1
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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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2
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Belardinelli JM, Arora D, Avanzi C, Wheat WH, Bryant JM, Spencer JS, Blundell TL, Parkhill J, Floto RA, Jackson M. Clinically relevant mutations in the PhoR sensor kinase of host-adapted Mycobacterium abscessus isolates impact response to acidic pH and virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0158823. [PMID: 37874174 PMCID: PMC10715180 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01588-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium abscessus group have been steadily increasing in the USA and globally. Owing to the relatively recent recognition of M. abscessus as a human pathogen, basic and translational research to address critical gaps in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases caused by this microorganism has been lagging behind that of the better-known mycobacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To begin unraveling the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of M. abscessus, we here focus on the study of a two-component regulator known as PhoPR which we found to be under strong evolutionary pressure during human lung infection. We show that PhoPR is activated at acidic pH and serves to regulate a defined set of genes involved in host adaptation. Accordingly, clinical isolates from chronically infected human lungs tend to hyperactivate this regulator enabling M. abscessus to escape macrophage killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Belardinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Divya Arora
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William H Wheat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Josephine M Bryant
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute , Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Andres Floto
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine , Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Papworth Hospital , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Cai S, Zheng Z, Cheng J, Zhong L, Shao R, Zheng F, Lai Z, Ou J, Xu L, Zhou P, Lu G, Zhang G. Swine Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Proteins Potently Inhibit African Swine Fever Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827709. [PMID: 35401540 PMCID: PMC8989734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes an acute, hemorrhagic, and highly contagious disease in domestic swine, leading to significant economic losses to the global porcine industry. Restriction factors of innate immunity play a critical in host antiviral action. However, function of swine restriction factors of innate immunity on ASFV has been seldomly investigated. In this study, we determined five homologues of swine interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (SwIFITM [named SwIFITM1a, -1b, -2, -3, and -5]), and we found that they all exhibit potent antiviral activity against ASFV. Expression profile analysis indicated that these SwIFITMs are constitutively expressed in most porcine tissues. Whether infected with ASFV or treated with swine interferon, the expression levels of SwIFITMs were induced in vitro. The subcellular localization of SwIFITMs was similar to that of their human homologues. SwIFITM1a and -1b localized to the plasma membrane, SwIFITM2 and -3 focused on the cytoplasm and the perinuclear region, while SwIFITM5 accumulated in the cell surface and cytoplasm. The overexpression of SwIFITM1a, -1b, -2, -3, or -5 could significantly inhibit ASFV replication in Vero cells, whereas knockdown of these genes could enhance ASFV replication in PAMs. We blocked the constitutive expression of endogenous IFITMs in Vero cells using a CRISPR-Cas9 system and then infected them with ASFV. The results indicated that the knockout of endogenous IFITMs could enhance ASFV replication. Finally, we expressed five SwIFITMs in knockout Vero cell lines and then challenged them with ASFV. The results showed that all of the SwIFITMs had a strong antiviral effect on ASFV. This research will further expand the understanding of the anti-ASFV activity of porcine IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - JiaoJiao Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
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Lu G, Ou J, Cai S, Lai Z, Zhong L, Yin X, Li S. Canine Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein Is a Host Restriction Factor That Potently Inhibits Replication of Emerging Canine Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710705. [PMID: 34721379 PMCID: PMC8551696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging virus that is associated with major hidden hazards to the canine population and public health. Until now, how canine uses its innate immunity to restrict CIV replication is seldomly investigated. Recently, studies on interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) of several major hosts of influenza virus (human, chicken, duck, pig) indicated it can potently restrict the viral replication. Here, the gene locus of five previously annotated canine IFITM (caIFITM) genes was determined on chromosome 18 using multiple bioinformatics strategies, provisionally designated as caIFITM1, caIFITM2a, caIFITM2b, caIFITM3, and caIFITM5. An analysis on protein sequences between caIFITM and its homologs indicated they shared the same conserved amino acids important for the antiviral activity. Expression profile analysis showed that caIFITM was constitutively expressed in tissues and MDCK cell line. After treatment with interferon or infection with influenza virus, the expression level of caIFITM increased with different degrees in vitro. An animal challenge study demonstrated CIV infection resulted in upregulation of caIFITM in beagles. caIFITMs had a similar subcellular