1
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Abend JR, Sathe A, Wrobel MB, Knapp M, Xu L, Zhao L, Kim P, Desai S, Nguyen A, Leber XC, Hein A, Scharenberg M, Shaul J, Ornelas E, Wong K, Pietzonka T, Sterling LM, Hodges MR, Pertel P, Traggiai E, Patick AK, Kovacs SJ. Nonclinical and clinical characterization of MAU868, a novel human-derived monoclonal neutralizing antibody targeting BK polyomavirus VP1. Am J Transplant 2024:S1600-6135(24)00424-6. [PMID: 38996969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Reactivation of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can cause significant kidney and bladder disease in immunocompromised patients. There are currently no effective, BKPyV-specific therapies. MAU868 is a novel, human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody that binds the major capsid protein, VP1, of BKPyV with picomolar affinity, neutralizes infection by the 4 major BKPyV genotypes (EC50 ranging from 0.009-0.093 μg/mL; EC90 ranging from 0.102-4.160 μg/mL), and has comparable activity against variants with highly prevalent VP1 polymorphisms. No resistance-associated variants were identified in long-term selection studies, indicating a high in vitro barrier-to-resistance. The high-resolution crystal structure of MAU868 in complex with VP1 pentamer identified 3 key contact residues in VP1 (Y169, R170, and K172). A first-in-human study was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of MAU868 following intravenous and subcutaneous administration to healthy adults in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, single ascending dose design. MAU868 was safe and well-tolerated. All adverse events were grade 1 and resolved. The pharmacokinetics of MAU868 was typical of a human IgG, with dose-proportional systemic exposure and an elimination half-life ranging between 23 and 30 days. These results demonstrate the potential of MAU868 as a first-in-class therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of BKPyV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Abend
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA.
| | - Atul Sathe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Matthias B Wrobel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Biologics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Knapp
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Lucy Xu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Peter Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Sachin Desai
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amanda Nguyen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Andreas Hein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Biologics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meike Scharenberg
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Biologics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Shaul
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Elisabeth Ornelas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Kelly Wong
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Infectious Disease Area, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Thomas Pietzonka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Biologics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Peter Pertel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Amy K Patick
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven J Kovacs
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Swingler M, Donadoni M, Bellizzi A, Cakir S, Sariyer IK. iPSC-derived three-dimensional brain organoid models and neurotropic viral infections. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:121-134. [PMID: 37097597 PMCID: PMC10127962 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Progress in stem cell research has revolutionized the medical field for more than two decades. More recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has allowed for the development of advanced disease modeling and tissue engineering platforms. iPSCs are generated from adult somatic cells by reprogramming them into an embryonic-like state via the expression of transcription factors required for establishing pluripotency. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of brain cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells, endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. iPSCs can be used to generate brain organoids by using a constructive approach in three-dimensional (3D) culture in vitro. Recent advances in 3D brain organoid modeling have provided access to a better understanding of cell-to-cell interactions in disease progression, particularly with neurotropic viral infections. Neurotropic viral infections have been difficult to study in two-dimensional culture systems in vitro due to the lack of a multicellular composition of CNS cell networks. In recent years, 3D brain organoids have been preferred for modeling neurotropic viral diseases and have provided invaluable information for better understanding the molecular regulation of viral infection and cellular responses. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on recent advances in iPSC-derived 3D brain organoid culturing and their utilization in modeling major neurotropic viral infections including HIV-1, HSV-1, JCV, ZIKV, CMV, and SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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3
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Yang F, Chen X, Zhang H, Zhao GD, Yang H, Qiu J, Meng S, Wu P, Tao L, Wang Q, Huang G. Single-Cell Transcriptome Identifies the Renal Cell Type Tropism of Human BK Polyomavirus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021330. [PMID: 36674845 PMCID: PMC9861348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection is the main factor affecting the prognosis of kidney transplant recipients, as no antiviral agent is yet available. A better understanding of the renal-cell-type tropism of BKPyV can serve to develop new treatment strategies. In this study, the single-cell transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the ranking of BKPyV tropism for the kidney was proximal tubule cells (PT), collecting duct cells (CD), and glomerular endothelial cells (GEC) according to the signature of renal cell type and immune microenvironment. In normal kidneys, we found that BKPyV infection-related transcription factors P65 and CEBPB were PT-specific transcription factors, and PT showed higher glycolysis/gluconeogenesis activities than CD and GEC. Furthermore, in the BKPyV-infected kidneys, the percentage of late viral transcripts in PT was significantly higher than in CD and GEC. In addition, PT had the smallest cell-cell interactions with immune cells compared to CD and GEC in both normal and BKPyV-infected kidneys. Subsequently, we indirectly demonstrated the ranking of BKPyV tropism via the clinical observation of sequential biopsies. Together, our results provided in-depth insights into the renal cell-type tropism of BKPyV in vivo at single-cell resolution and proposed a novel antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Based of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xutao Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zhao
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huifei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Siyan Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Penghan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Gang Huang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Based of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (G.H.)
