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Kong C, Fu X, Zhang W, Luo Y, Mai Z, Huang Z, Zhang G, Zhou P. Rapid discrimination of African swine fever virus nucleic acid and virions using BenzoNuclease. Gene 2024; 928:148755. [PMID: 38992760 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). ASFV exhibits significant resistance and stability in the environment, which, coupled with its double-stranded DNA and large genome, predisposes it to contaminate laboratory samples. This characteristic can lead to false-positive results in swine farm settings even days after disinfection, as detectable through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. To meet the demand for efficient clinical methods capable of discriminating between ASFV nucleic acid and ASFV virions, this study aims to ascertain the efficacy of the nuclease "BenzoNuclease" in distinguishing ASFV nucleic acid (ASFV-DNA) from ASFV virions. BenzoNuclease is a versatile nucleic acid enzyme with the capacity to degrade nearly all forms of DNA and RNA. Initially, this research established a highly sensitive general PCR detection method for ASFV. Subsequently, a positive control was constructed using the M13 bacteriophage to substitute for active ASFV, facilitating the development of an improved qPCR method. It is important to note that common disinfectants have the potential to deactivate BenzoNuclease. However, in an environment simulating actual production applications, residual disinfectants do not interfere with the enzymatic efficacy of BenzoNuclease, thus not affecting the detection capabilities of this method. Positive clinical samples from pig farms, upon testing with the improved method, revealed that three samples were positive, indicating the presence of viral particles, while the remaining samples were negative, indicating the presence of nucleic acids. This provides an additional new option for sample testing in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Kong
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xueying Fu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhanzhuo Mai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pei Zhou
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Liu H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu E, Dai S, Wang A. Fluorescence immunochromatographic detection of antibodies to the p72 protein of African swine fever virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134852. [PMID: 39159796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV), a highly contagious pathogen responsible for African swine fever (ASF), causes significant economic losses in the global pork industry. Due to its large and complex structure, ASFV remains refractory to commercial vaccine development, necessitating the creation of rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools for disease control. In this study, quantum dots were conjugated to ASFV p72 protein to establish a fluorescent immunochromatographic assay for detecting ASFV-specific antibodies. The assay test strips contained four adjacent pads arranged sequentially: a sample-application pad, a pad containing mobile antigen-probe conjugate, a nitrocellulose readout pad featuring a test line containing immobilised staphylococcal protein A and a control line containing immobilised monoclonal antibodies against the ASFV p72 protein, and an absorbent pad driving the directional flow of liquid via capillary action. The resulting fluorescence immunochromatographic assay demonstrated highly sensitive and specific ASFV antibody detection in under 15 min. Specificity testing showed no cross-reactivity with serum antibodies against other viruses and sensitivity surpassing that of commercial ASFV antibody colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips. This novel approach offers rapid detection, excellent specificity, and high sensitivity, and supports the future development of fluorescent immunochromatographic test strips for ASFV antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Enping Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuxia Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Huang T, Li F, Xia Y, Zhao J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Qian Y, Zou X. African Swine Fever Virus Immunosuppression and Virulence-Related Gene. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8268-8281. [PMID: 39194705 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), a highly contagious pathogen characterized by a complex structure and a variety of immunosuppression proteins, causes hemorrhagic, acute, and aggressive infectious disease that severely injures the pork products and industry. However, there is no effective vaccine or treatment. The main reasons are not only the complex mechanisms that lead to immunosuppression but also the unknown functions of various proteins. This review summarizes the interaction between ASFV and the host immune system, along with the involvement of virulence-related genes and proteins, as well as the corresponding molecular mechanism of immunosuppression of ASFV, encompassing pathways such as cGAS-STING, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Janus Kinase (JAK) and JAK Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT), apoptosis, and other modulation. The aim is to summarize the dynamic process during ASFV infection and entry into the host cell, provide a rational insight into development of a vaccine, and provide a better clear knowledge of how ASFV impacts the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangtao Li
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingju Xia
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yebing Liu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xingqi Zou
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
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Chen S, Wang T, Luo R, Lu Z, Lan J, Sun Y, Fu Q, Qiu HJ. Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:913. [PMID: 38932205 PMCID: PMC11209373 DOI: 10.3390/v16060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
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Li J, Xing H, Liu K, Fan N, Xu K, Zhao H, Jiao D, Wei T, Cheng W, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhu F, Bu Z, Zhao D, Wang W, Wei HJ. Dysfunction of Complementarity Determining Region 1 Encoded by T Cell Receptor Beta Variable Gene Is Potentially Associated with African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Pigs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1113. [PMID: 38930494 PMCID: PMC11205859 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The beta T-cell receptor (TRB) expressed by beta T cells is essential for foreign antigen recognition. The TRB locus contains a TRBV family that encodes three complementarity determining regions (CDRs). CDR1 is associated with antigen recognition and interactions with MHC molecules. In contrast to domestic pigs, African suids lack a 284-bp segment spanning exons 1 and 2 of the TRBV27 gene that contains a sequence encoding CDR1. In this study, we used the African swine fever virus (ASFV) as an example to investigate the effect of deleting the TRBV27-encoded CDR1 on the resistance of domestic pigs to exotic pathogens. We first successfully generated TRBV27-edited fibroblasts with disruption of the CDR1 sequence using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and used them as donor cells to generate gene-edited pigs via somatic cell nuclear transfer. The TRBV-edited and wild-type pigs were selected for synchronous ASFV infection. White blood cells were significantly reduced in the genetically modified pigs before ASFV infection. The genetically modified and wild-type pigs were susceptible to ASFV and exhibited typical fevers (>40 °C). However, the TRBV27-edited pigs had a higher viral load than the wild-type pigs. Consistent with this, the gene-edited pigs showed more clinical signs than the wild-type pigs. In addition, both groups of pigs died within 10 days and showed similar severe lesions in organs and tissues. Future studies using lower virulence ASFV isolates are needed to determine the relationship between the TRBV27 gene and ASFV infection in pigs over a relatively long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Huiyan Xing
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ninglin Fan
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kaixiang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Deling Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wenjie Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianxiong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Feiyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Z.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Z.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (N.F.); (K.X.); (H.Z.); (D.J.); (T.W.); (W.C.); (J.G.); (X.Z.); (F.Z.)