localization to their human homologs. caIFITM1 was present at the cell surface and caIFITM3 was present perinuclearly and colocalized with LAMP1-containing compartments. Finally, we generated A549 cell lines stably expressing caIFITM and challenged them with influenza virus. The result demonstrated caIFITM1, caIFITM2a, caIFITM2b, and caIFITM3 had a potent antiviral activity against influenza virus. Our study will help better understand the evolutional pattern of IFITM and its role in the host’s defense against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Rohaim MA, Al-Natour MQ, Abdelsabour MA, El Naggar RF, Madbouly YM, Ahmed KA, Munir M. Transgenic Chicks Expressing Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 1 (IFITM1) Restrict Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168456. [PMID: 34445163 PMCID: PMC8395118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells utilize a wide spectrum of pathways to antagonize the viral replication. These pathways are typically regulated by antiviral proteins and can be constitutively expressed but also exacerbated by interferon induction. A myriad of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) have been identified in mounting broad-spectrum antiviral responses. Members of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family of proteins are unique among these ISGs due to their ability to prevent virus entry through the lipid bilayer into the cell. In the current study, we generated transgenic chickens that constitutively and stably expressed chicken IFITM1 (chIFITM1) using the avian sarcoma-leukosis virus (RCAS)-based gene transfer system. The challenged transgenic chicks with clinical dose 104 egg infective dose 50 (EID50) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 (clade 2.2.1.2) showed 100% protection and significant infection tolerance. Although challenged transgenic chicks displayed 60% protection against challenge with the sub-lethal dose (EID50 105), the transgenic chicks showed delayed clinical symptoms, reduced virus shedding, and reduced histopathologic alterations compared to non-transgenic challenged control chickens. These finding indicate that the sterile defense against H5N1 HPAIV offered by the stable expression of chIFITM1 is inadequate; however, the clinical outcome can be substantially ameliorated. In conclusion, chIFITM proteins can inhibit influenza virus replication that can infect various host species and could be a crucial barrier against zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK; (M.A.R.); (M.Q.A.-M.)
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Q. Al-Natour
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK; (M.A.R.); (M.Q.A.-M.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A. Abdelsabour
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt; (M.A.A.); (Y.M.M.)
| | - Rania F. El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt;
| | - Yahia M. Madbouly
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt; (M.A.A.); (Y.M.M.)
| | - Kawkab A. Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK; (M.A.R.); (M.Q.A.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins. It controls protein activity, stability, trafficking and protein–protein interactions. Recent global profiling of immune cells and targeted analysis have identified many S-palmitoylated immunity-associated proteins. Here, we review S-palmitoylated immune receptors and effectors, and their dynamic regulation at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. We also highlight how this understanding can drive therapeutic advances to pharmacologically modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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8
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Human Interferon Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3 (IFITM3) Inhibits Influenza Virus A Replication and Inflammation by Interacting with ABHD16A. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6652147. [PMID: 33763481 PMCID: PMC7946484 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that human interferon inducible transmembrane protein (hIFITMs) family proteins have broad-spectrum antiviral capabilities. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have tentatively proved that hIFITMs have the effect of inhibiting influenza viruses. In order to further study its mechanism and role in the occurrence and development of influenza A, relevant studies have been carried out. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection technology was used to observe the effect of hIFITM3 on the replication of influenza A virus (IVA) and the interaction with hABHD16A. In HEK293 cells, overexpression of hIFITM3 protein significantly inhibited the replication of IVA at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h; yeast two-hybrid experiment proved that hIFITM3 interacts with hABHD16A; laser confocal microscopy observations showed that hIFITM3 and hABHD16A colocalized in the cell membrane area; the expression level of inflammation-related factors in cells overexpressing hIFITM3 or hABHD16A was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the results showed that the mRNA levels of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) were significantly increased. But when hIFITM3/hABHD16A was coexpressed, the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines were significantly reduced except COX2. When influenza virus infected cells coexpressing hIFITM3/hABHD16A, the expression level of inflammatory factors decreased compared with the control group, indicating that hIFITM3 can play an important role in regulating inflammation balance. This study confirmed that hIFITM3 has an effect of inhibiting IVA replication. Furthermore, it was found that hIFITM3 interacts with hABHD16A, following which it can better inhibit the replication of influenza virus and the inflammatory response caused by the disease process.