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4
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Henriksen S, Rinaldo CH. Should SVGp12 Be Used for JC Polyomavirus Studies? Comment on Prezioso et al. COS-7 and SVGp12 Cellular Models to Study JCPyV Replication and MicroRNA Expression after Infection with Archetypal and Rearranged-NCCR Viral Strains. Viruses 2022, 14, 2070. Viruses 2022; 15:89. [PMID: 36680132 PMCID: PMC9867049 DOI: 10.3390/v15010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent paper in Viruses investigates the impact of the JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) microRNA on the replication of different JCPyV strains. Unfortunately, one of the cell lines used, the human fetal glial cell line SVGp12, is productively infected by the closely related BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), which may confound results. Scientists need to take this into account and the potential pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Henriksen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christine Hanssen Rinaldo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Passerini S, Prezioso C, Prota A, Babini G, Coppola L, Lodi A, Epifani AC, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Moens U, Pietropaolo V, Ciotti M. Detection Analysis and Study of Genomic Region Variability of JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV in the Urine and Plasma of HIV-1-Infected Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112544. [PMID: 36423152 PMCID: PMC9698965 DOI: 10.3390/v14112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was clearly established that HIV/AIDS predisposes to the infection, persistence or reactivation of latent viruses, the prevalence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) among HIV-1-infected patients and a possible correlation between HPyVs and HIV sero-status were investigated. PCR was performed to detect and quantify JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV DNA in the urine and plasma samples of 103 HIV-1-infected patients. Subsequently, NCCR, VP1 and MCPyV LT sequences were examined. In addition, for MCPyV, the expression of transcripts for the LT gene was investigated. JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV's presence was reported, whereas HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV were not detected in any sample. Co-infection patterns of JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV were found. Archetype-like NCCRs were observed with some point mutations in plasma samples positive for JCPyV and BKPyV. The VP1 region was found to be highly conserved among these subjects. LT did not show mutations causing stop codons, and LT transcripts were expressed in MCPyV positive samples. A significant correlation between HPyVs' detection and a low level of CD4+ was reported. In conclusion, HPyV6, HPyV7 and QPyV seem to not have a clinical relevance in HIV-1 patients, whereas further studies are warranted to define the clinical importance of JCPyV, BKPyV and MCPyV DNA detection in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Prota
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Babini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lodi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Epifani
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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6
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BK Virus Infection and BK-Virus-Associated Nephropathy in Renal Transplant Recipients. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071290. [PMID: 35886073 PMCID: PMC9323957 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliomavirus BK virus (BKV) is highly infective, causing asymptomatic infections during childhood. After the initial infection, a stable state of latent infection is recognized in kidney tubular cells and the uroepithelium with negligible clinical consequences. BKV is an important risk factor for BKV-associated diseases, and, in particular, for BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVN) in renal transplanted recipients (RTRs). BKVN affects up to 10% of renal transplanted recipients, and results in graft loss in up to 50% of those affected. Unfortunately, treatments for BK virus infection are restricted, and there is no efficient prophylaxis. In addition, consequent immunosuppressive therapy reduction contributes to immune rejection. Increasing surveillance and early diagnosis based upon easy and rapid analyses are resulting in more beneficial outcomes. In this report, the current status and perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of BKV in RTRs are reviewed.
