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Ren C, Ke Q, Fan X, Ning K, Wu Y, Liang J. The shape-dependent inhibitory effect of rhein/silver nanocomposites on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:126. [PMID: 37817016 PMCID: PMC10564707 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)/nanopreparations as viral antagonists exhibited a structure-function correlation, i.e., the differences in surface area/volume ratio caused by the variations in shape and size could result in different biochemical properties and biological activities, suggesting an important impact of morphology and structure on the antiviral activity of TCM-based nanoparticles. However, few studies paid attention to this aspect. Here, the effect of TCM-based nanoparticles with different morphologies on their antiviral activity was explored by synthesizing rhein/silver nanocomposites (Rhe@AgNPs) with spherical (S-Rhe/Ag) and linear (L-Rhe/Ag) morphologies, using rhein (an active TCM ingredient) as a reducing agent and taking its self-assembly advantage. Using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a model virus, the inhibitory effects of S-Rhe/Ag and L-Rhe/Ag on PRRSV were compared. Results showed that the product morphology could be regulated by varying pH values, and both S- and L-Rhe/Ag exhibited good dispersion and stability, but with a smaller size for L-Rhe/Ag. Antiviral experiments revealed that Rhe@AgNPs could effectively inhibit PRRSV infection, but the antiviral effect was morphology-dependent. Compared with L-Rhe/Ag, S-Rhe/Ag could more effectively inactivate PRRSV in vitro and antagonize its adsorption, invasion, replication, and release stages. Mechanistic studies indicated that Rhe@AgNPs could reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by PRRSV infection, and S-Rhe/Ag also had stronger ROS inhibitory effect. This work confirmed the inhibitory effect of Rhe@AgNPs with different morphologies on PRRSV and provided useful information for treating PRRSV infection with metal nanoparticles synthesized from TCM ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Ning
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Nathan J, Shameera R, Ramachandran A. Impact of nutraceuticals on immunomodulation against viral infections-A review during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian scenario. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23320. [PMID: 36799127 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 is a censorious global emergency after World War II. Research on the coronavirus uncovered essential information that aided in the development of the vaccine, and specific coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were later developed and were approved for usage in humans. But then, mutations in the coronavirus gave rise to new variants and questioned the vaccine's efficacy against them. On the other hand, the investigation of traditional medicine was also on its path to find a novel outcome against COVID-19. On a comparative analysis between India and the United States, India had low death rate and high recovery rate than the latter. The dietary regulation of immunity may be the factor that makes the above difference. The immunity gained from the regular diet of Indian culture nourishes Indian people with essential phytochemicals that support immunity and metabolism. Dietary phytochemicals or nutraceuticals possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, out of which our concern will be on immune-boosting phytochemicals from our daily nutritional supplements. In several case studies, dietary substance like lemon, ginger, and spinach was reported in the recovery of COVID-19 patients. Thus in this review, we discuss coronavirus and its available variants, vaccines, and the effect of nutraceuticals against the coronavirus. Further, we denote that the immunity of the Indian population may be high because of their diet, which adds natural phytochemicals to boost their immunity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhansi Nathan
- AUKBC Research Centre for Emerging Technologies, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rabiathul Shameera
- AUKBC Research Centre for Emerging Technologies, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunkumar Ramachandran
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU), Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhang X, Chen S, Li X, Zhang L, Ren L. Flavonoids as Potential Antiviral Agents for Porcine Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091793. [PMID: 36145539 PMCID: PMC9501777 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are types of natural substances with phenolic structures isolated from a variety of plants. Flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. Although most of the research or applications of flavonoids are focused on human diseases, flavonoids also show potential applicability against porcine virus infection. This review focuses on the recent progress in antiviral mechanisms of potential flavonoids against the most common porcine viruses. The mechanism discussed in this paper may provide a theoretical basis for drug screening and application of natural flavonoid compounds and flavonoid-containing herbs to control porcine virus infection and guide the research and development of pig feed additives.