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Shi G, Kenney AD, Kudryashova E, Zani A, Zhang L, Lai KK, Hall‐Stoodley L, Robinson RT, Kudryashov DS, Compton AA, Yount JS. Opposing activities of IFITM proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106501. [PMID: 33270927 PMCID: PMC7744865 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infections by many viruses, but a subset of IFITMs enhance infections by specific coronaviruses through currently unknown mechanisms. We show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus and genuine SARS-CoV-2 infections are generally restricted by human and mouse IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 restriction occurred independently of IFITM3 S-palmitoylation, indicating a restrictive capacity distinct from reported inhibition of other viruses. In contrast, the IFITM3 amphipathic helix and its amphipathic properties were required for virus restriction. Mutation of residues within the IFITM3 endocytosis-promoting YxxФ motif converted human IFITM3 into an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cell-to-cell fusion assays confirmed the ability of endocytic mutants to enhance Spike-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TMPRSS2, which increases plasma membrane fusion versus endosome fusion of SARS-CoV-2, attenuated IFITM3 restriction and converted amphipathic helix mutants into infection enhancers. In sum, we uncover new pro- and anti-viral mechanisms of IFITM3, with clear distinctions drawn between enhancement of viral infection at the plasma membrane and amphipathicity-based mechanisms used for endosomal SARS-CoV-2 restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Luanne Hall‐Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Dmitri S Kudryashov
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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10
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Shi G, Kenney AD, Kudryashova E, Zhang L, Hall-Stoodley L, Robinson RT, Kudryashov DS, Compton AA, Yount JS. Opposing activities of IFITM proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32803197 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.11.246678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infections by many viruses, but a subset of IFITMs enhance infections by specific coronaviruses through currently unknown mechanisms. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus and genuine SARS-CoV-2 infections are generally restricted by expression of human IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, using both gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Mechanistically, restriction of SARS-CoV-2 occurred independently of IFITM3 S -palmitoylation sites, indicating a restrictive capacity that is distinct from reported inhibition of other viruses. In contrast, the IFITM3 amphipathic helix and its amphipathic properties were required for virus restriction. Mutation of residues within the human IFITM3 endocytosis-promoting YxxΦ motif converted human IFITM3 into an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cell-to-cell fusion assays confirmed the ability of endocytic mutants to enhance Spike-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TMPRSS2, which reportedly increases plasma membrane fusion versus endosome fusion of SARS-CoV-2, attenuated IFITM3 restriction and converted amphipathic helix mutants into strong enhancers of infection. In sum, these data uncover new pro- and anti-viral mechanisms of IFITM3, with clear distinctions drawn between enhancement of viral infection at the plasma membrane and amphipathicity-based mechanisms used for endosomal virus restriction. Indeed, the net effect of IFITM3 on SARS-CoV-2 infections may be a result of these opposing activities, suggesting that shifts in the balance of these activities could be coopted by viruses to escape this important first line innate defense mechanism.
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11
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Zani A, Zhang L, McMichael TM, Kenney AD, Chemudupati M, Kwiek JJ, Liu SL, Yount JS. Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins inhibit cell fusion mediated by trophoblast syncytins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19844-19851. [PMID: 31735710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) induced by virus infections during pregnancy can cause placental damage, but the mechanisms and identities of IFN-stimulated genes that are involved in this damage remain under investigation. The IFN-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) inhibit virus infections by preventing virus membrane fusion with cells and by inhibiting fusion of infected cells (syncytialization). Fusion of placental trophoblasts via expression of endogenous retroviral fusogens known as syncytins forms the syncytiotrophoblast, a multinucleated cell structure essential for fetal development. We found here that IFN blocks fusion of BeWo human placental trophoblasts. Stably expressed IFITM1, -2, and -3 also blocked fusion of these trophoblasts while making them more resistant to virus infections. Conversely, stable IFITM knockdowns in BeWo trophoblasts increased their spontaneous fusion and allowed fusion in the presence of IFN while also making the cells more susceptible to virus infection. We additionally found that exogenous expression of IFITMs in HEK293T cells blocked fusion with cells expressing syncytin-1 or syncytin-2, confirming the ability of IFITMs to block individual syncytin-mediated fusion. Overall, our data indicate that IFITMs inhibit trophoblast fusion and suggest that there may be a critical balance between these antifusogenic effects and the beneficial antiviral effects of IFITMs in virus infections during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 .,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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12