- Xenotransplantation Engineering Research Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Zhai W, Huang Y, He Y, Chu Y, Tao C, Pang Z, Wang Z, Zhu H, Jia H. Immunogenicity Analysis and Identification of Potential T-Cell Epitopes in C129R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1056. [PMID: 38930438 PMCID: PMC11205686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved C129R protein of AFSV was utilized in the development of an ASFV recombinant adenovirus vaccine, demonstrating strong immunogenicity. In this study, we immunized 6-week-old female C57BL/6J mice via subcutaneous injection with 10 μg of purified C129R protein. Humoral and cellular immune effects were assessed using ELISA, flow cytometry, and ELISpot assays. Additionally, 19 peptides of the C129R protein were synthesized and screened for the use of bioinformatics. Positive T-cell epitopes were screened using ELISpot. The results indicated a higher proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in immunized mice compared to control mice. ELISA analysis revealed a serum titer of approximately 1:1, 638, 400 in the experimental group of mice. Additionally, peptides C11(53-61aa), C14(81-89aa), C16(97-105aa), and C18(116-124aa) from the C129R protein were able to activate mice spleen lymphocytes to produce IFN-γ. These findings suggest that the C129R protein significantly enhances both humoral and cellular immunity in immunized mice. Moreover, peptides C11, C14, C16, and C18 may serve as potential T-cell epitopes for the C129R protein. These results lay the groundwork for the further exploration of ASFV C129R protein and the identification of novel ASF vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; (W.Z.); (Y.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.T.); (Z.P.); (Z.W.); (H.Z.)
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Huang Y, Zhai W, Wang Z, He Y, Tao C, Chu Y, Pang Z, Zhu H, Jia H. Analysis of the Immunogenicity of African Swine Fever F317L Protein and Screening of T Cell Epitopes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1331. [PMID: 38731330 PMCID: PMC11083013 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) encodes numerous proteins characterized by complex immune escape mechanisms. At present, the structure and function of these proteins, including the F317L protein, have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity of the F317L protein. Mice were subcutaneously immunized with the F317L protein using initial and subsequent booster doses, and, at the 28th day post-treatment, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune responses of mice. The F317L protein stimulated production of specific antibodies and activated humoral immune responses. In addition, F317L stimulated the production of large amounts of IFN-γ by splenic lymphocytes, thereby activating cellular immune responses. Using informatics technology, we predicted and synthesized 29 F317L protein T cell epitopes, which were screened using IFN-γ ELISpot. Among these, the F25 (246SRRSLVNPWT255) peptide was identified as having a stronger stimulatory effect than the full-length protein. Collectively, our findings revealed that the ASFV F317L protein can stimulate both strong humoral and cellular immunity in mice, and that the F25 (246SRRSLVNPWT255) peptide may be a potential active T cell epitope. These findings will provide a reference for further in-depth studies of the F317L protein and screening of antigenic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wenzhu Zhai
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yuheng He
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhao Tao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Chu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongbao Pang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.H.); (C.T.); (Y.C.); (Z.P.); (H.Z.)
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Shi Z, Yang X, Shi X, Zhang D, Zhao D, Hao Y, Yang J, Bie X, Yan W, Chen G, Chen L, Liu X, Zheng H, Zhang K. Identification and verification of the role of key metabolites and metabolic pathways on ASFV replication. iScience 2024; 27:109345. [PMID: 38500823 PMCID: PMC10946325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection usually causes viremia within a few days. However, the metabolic changes in pig serum after ASFV infection remain unclear. In this study, serum samples collected from ASFV-infected pigs at different times were analyzed using pseudotargeted metabolomics method. Metabolomic analysis revealed the dopaminergic synapse pathway has the highest rich factor in both ASFV5 and ASFV10 groups. By disrupting the dopamine synaptic pathway, dopamine receptor antagonists inhibited ASFV replication and L-dopa promoted ASFV replication. In addition, guanosine, one of the top20 changed metabolites in both ASFV5 and ASFV10 groups suppressed the replication of ASFV. Taken together, this study revealed the changed serum metabolite profiles of ASFV-infected pigs at various times after infection and verified the effect of the changed metabolites and metabolic pathways on ASFV replication. These findings may contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of ASFV and the development of target drugs to control ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunji Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dengshuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xintian Bie
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenqian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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9
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Wang L, Li D. - Invited Review - Current status, challenges and prospects for pig production in Asia. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:742-754. [PMID: 38419542 PMCID: PMC11016695 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Asia is not only the primary region for global pig production but also the largest consumer of pork worldwide. Although the pig production in Asia has made great progress in the past, it still is confronted with numerous challenges. These challenges include: inadequate land and feed resources, a substantial number of small-scale pig farms, escalating pressure to ensure environmental conservation, control of devastating infectious diseases, as well as coping with high temperatures and high humidity. To solve these problems, important investments of human and financial capital are required to promote large-scale production systems, exploit alternative feed resources, implement precision feeding, and focus on preventive medicine and vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics, improve pig breeding, and increase manure recycling. Implementation of these techniques and management practices will facilitate development of more environmentally-friendly and economically sustainable pig production systems in Asia, ultimately providing consumers with healthy pork products around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
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10
