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Zhu S, Liu B, Fu G, Yang L, Wei D, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Sun D, Wei W. PKC-θ is an important driver of fluoride-induced immune imbalance of regulatory T cells/effector T cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173081. [PMID: 38754514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride is unnecessary in the human body. Long-term fluoride exposure may lead to immune system abnormalities. However, the mechanism remains unclear. This study aim to explore the mechanism of fluoride interference in the immune system and also identify the key indicators of fluoride-induced immune damage. Questionnaires were used to collect basic information. Multiple linear analyses and other statistical methods were used in order to process the data. Flow cytometry was used to detect relevant immunomarkers and analyze immune damage. Simultaneously, Wistar rats and cell models exposed to fluoride were established to detect the effects of fluoride on immune homeostasis. The results showed that sex, residence time, smoking, and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection may indirectly influence fluoride-induced immune damage. In residents of fluoride-exposed areas, there was a significant decrease in CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ cells and a downward trend in the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio. CD4+CD8+/CD4+, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Tregs/effector T cells (Teffs) ratios showed opposite changes. Fluoride inhibits T cell activation by inhibiting the expression and phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C-θ (PKC-θ), hinders the internalization of T cell receptors, and affects NF-kB and c-Jun protein expression, leading to homeostatic Treg/Teff imbalance in vivo and in vitro experiments. This study represents the first evidence suggesting that PKC-θ may be the key to immune imbalance in the body under fluoride exposure. It is possible that Tregs/Teffs cell ratio provide a reference point for the diagnosis and treatment of fluoride-induced immune damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Bingshu Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Guiyu Fu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Dan Wei
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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2
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Jyonouchi H. Autism spectrum disorder and a possible role of anti-inflammatory treatments: experience in the pediatric allergy/immunology clinic. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1333717. [PMID: 38979496 PMCID: PMC11228311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1333717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD1) is a behaviorally defined syndrome encompassing a markedly heterogeneous patient population. Many ASD subjects fail to respond to the 1st line behavioral and pharmacological interventions, leaving parents to seek out other treatment options. Evidence supports that neuroinflammation plays a role in ASD pathogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms likely vary for each ASD patient, influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Although anti-inflammatory treatment measures, mainly based on metabolic changes and oxidative stress, have provided promising results in some ASD subjects, the use of such measures requires the careful selection of ASD subjects based on clinical and laboratory findings. Recent progress in neuroscience and molecular immunology has made it possible to allow re-purposing of currently available anti-inflammatory medications, used for autoimmune and other chronic inflammatory conditions, as treatment options for ASD subjects. On the other hand, emerging anti-inflammatory medications, including biologic and gate-keeper blockers, exert powerful anti-inflammatory effects on specific mediators or signaling pathways. It will require both a keen understanding of the mechanisms of action of such agents and the careful selection of ASD patients suitable for each treatment. This review will attempt to summarize the use of anti-inflammatory agents already used in targeting ASD patients, and then emerging anti-inflammatory measures applicable for ASD subjects based on scientific rationale and clinical trial data, if available. In our experience, some ASD patients were treated under diagnoses of autoimmune/autoinflammatory conditions and/or post-infectious neuroinflammation. However, there are little clinical trial data specifically for ASD subjects. Therefore, these emerging immunomodulating agents for potential use for ASD subjects will be discussed based on preclinical data, case reports, or data generated in patients with other medical conditions. This review will hopefully highlight the expanding scope of immunomodulating agents for treating neuroinflammation in ASD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Jyonouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6389. [PMID: 38928096 PMCID: PMC11204317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long COVID (LC), also referred to as Post COVID-19 Condition, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), and other terms, represents a complex multisystem disease persisting after the acute phase of COVID-19. Characterized by a myriad of symptoms across different organ systems, LC presents significant diagnostic and management challenges. Central to the disorder is the role of low-grade inflammation, a non-classical inflammatory response that contributes to the chronicity and diversity of symptoms observed. This review explores the pathophysiological underpinnings of LC, emphasizing the importance of low-grade inflammation as a core component. By delineating the pathogenetic relationships and clinical manifestations of LC, this article highlights the necessity for an integrated approach that employs both personalized medicine and standardized protocols aimed at mitigating long-term consequences. The insights gained not only enhance our understanding of LC but also inform the development of therapeutic strategies that could be applicable to other chronic conditions with similar pathophysiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