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McMichael TM, Zhang Y, Kenney AD, Zhang L, Zani A, Lu M, Chemudupati M, Li J, Yount JS. IFITM3 Restricts Human Metapneumovirus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1582-1591. [PMID: 29917090 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) utilizes a bifurcated cellular entry strategy, fusing either with the plasma membrane or, after endocytosis, with the endosome membrane. Whether cellular factors restrict or enhance either entry pathway is largely unknown. We found that the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits hMPV infection to an extent similar to endocytosis-inhibiting drugs, and an IFITM3 variant that accumulates at the plasma membrane in addition to its endosome localization provided increased virus restriction. Mechanistically, IFITM3 blocks hMPV F protein-mediated membrane fusion, and inhibition of infection was reversed by the membrane destabilizing drug amphotericin B. Conversely, we found that infection by some hMPV strains is enhanced by the endosomal protein toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), and that IFITM3 retains the ability to restrict hMPV infection even in cells expressing TLR7. Overall, our results identify IFITM3 as an endosomal restriction factor that limits hMPV infection of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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13
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Sharma A, McLaughlin RN, Basom RS, Kikawa C, OhAinle M, Yount JS, Emerman M, Overbaugh J. Macaque interferon-induced transmembrane proteins limit replication of SHIV strains in an Envelope-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007925. [PMID: 31260493 PMCID: PMC6625738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 does not persistently infect macaques due in part to restriction by several macaque host factors. This has been partially circumvented by generating chimeric SIV/HIV-1 viruses (SHIVs) that encode SIV antagonist of known restriction factors. However, most SHIVs replicate poorly in macaques unless they are further adapted in culture and/or macaques (adapted SHIVs). Therefore, development of SHIVs encoding HIV-1 sequences derived directly from infected humans without adaptation (unadapted SHIVs) has been challenging. In contrast to the adapted SHIVs, the unadapted SHIVs have lower replication kinetics in macaque lymphocytes and are sensitive to type-1 interferon (IFN). The HIV-1 Envelope (Env) in the chimeric virus determines both the reduced replication and the IFN-sensitivity differences. There is limited information on macaque restriction factors that specifically limit replication of the more biologically relevant, unadapted SHIV variants. In order to identify the IFN-induced host factor(s) that could contribute to the inhibition of SHIVs in macaque lymphocytes, we measured IFN-induced gene expression in immortalized pig-tailed macaque (Ptm) lymphocytes using RNA-Seq. We found 147 genes that were significantly upregulated upon IFN treatment in Ptm lymphocytes and 31/147 were identified as genes that encode transmembrane helices and thus are likely present in membranes where interaction with viral Env is plausible. Within this group of upregulated genes with putative membrane-localized proteins, we identified several interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) genes, including several previously uncharacterized Ptm IFITM3-related genes. An evolutionary genomic analysis of these genes suggests the genes are IFITM3 duplications not found in humans that are both within the IFITM locus and also dispersed elsewhere in the Ptm genome. We observed that Ptm IFITMs are generally packaged at higher levels in unadapted SHIVs when compared to adapted SHIVs. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Ptm IFITMs showed that depletion of IFITMs partially rescues the IFN sensitivity of unadapted SHIV. Moreover, we found that the depletion of IFITMs also increased replication of unadapted SHIV in the absence of IFN treatment, suggesting that Ptm IFITMs are likely important host factors that limit replication of unadapted SHIVs. In conclusion, this study shows that Ptm IFITMs selectively restrict replication of unadapted SHIVs. These findings suggest that restriction factors including IFITMs vary in their potency against different SHIV variants and may play a role in selecting for viruses that adapt to species-specific restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan S Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Caroline Kikawa
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Molly OhAinle
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael Emerman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular restriction factor that blocks fusion between virus and host membranes. Here, we provide an introduction to IFITM3 and the biochemical regulation underlying its antiviral activity. Further, we analyze and summarize the published literature examining phenotypes of IFITM3 knockout mice upon infections with viral pathogens and discuss the controversial association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human IFITM3 gene and severe virus infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications show that IFITM3 knockout mice experience more severe pathologies than wild-type mice in diverse virus infections, including infections with influenza A virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and cytomegalovirus. Likewise, numerous studies of humans of Chinese ancestry have associated the IFITM3 SNP rs12252-C with severe influenza virus infections, though examinations of other populations, such as Europeans, in which this SNP is rare, have largely failed to identify an association with severe infections. A second SNP, rs34481144-A, found in the human IFITM3 promoter has also recently been reported to be a risk allele for severe influenza virus infections. SUMMARY There is significant evidence for a protective role of IFITM3 against virus infections in both mice and humans, though additional work is required to identify the range of pathogens restricted by IFITM3 and the mechanisms by which human SNPs affect IFITM3 levels or functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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McMichael TM, Zhang L, Chemudupati