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Mancon A, Raccagni AR, Gagliardi G, Moschese D, Rizzo A, Giacomelli A, Cutrera M, Salari F, Bracchitta F, Antinori S, Gori A, Rizzardini G, Castagna A, Gismondo MR, Nozza S, Mileto D. Evaluation of analytical performance of the STANDARD TM M10 MPX/OPX assay for the simultaneous DNA detection and clade attribution of Monkeypox virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2337666. [PMID: 38572513 PMCID: PMC11018020 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2337666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection confirmation needs reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays; in addition, viral clade attribution is a key factor in containment measures, considering a more severe syndrome in clade I and the possibility of simultaneous circulation. This study evaluates the performance of all-in-one STANDARD M10 MPX/OPX (SD BIOSENSOR, South Korea - M10). Frozen samples from 205 subjects were selected and stratified according to routine test results (RealStar® Orthopoxvirus PCR Kit 1.0, Altona DIAGNOTICS, Germany - RS; RS-1): in detail, 100 negative skin lesions (SL) and 200 positive samples at the variable stage of infection were analysed. Positive samples were retested with RS (RS-2). Positive and Negative Percent Agreements (PPA, NPA) were calculated. The median (IQR) Ct values of RS and M10 (OPXV target) assays were highly similar. The PPA of M10 compared to RS-1 was 89.5% considering system interpretation, and 96.0% when the operator classified results as positive if any target was detected; NPA was 100%. Comparing the RS-2 run and M10, an overall concordance of 95.3% between assays was found; however, considering operator interpretation, M10 returned more positive results than RS-2. The occurrence of False-Negative results was likely associated with the influence of thawing on low viral concentration; no False-Positive tests were observed. All samples collected at the time of Mpox diagnosis were positive and M10 correctly attributed the clade (West-Africa/II). The M10 MPX/OPX assay demonstrated high reliability in confirming MPXV infection and clade attribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mancon
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Davide Moschese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Rizzo
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Spinello Antinori
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mileto
- Laboratory of Clincal Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, via C. Golgi 19, 20133Milan, Italy
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Huo S, Wu L, Huang B, Liu N, Sun J, Ye F, Deng Y, Chen J, Gong L, Zhu W, Xu Z, Tan W. Identification of the VP37 Pocket of Monkeypox Virus as a Promising Target for Pan-Orthopoxvirus Inhibitors through Virtual Screening and Antiviral Assays. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2373309. [PMID: 38922308 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2373309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Huo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Leyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiewei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Fei Ye
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yao Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Likun Gong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
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Zhao B, Liu Q, Du Q, Kang J, Tang R, Tu Y, Liu D. Characteristics and Differences in Mpox Patients with and without HIV Infection: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in Chengdu, China. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:1381-1393. [PMID: 38617056 PMCID: PMC11011692 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s456198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To date, there are few reports about mpox case series in China, and scarce information is available about the in-vivo kinetics of T-cell responses in the early stage of mpox infection. This study aims to investigate the clinical difference among mpox patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Patients and Methods A total of 56 patients diagnosed with mpox by Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and hospitalized in Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu were retrospectively included and divided into an HIV-infected group (n=23) and a non-HIV-infected group (n=33). Clinical characteristics and serum chemistry findings of mpox patients were collected in order to analyze the differences between the HIV-infected group and the non-HIV-infected group. Results Multiple laboratory abnormalities, including elevated C-reactive protein (69.1%), hypocalcemia (50.9%), elevated CD3+CD8+T counts (47.0%) and inverted ratio of CD3+CD4+T to CD3+CD8+T (64.7%) were common in mpox cases. There were statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05) in age, serum calcium levels, CD3+CD4+T counts, the ratio of CD3+CD4+T to CD3+CD8+T, proportion with >10 rashes, incidence of proctitis anus and time from rash growth to rash scab shedding between HIV-infected group and non-HIV-infected group. In the early stage of mpox infection, the median of CD3+CD8+T counts in the non-HIV-infected group was significantly higher than that in healthy donors (P<0.001), and the median of CD3+CD4+T/CD3+CD8+T ratio was significantly lower (P<0.001). The median of CD3+CD4+T counts in mpox patients co-infected with HIV significantly decreased compared to the pre-infection level (p =0.033). Conclusion Our study indicates that mpox co-infected with HIV patients have longer lasting rash lesions and a higher incidence of proctitis anus. T-cell responses may be different between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals in the early stage of mpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennan Zhao
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Du
- The Second Ward of ICU, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Kang
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Tu
- Scientific Research and Teaching Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dafeng Liu
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Ejaz M, Jabeen M, Sharif M, Syed MA, Shah PT, Faryal R. Human monkeypox: An updated appraisal on epidemiology, evolution, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300455. [PMID: 37867205 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. The recent occurrence of Mpox infections has become a significant global issue in recent months. Despite being an old disease with a low mortality rate, the ongoing multicountry outbreak is atypical due to its occurrence in nonendemic countries. The current review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the literature pertaining to MPXV, with the aim of consolidating the existing data on the virus's epidemiological, biological, and clinical characteristics, as well as vaccination and treatment regimens against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz
- Department of Microbiology, Government Postgraduate College Mandian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Momina Jabeen
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehmoona Sharif