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Ye G, Zhang Z, Liu X, Liu H, Chen W, Feng C, Li J, Zhou Q, Zhao D, Zhang S, Chen H, Bu Z, Huang L, Weng C. African swine fever virus pH240R enhances viral replication via inhibition of the type I IFN signaling pathway. J Virol 2024; 98:e0183423. [PMID: 38353534 PMCID: PMC10949494 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01834-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, and severe infectious disease caused by ASF virus (ASFV) infection. At present, there are still no safe and effective drugs and vaccines to prevent ASF. Mining the important proteins encoded by ASFV that affect the virulence and replication of ASFV is the key to developing effective vaccines and drugs. In this study, ASFV pH240R, a capsid protein of ASFV, was found to inhibit the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Mechanistically, pH240R interacted with IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 to disrupt the interaction of IFNAR1-TYK2 and IFNAR2-JAK1. Additionally, pH240R inhibited the phosphorylation of IFNAR1, TYK2, and JAK1 induced by IFN-α, resulting in the suppression of the nuclear import of STAT1 and STAT2 and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Consistent with these results, H240R-deficient ASFV (ASFV-∆H240R) infection induced more ISGs in porcine alveolar macrophages compared with its parental ASFV HLJ/18. We also found that pH240R enhanced viral replication via inhibition of ISGs expression. Taken together, our results clarify that pH240R enhances ASFV replication by inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which highlights the possibility of pH240R as a potential drug target.IMPORTANCEThe innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against pathogen infection, which has been reported to affect the replication and virulence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolates. Identification of ASFV-encoded proteins that affect the virulence and replication of ASFV is the key step in developing more effective vaccines and drugs. In this study, we found that pH240R interacted with IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 by disrupting the interaction of IFNAR1-TYK2 and IFNAR2-JAK1, resulting in the suppression of the expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Consistent with these results, H240R-deficient ASFV (ASFV-∆H240R) infection induces more ISGs' expression compared with its parental ASFV HLJ/18. We also found that pH240R enhanced viral replication via inhibition of ISGs' expression. Taken together, our findings showed that pH240R enhances ASFV replication by inhibiting the IFN-JAK-STAT axis, which highlights the possibility of pH240R as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiang Ye
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Weiye Chen
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunying Feng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hefeng Chen
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
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11
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Rajkhowa S, Sonowal J, Pegu SR, Sanger GS, Deb R, Das PJ, Doley J, Paul S, Gupta VK. Natural co-infection of pigs with African swine fever virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in India. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1017-1022. [PMID: 38041718 PMCID: PMC10920511 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and African swine fever (ASF) are economically important diseases of pigs throughout the world. During an outbreak, all age groups of animals except piglets < 1 month of age were affected with symptoms of high fever, cutaneous hemorrhages, vomition with blood, diarrhea, poor appetite, ataxia, and death. The outbreak was confirmed by the detection of the N gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the VP72 gene of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) by PCR in representative blood samples from affected pigs followed by Sanger sequencing. Mixed infection was also confirmed by simultaneous detection of both the viruses using multiplex PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of both the viruses revealed that the outbreak was related to ASFV and PRRSV strains from China which were also closely related to the PRRSV and ASFV strains from the recent outbreak from India. The study confirmed the involvement of genotype II of ASFV and genotype 2 of PRRSV in the present outbreak. Interestingly, PRRSV associated with the present outbreak was characterized as a highly pathogenic PRRSV. Therefore, the present study indicates the possibility of future waves or further outbreaks of these diseases (PRRS and ASF) in this region. This is the first report of ASFV and PRRSV co-infection in pigs from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | | | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Juwar Doley
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Souvik Paul
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
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12
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Chandana MS, Nair SS, Chaturvedi VK, Abhishek, Pal S, Charan MSS, Balaji S, Saini S, Vasavi K, Deepa P. Recent progress and major gaps in the vaccine development for African swine fever. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:997-1010. [PMID: 38311710 PMCID: PMC10920543 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The swine industry across the globe is recently facing a devastating situation imparted by a highly contagious and deadly viral disease, African swine fever. The disease is caused by a DNA virus, the African swine fever virus (ASFV) of the genus Asfivirus. ASFV affects both wild boars and domestic pigs resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever. Since the first report in 1921, the disease remains endemic in some of the African countries. However, the recent occurrence of ASF outbreaks in Asia led to a fresh and formidable challenge to the global swine production industry. Culling of the infected animals along with the implementation of strict sanitary measures remains the only options to control this devastating disease. Efforts to develop an effective and safe vaccine against ASF began as early as in the mid-1960s. Different approaches have been employed for the development of effective ASF vaccines including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Inactivated vaccines are a non-feasible strategy against ASF due to their inability to generate a complete cellular immune response. However genetically engineered vaccines, such as subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and virus vector vaccines, represent tailored approaches with minimal adverse effects and enhanced safety profiles. As per the available data, gene deleted LAVs appear to be the most potential vaccine candidates. Currently, a gene deleted LAV (ASFV-G-∆I177L), developed in Vietnam, stands as the sole commercially available vaccine against ASF. The major barrier to the goal of developing an effective vaccine is the critical gaps in the knowledge of ASFV biology and the immune response induced by ASFV infection. The precise contribution of various hosts, vectors, and environmental factors in the virus transmission must also be investigated in depth to unravel the disease epidemiology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in vaccine development against ASF and the major gaps associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chandana