M, Hach JC, Kenney AD, Hang HC, Yount JS. The palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC20 enhances interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) palmitoylation and antiviral activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21517-21526. [PMID: 29079573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular endosome- and lysosome-localized protein that restricts numerous virus infections. IFITM3 is activated by palmitoylation, a lipid posttranslational modification. Palmitoylation of proteins is primarily mediated by zinc finger DHHC domain-containing palmitoyltransferases (ZDHHCs), but which members of this enzyme family can modify IFITM3 is not known. Here, we screened a library of human cell lines individually lacking ZDHHCs 1-24 and found that IFITM3 palmitoylation and its inhibition of influenza virus infection remained strong in the absence of any single ZDHHC, suggesting functional redundancy of these enzymes in the IFITM3-mediated antiviral response. In an overexpression screen with 23 mammalian ZDHHCs, we unexpectedly observed that more than half of the ZDHHCs were capable of increasing IFITM3 palmitoylation with ZDHHCs 3, 7, 15, and 20 having the greatest effect. Among these four enzymes, ZDHHC20 uniquely increased IFITM3 antiviral activity when both proteins were overexpressed. ZDHHC20 colocalized extensively with IFITM3 at lysosomes unlike ZDHHCs 3, 7, and 15, which showed a defined perinuclear localization pattern, suggesting that the location at which IFITM3 is palmitoylated may influence its activity. Unlike knock-out of individual ZDHHCs, siRNA-mediated knockdown of both ZDHHC3 and ZDHHC7 in ZDHHC20 knock-out cells decreased endogenous IFITM3 palmitoylation. Overall, our results demonstrate that multiple ZDHHCs can palmitoylate IFITM3 to ensure a robust antiviral response and that ZDHHC20 may serve as a particularly useful tool for understanding and enhancing IFITM3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temet M McMichael
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Jocelyn C Hach
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Adam D Kenney
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jacob S Yount
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
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16
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Chesarino NM, Compton AA, McMichael TM, Kenney AD, Zhang L, Soewarna V, Davis M, Schwartz O, Yount JS. IFITM3 requires an amphipathic helix for antiviral activity. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1740-1751. [PMID: 28835547 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular factor that blocks virus fusion with cell membranes. IFITM3 has been suggested to alter membrane curvature and fluidity, though its exact mechanism of action is unclear. Using a bioinformatic approach, we predict IFITM3 secondary structures and identify a highly conserved, short amphipathic helix within a hydrophobic region of IFITM3 previously thought to be a transmembrane domain. Consistent with the known ability of amphipathic helices to alter membrane properties, we show that this helix and its amphipathicity are required for the IFITM3-dependent inhibition of influenza virus, Zika virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Ebola virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections. The homologous amphipathic helix within IFITM1 is also required for the inhibition of infection, indicating that IFITM proteins possess a conserved mechanism of antiviral action. We further demonstrate that the amphipathic helix of IFITM3 is required to block influenza virus hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion. Overall, our results provide evidence that IFITM proteins utilize an amphipathic helix for inhibiting virus fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Chesarino
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alex A Compton
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France.,HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Victoria Soewarna
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Davis
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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17
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Identification of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in Goose: Gene Structure, Expression Patterns, and Immune Reponses against Tembusu Virus Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5149062. [PMID: 28386554 PMCID: PMC5366768 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5149062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins 1 and 3 (IFITM1 and IFITM3) can effectively inhibit the replication of multiple viruses. Here, goose IFITM1 and IFITM3 were cloned and identified for the first time. The two proteins share the same topological structure and several important sites critical for the antiviral functions in other species are conserved in the goose. Goose IFITM1 and IFITM3 are most closely related to their respective orthologs in ducks; these proteins exhibited high mRNA transcript levels in immune-related tissues, including the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and Harderian gland, compared to other tissues. Moreover, goose IFITM1 was highly constitutively expressed in gastrointestinal tract tissues, while goose IFITM3 was expressed in respiratory organs. Furthermore, goose IFITM3 was activated in goose peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with Tembusu virus (TMUV) or treated with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists, while only the R848 and Poly (I:C) agonists induced significant upregulation of goose IFITM1. Furthermore, goose IFITM1 and IFITM3 were upregulated in the sampled tissues, to some extent, after TMUV infection. Notably, significant upregulation of goose IFITM1 and IFITM3 was detected in the cecum and cecal tonsil, where TMUV was primarily distributed. These data provide new insights into the immune effectors in geese and promote our understanding of the role of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in the defense against TMUV.