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Syed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Pir T Shah
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Jain N, Umar TP, Sayad R, Mokresh ME, Tandarto K, Siburian R, Liana P, Laivacuma S, Reinis A. Monkeypox Diagnosis in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Review of Best Laboratory Practices. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:253-271. [PMID: 38801583 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
An outbreak of monkeypox (Mpox) was reported in more than 40 countries in early 2022. Accurate diagnosis of Mpox can be challenging, but history, clinical findings, and laboratory diagnosis can establish the diagnosis. The pre-analytic phase of testing includes collecting, storing, and transporting specimens. It is advised to swab the lesion site with virus transport medium (VTM) containing Dacron or polyester flock swabs from two different sites. Blood, urine, and semen samples may also be used. Timely sampling is necessary to obtain a sufficient amount of virus or antibodies. The analytical phase of infectious disease control involves diagnostic tools to determine the presence of the virus. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for detecting Mpox, genome sequencing is for identifying new or modified viruses. As a complement to these methods, isothermal amplification methods have been designed. ELISA assays are also available for the determination of antibodies. Electron microscopy is another effective diagnostic method for tissue identification of the virus. Wastewater fingerprinting provides some of the most effective diagnostic methods for virus identification at the community level. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are further discussed. Post-analytic phase requires proper interpretation of test results and the preparation of accurate patient reports that include relevant medical history, clinical guidelines, and recommendations for follow-up testing or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Jain
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, 1007, Latvia.
- Joint Microbiology Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, Riga, 1002, Latvia.
| | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Dr. Mohammad Ali Street-RSMH Complex, Palembang, 30126, Indonesia.
| | - Reem Sayad
- Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Saad Zaghloul, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Muhammed Edib Mokresh
- Faculty of International Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Tibbiye, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey
| | - Kevin Tandarto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pluit Raya Street No. 2, North Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Reynold Siburian
- Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Dr. Mohammad Ali Street-RSMH Complex, Palembang, 30126, Indonesia
| | - Phey Liana
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University-Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, 30126, Indonesia
| | - Sniedze Laivacuma
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, 1007, Latvia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Hipokrata Street 2, Riga, 1038, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, 1007, Latvia
- Joint Microbiology Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, Riga, 1002, Latvia
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Shah BM, Modi P. Breaking Barriers: Current Advances and Future Directions in Mpox Therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:62-76. [PMID: 38151842 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501281263231218070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox, a newly discovered zoonotic infection, can be transmitted from animal to human and between humans. Serological and genomic studies are used to identify the virus. OBJECTIVE Currently, there are no proven effective treatments for Mpox. Also, the safety and efficacy of intravenous vaccinia immune globulin, oral Tecovirimat (an inhibitor of intracellular viral release), and oral Brincidofovir (a DNA polymerase inhibitor) against the Mpox virus are uncertain, highlighting the need for more effective and safe treatments. As a result, drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy to identify previously licensed drugs that can be repurposed to treat Mpox. RESULTS Various approaches have been employed to identify previously approved drugs that can target specific Mpox virus proteins, including thymidylate kinase, D9 decapping enzyme, E8 protein, Topoisomerase1, p37, envelope proteins (D13, A26, and H3), F13 protein, virus's main cysteine proteases, and DNA polymerase. CONCLUSION In this summary, we provide an overview of potential drugs that could be used to treat Mpox and discuss the underlying biological processes of their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumi M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L.J. University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
| | - Palmi Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L.J. University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
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Zeng GG, Jiang WL, Yu J, Nie GY, Lu YR, Xiao CK, Wang C, Zheng K. The Potential Relationship Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Monkeypox. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102116. [PMID: 37802168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Mpox, a novel epidemic disease, has broken out the period of coronavirus disease 2019 since May 2022, which was caused by the mpox virus. Up to 12 September 2023, there are more than 90,439 confirmed mpox cases in over 115 countries all over the world. Moreover, the outbreak of mpox in 2022 was verified to be Clade II rather than Clade I. Highlighting the significance of this finding, a growing body of literature suggests that mpox may lead to a series of cardiovascular complications, including myocarditis and pericarditis. It is indeed crucial to acquire more knowledge about mpox from a perspective from the clinical cardiologist. In this review, we would discuss the epidemiological characteristics and primary treatments of mpox to attempt to provide a framework for cardiovascular physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Gui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wan-Li Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Gui-Ying Nie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Ru Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang-Kai Xiao