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - Sonu S Nair
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Santanu Pal
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | | | - Shilpa Balaji
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Muktheswhar 263138, Utharakand, India
| | - Shubham Saini
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Koppu Vasavi
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Poloju Deepa
- Division of CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Lee SC, Kim Y, Cha JW, Chathuranga K, Dodantenna N, Kwon HI, Kim MH, Jheong W, Yoon IJ, Lee JY, Yoo SS, Lee JS. CA-CAS-01-A: A Permissive Cell Line for Isolation and Live Attenuated Vaccine Development Against African Swine Fever Virus. J Microbiol 2024; 62:125-134. [PMID: 38480615 PMCID: PMC11021262 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of the highly lethal African swine fever disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars. In spite of the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, there is no licensed vaccine available. The lack of a suitable cell line for ASFV propagation hinders the development of a safe and effective vaccine. For ASFV propagation, primary swine macrophages and monocytes have been widely studied. However, obtaining these cells can be time-consuming and expensive, making them unsuitable for mass vaccine production. The goal of this study was to validate the suitability of novel CA-CAS-01-A (CAS-01) cells, which was identified as a highly permissive cell clone for ASFV replication in the MA-104 parental cell line for live attenuated vaccine development. Through a screening experiment, maximum ASFV replication was observed in the CAS-01 cell compared to other sub-clones of MA-104 with 14.89 and log10 7.5 ± 0.15 Ct value and TCID50/ml value respectively. When CAS-01 cells are inoculated with ASFV, replication of ASFV was confirmed by Ct value for ASFV DNA, HAD50/ml assay, TCID50/ml assay, and cytopathic effects and hemadsoption were observed similar to those in primary porcine alveolar macrophages after 5th passage. Additionally, we demonstrated stable replication and adaptation of ASFV over the serial passage. These results suggest that CAS-01 cells will be a valuable and promising cell line for ASFV isolation, replication, and development of live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, 62407, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Cha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Kim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonhwa Jheong
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, 62407, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Avagyan H, Hakobyan S, Baghdasaryan B, Arzumanyan H, Poghosyan A, Bayramyan N, Semerjyan A, Sargsyan M, Voskanyan H, Vardanyan T, Karalyan N, Hakobyan L, Abroyan L, Avetisyan A, Karalova E, Semerjyan Z, Karalyan Z. Pathology and Clinics of Naturally Occurring Low-Virulence Variants of African Swine Fever Emerged in Domestic Pigs in the South Caucasus. Pathogens 2024; 13:130. [PMID: 38392868 PMCID: PMC10893001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shortly after the establishment of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II in 2007, cases of acute fatal infection were observed. However, after several years of circulation in the Eurasian region, the clinical signs of the disease changed. Currently, this disease can occur acutely, subclinically, chronically, or asymptomatically. Cases of the complete recovery of infected pigs, and the disappearance of ASFV from their tissues and secretions have been described. This form of the disease first appeared in Armenia at the end of 2011. This virus was described and identified as the Dilijan2011IMB strain. The goal of our research was to study the main features of clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and genetic parameters involved in the development of new forms of African swine fever (ASF). Chronic ASF was characterized with low titers of the virus and a decrease in the intensity of hemadsorption. Additionally, a reduced intensity in clinical symptoms and pathoanatomical results was noted. The absolute, but not the relative number of immune cells changes; the neutropenia (in bone marrow and spleen), lymphopenia (in bone marrow), lymphocytosis (only in spleen), lymphoid cell depletion (in bone marrow), and pancytopenia (in bone marrow) observed in the chronic form of ASF were less pronounced compared to in the acute form. When comparing the late stage of chronic ASF to the acute form, the key cytological indicators in the spleen, lymph nodes, and blood were less severe in the chronic stage. Bone marrow failure in the chronic form, expressed in a pronounced decrease in all cell types, generally coincided with the data in the acute form of ASF. The same data were obtained after assessing serum TNF-alpha levels. Thus, we can conclude that the chronic form of ASF occurs due to a less pronounced immune response, as well as a decrease in virus titers in the blood and tissues of infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hranush Avagyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Sona Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bagrat Baghdasaryan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Hranush Arzumanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Arpine Poghosyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Nane Bayramyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Anna Semerjyan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Mariam Sargsyan
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan 0009, Armenia;
| | - Henry Voskanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Tigranuhi Vardanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Naira Karalyan
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Lina Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Liana Abroyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Aida Avetisyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Elena Karalova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Zara Semerjyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
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15