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Peng H, Shahidi F. Enzymatic Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Mono- and Diacylated Epigallocatechin Gallate and Related By-Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9227-9242. [PMID: 35830611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ester derivatives of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were enzymatically prepared by one-step transesterification with vinyl fatty acids consisting of varying acyl groups ranging from 2 to 18 carbon atoms (acetate, butyrate, caproate, caprylate, caprate, laurate, myristate, and stearate). The main acylation products were EGCG monoesters and diesters. However, due to the presence of trace amounts of water in the reaction medium, minor but noticeable hydrolysis of EGCG also occurred as a side reaction which required a prolonged purification process due to the formation of by-products such as gallic acid, epigallocatechin, and their esters. In this contribution, 8 EGCG monoesters, 7 EGCG diesters, and 7 gallic acid monoesters were isolated and purified, and the acylation positions were characterized. Meanwhile, several classical chemicals (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Fe2+ chelation assays), food (β-carotene bleaching assay), and biological (LDL and DNA oxidation assays) models were conducted to evaluate and systematically compare their antioxidant efficacy. The lipophilicity of the EGCG derivatives increased with the increasing chain length of the acyl group and led to the fluctuation of their antioxidant efficacies. Three main factors, namely, the reduction potential, the partition coefficient of solute in the solvent system, and the steric hindrance of antioxidant agent and related substrates were considered to help explain the biased antioxidant performance of EGCG derivatives upon acylation modification. The results strongly suggest that the acylated EGCGs have great potential as lipophilic alternatives to the water-soluble EGCG in lipid-based matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
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In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of the Inhibitory Activity of EGCG-Stearate against Herpes Simplex Virus-2. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071462. [PMID: 35889181 PMCID: PMC9315604 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
About half a billion people worldwide are infected with herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2). Prolonged treatment with acyclovir (ACV) and its analogs leads to the development of resistant strains. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral potential of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from Camellia sinensis and a stable analog EGCG-stearate (EGCG-S) against HSV-2 in cultured Vero cells. Cell viability and cell proliferation assays were used to determine the non-cytotoxic concentrations on cultured Vero cells. HSV-2 with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein of VP26 virions were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of EGCG and EGCG-S. The effects on infectivity and mechanisms were determined by plaque assay, attachment and penetration assays, confocal microscopy, qPCR, and in silico modeling analysis. Our results demonstrate that treatment of HSV-2 virions with EGCG and EGCG-S at a concentration of 75 µM showed greater than 99.9% inhibition by inhibiting the attachment of HSV-2 virions to host cells. The bioinformatic analysis indicated high binding affinity of EGCG-S for glycoprotein D; thus EGCG-S may block fusion of HSV-2 and the cell membrane, preventing entry of HSV-2 into the cell.
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Sahadevan R, Singh S, Binoy A, Sadhukhan S. Chemico-biological aspects of (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-gallate (EGCG) to improve its stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability: Current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10382-10411. [PMID: 35491671 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2068500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been a bedrock for drug discovery for decades. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the widely studied natural polyphenolic compounds derived from green tea. It is the key component believed to be responsible for the medicinal value of green tea. Significant studies implemented in in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo models have suggested its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective activities etc. Despite having such a wide array of therapeutic potential and promising results in preclinical studies, its applicability to humans has encountered with rather limited success largely due to the poor bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolic clearance and lack of stability of EGCG. Therefore, novel techniques are warranted to address those limitations so that EGCG or its modified analogs can be used in the clinical setup. This review comprehensively covers different strategies such as structural modifications, nano-carriers as efficient drug delivery systems, synergistic studies with other bioactivities to improve the chemico-biological aspects (e.g., stability, bioavailability, permeability, etc.) of EGCG for its enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties, eventually enhancing its therapeutic potentials. We think this review article will serve as a strong platform with comprehensive literature on the development of novel techniques to improve the bioavailability of EGCG so that it can be translated to the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Satyam Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