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4
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Cao F, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Shen X, Xiong J, Yang Z, Gong B, Liu M, Chen H, Xiao H, Huang M, Liu Y, Qiu G, Wang K, Zhou F, Xiao J. TM9SF1 offers utility as an efficient predictor of clinical severity and mortality among acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1408406. [PMID: 38887291 PMCID: PMC11180774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of death among critically ill patients in intensive care settings, underscoring the need to identify biomarkers capable of predicting ARDS patient clinical status and prognosis at an early time point. This study specifically sought to explore the utility and clinical relevance of TM9SF1 as a biomarker for the early prediction of disease severity and prognostic outcomes in patients with ARDS. Methods This study enrolled 123 patients with severe ARDS and 116 patients with non-severe ARDS for whom follow-up information was available. The mRNA levels of TM9SF1 and cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients were evaluated by qPCR. The predictive performance of TM9SF1 and other clinical indicators was evaluated using received operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A predictive nomogram was developed based on TM9SF1 expression and evaluated for its ability in the early prediction of severe disease and mortality in patients with ARDS. Results TM9SF1 mRNA expression was found to be significantly increased in patients with severe ARDS relative to those with non-severe disease or healthy controls. ARDS severity increased in correspondence with the level of TM9SF1 expression (odds ratio [OR] = 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.15-3.72, P = 0.005), and high TM9SF1 levels were associated with a greater risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.27, 95% CI = 2.20-4.39, P = 0.001). ROC curves demonstrated that relative to other clinical indicators, TM9SF1 offered superior performance in the prediction of ARDS severity and mortality. A novel nomogram incorporating TM9SF1 expression together with age, D-dimer levels, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels was developed and was used to predict ARDS severity (AUC = 0.887, 95% CI = 0.715-0.943). A separate model incorporating TM9SF1 expression, age, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and D-dimer levels (C-index = 0.890, 95% CI = 0.627-0.957) was also developed for predicting mortality. Conclusion Increases in ARDS severity and patient mortality were observed with rising levels of TM9SF1 expression. TM9SF1 may thus offer utility as a novel biomarker for the early prediction of ARDS patient disease status and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsheng Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenwang Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Jinsong Xiong
- Gucheng People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Zean Yang
- Gucheng People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Baoxian Gong
- Gucheng People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Huabo Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Guangyu Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Fengqiao Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine & Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
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Schwartz J, Capistrano KJ, Gluck J, Hezarkhani A, Naqvi AR. SARS-CoV-2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2543. [PMID: 38782605 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 as a pan-epidemic is waning but there it is imperative to understand virus interaction with oral tissues and oral inflammatory diseases. We review periodontal disease (PD), a common inflammatory oral disease, as a driver of COVID-19 and oral post-acute-sequelae conditions (PASC). Oral PASC identifies with PD, loss of teeth, dysgeusia, xerostomia, sialolitis-sialolith, and mucositis. We contend that PD-associated oral microbial dysbiosis involving higher burden of periodontopathic bacteria provide an optimal microenvironment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These pathogens interact with oral epithelial cells activate molecular or biochemical pathways that promote viral adherence, entry, and persistence in the oral cavity. A repertoire of diverse molecules identifies this relationship including lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor and is activated by protease activity of host furin or TRMPSS2 that cleave S protein subunits to promote viral entry. However, PD pathogens provide additional enzymatic assistance mimicking furin and augment SARS-CoV-2 adherence by inducing viral entry receptors ACE2/TRMPSS, which are poorly expressed on oral epithelial cells. We discuss the mechanisms involving periodontopathogens and host factors that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune resistance resulting in incomplete clearance and risk for 'long-haul' oral health issues characterising PASC. Finally, we suggest potential diagnostic markers and treatment avenues to mitigate oral PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Joseph Gluck
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Armita Hezarkhani