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Desmet C, Coelho-Cruz B, Mehn D, Colpo P, Ruiz-Moreno A. ASFV epitope mapping by high density peptides microarrays. Virus Res 2024; 339:199287. [PMID: 38029799 PMCID: PMC10711508 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly infectious disease. It is a threat to animal health with major potential economic and societal impact. Despite decades of ASF vaccine research, still some gaps in knowledge are hindering the development of a functional vaccine. Worth mentioning are gaps in understanding the mechanism of ASF infection and immunity, as well as the fact that - in case of this disease - virus proteins, so-called protective antigens, responsible for inducing protective immune responses in pigs are not identified yet. In this paper we elaborate on a methodology to identify protective antigens based on epitope mapping by microarray technology. High density peptide microarrays, combined with fluorescence scanning, have been used to analyze the interaction of peptide sequences of African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins with antibodies present in inactivated serum from infected and healthy animals. The study evidenced ASFV proteins already under the radar for vaccine development, such as p54, and identified specific sequences in those proteins that may become the focus for future vaccine candidates. Such methodology is amenable to automation and high-throughput and may help developing better targeting for next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Desmet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Pascal Colpo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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16
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Li H, Zheng X, Li Y, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Yu Z, Feng WH. African swine fever virus S273R protein antagonizes type I interferon production by interfering with TBK1 and IRF3 interaction. Virol Sin 2023; 38:911-921. [PMID: 37659477 PMCID: PMC10786655 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is originally reported in East Africa as an acute hemorrhagic fever. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a giant and complex DNA virus with icosahedral structure and encodes a variety of virulence factors to resist host innate immune response. S273R protein (pS273R), as a SUMO-1 specific cysteine protease, can affect viral packaging by cutting polymeric proteins. In this study, we found that pS273R was an important antagonistic viral factor that suppressed cGAS-STING-mediated type I interferon (IFN-I) production. A detailed analysis showed that pS273R inhibited IFN-I production by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Subsequently, we showed that pS273R disrupted the association between TBK1 and IRF3, leading to the repressed IRF3 phosphorylation and dimerization. Deletion and point mutation analysis verified that pS273R impaired IFN-I production independent of its cysteine protease activity. These findings will help us further understand ASFV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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17
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Chen Y, Wei Z, Song Z, Chang H, Guo Y, Sun Y, Wang H, Zheng Z, Zhang G. Theaflavin inhibits African swine fever virus replication by disrupting lipid metabolism through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway in virto. Virus Res 2023; 334:199159. [PMID: 37385349 PMCID: PMC10410600 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), which is one of the most harmful swine diseases in the pig industry because of its nearly 100% mortality rate in domestic pigs and results in incalculable economic loss. Ever since ASF was initially reported, scientists have worked to develop anti-ASF vaccines; however, currently no clinically effective vaccine for ASF is available. Therefore, the development of novel measures to prevent ASFV infection and transmission is essential. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-ASF activity of theaflavin (TF), a natural compound mainly isolated from black tea. We found that TF potently inhibited ASFV replication at non-cytotoxic concentrations ex vivo in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Mechanistically, we found that TF inhibited ASFV replication by acting on cells rather than interacting directly with ASFV to inhibit viral replication. Further, we found that TF upregulated the AMPK (5'-AMP-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway in ASFV-infected and uninfected cells, and treatment with the AMPK agonist MK8722 upregulated the AMPK signaling pathway and inhibited ASFV proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the effects of TF on AMPK activation and ASFV inhibition were partially reversed by the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. In addition, we found that TF down-regulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis and decreased the intracellular accumulation of total cholesterol and total triglycerides in ASFV-infected cells, suggesting that TF may inhibit ASFV replication by disrupting lipid metabolism. In summary, our results demonstrated that TF is an ASFV infection inhibitor and revealed the mechanism by which ASFV replication is inhibited, providing a novel mechanism and potential lead compound for the development of anti-ASFV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebu Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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18
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Luo Y, Yang Y, Wang W, Gao Q, Gong T, Feng Y, Wu D, Zheng X, Zhang G, Wang H. Aloe-emodin inhibits African swine fever virus replication by promoting apoptosis via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Virol J 2023; 20:158. [PMID: 37468960 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious haemorrhagic fever of pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Aloe-emodin (Ae) is an active ingredient of Chinese herbs with antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of Ae against ASFV using Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Ae significantly inhibited ASFV replication. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that ASFV infection activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in the early stage and the apoptosis pathway in the late stage. Ae significantly downregulated the expression levels of MyD88, phosphor-NF-κB p65, and pIκB proteins as well as the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with ASFV, thereby inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by ASFV. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis revealed that Ae significantly increased the percentage of ASFV-induced apoptotic cells. Additionally, Ae promoted apoptosis by upregulating the expression levels of cleaved-caspase3 and Bax proteins and downregulating the expression levels of Bcl-2 proteins. This suggests that Ae promotes apoptosis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, resulting in inhibition of ASFV replication. These findings have further improved therapeutic reserves for the prevention and treatment of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China.
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China.