- Department of Urology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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He Y, Tang Y, Wang C, Zhou Z, Li W, Tian M. The Global Health Threat of Monkeypox Virus: Understanding Its Biology, Transmission, and Potential Therapeutic Interventions. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7759-7766. [PMID: 38146310 PMCID: PMC10749784 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s438725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, shares its genus with Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, and Vaccinia virus (VACV), used for smallpox vaccination. While smallpox has been eradicated, MPXV and related poxviruses continue to pose a global health threat. Monkeypox (Mpox), similar in clinical presentation to smallpox but milder, is endemic in Central and West Africa. Sporadic outbreaks emphasize the potential for wider dissemination. Understanding their biology, transmission, immune evasion, and clinical features informs disease control strategies. The intersection of medical innovation and biotechnology with poxviruses underscores their importance in both disease and scientific advancement. Further research is essential to enhance prevention, management, and therapeutic interventions for these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Infection Management, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostic, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zilie Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Research, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Tian
- Department of Respiratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Yashavarddhan MH, Bohra D, Rana R, Tuli HS, Ranjan V, Rana DS, Ganguly NK. Comprehensive overview of 2022 human monkeypox outbreak and its pathology, prevention, and treatment: A strategy for disease control. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127504. [PMID: 37812873 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 Monkeypox virus, an evolved DNA strain originating in Africa, exhibits heightened human-to-human transmissibility and potential animal transmission. Its host remains unidentified. While its initial slow transmission rate restrained global impact, 2022 saw a surge in cases, causing widespread concern in over 103 countries by September. This virus's distinctive human-to-human transmission marks a crucial shift, demanding a prompt revaluation of containment strategies. However, the host source for this shift requires urgent research attention. Regrettably, no universal preventive or curative methods have emerged for this evolved virus. Repurposed from smallpox vaccines, only some vaccinations offer a partial defense. Solely one therapeutic drug is available. The article's essence is to provide a comprehensive grasp of the virus's epidemiology, morphology, immune invasion mechanisms, and existing preventive and treatment measures. This knowledge equips researchers to devise strategies against its spread and potential public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Yashavarddhan
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Deepika Bohra
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India.
| | | | - Vivek Ranjan
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | | | - Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
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Islam MA, Mumin J, Haque MM, Haque MA, Khan A, Bhattacharya P, Haque MA. Monkeypox virus (MPXV): A Brief account of global spread, epidemiology, virology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2023; 2:262-272. [PMID: 38205182 PMCID: PMC10774656 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak of the 21st century occurred in 2022, which caused epidemics in many countries. According to WHO, physical contact with infected persons, contaminated surfaces, or affected animals might be a source of this virus transmission. A febrile sickness including few symptoms found in MPX disease. Skin rash, lesions, fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches symptoms were observed commonly for this disease. Animal and in vitro, studies have shown that the antiviral medications cidofovir and brincidofovir are effective against MPXV. The first-generation vaccinia virus vaccine was developed in 1960, and it helped to protect against MPXV with its side effects. A second-generation vaccination with limitations was launched in 2000. However, the CDC advised vaccinations for risk groups in endemic countries, including positive patients and hospital employees. The JYNNEOS vaccine, administered in 2 doses, also provides protection from MPX. This article presents concisely the most recent findings regarding epidemiology, genomic transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions for MPXV, which may be helpful to researchers and practitioners. WHO declared that MPX was no longer a global health emergency due to its declining case rate, and a number of countries have reported new incidences. Further research-based investigations must be carried out based on the 2022 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Aminul Islam
- Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj 2310, Bangladesh
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Jubayer Mumin
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Md Masudul Haque
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Azizul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Ahrar Khan
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research @KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Md Atiqul Haque
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100019, China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
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11
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Baron R, Hamdiui N, Helms YB, Crutzen R, Götz HM, Stein ML. Evaluating the Added Value of Digital Contact Tracing Support Tools for Citizens: Framework Development. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e44728. [PMID: 38019583 PMCID: PMC10719815 DOI: 10.2196/44728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that with high infection rates, health services conducting contact tracing (CT) could become overburdened, leading to limited or incomplete CT. Digital CT support (DCTS) tools are designed to mimic traditional CT, by transferring a part of or all the tasks of CT into the hands of citizens. Besides saving time for health services, these tools may help to increase the number of contacts retrieved during the contact identification process, quantity and quality of contact details, and speed of the contact notification process. The added value of DCTS tools for CT is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To help determine whether DCTS tools could improve the effectiveness of CT, this study aims to develop a framework for the comprehensive assessment of these tools. METHODS A framework containing evaluation topics, research questions, accompanying study designs, and methods was developed based on consultations with CT experts from municipal public health services and national public health authorities, complemented with scientific literature. RESULTS These efforts resulted in a framework aiming to assist with the assessment of the following aspects of CT: speed; comprehensiveness; effectiveness with regard to contact notification; positive case detection; potential workload reduction of public health professionals; demographics related to adoption and reach; and user experiences of public health professionals, index cases, and contacts. CONCLUSIONS This framework provides guidance for researchers and policy makers in designing their own evaluation studies, the findings of which can help determine how and the extent to which DCTS tools should be implemented as a CT strategy for future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Baron