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Yu PW, Fu PF, Zeng L, Qi YL, Li XQ, Wang Q, Yang GY, Li HW, Wang J, Chu BB, Wang MD. EGCG Restricts PRRSV Proliferation by Disturbing Lipid Metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0227621. [PMID: 35404086 PMCID: PMC9045245 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02276-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection leads to late-term reproductive failure and respiratory illness that affect the global swine industry. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic compound from green tea that exerts antiviral activity against diverse viruses. This study aimed to report an uncharacterized mechanism of how EGCG restricted PRRSV proliferation. EGCG showed no significant effects on cell viability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in porcine alveolar macrophages and MARC-145 cells. The treatment of cells with EGCG attenuated the replication of both highly pathogenic and less pathogenic PRRSV in vitro. The viral life cycle analysis demonstrated that EGCG affected PRRSV replication and assembly, but not viral attachment, entry, or release. Interestingly, EGCG treatment abrogated the increased lipid droplets formation and lipid content induced by PRRSV infection. We further demonstrated that EGCG blocked PRRSV-stimulated expression of the key enzymes in lipid synthesis. In addition, EGCG attenuated PRRSV-induced autophagy that is critical for PRRSV proliferation. The supplementation of oleic acid restored PRRSV replication and assembly under EGCG treatment. Together, our results support that EGCG inhibits PRRSV proliferation through disturbing lipid metabolism. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped single-positive-stranded RNA virus that causes acute respiratory distress in piglets and reproductive failure in sows, resulting in huge economic losses to the global swine industry. Several lines of evidence have suggested the crucial roles of lipids in PRRSV proliferation. Our previous report demonstrated that PRRSV activated lipophagy to facilitate viral replication through downregulating the expression of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1. The manipulation of lipid metabolism may be a new perspective to prevent PRRSV spread. In the present study, we reported that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major component of green tea catechins, significantly attenuated PRRSV infection through inhibiting lipid synthesis and autophagy. Given that natural products derived from plants have helped in the prevention and treatment of various infectious diseases, EGCG has a great potential to serve as a safe and environmentally friendly natural compound to treat PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wei Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Wei Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Di Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Souid I, Korchef A, Souid S. In silico evaluation of Vitis amurensis Rupr. polyphenol compounds for their inhibition potency against CoVID-19 main enzymes Mpro and RdRp. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:570-584. [PMID: 35250347 PMCID: PMC8883852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of the pneumonia (COVID-19) emerged as an entire worldwide health concern and it was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a consequence of the increasing reported infections number. COVID-19 disease is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, and unfortunatly no drugs are currently approved against this desease. Accordingly, it is of outmost importance to review the possible therapeutic effects of naturally-occuring compounds that showed approved antiviral activities. The molecular docking approach offers a rapid prediction of a possible inhibition of the main enzymes Mpro and RdRp that play crucial role in the SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription. In the present work, we review the anti-viral activities of polyphenol compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids and stilbene) derived from the traditional Chinese medicinal Vitis amurensis. Recent molecular docking studies reported the possible binding of these polyphenols on SARS-CoV-2 enzymes Mpro and RdRp active sites and showed interesting inhibitory effects. This antiviral activity was explained by the structure-activity relationships of the studied compounds. Also, pharmacokinetic analysis of the studied molecules is simulated in the present work. Among the studied polyphenol compounds, only five, namely caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, naringenin and catechin have drug-likeness characteristics. These five polyphenols derived from Vitis amurensis are promising drug candidates for the COVID-19 treatment.
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Silva LR, da Silva-Júnior EF. Multi-Target Approaches of Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and its Derivatives Against Influenza Viruses. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1485-1500. [PMID: 35086449 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220127112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses (INFV), Orthomyxoviridae family, are mainly transmitted among humans, via aerosols or droplets from the respiratory secretions. However, fomites could be a potential transmission pathway. Annually, seasonal INFV infections account for 290-650 thousand deaths worldwide. Currently, there are two classes of approved drugs to treat INFV infections, being neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors and blockers of matrix-2 (M2) ion channel. However, cases of resistance have been observed for both chemical classes, reducing the efficacy of treatment. The emergence of influenza outbreaks and pandemics calls for new antiviral molecules more effective and that could overcome the current resistance to anti-influenza drugs. In this context, polyphenolic compounds are found in various plants and these have displayed different multi-target approaches against diverse pathogens. Among these, green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins, in special epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), have demonstrated significant activities against the two most relevant human INFV, subtypes A and lineages B. In this sense, EGCG has been found a promising multi-target agent against INFV since can act inhibiting NA, hemagglutination (HA), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and viral entry/adsorption. In general, the lack of knowledge about potential multi-target natural products prevents an adequate exploration of them, increasing the time for developing multi-target drugs. Then, this review aimed to compile to most relevant studies showing the anti-INFV effects of EGCG and its derivatives, which could become antiviral drug prototypes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rocha Silva
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, AC Simões campus, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, AC Simões campus, Maceió, Brazil