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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19
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Li T, Li X, Wang X, Chen X, Zhao G, Liu C, Bao M, Song J, Li J, Huang L, Rong J, Tian K, Deng J, Zhu J, Cai X, Bu Z, Zheng J, Weng C. African swine fever virus pS273R antagonizes stress granule formation by cleaving the nucleating protein G3BP1 to facilitate viral replication. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104844. [PMID: 37209818 PMCID: PMC10404608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs are regulated by different stimulators including viral infection, which is involved in the antiviral activity of host cells to limit viral propagation. To survive, several viruses have been reported to execute various strategies, such as modulating SG formation, to create optimal surroundings for viral replication. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most notorious pathogens in the global pig industry. However, the interplay between ASFV infection and SG formation remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that ASFV infection inhibited SG formation. Through SG inhibitory screening, we found that several ASFV-encoded proteins are involved in inhibition of SG formation. Among them, an ASFV S273R protein (pS273R), the only cysteine protease encoded by the ASFV genome, significantly affected SG formation. ASFV pS273R interacted with G3BP1 (Ras-GTPase-activating protein [SH3 domain] binding protein 1), a vital nucleating protein of SG formation. Furthermore, we found that ASFV pS273R cleaved G3BP1 at the G140-F141 to produce two fragments (G3BP1-N1-140 and G3BP1-C141-456). Interestingly, both the pS273R-cleaved fragments of G3BP1 lost the ability to induce SG formation and antiviral activity. Taken together, our finding reveals that the proteolytic cleavage of G3BP1 by ASFV pS273R is a novel mechanism by which ASFV counteracts host stress and innate antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China; College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Gaihong Zhao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanxia Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Miaofei Bao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Song
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Rong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Luoyang, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
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20
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Wöhnke E, Klupp BG, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Mass-Spectrometric Evaluation of the African Swine Fever Virus-Induced Host Shutoff Using Dynamic Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC). Viruses 2023; 15:1283. [PMID: 37376583 DOI: 10.3390/v15061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a viral disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, ASFV is spreading over the Eurasian continent and threatening global pig husbandry. One viral strategy to undermine an efficient host cell response is to establish a global shutoff of host protein synthesis. This shutoff has been observed in ASFV-infected cultured cells using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with metabolic radioactive labeling. However, it remained unclear if this shutoff was selective for certain host proteins. Here, we characterized ASFV-induced shutoff in porcine macrophages by measurement of relative protein synthesis rates using a mass spectrometric approach based on stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). The impact of ASFV infection on the synthesis of >2000 individual host proteins showed a high degree of variability, ranging from complete shutoff to a strong induction of proteins that are absent from naïve cells. GO-term enrichment analysis revealed that the most effective shutoff was observed for proteins related to RNA metabolism, while typical representatives of the innate immune system were strongly induced after infection. This experimental setup is suitable to quantify a virion-induced host shutoff (vhs) after infection with different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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21
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Zhu G, Ren J, Li D, Ru Y, Qin X, Feng T, Tian H, Lu B, Shi D, Shi Z, Yang W, Zheng H. Combinational Deletions of MGF110-9L and MGF505-7R Genes from the African Swine Fever Virus Inhibit TBK1 Degradation by an Autophagy Activator PIK3C2B To Promote Type I Interferon Production. J Virol 2023; 97:e0022823. [PMID: 37162350 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00228-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a transboundary infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars, resulting in significant swine production losses. Currently, no effective commercial ASF vaccines or therapeutic options are available. A previous study has shown that deletions of ASFV MGF110-9L and MGF505-7R genes (ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R) attenuated virulence in pigs and provided complete protection against parental lethal ASFV CN/GS/2018 (wild-type ASFV [ASFV-WT]) challenge, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study found that ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R weakened TBK1 degradation compared with ASFV-WT through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and Western blotting analyses. Furthermore, we confirmed that ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R blocked the degradation of TBK1 through the autophagy pathway. We also identified that the downregulation of an autophagy-related protein PIK3C2B was involved in the inhibition of TBK1 degradation induced by ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R. Additionally, we also confirmed that PIK3C2B promoted ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R replication in vitro. Together, this study elucidated a novel mechanism of virulence change of ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R, revealing a new mechanism of ASF live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) and providing theoretical guidance for the development of ASF vaccines. IMPORTANCE African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious and lethal hemorrhagic disease of pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), leading to significant economic consequences for the global pig industry. The development of an effective and safe ASF vaccine has been unsuccessful. Previous studies have shown that live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) of ASFV are the most effective vaccine candidates to prevent ASF. Understanding the host responses caused by LAVs of ASFV is important in optimizing vaccine design and diversifying the resources available to control ASF. Recently, our laboratory found that the live attenuated ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R provided complete protection against parental ASFV-WT challenge. This study further demonstrated that ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R inhibits TBK1 degradation mediated by an autophagy activator PIK3C2B to increase type I interferon production. These results revealed an important mechanism for candidate vaccine ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R, providing strategies for exploring the virulence of multigene-deleted live attenuated ASFV strains and the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingzhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongfang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengwang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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PI3K-Akt pathway-independent PIK3AP1 identified as a replication inhibitor of the African swine fever virus based on iTRAQ proteomic analysis. Virus Res 2023; 327:199052. [PMID: 36775023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe infectious disease that has a high global prevalence. The fatality rate of pigs infected with ASF virus (ASFV) is close to 100%; in the absence of a safe and reliable commercial vaccine, this poses a threat to the global pig industry and public health. To better understand the interaction of ASFV with its host, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to conduct quantitative proteomic analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophage cells infected with ASFV. Overall, 4579 proteins were identified; 286 of these were significantly upregulated and 69 were significantly downregulated after ASFV infection. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and protein-protein interaction network analyses were used to obtain insights into the dynamics and complexity of the ASFV-host interaction. In addition, immunoblotting revealed that the expression of PIK3AP1, RNF114, and FABP5 was upregulated and that of TRAM1 was downregulated after ASFV infection. Overexpression of PIK3AP1 and RNF114 significantly inhibited ASFV replication in vitro, but the suppressive effect of PIK3AP1 on ASFV replication was independent of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Further studies confirmed that ASFV MGF360-9L interacts with PIK3AP1 to reduce its protein expression level. Moreover, LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K-Akt pathway, inhibited ASFV replication, indicating the importance of the PI3K-Akt pathway in ASFV infection. This study identified the network of interactions between ASFV and host cells and provides a reference for the development of anti-ASFV strategies and for studying the potential mechanisms and pathogenesis of ASFV infection.