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Nora Hamdiui
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Yannick B Helms
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Rik Crutzen
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hannelore M Götz
- Department of Public Health, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mart L Stein
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Hirani R, Noruzi K, Iqbal A, Hussaini AS, Khan RA, Harutyunyan A, Etienne M, Tiwari RK. A Review of the Past, Present, and Future of the Monkeypox Virus: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons from COVID-19 for Global Health Security. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2713. [PMID: 38004725 PMCID: PMC10673257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox, a rare but significant zoonotic and orthopoxviral disease, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its recent resurgence in multiple countries throughout Europe, North America, and Oceania. The disease has emerged as a novel threat to the global health systems that are still striving to recover from the major shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The unusual manifestation of the illness highlights a substantial knowledge deficit and necessitates the immediate development of a public health action strategy, considering the epidemiological differences observed in the ongoing outbreak and the appearance of cases in non-endemic nations. This literature review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on monkeypox, encompassing its historical context, etiology, epidemiology, surveillance, prevention, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatments, and recent outbreak. Particular attention is given to both advances and gaps in our understanding of monkeypox, and we point toward future directions for research and intervention efforts as pertains to vaccine development and distribution. Lastly, we will also review the recent outbreak through a sociopolitical lens as relates to decision-making strategies, especially given the lessons learned from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Hirani
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Kaleb Noruzi
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aroubah Iqbal
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Anum S. Hussaini
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rafay A. Khan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aleksandr Harutyunyan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Mill Etienne
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Adom-Konadu A, Bonyah E, Sackitey AL, Anokye M, Asamoah JKK. A fractional order Monkeypox model with protected travelers using the fixed point theorem and Newton polynomial interpolation. HEALTHCARE ANALYTICS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 3:100191. [PMID: 37214737 PMCID: PMC10167817 DOI: 10.1016/j.health.2023.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study formulates a Monkeypox model with protected travelers. The fixed point theorem is used to obtain the existence and uniqueness of the solution with Ulam-Hyers stability for the analysis of the solution to the model. The Newton polynomial interpolation scheme is employed to solve an approximate solution of the fractional Monkeypox model. The numerical simulations and the graphical representations suggest that the fractional order affects the dynamics of the Monkeypox. The fractional order shows other underlining transmission trends of the Monkeypox disease. We conclude that the result obtained for each compartment conforms to reality as the fractional order approaches unity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Adom-Konadu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Bonyah
- Department of Mathematics Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | | | - Martin Anokye
- Department of Mathematics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joshua Kiddy K Asamoah
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Mohanto S, Faiyazuddin M, Dilip Gholap A, Jc D, Bhunia A, Subbaram K, Gulzar Ahmed M, Nag S, Shabib Akhtar M, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Sah S, Malik S, Haleem Al-Qaim Z, Barboza JJ, Sah R. Addressing the resurgence of global monkeypox (Mpox) through advanced drug delivery platforms. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102636. [PMID: 37633474 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a transmissible infection induced by the Monkeypox virus (a double-stranded DNA virus), recognised under the family orthopoxvirus genus. Monkeypox, like endemic diseases, is a substantial concern worldwide; thus, comprehending the pathogenesis and mutagenesis of amino acids is indispensable to combat the infection. According to the World Health Organization's report, about 89 thousand cases with 160 mortalities have been reported from 114 countries worldwide. The conventional orthopoxvirus vaccines developed on live attenuated viruses exempted any clinical validation from combating monkeypox due to inadequate immunogenicity, toxicity, instability, and multiple doses. Therefore, novel drug delivery systems come into the conception with high biological and mechanical characteristics to address the resurgence of Global Monkeypox. The edges of metallic biomaterials, novel molecules, and vaccine development in targeted therapy increase the modulation of the immune response and blockage of host-virus interaction, with enhanced stability for the antigens. Thus, this review strives to comprehend the viral cell pathogenesis concerning amino acid mutagenesis and current epidemiological standards of the Monkeypox disease across the globe. Furthermore, the review also recapitulates the various clinical challenges, current therapies, and progressive nanomedicine utilisation in the Monkeypox outbreak reinforced by various clinical trial reports. The contemporary challenges of novel drug delivery systems in Monkeypox treatment cannot be overlooked, and thus, authors have outlined the future strategies to develop successful nanomedicine to combat monkeypox. Future pandemics are inevitable but can be satisfactorily handled if we comprehend the crises, innovate, and develop cutting-edge technologies, especially by delving into frontiers like nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Md Faiyazuddin
- School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar, Bihar, 845106, India; Nano Drug Delivery®, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amol Dilip Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, 401404, India
| | - Darshan Jc
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Adrija Bhunia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Male', Maldives
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Mohammad Shabib Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, 442001, India; SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Kalyanpur-10, Siraha, Nepal
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Jharkhand, 834002, Ranchi, India; School of Applied Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Zahraa Haleem Al-Qaim
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Joshuan J Barboza
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, 13007, Peru