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7
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The Inhibition of DNA Viruses by the Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptide Temporin G: A Virological Study Addressing HSV-1 and JPCyV. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137194. [PMID: 35806198 PMCID: PMC9266403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and John Cunningham polyomavirus (JCPyV) are widely distributed DNA viruses causing mainly asymptomatic infection, but also mild to very severe diseases, especially when these viruses reach the brain. Some drugs have been developed to inhibit HSV-1 replication in host cells, but their prolonged use may induce resistance phenomena. In contrast, to date, there is no cure for JCPyV. The search for alternative drugs that can reduce viral infections without undermining the host cell is moving toward antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of natural occurrence. These include amphibian AMPs belonging to the temporin family. Herein, we focus on temporin G (TG), showing that it strongly affects HSV-1 replication by acting either during the earliest stages of its life cycle or directly on the virion. Computational studies have revealed the ability of TG to interact with HSV-1 glycoprotein B. We also found that TG reduced JCPyV infection, probably affecting both the earliest phases of its life cycle and the viral particle, likely through an interaction with the viral capsid protein VP1. Overall, our results are promising for the development of short naturally occurring peptides as antiviral agents used to counteract diseases related to HSV-1 and JCPyV.
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8
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Small DNA tumor viruses and human cancer: Preclinical models of virus infection and disease. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200239. [PMID: 35636683 PMCID: PMC9194455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumor viruses cause various human cancers that account for at least 15% of the global cancer burden. Among the currently identified human tumor viruses, two are small DNA tumor viruses: human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The study of small DNA tumor viruses (adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and papillomaviruses) has facilitated several significant biological discoveries and established some of the first animal models of virus-associated cancers. The development and use of preclinical in vivo models to study HPVs and MCPyV and their role in human cancer is the focus of this review. Important considerations in the design of animal models of small DNA tumor virus infection and disease, including host range, cell tropism, choice of virus isolates, and the ability to recapitulate human disease, are presented. The types of infection-based and transgenic model strategies that are used to study HPVs and MCPyV, including their strengths and limitations, are also discussed. An overview of the current models that exist to study HPV and MCPyV infection and neoplastic disease are highlighted. These comparative models provide valuable platforms to study various aspects of virus-associated human disease and will continue to expand knowledge of human tumor viruses and their relationship with their hosts.
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Barreras P, Pamies D, Monaco MC, Muñoz LS, Zhong X, Major EO, Hogberg HT, Hartung T, Pardo CA. A human-derived 3D brain organoid model to study JC virus infection. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:17-26. [PMID: 35239145 PMCID: PMC8892818 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a frequent neurological complication in immunosuppressed patients. PML is caused by the JC virus (JCV), a neurotropic DNA polyomavirus that infects oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, causing inflammation and demyelination which lead to neurological dysfunction. The pathogenesis of PML is poorly understood due to the lack of in vitro or animal models to study mechanisms of disease as the virus most efficiently infects only human cells. We developed a human-derived brain organotypic system (also called brain organoid) to model JCV infection. The model was developed by using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and culturing them in 3D to generate an organotypic model containing neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes which recapitulates aspects of the environment of the human brain. We infected the brain organoids with the JCV MAD4 strain or cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with PML. The organoids were assessed for evidence of infection by qPCR, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-exposure. JCV infection in both JCV MAD4 strain and PML CSF-exposed brain organoids was confirmed by immunocytochemical studies demonstrating viral antigens and electron microscopy showing virion particles in the nuclear compartment of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. No evidence of neuronal infection was visualized. Infection was also demonstrated by JCV qPCR in the virus-exposed organoids and their media. In conclusion, the brain organoid model of JCV infection establishes a human model suitable for studying the mechanisms of JCV infection and pathogenesis of PML and may facilitate the exploration of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Barreras
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Laura S Muñoz
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xiali Zhong
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
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10