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Huang Z, Cao H, Zeng F, Lin S, Chen J, Luo Y, You J, Kong C, Mai Z, Deng J, Guo W, Chen X, Wang H, Zhou P, Zhang G, Gong L. African Swine Fever Virus MGF505-7R Interacts with Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 to Evade the Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway and Promote Viral Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0197722. [PMID: 36815839 PMCID: PMC10062159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01977-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The mortality rate of ASF in pigs can reach 100%, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. Here, we found that ASFV protein MGF505-7R inhibited the beta interferon (IFN-β)-mediated Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling. Our results demonstrate that MGF505-7R inhibited interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3)-mediated IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity. Importantly, we observed that MGF505-7R inhibits ISGF3 heterotrimer formation by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and inhibits the nuclear translocation of ISGF3. Moreover, to demonstrate the role of MGF505-7R in IFN-I signal transduction during ASFV infection, we constructed and evaluated ASFV-ΔMGF505-7R recombinant viruses. ASFV-ΔMGF505-7R restored STAT2 and STAT1 phosphorylation, alleviated the inhibition of ISGF3 nuclear translocation, and showed increased susceptibility to IFN-β, unlike the parental GZ201801 strain. In conclusion, our study shows that ASFV protein MGF505-7R plays a key role in evading IFN-I-mediated innate immunity, revealing a new mode of evasion for ASFV. IMPORTANCE ASF, caused by ASFV, is currently prevalent in Eurasia, with mortality rates reaching 100% in pigs. At present, there are no safe or effective vaccines against ASFV. In this study, we found that the ASFV protein MGF505-7R hinders IFN-β signaling by interacting with IRF9 and inhibiting the formation of ISGF3 heterotrimers. Of note, we demonstrated that MGF505-7R plays a role in the immune evasion of ASFV in infected hosts and that recombinant viruses alleviated the effect on type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling and exhibited increased susceptibility to IFN-β. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing vaccines against ASFV using strains with MGF505-7R gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanliang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sizhan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyi You
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanzhuo Mai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongnan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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Yu L, Zhu Z, Deng J, Tian K, Li X. Antagonisms of ASFV towards Host Defense Mechanisms: Knowledge Gaps in Viral Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:574. [PMID: 36851786 PMCID: PMC9963191 DOI: 10.3390/v15020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes high morbidity and mortality of both domestic pigs and wild boars and severely impacts the swine industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV), the etiologic agent of ASF epidemics, mainly infects myeloid cells in swine mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including blood-circulating monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Since their significant roles in bridging host innate and adaptive immunity, these cells provide ASFV with favorable targets to manipulate and block their antiviral activities, leading to immune escape and immunosuppression. To date, vaccines are still being regarded as the most promising measure to prevent and control ASF outbreaks. However, ASF vaccine development is delayed and limited by existing knowledge gaps in viral immune evasion, pathogenesis, etc. Recent studies have revealed that ASFV can employ diverse strategies to interrupt the host defense mechanisms via abundant self-encoded proteins. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the antagonisms of ASFV-encoded proteins towards IFN-I production, IFN-induced antiviral response, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, we also make a brief discussion concerning the potential challenges in future development of ASF vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzheng Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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25
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Yang S, Miao C, Liu W, Zhang G, Shao J, Chang H. Structure and function of African swine fever virus proteins: Current understanding. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1043129. [PMID: 36846791 PMCID: PMC9950752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1043129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal double-stranded DNA virus that is responsible for African swine fever (ASF). ASFV was first reported in Kenya in 1921. Subsequently, ASFV has spread to countries in Western Europe, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, as well as to China in 2018. ASFV epidemics have caused serious pig industry losses around the world. Since the 1960s, much effort has been devoted to the development of an effective ASF vaccine, including the production of inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, and subunit vaccines. Progress has been made, but unfortunately, no ASF vaccine has prevented epidemic spread of the virus in pig farms. The complex ASFV structure, comprising a variety of structural and non-structural proteins, has made the development of ASF vaccines difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to fully explore the structure and function of ASFV proteins in order to develop an effective ASF vaccine. In this review, we summarize what is known about the structure and function of ASFV proteins, including the most recently published findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guanglei Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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26
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Liu H, Zou J, Liu R, Chen J, Li X, Zheng H, Li L, Zhou B. Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of African Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020106. [PMID: 36851410 PMCID: PMC9964870 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are important DNA viruses that cause reproductive disorders in sows, which result in huge losses in pig husbandry, especially in China. The multiplex qPCR assay could be utilized as a simultaneous diagnostic tool for field-based surveillance and the control of ASFV, PCV2, and PRV. Based on the conserved regions on the p72 gene of ASFV, the Cap gene of PCV2, the gE gene of PRV, and the porcine endogenous β-Actin gene, the appropriate primers and probes for a multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR test effective at concurrently detecting three DNA viruses were developed. The approach demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with major pathogens related to swine reproductive diseases. In addition, its sensitivity was great, with a detection limit of 101 copies/L of each pathogen, and its repeatability was excellent, with intra- and inter-group variability coefficients of <2%. Applying this assay to detect 383 field specimens collected from 2020 to 2022, the survey data displayed that the ASFV, PCV2, and PRV single infection rates were 22.45%, 28.46%, and 2.87%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of ASFV + PCV2, ASFV + PRV, PCV2 + PRV, and ASFV + PCV2 + PRV were 5.22%, 0.26%, 1.83%, and 0.26%, respectively. Overall, the assay established in this study provides an effective tool for quickly distinguishing the viruses causing sow reproductive disorders, suggesting its huge clinical application value in the diagnosis of swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicheng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongchao Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
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27
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African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV): Immunity and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020199. [PMID: 36851077 PMCID: PMC9967541 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of the highly contagious disease African swine fever (ASF), which can result in mortality rates of up to 100% in pigs infected by virulent strains [...].