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, 46000, Nepal; Department of Clinical Microbiology, DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411000, Maharashtra, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Kumar A, Borkar SK, Choudhari SG, Mendhe HG, Bankar NJ. Recent Outbreak of Monkeypox: Implications for Public Health Recommendations and Crisis Management in India. Cureus 2023; 15:e45671. [PMID: 37868437 PMCID: PMC10589906 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a rare and self-limiting disease that was eradicated globally through vaccination approximately forty years ago, following the eradication of smallpox. The purpose of this article is to explore the implications of the recent monkeypox outbreak on public health recommendations and crisis management in India. An overview of the consequences of the current monkeypox epidemic on public health, epidemiology, clinical findings, management, challenges, and existing strategies for this disease, along with recommendations are discussed. It is crucial to develop evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox, as well as early case identification and contact tracing. To prevent the spread of infection, travelers from affected countries should be subjected to health testing and quarantine. In order to successfully control the outbreak, a multidisciplinary team should be established to manage the monkeypox virus at tertiary care facilities, and health workers with occupational exposure to the virus should be assessed and given management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Kumar
- Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, IND
| | - Sonali K Borkar
- Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, IND
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16
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Miranda MD, Caldas GC, Ferreira VN, Barth OM, da Silva ADPD, Silva MST, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Souza TM, da Silva EE, Barreto-Vieira DF. Monkeypox (Mpox) virus isolation and ultrastructural characterisation from a Brazilian human sample case. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230090. [PMID: 37646742 PMCID: PMC10469757 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the last 2023 Monkeypox (Mpox) Outbreak Global Map from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 100 countries with no Mpox infection report cases. Brazil stands out in this group and is the second country with the highest number of cases in the last outbreak. OBJECTIVE To contribute to knowledge of the virus infection effects in a cellular model, which is important for diagnosis infections not yet included in a provider´s differential diagnosis and for developing viral inhibition strategies. METHODS We describe a virus isolation protocol for a human clinical sample from a patient from Brazil, the viral growth in a cell model through plaque forming units (PFU) assay, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FINDINGS We follow the viral isolation in Vero cell culture from a Mpox positive clinically diagnosed sample and show the infection effects on cellular structures using a TEM. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Understanding the impact of viral growth on cellular structures and its replication kinetics may offer better strategies for the development of new drugs with antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Dias Miranda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Cardoso Caldas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vivian Neuza Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ortrud Monika Barth
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline de Paula Dias da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Gestão da Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mayara Secco Torres Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Valdiléa Gonçalves Veloso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thiago Moreno Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Gestão da Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Edson Elias da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Debora Ferreira Barreto-Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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17
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Riegler MJ, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Sadoghi B. Perianal Vesiculo-pustular Eruptions in a 28-year-old Male: A Quiz. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv11956. [PMID: 37622203 PMCID: PMC10469218 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.11956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract is missing (Quiz)
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta J Riegler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Auenbruggerplatz 8, Medical University of Graz, AT-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Hofmann-Wellenhof
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Auenbruggerplatz 8, Medical University of Graz, AT-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Sadoghi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Auenbruggerplatz 8, Medical University of Graz, AT-8036 Graz, Austria.
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18
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Saied AA, Chandran D, Chakraborty S, Emran TB, Dhama K. Mpox and healthcare workers — a minireview of our present knowledge. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 35:46. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-023-00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Workers in the healthcare industry form the backbone of health systems everywhere. In the face of global health crises like the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak, healthcare workers like doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, paramedics, administrators, support staff, laboratory technicians, and community health workers all play crucial roles in providing care and containing the spread of the disease.
Aim
Therefore, in the wake of concerns about mpox recurrence, we seek to shed light on the occupational transmission of mpox infection and the possible risk to healthcare personnel.
Results
Contamination of the environment of the household of cases of mpox and environment of the patient care units with the viral DNA has been reported besides asymptomatic cases and detection of viral DNA in air samples; therefore, more research on non-lesion-based testing for human mpox infection for screening asymptomatic people, particularly among populations at high risk of infection, in the event of asymptomatic transmission and potential transmission via aerosols is necessary. Monitoring efforts can be aided by incorporating mpox testing into locations where people are more likely to contract illnesses and seek medical attention. We must take a precautionary infection control approach to control the spread of the virus while completing urgent research to understand better the human-to-human mpox transmission process.
Conclusions
In this minireview, we discuss the potential routes of mpox transmission to healthcare and preventative strategies and measures that should be taken and considered.