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18
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Compton AA, Roy N, Porrot F, Billet A, Casartelli N, Yount JS, Liang C, Schwartz O. Natural mutations in IFITM3 modulate post-translational regulation and toggle antiviral specificity. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1657-1671. [PMID: 27601221 PMCID: PMC5090704 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon‐induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins protect host cells from diverse virus infections. IFITM proteins also incorporate into HIV‐1 virions and inhibit virus fusion and cell‐to‐cell spread, with IFITM3 showing the greatest potency. Here, we report that amino‐terminal mutants of IFITM3 preventing ubiquitination and endocytosis are more abundantly incorporated into virions and exhibit enhanced inhibition of HIV‐1 fusion. An analysis of primate genomes revealed that IFITM3 is the most ancient antiviral family member of the IFITM locus and has undergone a repeated duplication in independent host lineages. Some IFITM3 genes in nonhuman primates, including those that arose following gene duplication, carry amino‐terminal mutations that modify protein localization and function. This suggests that “runaway” IFITM3 variants could be selected for altered antiviral activity. Furthermore, we show that adaptations in IFITM3 result in a trade‐off in antiviral specificity, as variants exhibiting enhanced activity against HIV‐1 poorly restrict influenza A virus. Overall, we provide the first experimental evidence that diversification of IFITM3 genes may boost the antiviral coverage of host cells and provide selective functional advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Roy
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Billet
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France .,CNRS-URA 3015, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
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19
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Sobhy H. A Review of Functional Motifs Utilized by Viruses. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010003. [PMID: 28248213 PMCID: PMC5217368 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Short linear motifs (SLiM) are short peptides that facilitate protein function and protein-protein interactions. Viruses utilize these motifs to enter into the host, interact with cellular proteins, or egress from host cells. Studying functional motifs may help to predict protein characteristics, interactions, or the putative cellular role of a protein. In virology, it may reveal aspects of the virus tropism and help find antiviral therapeutics. This review highlights the recent understanding of functional motifs utilized by viruses. Special attention was paid to the function of proteins harboring these motifs, and viruses encoding these proteins. The review highlights motifs involved in (i) immune response and post-translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitylation, SUMOylation or ISGylation); (ii) virus-host cell interactions, including virus attachment, entry, fusion, egress and nuclear trafficking; (iii) virulence and antiviral activities; (iv) virion structure; and (v) low-complexity regions (LCRs) or motifs enriched with residues (Xaa-rich motifs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Sobhy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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20
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Chesarino NM, McMichael TM, Yount JS. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4 Promotes Influenza Virus Infection by Decreasing Levels of the Antiviral Protein IFITM3. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005095. [PMID: 26263374 PMCID: PMC4532365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cell-intrinsic factor that limits influenza virus infections. We previously showed that IFITM3 degradation is increased by its ubiquitination, though the ubiquitin ligase responsible for this modification remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 ubiquitinates IFITM3 in cells and in vitro. This IFITM3 ubiquitination is dependent upon the presence of a PPxY motif within IFITM3 and the WW domain-containing region of NEDD4. In NEDD4 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we observed defective IFITM3 ubiquitination and accumulation of high levels of basal IFITM3 as compared to wild type cells. Heightened IFITM3 levels significantly protected NEDD4 knockout cells from infection by influenza A and B viruses. Similarly, knockdown of NEDD4 in human lung cells resulted in an increase in steady state IFITM3 and a decrease in influenza virus infection, demonstrating a conservation of this NEDD4-dependent IFITM3 regulatory mechanism in mouse and human cells. Consistent with the known association of NEDD4 with lysosomes, we demonstrate for the first time that steady state turnover of IFITM3 occurs through the lysosomal degradation pathway. Overall, this work identifies the enzyme NEDD4 as a new therapeutic target for the prevention of influenza virus infections, and introduces a new paradigm for up-regulating cellular levels of IFITM3 independently of IFN or infection. IFITM3 is critical for limiting the severity of influenza virus infections in humans and mice. Optimal antiviral activity of IFITM3 is achieved when it is present at high levels within cells. Our results indicate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 decreases baseline IFITM3 levels by ubiquitinating IFITM3 and promoting its turnover. Depleting NEDD4 from cells results in IFITM3 accumulation and greater resistance to infection by influenza viruses. Therefore, we have identified NEDD4 as a regulator of IFITM3 levels and as a novel drug target for preventing influenza virus and other IFITM3-sensitive virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Chesarino
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Temet M. McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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