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Chawla U, Kashyap MK, Husain A. Aging and diabetes drive the COVID-19 forwards; unveiling nature and existing therapies for the treatment. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3911-3922. [PMID: 34169437 PMCID: PMC8224992 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 170 million people worldwide and resulted in more than 3.5 million deaths so far. The infection causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in people of all age groups, notably diabetic and old age people, at a higher risk of infectivity and fatality. Around 35% of the patients who have died of the disease were diabetic. The infection is associated with weakening immune response, chronic inflammation, and potential direct pancreatic impairment. There seems to be a three-way association of the SARS-CoV-2 infection with diabetes and aging. The COVID-19 infection causes metabolism complications, which may induce diabetes and accelerate aging in healthy individuals. How does diabetes elevate the likelihood of the infection is not clearly understood. we summarize mechanisms of accelerated aging in COVID-19 and diabetes, and the possible correlation of these three diseases. Various drug candidates under different stages of pre-clinical or clinical developments give us hope for the development of COVID-19 therapeutics, but there is no approved drug so far to treat this disease. Here, we explored the potential of anti-diabetic and anti-aging natural compounds for the COVID-19 treatment. We have also reviewed different therapeutic strategies with plant-based natural products that may be used to cure patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and post-infection syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeep Chawla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Old Chemistry 226, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley Panchgaon, Manesar (Gurugram), Haryana, India
| | - Amjad Husain
- Centre for Science & Society, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Chawla U, Kashyap MK, Husain A. Aging and diabetes drive the COVID-19 forwards; unveiling nature and existing therapies for the treatment. Mol Cell Biochem 2021. [PMID: 34169437 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04200-7,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Human SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 170 million people worldwide and resulted in more than 3.5 million deaths so far. The infection causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in people of all age groups, notably diabetic and old age people, at a higher risk of infectivity and fatality. Around 35% of the patients who have died of the disease were diabetic. The infection is associated with weakening immune response, chronic inflammation, and potential direct pancreatic impairment. There seems to be a three-way association of the SARS-CoV-2 infection with diabetes and aging. The COVID-19 infection causes metabolism complications, which may induce diabetes and accelerate aging in healthy individuals. How does diabetes elevate the likelihood of the infection is not clearly understood. we summarize mechanisms of accelerated aging in COVID-19 and diabetes, and the possible correlation of these three diseases. Various drug candidates under different stages of pre-clinical or clinical developments give us hope for the development of COVID-19 therapeutics, but there is no approved drug so far to treat this disease. Here, we explored the potential of anti-diabetic and anti-aging natural compounds for the COVID-19 treatment. We have also reviewed different therapeutic strategies with plant-based natural products that may be used to cure patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and post-infection syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeep Chawla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Old Chemistry 226, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley Panchgaon, Manesar (Gurugram), Haryana, India
| | - Amjad Husain
- Centre for Science & Society, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. .,Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Hurst BL, Dickinson D, Hsu S. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Primate Epithelial Cells: (A Short Communication). MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (WILMINGTON, DEL.) 2021; 5. [PMID: 35291211 DOI: 10.33425/2639-9458.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, caused >26 million cases in the United States and >437,000 deaths as of Jan 30, 2020. Worldwide by that date, there had been 102 million cases of infections, and deaths had climbed to 2.21 million. Mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have emerged from the United Kingdom, Brazil, and South Africa are associated with higher transmission rates and associated deaths. Therefore, novel therapeutic and prophylactic methods against SARS-CoV-2 are in urgent need. While some antiviral drugs, such as Remdesivir, provide relief to certain patient populations, other existing antiviral drugs or combinations of FDA approved pharmaceuticals have yet to show clinical efficacy against COVID-19. Compounds that possess strong and broad antiviral properties with different mechanisms of action against respiratory viruses may provide novel approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, especially if the compounds are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). A large body of evidence indicates a promising potential for the use of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its derivatives as effective agents against infections from a wide range of pathogenic viruses. However, EGCG or its derivatives have not been tested directly against SARS-CoV-2. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential antiviral activity of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2 infection in primate epithelial cells. Methods applied in the study include cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and virus yield reduction (VYR) assays using Vero 76 (green monkey epithelial cells) and Caco-2 (human epithelial cells) cell lines, respectively. The results demonstrated that EGCG at 0.27 μg/ml (0.59 μM) inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero 76 cells by 50% (i.e., EC50=0.27 μg/ml). EGCG also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Caco-2 cells with EC90=28 μg/ml (61 μM). These results, to the best of our knowledge, are the first observations on the antiviral activities of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2, and suggest that EGCG and its derivatives could be used to combat COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infection-induced illness, pending in vivo and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Hurst