Graphical Abstract
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19
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Spirito F, Guida A, Caponio VCA, Lo Muzio L. Monkeypox: A New Challenge for Global Health System? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1250. [PMID: 37374034 DOI: 10.3390/life13061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, starting in 2020, has presented a major challenge in terms of early diagnosis and the subsequent containment and management of severe cases. The spread of viruses such as monkeypox in non-endemic countries is now creating new difficulties for healthcare professionals. Proper case definition and clinical examination are crucial for the early identification of suspected cases. For this reason, we performed a review of the literature in order to report the first signs, which are useful for healthcare providers for early case identification. Since 2022 to date, 86,930 laboratory-confirmed cases and 1051 probable cases have been reported worldwide, and of these, 116 were fatal cases and, for the first time, most of the cases were registered in countries that have not historically reported monkeypox and that lack direct or immediate epidemiological links to areas of West or Central Africa where the disease is endemic. Patients with Monkeypox experience prodromal symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and a rash after an incubation period of 5-21 days. The disease is usually self-limiting within 2-4 weeks but can lead to complications, such as pneumonia, encephalitis, kidney injury, and myocarditis in children, pregnant individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. The case-fatality ratio is between 1 and 10%. Today, prevention campaigns and the control of human monkeypox are the best weapons to prevent infection and stop transmission. Prevention strategies, such as avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, and the proper preparation of all foods containing animal meat or parts, should be adopted. Furthermore, close contact with infected people or contaminated materials should be avoided to prevent human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spirito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Agostino Guida
- U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. "A. Cardarelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Khamees A, Awadi S, Al-Shami K, Alkhoun HA, Al-Eitan SF, Alsheikh AM, Saeed A, Al-Zoubi RM, Zoubi MSA. Human monkeypox virus in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1149-1157. [PMID: 37269693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The end of smallpox in 1980 and the subsequent stopping of vaccination against smallpox was followed by the emergence of monkeypox (mpox), a viral disease of animal origin, meaning that it is transmitted from animal to human. The symptoms of mpox are similar to smallpox, except that they are less severe in terms of clinical features. In the case of public health, the mpox virus is one of the most important orthopoxviruses (such as variola, cowpox, and vaccinia) that come from the family Poxviridae. Mpox occurs mostly in central Africa and sometimes in tropical rainforests or some urban areas. Also, there are threats other than COVID-19, that must be addressed and prevented from spreading, as there has been an outbreak of mpox cases since May 7, 2022, throughout the USA, Europe, Australia, and part of Africa. OBJECTIVES In this review, we will discuss mpox between the past, the present and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, it offers an updated summary of the taxonomy, etiology, transmission, and epidemiology of mpox illness. In addition, the current review aims to highlight the importance of emerging pandemics in the same era such as mpox and COVID-19. METHODS A literature search was done for the study using online sources like PubMed and Google Scholar. Publications in English were included. Data for study variables were extracted. After the duplicate articles were eliminated, full-text screening was performed on the papers' titles and abstracts. RESULTS The evaluation included a series documenting mpox virus outbreaks, and both prospective and retrospectiveinvestigations. CONCLUSIONS monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is primarily found in central and western Africa. The disease is transmitted from animals to humans and presents symptoms similar to those of smallpox, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and a rash. Monkeypox can lead to complications such as secondary integument infection, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, and encephalitis, as well as corneal infection that can result in blindness. There is no specific clinically proven treatment for monkeypox, and treatment is primarily supportive. However, antiviral drugs and vaccines are available for cross-protection against the virus, and strict infection control measures and vaccination of close contacts of affected individuals can help prevent and control outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almu'atasim Khamees
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan; Department of General Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, 11941, Jordan.
| | - Sajeda Awadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Khayry Al-Shami
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Hayat Abu Alkhoun
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Sharaf F Al-Eitan
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Ahmad Saeed
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Raed M Al-Zoubi
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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21
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Saied AA. Mpox virus Clade IIb detection in the air. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28775. [PMID: 37212310 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease endemic in Central and West Africa that is caused by the Mpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and Poxviridae family. The clinical manifestations of mpox infection are milder than those of smallpox, and the incubation time of mpox varies from 5 to 21 days. Since May 2022, the mpox outbreak (formerly known as monkeypox) has suddenly and unexpectedly spread in non-endemic countries, suggesting that there may have been some undetected transmissions. Based on molecular analysis, there are two major genetic clades that represent the mpox virus: Clade I (formerly the Congo Basin clade OR the Central African clade) and Clade II (formerly the West African clade). It is believed that people who are asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic may spread the mpox virus. Infectious viruses cannot be distinguished by PCR testing; therefore, virus culture should be carried out. Recent evidence regarding the detection of the mpox virus (Clade IIb) in air samples collected from the patient's environment during the 2022 mpox outbreak was reviewed. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extent to which the presence of mpox virus DNA in the air could affect immunocompromised patients in healthcare facilities, and further epidemiological studies are crucial, especially in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, Aswan, Egypt
- Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan Office, Aswan, Egypt