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhang R, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhuang Z, Li X, Shen E. Low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases: An update review. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:113-137. [PMID: 37882232 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2274574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining self-immune tolerance. Reduced numbers or functions of Treg cells have been involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Therefore, the approaches that increase the pool or suppressive function of Treg cells in vivo could be a general strategy to treat different autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is essential for the development, survival, maintenance, and function of Treg cells, constitutively expressing the high-affinity receptor of IL-2 and sensitive response to IL-2 in vivo. And low-dose IL-2 therapy in vivo could restore the imbalance between autoimmune response and self-tolerance toward self-tolerance via promoting Treg cell expansion and inhibiting follicular helper T (Tfh) and IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cell differentiation. Currently, low-dose IL-2 treatment is receiving extensive attention in autoimmune disease and transplantation treatment. In this review, we summarize the biology of IL-2/IL-2 receptor, the mechanisms of low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases, the application in the progress of different autoimmune diseases, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH), Alopecia Areata (AA), Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Chronic graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). We also discuss the future directions to optimize low-dose IL-2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Zhang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoqing Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erxia Shen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Gheorghita R, Soldanescu I, Lobiuc A, Caliman Sturdza OA, Filip R, Constantinescu – Bercu A, Dimian M, Mangul S, Covasa M. The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344086. [PMID: 38500880 PMCID: PMC10944866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been defined as the greatest global health and socioeconomic crisis of modern times. While most people recover after being infected with the virus, a significant proportion of them continue to experience health issues weeks, months and even years after acute infection with SARS-CoV-2. This persistence of clinical symptoms in infected individuals for at least three months after the onset of the disease or the emergence of new symptoms lasting more than two months, without any other explanation and alternative diagnosis have been named long COVID, long-haul COVID, post-COVID-19 conditions, chronic COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Long COVID has been characterized as a constellation of symptoms and disorders that vary widely in their manifestations. Further, the mechanisms underlying long COVID are not fully understood, which hamper efficient treatment options. This review describes predictors and the most common symptoms related to long COVID's effects on the central and peripheral nervous system and other organs and tissues. Furthermore, the transcriptional markers, molecular signaling pathways and risk factors for long COVID, such as sex, age, pre-existing condition, hospitalization during acute phase of COVID-19, vaccination, and lifestyle are presented. Finally, recommendations for patient rehabilitation and disease management, as well as alternative therapeutical approaches to long COVID sequelae are discussed. Understanding the complexity of this disease, its symptoms across multiple organ systems and overlapping pathologies and its possible mechanisms are paramount in developing diagnostic tools and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Gheorghita
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Iuliana Soldanescu
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Andrei Lobiuc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Olga Adriana Caliman Sturdza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Suceava Emergency Clinical County Hospital, Suceava, Romania
| | - Roxana Filip
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Suceava Emergency Clinical County Hospital, Suceava, Romania
| | - Adela Constantinescu – Bercu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Hemostasis Research Unit, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mihai Dimian
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Department of Computer, Electronics and Automation, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Serghei Mangul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pomona, CA, United States
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Petakh P, Kamyshna I, Kamyshnyi A. Gene expression of protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 (PRKAA1), solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19: impact on inflammation markers. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:885-891. [PMID: 37773574 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global health crisis that has severely impacted patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D patients have a higher risk of experiencing severe COVID-19 symptoms, hospitalization, and mortality compared to patients without diabetes. The dysregulated immune response in T2D patients can exacerbate the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Insulin therapy, a common treatment for T2D patients, has been linked to increased mortality in COVID-19 patients with T2D. However, metformin, an anti-diabetic medication, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties that may mitigate the cytokine storm observed in severe COVID-19 cases. In this study, we investigated how the PRKAA1, SLC2A1, and MTOR genes contribute to inflammation markers in COVID-19 patients with T2D, who were receiving either insulin or metformin therapy. Our findings revealed that metformin treatment was associated with reduced expression of genes involved in Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. These results suggest that metformin could be a potential treatment option for T2D patients with COVID-19 due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which may improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine.
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine.
| | - Iryna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Aleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine.