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28
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Zhang H, Zhao S, Zhang H, Qin Z, Shan H, Cai X. Vaccines for African swine fever: an update. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139494. [PMID: 37180260 PMCID: PMC10173882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal infectious disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, the disease is listed as a legally notifiable disease that must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The economic losses to the global pig industry have been insurmountable since the outbreak of ASF. Control and eradication of ASF are very critical during the current pandemic. Vaccination is the optimal strategy to prevent and control the ASF epidemic, but since inactivated ASFV vaccines have poor immune protection and there aren't enough cell lines for efficient in vitro ASFV replication, an ASF vaccine with high immunoprotective potential still remains to be explored. Knowledge of the course of disease evolution, the way of virus transmission, and the breakthrough point of vaccine design will facilitate the development of an ASF vaccine. In this review, the paper aims to highlight the recent advances and breakthroughs in the epidemic and transmission of ASF, virus mutation, and the development of vaccines in recent years, focusing on future directions and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Saisai Zhao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Qin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai,
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Oronasal or Intramuscular Immunization with a Thermo-Attenuated ASFV Strain Provides Full Clinical Protection against Georgia 2007/1 Challenge. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122777. [PMID: 36560781 PMCID: PMC9784117 DOI: 10.3390/v14122777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of suids that induces high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boars. Given the current spread of ASF, the development of a vaccine is a priority. During an attempt to inactivate the Georgia 2007/1 strain via heat treatment, we fortuitously generated an attenuated strain called ASFV-989. Compared to Georgia, the ASFV-989 strain genome has a deletion of 7458 nucleotides located in the 5'-end encoding region of MGF 505/360, which allowed for developing a DIVA PCR system. In vitro, in porcine alveolar macrophages, the replication kinetics of the ASFV-989 and Georgia strains were identical. In vivo, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs inoculated with the ASFV-989 strain, either intramuscularly or oronasally, exhibited transient hyperthermia and slightly decreased growth performance. Animals immunized with the ASFV-989 strain showed viremia 100 to 1000 times lower than those inoculated with the Georgia strain and developed a rapid antibody and cell-mediated response. In ASFV-989-immunized pigs challenged 2 or 4 weeks later with the Georgia strain, no symptoms were recorded and no viremia for the challenge strain was detected. These results show that the ASFV-989 strain is a promising non-GMO vaccine candidate that is usable either intramuscularly or oronasally.
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Assessment of the Impact of a Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist Synthetic Lipopeptide on Macrophage Susceptibility and Responses to African Swine Fever Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102212. [PMID: 36298767 PMCID: PMC9610641 DOI: 10.3390/v14102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands are attracting attention as prophylactic and immunopotentiator agents against pathogens, including viruses. We previously reported that a synthetic diacylated lipopeptide (Mag-Pam2Cys_P48) polarized porcine macrophages towards a proinflammatory antimicrobial phenotype. Here, we investigated its role in modulating monocyte-derived macrophage (moMΦ) responses against African swine fever virus (ASFV), the etiological agent of one of the greatest threats to the global pig industry. Two ASFV isolates were compared: the attenuated NH/P68 and the virulent 26544/OG10. No effect on virus infection nor the modulation of surface markers’ expression (MHC I, MHC II DR, CD14, CD16, and CD163) were observed when Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ were infected using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ released higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and IL-18 in response to infection with NH/P68 ASFV compared to 26544/OG10-infected and mock-infected controls. Surprisingly, when infected using a MOI of 0.01, the virulent ASFV 26544/OG10 isolate replicated even slightly more efficiently in Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ. These effects also extended to the treatment of moMΦ with two other lipopeptides: Mag-Pam2Cys_P80 and Mag-Pam2Cys_Mag1000. Our data suggested limited applicability of TLR2 agonists as prophylactic or immunopotentiator agents against virulent ASFV but highlighted the ability of the virulent 26544/OG10 to impair macrophage defenses.
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31
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Zhang X, Chen S, Li X, Zhang L, Ren L. Flavonoids as Potential Antiviral Agents for Porcine Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091793. [PMID: 36145539 PMCID: PMC9501777 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are types of natural substances with phenolic structures isolated from a variety of plants. Flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. Although most of the research or applications of flavonoids are focused on human diseases, flavonoids also show potential applicability against porcine virus infection. This review focuses on the recent progress in antiviral mechanisms of potential flavonoids against the most common porcine viruses. The mechanism discussed in this paper may provide a theoretical basis for drug screening and application of natural flavonoid compounds and flavonoid-containing herbs to control porcine virus infection and guide the research and development of pig feed additives.
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32
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Ayanwale A, Trapp S, Guabiraba R, Caballero I, Roesch F. New Insights in the Interplay Between African Swine Fever Virus and Innate Immunity and Its Impact on Viral Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958307. [PMID: 35875580 PMCID: PMC9298521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Europe and Asia represents a major threat to livestock health, with billions of dollars of income losses and major perturbations of the global pig industry. One striking feature of African swine fever (ASF) is the existence of different forms of the disease, ranging from acute with mortality rates approaching 100% to chronic, with mild clinical manifestations. These differences in pathogenicity have been linked to genomic alterations present in attenuated ASFV strains (and absent in virulent ones) and differences in the immune response of infected animals. In this mini-review, we summarized current knowledge on the connection between ASFV pathogenicity and the innate immune response induced in infected hosts, with a particular focus on the pathways involved in ASFV detection. Indeed, recent studies have highlighted the key role of the DNA sensor cGAS in ASFV sensing. We discussed what other pathways may be involved in ASFV sensing and inflammasome activation and summarized recent findings on the viral ASFV genes involved in the modulation of the interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Trapp
- UMR 1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
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