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Prezioso C, Obregon F, Ambroselli D, Petrolo S, Checconi P, Rodio DM, Coppola L, Nardi A, de Vito C, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Palamara AT, Ciotti M, Pietropaolo V. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) in the Context of Immunosuppression: Genetic Analysis of Noncoding Control Region (NCCR) Variability among a HIV-1-Positive Population. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050507. [PMID: 32375383 PMCID: PMC7291121 DOI: 10.3390/v12050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since limited data are available about the prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and the genetic variability of its noncoding control region (NCCR) in the context of immunosuppression, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of MCPyV in anatomical sites other than the skin and the behavior of NCCR among an HIV-1-positive population. Methods: Urine, plasma, and rectal swabs specimens from a cohort of 66 HIV-1-positive patients were collected and subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for MCPyV DNA detection. MCPyV-positive samples were amplified by nested PCR targeting the NCCR, and NCCRs alignment was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of mutations and to identify putative binding sites for cellular factors. Results: MCPyV DNA was detected in 10/66 urine, in 7/66 plasma, and in 23/66 rectal samples, with a median value of 5 × 102 copies/mL, 1.5 × 102 copies/mL, and 2.3 × 103 copies/mL, respectively. NCCR sequence analysis revealed a high degree of homology with the MCC350 reference strain in urine, whereas transitions, transversions, and single or double deletions were observed in plasma and rectal swabs. In these latter samples, representative GTT and GTTGA insertions were also observed. Search for putative binding sites of cellular transcription factors showed that in several strains, deletions, insertions, or single base substitutions altered the NCCR canonical configuration. Conclusions: Sequencing analysis revealed the presence of numerous mutations in the NCCR, including insertions and deletions. Whether these mutations may have an impact on the pathogenic features of the virus remains to be determined. qPCR measured on average a low viral load in the specimens analyzed, with the exception of those with the GTTGA insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Francisco Obregon
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Donatella Ambroselli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Sara Petrolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Paola Checconi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Donatella Maria Rodio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Angelo Nardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Corrado de Vito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-4439
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11
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Mazzoni E, Pellegrinelli E, Mazziotta C, Lanzillotti C, Rotondo JC, Bononi I, Iaquinta MR, Manfrini M, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F. Mother-to-child transmission of oncogenic polyomaviruses BKPyV, JCPyV and SV40. J Infect 2020; 80:563-570. [PMID: 32097686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polyomavirus (PyV) infections have been associated with different diseases. BK (BKPyV), JC (JCPyV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) are the three main PyVs whose primary infection occurs early in life. Their vertical transmission was investigated in this study. METHODS PyV sequences were analyzed by the digital droplet PCR in blood, serum, placenta, amniotic fluid, vaginal smear from two independent cohorts of pregnant females and umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples. IgG antibodies against the three PyVs were investigated by indirect E.L.I.S.As with viral mimotopes. RESULTS DNAs from blood, vaginal smear and placenta tested BKPyV-, JCPyV- and SV40-positive with a distinct prevalence, while amniotic fluids were all PyVs-negative. A prevalence of 3%, 7%, and 3% for BKPyV, JCPyV and SV40 DNA sequences, respectively, was obtained in UCBs. Serum IgG antibodies from pregnant females reached an overall prevalence of 62%, 42% and 17% for BKPyV, JCPyV and SV40, respectively. Sera from newborns (UCB) tested IgG-positive with a prevalence of 10% for BKPyV/JCPyV and 3% for SV40. CONCLUSIONS In this investigation, PyV vertical transmission was revealed by detecting PyV DNA sequences and IgG antibodies in samples from females and their offspring suggesting a potential risk of diseases in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazzoni
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Elena Pellegrinelli
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Carmen Lanzillotti
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Iaquinta
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marco Manfrini
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Biostatistic Unit, GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Fortunato Vesce
- Section of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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12