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Ganesh R, Yadav S, Hurt RT, Mueller MR, Aakre CA, Gilman EA, Grach SL, Overgaard J, Snyder MR, Collins NM, Croghan IT, Badley AD, Razonable RR, Salonen BR. Pro Inflammatory Cytokines Profiles of Patients With Long COVID Differ Between Variant Epochs. J Prim Care Community Health 2024; 15:21501319241254751. [PMID: 38808863 PMCID: PMC11138192 DOI: 10.1177/21501319241254751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 30% of patients with COVID-19 have persistent symptoms that last beyond 30 days and referred to as Long COVID. Long COVID has been associated with a persistent elevation in peripheral cytokines including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. This study reports cytokine profiles of patients in our clinic across SARS-COV-2 variant epochs. METHODS The clinical cytokine panel was analyzed in patients with Long COVID during periods that were stratified according to variant epoch. The 4 variant epochs were defined as: (1) wild-type through alpha, (2) alpha/beta/gamma, (3) delta, and (4) omicron variants. RESULTS A total of 390 patients had the clinical cytokine panel performed; the median age was 48 years (IQR 38-59) and 62% were female. Distribution by variant was wild-type and alpha, 50% (n = 196); alpha/beta/gamma, 7.9% (n = 31); delta, 18% (n = 72); and omicron, 23% (n = 91). Time to cytokine panel testing was significantly longer for the earlier epochs. Tumor necrosis factor-α (P < .001) and interleukin 1β (P < .001) were significantly more elevated in the earlier epochs (median of 558 days in wild-type through Alpha epoch vs 263 days in omicron epoch, P < .001)). Nucleocapsid antibodies were consistently detected across epochs. DISCUSSION When stratified by variant epoch, patients with early epoch Long COVID had persistently elevated peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokine levels when compared to later epoch Long COVID. Patients with Long COVID have similar clusters of symptoms across epochs, suggesting that the underlying pathology is independent of the peripheral cytokine signature.
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10
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Elsaghir A, El-Sabaa EMW, Zahran AM, Mandour SA, Salama EH, Aboulfotuh S, El-Morshedy RM, Tocci S, Mandour AM, Ali WE, Abdel-Wahid L, Sayed IM, El-Mokhtar MA. Elevated CD39+T-Regulatory Cells and Reduced Levels of Adenosine Indicate a Role for Tolerogenic Signals in the Progression from Moderate to Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17614. [PMID: 38139439 PMCID: PMC10744088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger inflammation by controlling ATP release. CD39 ectoenzymes hydrolyze ATP/ADP to AMP, which is converted by CD73 into anti-inflammatory adenosine (ADO). ADO is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant molecule which can enhance viral persistence and severity. The CD39-CD73-adenosine axis contributes to the immunosuppressive T-reg microenvironment and may affect COVID-19 disease progression. Here, we investigated the link between CD39 expression, mostly on T-regs, and levels of CD73, adenosine, and adenosine receptors with COVID-19 severity and progression. Our study included 73 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, of which 33 were moderately affected and 40 suffered from severe infection. A flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze the frequency of T-regulatory cells (T-regs), CD39+ T-regs, and CD39+CD4+ T-cells. Plasma concentrations of adenosine, IL-10, and TGF-β were quantified via an ELISA. An RT-qPCR was used to analyze the gene expression of CD73 and adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). T-reg cells were higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (7.4 ± 0.79 vs. 2.4 ± 0.28; p < 0.0001). Patients also had a higher frequency of the CD39+ T-reg subset. In addition, patients who suffered from a severe form of the disease had higher CD39+ T-regs compared with moderately infected patients. CD39+CD4+ T cells were increased in patients compared to the control group. An analysis of serum adenosine levels showed a marked decrease in their levels in patients, particularly those suffering from severe illness. However, this was paralleled with a marked decline in the expression levels of CD73. IL-10 and TGF-β levels were higher in COVID-19; in addition, their values were also higher in the severe group. In conclusion, there are distinct immunological alterations in CD39+ lymphocyte subsets and a dysregulation in the adenosine signaling pathway in COVID-19 patients which may contribute to immune dysfunction and disease progression. Understanding these immunological alterations in the different immune cell subsets and adenosine signaling provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elsaghir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ehsan M. W. El-Sabaa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sahar A. Mandour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sahar Aboulfotuh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Reham M. El-Morshedy
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Stefania Tocci
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Mandour
- Department of Anesthesia and ICU, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Wael Esmat Ali