- Institute of Antiviral Research, Utah State University. Logan, UT. USA
| | | | - Stephen Hsu
- Camellix Research Laboratory, Augusta, GA. USA.,Department of Oral Biology & Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA. USA
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Pen G, Yang N, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Wang J. A Review on the Use of Antimicrobial Peptides to Combat Porcine Viruses. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110801. [PMID: 33198242 PMCID: PMC7696308 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases pose a serious threat to animal husbandry, especially in the pig industry. With the rapid, continuous variation of viruses, a series of therapeutic measures, including vaccines, have quickly lost their efficacy, leading to great losses for animal husbandry. Therefore, it is urgent to find new drugs with more stable and effective antiviral activity. Recently, it has been reported that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have great potential for development and application in animal husbandry because of their significant antibacterial and antiviral activity, and the antiviral ability of AMPs has become a research hotspot. This article aims to review the research situation of AMPs used to combat viruses in swine production of animal husbandry, clarify the mechanism of action of AMPs on viruses and raise some questions, and explore the future potential of AMPs in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Pen
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-10-82106081 (J.W.); Fax: +86-10-82106079 (J.W.)
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (G.P.); (D.T.); (R.M.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-10-82106081 (J.W.); Fax: +86-10-82106079 (J.W.)
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15
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors identified from Camellia sinensis for COVID-19 prophylaxis: an in silico approach. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7538275 DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To respond to the public panic, government and private research organizations of every country keep working on the COVID-19 pandemic, even though still there is a lack of more efficacious medicine for the choice of Coronavirus disease treatment. To counteract on this situation several approved drugs including anti-malarial (hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine), and few anti-viral (remdesvir) agents are choice of treatment for COVID-19. However, these agents suffer from certain limitation in their uses and pointed that there is no specific treatment or vaccine available to counter this contagious disease. Hence, there is urgent requirement to find a specific cure for the disease. In this view, there are several ongoing clinical trials of both western and traditional medicines. In present study, phytochemicals from Camellia sinensis were retrieved from the database and identified based on their ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Camellia sinensis entails of a massive number of phytochemicals with a good source of polyphenols such as Catechin, Epicatechin, Epigallocatechin and (–)-Epigallocatechin gallate. Molecular docking was performed using the GLIDE docking module of Schrodinger Suite software. The analysis displayed docking score for the five polyphenols i.e. theaflavin (− 8.701), 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid (− 7.795), Genistein (− 7.168), Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (− 6.282) and Ethyl trans-caffeate (− 5.356). Interestingly, theaflavin and Epigallocatechin 3-gallate have not revealed any side effects. These polyphenolic compounds had a strong binding affinity with hydrogen bonds and a good drug-likeness score. Therefore, Camellia sinensis could be the beneficial option in the prophylaxis of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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16
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Levy E, Delvin E, Marcil V, Spahis S. Can phytotherapy with polyphenols serve as a powerful approach for the prevention and therapy tool of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E689-E708. [PMID: 32755302 PMCID: PMC7518070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00298.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Much more serious than the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks, the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread speedily, affecting 213 countries and causing ∼17,300,000 cases and ∼672,000 (∼+1,500/day) deaths globally (as of July 31, 2020). The potentially fatal coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by air droplets and airborne as the main transmission modes, clearly induces a spectrum of respiratory clinical manifestations, but it also affects the immune, gastrointestinal, hematological, nervous, and renal systems. The dramatic scale of disorders and complications arises from the inadequacy of current treatments and absence of a vaccine and specific anti-COVID-19 drugs to suppress viral replication, inflammation, and additional pathogenic conditions. This highlights the importance of understanding the SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of actions and the urgent need of prospecting for new or alternative treatment options. The main objective of the present review is to discuss the challenging issue relative to the clinical utility of plants-derived polyphenols in fighting viral infections. Not only is the strong capacity of polyphenols highlighted in magnifying health benefits, but the underlying mechanisms are also stressed. Finally, emphasis is placed on the potential ability of polyphenols to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection via the regulation of its molecular targets of human cellular binding and replication, as well as through the resulting host inflammation, oxidative stress, and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Maiti S, Banerjee A. Epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate interaction in SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein central channel with reference to the hydroxychloroquine interaction: Bioinformatics and molecular docking study. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:86-96. [PMID: 32770567 PMCID: PMC7436314 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 or COVID‐19 pandemic global outbreak created the most unstable situation of human health–economy. In the past two decades different parts of the word experienced smaller or bigger outbreak related to human coronaviruses. The spike glycoproteins of the COVID‐19 (similar to SARS‐CoV) attach to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE2) and transit over a stabilized open state for the viral internalization to the host cells and propagate with great efficacy. Higher rate of mutability makes this virus unpredictable/less sensitive to the protein/nucleic acid based drugs. In this emergent situation, drug‐induced destabilization of spike binding to RBD could be a good strategy. In the current study we demonstrated by bioinformatics (CASTp: computed atlas of surface topography of protein, PyMol: molecular visualization) and molecular docking (PatchDock and Autodock) experiments that tea flavonoids catechin products mainly epigallocatechin gallate or other like theaflavin gallate demonstrated higher atomic contact energy (ACE) value, binding energy, Ki value, ligand efficiency, surface area and more amino acid interactions than hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during binding in the central channel of the spike protein. Moreover, out of three distinct binding sites (I, II and III) of spike core when HCQ binds only with site III (farthest from the nCoV‐RBD of ACE2 contact), epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavin gallate bind all three sites. As sites I and II are in closer contact with open state location and viral–host contact area, these drugs might have significant effects. Taking into account the toxicity/side effects by chloroquine/HCQ, present drugs may be important. Our laboratory is working on tea flavonoids and other phytochemicals in the protection from toxicity, DNA/mitochondrial damage, inflammation and so on. The present data might be helpful for further analysis of flavonoids in this emergent pandemic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarajit Maiti
- Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India.,Agricure Biotech Research Society, Epidemiology and Human Health Division, Midnapore, India
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
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18
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Li J, Song D, Wang S, Dai Y, Zhou J, Gu J. Antiviral Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate via Impairing Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Attachment to Host Cell Receptor. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020176. [PMID: 32033244 PMCID: PMC7077276 DOI: 10.3390/v12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) exhibits antiviral activity against various viruses. Whether EGCG also inhibits the infectivity of circovirus remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral effect of EGCG on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). EGCG targets PCV2 virions directly and blocks the attachment of virions to host cells. The microscale thermophoresis assay showed EGCG could interact with PCV2 capsid protein in vitro with considerable affinity (Kd = 98.03 ± 4.76 μM), thereby interfering with the binding of the capsid to the cell surface receptor heparan sulfate. The molecular docking analysis of capsid–EGCG interaction identified the key amino acids which formed the binding pocket accommodating EGCG. Amino acids ARG51, ASP70, ARG73 and ASP78 of capsid were found to be critical for maintaining the binding, and the arginine residues were also essential for the electrostatic interaction with heparan sulfate. The rescued mutant viruses also confirm the importance of the key amino acids of the capsid to the antiviral effect of EGCG. Our findings suggest that catechins could act as anti-infective agents against circovirus invasion, as well as provide the basic information for the development and synthesis of structure-based anti-circovirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Li
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Dongfeng Song
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yadong Dai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (DiNap), a Natural Product Analog, on the Replication of Type 2 PRRSV In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050887. [PMID: 30832429 PMCID: PMC6429065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DiNap [(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one], an analog of a natural product (the chalcone flavokawain), was synthesized and characterized in this study. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most challenging threat to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, commercially available vaccines are ineffective for controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs. Therefore, a pharmacological intervention may represent an alternative control measure for PRRSV infection. Hence, the present study evaluated the effects of DiNap on the replication of VR2332 (a prototype strain of type 2 PRRSV). Initially, in vitro antiviral assays against VR2332 were performed in MARC-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Following this, a pilot study was conducted in a pig model to demonstrate the effects of DiNap following VR2332 infection. DiNap inhibited VR2332 replication in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and viral growth was completely suppressed at concentrations ≥0.06 mM, without significant cytotoxicity. Consistent with these findings, in the pig study, DiNap also reduced viral loads in the serum and lungs and enhanced the weight gain of pigs following VR2332 infection, as indicated by comparison of the DiNap-treated groups to the untreated control (NC) group. In addition, DiNap-treated pigs had fewer gross and microscopic lesions in their lungs than NC pigs. Notably, virus transmission was also delayed by approximately 1 week in uninfected contact pigs within the same group after treatment with DiNap. Taken together, these results suggest that DiNap has potential anti-PRRSV activity and could be useful as a prophylactic or post-exposure treatment drug to control PRRSV infection in pigs.