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22
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Alrasheedy AA, Aldawsari AH, Alqasir MI, Alsawyan OA, Alalwan OA, Alwaker SA, Almutairi MS, Godman B. Knowledge of Community Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia Regarding Human Monkeypox, Its Management, Prevention, and Vaccination: Findings and Implications. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040878. [PMID: 37112790 PMCID: PMC10143221 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cases of monkeypox have recently been reported in countries where this disease is not endemic, raising a global health concern. Consequently, healthcare professionals (HCPs), including pharmacists, need to be aware of the disease, its prevention, including the role of vaccines, and its management to reduce transmission. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among conveniently sampled community pharmacists in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. A total of 189 community pharmacists participated in the study, giving a response rate of 72.97%. From these, 86.77% were male, 51.32% were ≤30 years old, 36.51% were aged between 31-40 years, and 43.39% had 1-5 years of experience as community pharmacists. Their overall knowledge was 17.72 ± 5.56 out of a maximum of 28. The overall rate of correct answers for the knowledge statements was 63.29%, with 52.4% answering ≥50-<75% of the knowledge questions correctly and 31.2% answering ≥75% of the questions correctly. The knowledge subdomain related to diagnosis and clinical characteristics recorded the highest score, with the subdomain relating to causative pathogens and epidemiology recording a lower score. Overall, community pharmacists had moderate knowledge of monkeypox and its clinical management, prevention, and the role of vaccines, which is a concern for the future. Consequently, tailored, flexible, and timely educational interventions are needed to ensure that HCPs, including community pharmacists, are fully equipped with the latest evidence-based knowledge regarding this viral disease to reduce transmission and improve care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alian A Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman H Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munyib I Alqasir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Alsawyan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Alalwan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alwaker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masaad S Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Garankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Hudu SA, Alshrari AS, Al Qtaitat A, Imran M. VP37 Protein Inhibitors for Mpox Treatment: Highlights on Recent Advances, Patent Literature, and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041106. [PMID: 37189724 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox disease (Mpox) has threatened humankind worldwide since mid-2022. The Mpox virus (MpoxV) is an example of Orthopoxviruses (OPVs), which share similar genomic structures. A few treatments and vaccines are available for Mpox. OPV-specific VP37 protein (VP37P) is a target for developing drugs against Mpox and other OPV-induced infections such as smallpox. This review spotlights the existing and prospective VP37P inhibitors (VP37PIs) for Mpox. The non-patent literature was collected from PubMed, and the patent literature was gathered from free patent databases. Very little work has been carried out on developing VP37PIs. One VP37PI (tecovirimat) has already been approved in Europe to treat Mpox, while another drug, NIOCH-14, is under clinical trial. Developing tecovirimat/NIOCH-14-based combination therapies with clinically used drugs demonstrating activity against Mpox or other OPV infections (mitoxantrone, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, novobiocin, cidofovir, brincidofovir, idoxuridine, trifluridine, vidarabine, fialuridine, adefovir, imatinib, and rifampicin), immunity boosters (vitamin C, zinc, thymoquinone, quercetin, ginseng, etc.), and vaccines may appear a promising strategy to fight against Mpox and other OPV infections. Drug repurposing is also a good approach for identifying clinically useful VP37PIs. The dearth in the discovery process of VP37PIs makes it an interesting area for further research. The development of the tecovirimat/NIOCH-14-based hybrid molecules with certain chemotherapeutic agents looks fruitful and can be explored to obtain new VP37PI. It would be interesting and challenging to develop an ideal VP37PI concerning its specificity, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibu A Hudu
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S Alshrari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman Al Qtaitat
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Sam-Agudu NA, Martyn-Dickens C, Ewa AU. A global update of mpox (monkeypox) in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2023; 35:193-200. [PMID: 36809304 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human mpox disease (formerly monkeypox) was first diagnosed in an infant in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Mpox was rarely reported outside West and Central Africa until the global outbreak in May 2022. On 23 July 2022, the WHO declared mpox a public health emergency of international concern. These developments warrant a global update on pediatric mpox. RECENT FINDINGS Mpox epidemiology in endemic African countries has changed from predominantly affecting children under 10 years to adults 20-40 years old. This shift also applies to the global outbreak, where 18-44-year-old adult men who have sex with men are disproportionately affected. Furthermore, the proportion of children affected in the global outbreak is less than 2%, while children under 18 years constitute nearly 40% of cases in African countries. The highest mortality rates remain among both children and adults in African countries. SUMMARY Mpox epidemiology has shifted to adults and is affecting relatively few children in the current global outbreak. However, infants, immunocompromised children and African children are still at high risk of severe disease. Mpox vaccines and therapeutic interventions should be accessible to at-risk and affected children globally, especially to those living in endemic African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Sam-Agudu
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast
| | - Charles Martyn-Dickens
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Directorate of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Atana U Ewa
- Respiratory/Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Calabar and University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
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25