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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Esparcia-Pinedo L, Lancho-Sánchez Á, Tsukalov I, Pacheco MI, Martínez-Fleta P, Pérez-Miés B, Palacios-Calvo J, Sánchez-Madrid F, Martín-Gayo E, Alfranca A. T regulatory lymphocytes specific for SARS-CoV-2 display increased functional plasticity. Clin Immunol 2023; 256:109806. [PMID: 37827267 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic and functional characteristics of immune cells involved in host response to SARS-CoV-2 is relevant for understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis and individual differences in disease progression. We have analyzed chemokine receptor expression in SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes from vaccinated donors, and have found an increase of CCR9+ and CCR6+ cells. CCR9+ specific CD4+ cells are enriched in T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. These cells specifically show heterogeneous regulatory activity, associated with different profiles of CCR9/CCR6 expression, individual differences in IL-10 and IL-17 production, and variable FoxP3 and Notch4 expression. A higher heterogeneity in FoxP3 is selectively observed in convalescent individuals within vaccinated population. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ lymphocytes from COVID-19 patients are also enriched in CCR9+ and CCR6+ cells. CCR6+ specific Treg lymphocytes are mainly increased in critically ill individuals, indicating a preferential role for these cells in lung injury pathogenesis. We provide experimental evidence for a SARS-CoV-2-specific Treg population with increased plasticity, which may contribute to the differential pathogenic response against SARS-CoV-2 among individuals, and underlie the development of autoimmune conditions following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Esparcia-Pinedo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Lancho-Sánchez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María I Pacheco
- Medical Oncology Department Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez-Miés
- Pathology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, CIBERONC, IRYCIS and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Palacios-Calvo
- Pathology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, CIBERONC, IRYCIS and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Saal M, Loeffler-Wirth H, Gruenewald T, Doxiadis I, Lehmann C. Genetic Predisposition to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Cytokine Polymorphism and Disease Transmission within Households. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1385. [PMID: 37997984 PMCID: PMC10669642 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
We addressed the question of the influence of the molecular polymorphism of cytokines from different T helper subsets on the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. From a cohort of 527 samples (collected from 26 May 2020 to 31 March 2022), we focused on individuals living in the same household (n = 58) with the SARS-CoV-2-infected person. We divided them into households with all individuals SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive (n = 29, households, 61 individuals), households with mixed PCR pattern (n = 24, 62) and negative households (n = 5, 15), respectively. TGF-β1 and IL-6 were the only cytokines tested with a significant difference between the cohorts. We observed a shift toward Th2 and the regulatory Th17 and Treg subset regulation for households with all members infected compared to those without infection. These data indicate that the genetically determined balance between the cytokines acting on different T helper cell subsets may play a pivotal role in transmission of and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Contacts infected by their index persons were more likely to highly express TGF-β1, indicating a reduced inflammatory response. Those not infected after contact had a polymorphism leading to a higher IL-6 expression. IL-6 acts in innate immunity, allergy and on the T helper cell differentiation, explaining the reduced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Saal
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, IZBI, Leipzig University, Haertelstr. 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Thomas Gruenewald
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum Chemnitz, Flemmingstraße 2, 09116 Chemnitz, Germany;
| | - Ilias Doxiadis
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Claudia Lehmann
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (I.D.)
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13
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Vargovic M, Papic N, Samadan L, Balen Topic M, Vince A. Association of Immune Semaphorins with COVID-19 Severity and Outcomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2786. [PMID: 37893159 PMCID: PMC10604420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins have recently been recognized as crucial modulators of immune responses. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19, the activation of immune responses is the key factor in the development of severe disease. This study aimed to determine the association of serum semaphorin concentrations with COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Serum semaphorin concentrations (SEMA3A, -3C, -3F, -4D, -7A) were measured in 80 hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 (moderate (n = 24), severe (n = 32), critical, (n = 24)) and 40 healthy controls. While SEMA3C, SEMA3F and SEMA7A serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19, SEMA3A was significantly lower. Furthermore, SEMA3A and SEMA3C decreased with COVID-19 severity, while SEMA3F and SEMA7A increased. SEMA4D showed no correlation with disease severity. Serum semaphorin levels show better predictive values than CRP, IL-6 and LDH for differentiating critical from moderate/severe COVID-19. SEMA3F and SEMA7A serum concentrations were associated with the time to recovery, requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation, development of pulmonary thrombosis and nosocomial infections, as well as with in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that SEMA3A, SEMA3C, SEMA3F and SEMA7A can be considered as new biomarkers of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vargovic
- Department for Infections in the Immunocompromised, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Neven Papic
- Department for Viral Hepatitis, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Lara Samadan
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
| | - Mirjana Balen Topic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
- Department for Gastrointestinal Infections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adriana Vince
- Department for Viral Hepatitis, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.S.); (M.B.T.)