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20
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Kaihatsu K, Yamabe M, Ebara Y. Antiviral Mechanism of Action of Epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate and Its Fatty Acid Esters. Molecules 2018; 23:E2475. [PMID: 30262731 PMCID: PMC6222519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) is the major catechin component of green tea (Cameria sinensis), and is known to possess antiviral activities against a wide range of DNA viruses and RNA viruses. However, few studies have examined chemical modifications of EGCG in terms of enhanced antiviral efficacy. This paper discusses which steps of virus infection EGCG interferes with, citing previous reports. EGCG appears most likely to inhibits the early stage of infections, such as attachment, entry, and membrane fusion, by interfering with viral membrane proteins. According to the relationships between structure and antiviral activity of catechin derivatives, the 3-galloyl and 5'-OH group of catechin derivatives appear critical to antiviral activities. Enhancing the binding affinity of EGCG to virus particles would thus be important to increase virucidal activity. We propose a newly developed EGCG-fatty acid derivative in which the fatty acid on the phenolic hydroxyl group would be expected to increase viral and cellular membrane permeability. EGCG-fatty acid monoesters showed improved antiviral activities against different types of viruses, probably due to their increased affinity for virus and cellular membranes. Our study promotes the application of EGCG-fatty acid derivatives for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Kaihatsu
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Yamabe
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Ebara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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21
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Ge M, Xiao Y, Chen H, Luo F, Du G, Zeng F. Multiple antiviral approaches of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vitro. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:52-62. [PMID: 30048655 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains an economically important pathogen in the global pig industry, effective measures to control the virus are still lacking. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and bioactive catechin in green tea, has been reported to have antiviral effect against the diverse groups of viruses. In this study, the comprehensive anti-PRRSV activity of EGCG was investigated using various in vitro assays. EGCG effectively inhibited PRRSV infection and replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), regardless of whether it was administrated pre- or post-infection, and the cytotoxicity to PAMs was low. Next, anti-PRRSV approaches of EGCG were characterized in MARC-145 cells. EGCG was demonstrated to be able to significantly prevent PRRSV from infecting MARC-145 cells either through blocking of EGCG-treated viruses docking to susceptible cells involving a direct virus-EGCG interaction or by blocking of the infective virus binding to EGCG pre-treated cells via triggering down-regulation of viral receptors and/or related proteins required for infection. In addition, PRRSV replication was suppressed in MARC-145 cells treated with EGCG post-infection, likely because of down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. Taken together, these data showed that treatment of primary PAMs with EGCG can inhibit PRRSV infection and revealed that multiple antiviral approaches of EGCG operate in PRRSV-susceptible MARC-145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fatao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guangshi Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fanya Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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22
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Wang HM, Liu TX, Wang TY, Wang G, Liu YG, Liu SG, Tang YD, Cai XH. Isobavachalcone inhibits post-entry stages of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus life cycle. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1263-1270. [PMID: 29411137 PMCID: PMC7086980 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen of great economic significance that impacts the swine industry globally. Since the first report of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreak, tremendous efforts to control this disease, including various national policies and plans incorporating the use of multiple modified live-virus vaccines, have been made. However, PRRSV is still a significant threat to the swine industry, and new variants continually emerge as a result of PRRSV evolution. Several studies have shown that pandemic PRRSV strains have enormous genetic diversity and that commercial vaccines can only provide partial protection against these strains. Therefore, effective anti-PRRSV drugs may be more suitable and reliable for PRRSV control. In this study, we observed that isobavachalcone (IBC), which was first isolated from Psoralea corylifolia, had potent anti-PRRSV activity in vitro. Although many biological activities of IBC have been reported, this is the first report describing the antiviral activity of IBC. Furthermore, after a systematic investigation, we demonstrated that IBC inhibits PRRSV replication at the post-entry stage of PRRSV infection. Thus, IBC may be a candidate for further evaluation as a therapeutic agent against PRRSV infection of swine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tian-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yong-Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Si-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
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23
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Antiviral Strategies against PRRSV Infection. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:968-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Evans AB, Dong P, Loyd H, Zhang J, Kraus GA, Carpenter S. Identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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A Review of the Antiviral Role of Green Tea Catechins. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081337. [PMID: 28805687 PMCID: PMC6152177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the centuries, infectious diseases caused by viruses have seriously threatened human health globally. Viruses are responsible not only for acute infections but also many chronic infectious diseases. To prevent diseases caused by viruses, the discovery of effective antiviral drugs, in addition to vaccine development, is important. Green tea catechins (GTCs) are polyphenolic compounds from the leaves of Camelliasinensis. In recent decades, GTCs have been reported to provide various health benefits against numerous diseases. Studies have shown that GTCs, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have antiviral effects against diverse viruses. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments regarding the antiviral activities of GTCs, to discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects and to offer suggestions for future research directions and perspectives on the antiviral effects of EGCG.