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Ortiz-Saavedra B, Montes-Madariaga ES, Cabanillas-Ramirez C, Alva N, Ricardo-Martínez A, León-Figueroa DA, Barboza JJ, Mohanty A, Padhi BK, Sah R. Epidemiologic Situation of HIV and Monkeypox Coinfection: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:246. [PMID: 36851124 PMCID: PMC9965118 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The most recent monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak is mostly affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) who participate in high-risk sexual behaviors, which is typically the case among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carriers, according to clinical and epidemiological statistics. The objective of this research is to determine the epidemiological situation of HIV and smallpox co-infection. Until 1 October 2022, a thorough evaluation of the literature was conducted utilizing the databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were evaluated based on the criteria for selection. Fifty-three studies met the selection criteria. A total of 6345 confirmed cases of monkeypox were recorded, and 40.32% (n = 2558) of these cases also had HIV co-infection. In addition, 51.36% (n = 3259) of the men (91.44%; n = 5802), whose ages ranged from 18 to 71 years, exhibited MSM-specific sexual behaviors. Co-infection with these two viruses can be especially dangerous because it can exacerbate the symptoms of both diseases and make them more difficult to treat. People with HIV are more vulnerable to certain infections, including monkeypox, because their immune systems are weakened. Therefore, it is important that they take measures to prevent infection, such as avoiding contact with infected animals, risky behaviors, and maintaining good hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brando Ortiz-Saavedra
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Unidad de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-Análisis, Tau-Relaped Group, Trujillo 13001, Peru
| | - Elizbet S. Montes-Madariaga
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Unidad de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-Análisis, Tau-Relaped Group, Trujillo 13001, Peru
| | | | - Niza Alva
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15023, Peru
| | | | - Darwin A. León-Figueroa
- Unidad de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-Análisis, Tau-Relaped Group, Trujillo 13001, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo 14012, Peru
| | - Joshuan J. Barboza
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 15046, Peru
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur 273001, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India
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26
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Yuan S, Jiang SC, Zhang ZW, Fu YF, Yang XY, Li ZL, Hu J. How and when does monkeypox (mpox) transmit: Implications for prevention and treatments. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1109928. [PMID: 36686676 PMCID: PMC9849587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1109928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Shu Yuan,
| | - Si-Cong Jiang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group Comp., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Fan Fu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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27
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Ranjan S, Vashishth K, Sak K, Tuli HS. The Emergence of Mpox: Epidemiology and Current Therapeutic Options. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 9:144-153. [PMID: 37213566 PMCID: PMC10160711 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The world recently witnessed the emergence of new epidemic outbreaks like COVID-19 and mpox. The 2022 outbreak of mpox amid COVID-19 presents an intricate situation and requires strategies to combat the status quo. Some of the challenges to controlling an epidemic include present knowledge of the disease, available treatment options, appropriate health infrastructures facilities, current scientific methods, operations concepts, availability of technical staff, financial funds, and lastly international policies to control an epidemic state. These insufficiencies often hinder the control of disease spread and jeopardize the health of countless people. Also, disease outbreaks often put a huge burden on the developing economies. These countries are the worst affected and are immensely dependent on assistance provided from the larger economies to control such outbreaks. The first case of mpox was reported in the 1970s and several outbreaks were detected thereafter in the endemic areas eventually leading to the recent outbreak. Approximately, more than 80,000 individuals were infected, and 110 countries were affected by this outbreak. Yet, no definite vaccines and drugs are available to date. The lack of human clinical trials affected thousands of individuals in availing definite disease management. This paper focuses on the epidemiology of mpox, scientific concepts, and treatment options including future treatment modalities for mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriddhi Ranjan
- College of Public Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive Fairfax, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| | - Kanupriya Vashishth
- Advance Cardiac Centre Department of Cardiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | | | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207 India
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28
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Guarducci G, Porchia BR, Lorenzini C, Nante N. Overview of case definitions and contact tracing indications in the 2022 monkeypox outbreak. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2022; 31:13-19. [PMID: 36908385 PMCID: PMC9994831 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Background In 2022, a new outbreak of the Mpox virus occurred outside of Africa, its usual endemic area. The virus was detected in European, American, Asian, and Oceanian countries where Mpox is uncommon or had not been reported previously and where the spread was rapid. The study aims to compare the case definition and the indications for contact tracing in case of Mpox infection among the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and four European Countries. Methods From August 2022 to November 2022, we conducted research, first on the WHO and ECDC official websites and then on the official websites of the Ministry of Health or National Health Agencies of four European Countries (Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal). All reports found were compared to enlighten the differences in the definition of the case and indications for contact tracing. Results The WHO divides the case definition into four categories: suspected, probable, confirmed, and discarded, while the ECDC divides cases into confirmed and probable. The ECDC defines contact as close and others, while the WHO divides it into high, medium, and minimal risk. The four countries analyzed show heterogeneity in both the case definitions and the indications for contact tracing. Conclusions Our analysis revealed heterogeneity in the case definition between the WHO and ECDC. Different countries followed different indications or have given their indications for both the case definition and contact tracing indications. Harmonization strengthens public health preparedness and response and creates unified communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Guarducci
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Carlotta Lorenzini
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Nante
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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