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Wilczek MP, DuShane JK, Armstrong FJ, Maginnis MS. JC Polyomavirus Infection Reveals Delayed Progression of the Infectious Cycle in Normal Human Astrocytes. J Virol 2020; 94:e01331-19. [PMID: 31826993 PMCID: PMC7022360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01331-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infects 50 to 80% of the population and is the causative agent of a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). JCPyV presents initially as a persistent infection in the kidneys of healthy people, but during immunosuppression, the virus can reactivate and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Within the CNS, JCPyV predominately targets two cell types, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Until recently, the role of astrocytes has been masked by the pathology in the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, which are lytically destroyed by the virus. To better understand how astrocytes are impacted during JCPyV infection, the temporal regulation and infectious cycle of JCPyV were analyzed in primary normal human astrocytes (NHAs). Previous research to define the molecular mechanisms underlying JCPyV infection has mostly relied on the use of cell culture models, such as SVG-A cells (SVGAs), an immortalized, mixed population of glial cells transformed with simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen. However, SVGAs present several limitations due to their immortalized characteristics, and NHAs represent an innovative approach to study JCPyV infection in vitro Using infectivity assays, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence assay approaches, we have further characterized JCPyV infectivity in NHAs. The JCPyV infectious cycle is significantly delayed in NHAs, and the expression of SV40 T antigen alters the cellular environment, which impacts viral infection in immortalized cells. This research establishes a foundation for the use of primary NHAs in future studies and will help unravel the role of astrocytes in PML pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Animal models are crucial in advancing biomedical research and defining the pathogenesis of human disease. Unfortunately, not all diseases can be easily modeled in a nonhuman host or such models are cost prohibitive to generate, including models for the human-specific virus JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). JCPyV infects most of the population but can cause a rare, fatal disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There have been considerable advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of JCPyV infection, but this has mostly been limited to immortalized cell culture models. In contrast, PML pathogenesis research has been greatly hindered because of the lack of an animal model. We have further characterized JCPyV infection in primary human astrocytes to better define the infectious process in a primary cell type. Albeit a cell culture model, primary astrocytes may better recapitulate human disease, are easier to maintain than other primary cells, and are less expensive than using an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Francesca J Armstrong
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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13
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Zaveckas M, Goda K, Ziogiene D, Gedvilaite A. Purification of recombinant trichodysplasia spinulosa–associated polyomavirus VP1-derived virus-like particles using chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1090:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Janphram C, Worawichawong S, Disthabanchong S, Sumethkul V, Rotjanapan P. Absence of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) viremia in early post-transplant JCPyV nephropathy: A case report. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 19. [PMID: 28805990 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV)-associated nephropathy (JCPyVAN) occurs in <3% of PVAN cases after renal transplantation. We report the first confirmed case to our knowledge of JCPyVAN diagnosed by kidney biopsy in the early 6 months post transplant in Thailand. In this case report, recovery of renal allograft function was not observed after reduction of immunosuppressive agents and administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and cidofovir. Despite persistent JCPyV viruria, no significant further decline in allograft function was documented at 15 months post transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitimaporn Janphram
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchin Worawichawong
- Division of Renal-Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sinee Disthabanchong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vasant Sumethkul
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Porpon Rotjanapan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: A New DNA Virus Associated with Human Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:35-56. [PMID: 29052131 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV or MCV) is a novel human polyomavirus that has been discovered in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a highly aggressive skin cancer. MCPyV infection is widespread in the general population. MCPyV-associated MCC is one of the most aggressive skin cancers, killing more patients than other well-known cancers such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Currently, however, there is no effective drug for curing this cancer. The incidence of MCC has tripled over the past two decades. With the widespread infection of MCPyV and the increase in MCC diagnoses, it is critical to better understand the biology of MCPyV and its oncogenic potential. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries regarding MCPyV molecular virology, host cellular tropism, mechanisms of MCPyV oncoprotein-mediated oncogenesis, and current therapeutic strategies for MCPyV-associated MCC. We also present epidemiological evidence for MCPyV infection in HIV patients and links between MCPyV and non-MCC human cancers.