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Guo C, Zhu Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu X. Pyrithione inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication through interfering with NF-κB and heparanase. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:231-239. [PMID: 28284615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a continuous threat to the pig industry, causing high economic losses worldwide. Current vaccination strategies provide only limited protection against PRRSV infection. Consequently, there is a need to develop new antiviral strategies. Pyrithione (PT), a zinc ionophore, is used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, and evidence has shown that PT inhibits the replication of various RNA viruses. However, there is no data regarding its effects against PRRSV infection until now. In this study, we showed that PT strongly inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells. Similar inhibitory effects were also found in porcine alveolar macrophages, the major target cell type of PRRSV infection in pigs in vivo. PT also attenuated virus-induced apoptosis during the late phase of infection. In addition, we provided evidence that PT caused a rapid import of extracellular zinc ions into cells, and imported Zn2+ was responsible for its antiviral property. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of PT against PRRSV and found that PT inhibited NF-κB and heparanase, producing the increased heparan sulfate expression to block the release of virus and cytokines, thus decreasing viral replication. These findings suggest that PT has the potential to the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
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Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus via farnesoid X receptor alpha. J Nat Med 2016; 70:584-91. [PMID: 26968537 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess various natural antiviral properties. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea, inhibits a variety of viruses. However, the clinical application of EGCG is currently hindered by a scarcity of information on its molecular mechanism of action. In the present study, we examined the anti-HBV (hepatitis B virus) effects of catechins from green tea at the transcriptional and antigen-expression levels, as well as the associated molecular mechanisms, because HBV-associated liver diseases have become a key public health issue due to their serious impact on human physical and mental health. By using fluorescence quenching and affinity binding, we demonstrated that EGCG is an important transcriptional regulator of the HBV genome, which it achieves by interacting with farnesoid X receptor alpha (FXRα). Luciferase assay showed that EGCG effectively inhibited the transcription of the HBV promoter dose-dependently when expression plasmids of FXRα and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) were co-transfected into HEK293 cells. These results indicate that the downregulation of the HBV antigen and the decrease in the transcriptional activation of the HBV EnhII/core promoter by FXRα/RXRα are mainly due to the interaction between EGCG and FXRα. Therefore, EGCG, an antagonist of FXRα in liver cells, has the potential to be employed as an effective anti-HBV agent.
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Guo C, Huang Y, Cong P, Liu X, Chen Y, He Z. Cecropin P1 inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by blocking attachment. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:273. [PMID: 25403758 PMCID: PMC4243277 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a continuous threat to the pig industry, causing high economic losses worldwide. Current vaccines have specific limitations in terms of their safety and efficacy, so the development of novel antiviral drugs is urgently required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of the antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1 (CP1) against PRRSV infection in vitro. Results CP1 not only displayed extracellular virucidal activity against PRRSV, but also exerted a potent inhibitory effect when added either before, simultaneously with, or after viral inoculation. The inhibitory effect of CP1 occurred during viral attachment, but not at viral entry into Marc-145 cells. CP1 also inhibited viral particle release and attenuated virus-induced apoptosis during the late phase of infection. CP1 exerted similar inhibitory effects against PRRSV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages, the cells targeted by the virus in vivo during its infection of pigs. The expression of interleukin 6 was elevated by CP1 in porcine alveolar macrophages, which might contribute to its inhibition of PRRSV infection. Conclusions Collectively, our findings provide a new direction for the development of potential therapeutic drugs against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yumao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China.
| | - Peiqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
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