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14
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Verma G, Dhawan M, Saied AA, Kaur G, Kumar R, Emran TB. Immunomodulatory approaches in managing lung inflammation in COVID-19: A double-edge sword. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1020. [PMID: 37773723 PMCID: PMC10521379 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a gigantic problem. The lung is the major target organ of SARS-CoV-2 and some of its variants like Delta and Omicron variant adapted in such a way that these variants can significantly damage this vital organ of the body. These variants raised a few eyebrows as the outbreaks have been seen in the vaccinated population. Patients develop severe respiratory illnesses which eventually prove fatal unless treated early. MAIN BODY Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α which are mediators of lung inflammation, lung damage, fever, and fibrosis. Additionally, various chemokines have been found to play an important role in the disease progression. A plethora of pro-inflammatory cytokines "cytokine storm" has been observed in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia that may prove fatal. To counteract cytokine storm-inducing lung inflammation, several promising immunomodulatory approaches are being investigated in numerous clinical trials. However, the benefits of using these strategies should outweigh the risks involved as the use of certain immunosuppressive approaches might lead the host susceptible to secondary bacterial infections. CONCLUSION The present review discusses promising immunomodulatory approaches to manage lung inflammation in COVID-19 cases which may serve as potential therapeutic options in the future and may prove lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and BiotechnologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of MicrobiologyPunjab Agricultural UniversityLudhianaIndia
- Trafford CollegeAltrinchamUK
| | | | - Geetika Kaur
- Department of Opthalmology, Visual and Anatomical SciencesWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Reetesh Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences and HumanitiesGLA UniversityMathuraIndia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health SciencesDaffodil International UniversityDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer CenterBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUnited States
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15
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Aiello A, Najafi-Fard S, Goletti D. Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244556. [PMID: 37662901 PMCID: PMC10470049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have caused about more than 11 million deaths worldwide in the past 3 years. TB and COVID-19 share several aspects including the droplet- and aerosol-borne transmissibility, the lungs as primary target, some symptoms, and diagnostic tools. However, these two infectious diseases differ in other aspects as their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence and the immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between TB and COVID-19 focusing on the innate and adaptive immune response induced after the exposure to Mtb and SARS-CoV-2 and the pathological pathways linking the two infections. Moreover, we provide a brief overview of the immune response in case of TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting the similarities and differences of each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding of the immune response involved in TB and COVID-19 is of utmost importance for the design of effective therapeutic strategies and vaccines for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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16
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de Silva PN. Immunological perturbations, psychiatric disorders and associated therapeutics: a new era for psychiatry? Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2023; 84:1-6. [PMID: 37646557 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2022.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The three main theories explaining major mental illness, namely mood disorders, psychoses and dementias, have been partially discredited. Alongside this, there are emerging links between perturbations of the immune system and the onset and phenotypic features of these disorders. This article outlines the alternative pathophysiology and suggests potential treatments which could improve disease burden and avoid the need for psychotropic medication, with their associated side effects and relapse following withdrawal.
