro for protein steady state levels, particle release, and virus titer in permissive cells. Modification of Gag and Env was mostly detrimental to their function. As anticipated, modification of Bet had no impact on virion release and affected virus titers of only some recombinants. Further evaluation of Bet as an epitope carrier was performed using T cell epitopes from the model antigen chicken ovalbumin (OVA), human tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), and oncoprotein E7 of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16E7). Transfection of murine cells with constructs encoding Bet-epitope chimeric proteins led to efficient MHC-I-restricted epitope presentation as confirmed by interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays using epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines. FFV infection-mediated transduction of cells with epitope-carrying Bet also induced T-cell responses, albeit with reduced efficacy, in a process independent from the presence of free peptides. We show that primate FV Bet is also a promising T cell epitope carrier for clinical translation. The data demonstrate the utility of replication-competent and -attenuated FVs as antigen carriers in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Lei
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- Division of Translational Immunology, Research Program Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adriane Gardyan
- Division of Translational Immunology, Research Program Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guochao Wei
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eichmüller
- Division of Translational Immunology, Research Program Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Rogers DL, McClure GB, Ruiz JC, Abee CR, Vanchiere JA. Endemic Viruses of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri spp.). Comp Med 2015; 65:232-240. [PMID: 26141448 PMCID: PMC4485632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are the experimental animals of choice for the study of many human diseases. As such, it is important to understand that endemic viruses of primates can potentially affect the design, methods, and results of biomedical studies designed to model human disease. Here we review the viruses known to be endemic in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.). The pathogenic potential of these viruses in squirrel monkeys that undergo experimental manipulation remains largely unexplored but may have implications regarding the use of squirrel monkeys in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gloria B McClure
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Julio C Ruiz
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Christian R Abee
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - John A Vanchiere
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
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22
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Kazanji M, Mouinga-Ondémé A, Lekana-Douki-Etenna S, Caron M, Makuwa M, Mahieux R, Gessain A. Origin of HTLV-1 in hunters of nonhuman primates in Central Africa. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:361-5. [PMID: 25147276 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 78 Gabonese individuals who had received bites from nonhuman primates (NHPs) while hunting, 7 were infected with human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). Five had been bitten by gorillas and were infected with subtype B strains; however, a 12-year-old girl who was severely bitten by a Cercopithecus nictitans was infected with a subtype D strain that was closely related to the simian T lymphotropic virus (STLV-1) that infects this monkey species. Her mother was infected with a subtype B strain. These data confirm that hunters in Africa can be infected by HTLV-1 that is closely related to the strains circulating among local NHP game. Our findings strongly suggest that a severe bite represent a risk factor for STLV-1 acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Central African Republic Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Mélanie Caron
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, équipe labelisée "Ligue Contre le Cancer" U1111 CIRI, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes and UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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