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16
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Grosse S, Penaud-Budloo M, Herrmann AK, Börner K, Fakhiri J, Laketa V, Krämer C, Wiedtke E, Gunkel M, Ménard L, Ayuso E, Grimm D. Relevance of Assembly-Activating Protein for Adeno-associated Virus Vector Production and Capsid Protein Stability in Mammalian and Insect Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:e01198-17. [PMID: 28768875 PMCID: PMC5625497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01198-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) encodes an eighth protein, called assembly-activating protein (AAP), transformed our understanding of wild-type AAV biology. Concurrently, it raised questions about the role of AAP during production of recombinant vectors based on natural or molecularly engineered AAV capsids. Here, we show that AAP is indeed essential for generation of functional recombinant AAV2 vectors in both mammalian and insect cell-based vector production systems. Surprisingly, we observed that AAV2 capsid proteins VP1 to -3 are unstable in the absence of AAP2, likely due to rapid proteasomal degradation. Inhibition of the proteasome led to an increase of intracellular VP1 to -3 but neither triggered assembly of functional capsids nor promoted nuclear localization of the capsid proteins. Together, this underscores the crucial and unique role of AAP in the AAV life cycle, where it rapidly chaperones capsid assembly, thus preventing degradation of free capsid proteins. An expanded analysis comprising nine alternative AAV serotypes (1, 3 to 9, and rh10) showed that vector production always depends on the presence of AAP, with the exceptions of AAV4 and AAV5, which exhibited AAP-independent, albeit low-level, particle assembly. Interestingly, AAPs from all 10 serotypes could cross-complement AAP-depleted helper plasmids during vector production, despite there being distinct intracellular AAP localization patterns. These were most pronounced for AAP4 and AAP5, congruent with their inability to rescue an AAV2/AAP2 knockout. We conclude that AAP is key for assembly of genuine capsids from at least 10 different AAV serotypes, which has implications for vectors derived from wild-type or synthetic AAV capsids.IMPORTANCE Assembly of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) is regulated by the assembly-activating protein (AAP), whose open reading frame overlaps with that of the viral capsid proteins. As the majority of evidence was obtained using virus-like particles composed solely of the major capsid protein VP3, AAP's role in and relevance for assembly of genuine AAV capsids have remained largely unclear. Thus, we established a trans-complementation assay permitting assessment of AAP functionality during production of recombinant vectors based on complete AAV capsids and derived from any serotype. We find that AAP is indeed a critical factor not only for AAV2, but also for generation of vectors derived from nine other AAV serotypes. Moreover, we identify a new role of AAP in maintaining capsid protein stability in mammalian and insect cells. Thereby, our study expands our current understanding of AAV/AAP biology, and it concomitantly provides insights into the importance of AAP for AAV vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grosse
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magalie Penaud-Budloo
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Anne-Kathrin Herrmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Fakhiri
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chiara Krämer
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ellen Wiedtke
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Gunkel
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks Advanced Biological Screening Facility, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucie Ménard
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Replication of JC Virus DNA in the G144 Oligodendrocyte Cell Line Is Dependent Upon Akt. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00735-17. [PMID: 28768870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00735-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an often-fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. PML results when oligodendrocytes within immunocompromised individuals are infected with the human JC virus (JCV). We have identified an oligodendrocyte precursor cell line, termed G144, that supports robust levels of JCV DNA replication, a central part of the JCV life cycle. In addition, we have determined that JC virus readily infects G144 cells. Furthermore, we have determined that JCV DNA replication in G144 cells is stimulated by myristoylated (i.e., constitutively active) Akt and reduced by the Akt-specific inhibitor MK2206. Thus, this oligodendrocyte-based model system will be useful for a number of purposes, such as studies of JCV infection, establishing key pathways needed for the regulation of JCV DNA replication, and identifying inhibitors of this process.IMPORTANCE The disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the infection of particular brain cells, termed oligodendrocytes, by the JC virus. Studies of PML, however, have been hampered by the lack of an immortalized human cell line derived from oligodendrocytes. Here, we report that the G144 oligodendrocyte cell line supports both infection by JC virus and robust levels of JCV DNA replication. Moreover, we have established that the Akt pathway regulates JCV DNA replication and that JCV DNA replication can be inhibited by MK2206, a compound that is specific for Akt. These and related findings suggest that we have established a powerful oligodendrocyte-based model system for studies of JCV-dependent PML.
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