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17
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Starshinova A, Kudryavtsev I, Rubinstein A, Malkova A, Dovgaluk I, Kudlay D. Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Dually Affect Human Th17 Cell Immune Response. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2123. [PMID: 37626620 PMCID: PMC10452633 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection not only profoundly impacts the detection of tuberculosis infection (Tbc) but also affects modality in tuberculosis patient immune response. It is important to determine immune response alterations in latent tuberculosis infection as well as in SARS-CoV-2-infected tuberculosis patients. Such changes may have underlying effects on the development and course of further tuberculosis. Here, we aimed to review the characteristics of immune response in TB patients or convalescent COVID-19 patients with latent TB infection (LTBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the features of immune response in tuberculosis and COVID-19 patients. For this, we analyzed publications released from December 2019 to March 2023; those which were published in accessible international databases ("Medline", "PubMed", "Scopus") and with keywords such as "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "tuberculosis", "pulmonary tuberculosis", "latent tuberculosis infection", "Treg", "follicular Treg", and "Treg subsets", we considered. RESULTS Through our analysis, we found that tuberculosis patients who had been infected with COVID-19 previously and elevated Th1 and Th2 cell levels. High levels of Th1 and Th2 cells may serve as a positive marker, characterizing activated immune response during TB infection. COVID-19 or post-COVID-19 subjects showed decreased Th17 levels, indicating a lack of tuberculosis development. Moreover, the typical course of tuberculosis is associated with an increase in Treg level, but COVID-19 contributes to a hyperinflammatory response. CONCLUSION According to the data obtained, the course of tuberculosis proceeds in a dissimilar way due to the distinct immune response, elicited by SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, the development of active tuberculosis with a severe course is associated with a decline in Treg levels. Both pathogens lead to disturbed immune responses, increasing the risk of developing severe TB. The insights and findings of this paper may be used to improve the future management of individuals with latent and active tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Artem Rubinstein
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Malkova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Irina Dovgaluk
- Phthisiopulmonology Department, Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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18
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Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Cancela-Cilleruelo I, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Fuensalida-Novo S, Martín-Guerrero JD, Pellicer-Valero OJ, de-la-Llave-Rincón AI. Trajectory of Post-COVID Self-Reported Fatigue and Dyspnoea in Individuals Who Had Been Hospitalized by COVID-19: The LONG-COVID-EXP Multicenter Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1863. [PMID: 37509504 PMCID: PMC10376654 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue and dyspnoea are common post-COVID symptoms. The aim of this study was to apply Sankey plots and exponential bar plots for visualizing the evolution and trajectory of post-COVID fatigue and dyspnoea symptoms in a cohort of previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors. A total of 1266 previously hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 participated in this multicentre study. They were assessed at hospital admission (T0), 8.4 months (T1), 13.2 months (T2) and 18.3 months (T3) after hospital discharge and were asked about the presence of self-reported fatigue or dyspnoea symptoms. Fatigue was defined as a self-perceived feeling of constant tiredness and/or weakness whereas dyspnoea was defined as a self-perceived feeling of shortness of breath at rest. We specifically asked for fatigue and dyspnoea that participants attributed to the infection. Clinical/hospitalization data were collected from hospital medical records. The prevalence of post-COVID fatigue was 56.94% (n = 721) at T1, 52.31% (n = 662) at T2 and 42.66% (n = 540) at T3. The prevalence of dyspnoea at rest decreased from 28.71% (n = 363) at hospital admission (T0), to 21.29% (n = 270) at T1, to 13.96% (n = 177) at T2 and 12.04% (n = 153) at T3. The Sankey plots revealed that 469 (37.08%) and 153 (12.04%) patients exhibited fatigue and dyspnoea at all follow-up periods. The recovery exponential curves show a decreased prevalence trend, showing that fatigue and dyspnoea recover the following three years after hospitalization. The regression models revealed that the female sex and experiencing the symptoms (e.g., fatigue, dyspnoea) at T1 were factors associated with the presence of post-COVID fatigue or dyspnoea at T2 and T3. The use of Sankey plots shows a fluctuating evolution of post-COVID fatigue and dyspnoea during the first two years after infection. In addition, exponential bar plots revealed a decreased prevalence of these symptoms during the first years after. The female sex is a risk factor for the development of post-COVID fatigue and dyspnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cancela-Cilleruelo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stella Fuensalida-Novo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - José D Martín-Guerrero
- Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, ETSE (Engineering School), Universitat de València (UV), 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pellicer-Valero
- Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de València, Parc Científic, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Ana I de-la-Llave-Rincón
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
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