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Hata A, Meuchi Y, Liu M, Torii S, Katayama H. Surfactant Treatment for Efficient Gene Detection of Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water Concentrated by Ultrafiltration. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:8-20. [PMID: 36592278 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF)-based microbial concentration method is widely applied for monitoring pathogenic viruses and microbial indicators in environmental water samples. However, the HFUF-based method can co-concentrate substances that interfere with downstream molecular processes-nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcription (RT), and PCR. These inhibitory substances are assumed to be hydrophobic and, therefore, expected to be excluded by a simple surfactant treatment before the silica membrane-based RNA extraction process. In this study, the efficacy and limitations of the sodium deoxycholate (SD) treatment were assessed by quantifying a process control and indigenous viruses using 42 surface water samples concentrated with HFUF. With some exceptions, which tended to be seen in samples with high turbidity (> 4.0 NTU), virus recovery by the ultrafiltration method was sufficiently high (> 10%). RNA extraction-RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) efficiency of the process control was insufficient (10%) for 30 of the 42 HFUF concentrates without any pretreatments, but it was markedly improved for 21 of the 30 inhibitory concentrates by the SD treatment. Detection rates of indigenous viruses were also improved and no substantial loss of viral RNA was observed. The SD treatment was particularly effective in mitigating RT-qPCR inhibition, although it was not effective in improving RNA extraction efficiency. The methodology is simple and easily applied. These findings indicate that SD treatment can be a good alternative to sample dilution, which is widely applied to mitigate the effect of RT-qPCR inhibition, and can be compatible with other countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yuno Meuchi
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Miller S, Greenwald H, Kennedy LC, Kantor RS, Jiang R, Pisarenko A, Chen E, Nelson KL. Microbial Water Quality through a Full-Scale Advanced Wastewater Treatment Demonstration Facility. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2022; 2:2206-2219. [PMID: 36530600 PMCID: PMC9745798 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fates of viruses, bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes during advanced wastewater treatment are important to assess for implementation of potable reuse systems. Here, a full-scale advanced wastewater treatment demonstration facility (ozone, biological activated carbon filtration, micro/ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation) was sampled over three months. Atypically, no disinfectant residual was applied before the microfiltration step. Microbial cell concentrations and viability were assessed via flow cytometry and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Concentrations of bacteria (16S rRNA gene), viruses (human adenovirus and JC polyomavirus), and antibiotic resistance genes (sul1 and bla TEM ) were assessed via quantitative PCR following the concentration of large sample volumes by dead-end ultrafiltration. In all membrane filtration permeates, microbial concentrations were higher than previously reported for chloraminated membranes, and log10 reduction values were lower than expected. Concentrations of 16S rRNA and sul1 genes were reduced by treatment but remained quantifiable in reverse osmosis permeate. It is unclear whether sul1 in the RO permeate was from the passage of resistance genes or new growth of microorganisms, but the concentrations were on the low end of those reported for conventional drinking water distribution systems. Adenovirus, JC polyomavirus, and bla TEM genes were reduced below the limit of detection (∼10-2 gene copies per mL) by microfiltration. The results provide insights into how treatment train design and operation choices affect microbial water quality as well as the use of flow cytometry and ATP for online monitoring and process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Miller
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the
Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hannah Greenwald
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the
Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lauren C. Kennedy
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the
Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rose S. Kantor
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the
Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Renjing Jiang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the
Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aleksey Pisarenko
- Trussell
Technologies, Inc., Solana
Beach, California 92075, United States
| | - Elise Chen
- Trussell
Technologies, Inc., Solana
Beach, California 92075, United States
| | - Kara L. Nelson
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the
Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Monitoring Bacterial Community Dynamics in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant: An Integrative Approach Using Metabarcoding and Microbial Indicators in Large Water Volumes. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring bacterial communities in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) may help to understand their regular operations. Bacterial community dynamics in an advanced full-scale DWTP were analyzed by 16S rRNA metabarcoding, and microbial water quality indicators were determined at nine different stages of potabilization: river water and groundwater intake, decantation, sand filtration, ozonization, carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, mixing chamber and post-chlorination drinking water. The microbial content of large water volumes (up to 1100 L) was concentrated by hollow fiber ultrafiltration. Around 10 million reads were obtained and grouped into 10,039 amplicon sequence variants. Metabarcoding analysis showed high bacterial diversity at all treatment stages and above all in groundwater intake, followed by carbon filtration and mixing chamber samples. Shifts in bacterial communities occurred downstream of ozonization, carbon filtration, and, more drastically, chlorination. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota predominated in river water and throughout the process, but in the final drinking water, the strong selective pressure of chlorination reduced diversity and was clearly dominated by Cyanobacteria. Significant seasonal variation in species distribution was observed in decantation and carbon filtration samples. Some amplicon sequence variants related to potentially pathogenic genera were found in the DWTP. However, they were either not detected in the final water or in very low abundance (<2%), and all EU Directive quality standards were fully met. A combination of culture and high-throughput sequencing techniques may help DWTP managers to detect shifts in microbiome, allowing for a more in-depth assessment of operational performance.
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Recovery of Nucleic Acids of Enteric Viruses and Host-Specific Bacteroidales from Groundwater by Using an Adsorption-Direct Extraction Method. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0071021. [PMID: 34232739 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00710-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the adsorption-elution method was modified to concentrate viral particles in water samples and investigate the contamination of groundwater with norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII), rotavirus A (RVA), and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). The mean recovery rate of a murine norovirus strain, which was inoculated into groundwater samples collected from a deep well, was the highest (39%) when the viral RNA was directly extracted from the membrane instead of eluting the adsorbed viral particles. This adsorption-direct extraction method was applied to groundwater samples (20 liters) collected from deep wells used for the public drinking water supply (n = 22) and private wells (n = 9). RVA (85 copies/liter) and NoV GII (35 copies/liter) were detected in water samples from a deep well and a private well, respectively. PMMoV was detected in 95% and 89% of water samples from deep wells and private wells, respectively, at concentrations of up to 990 copies/liter. The modified method was also used to extract bacterial DNA from the membrane (recovery rate of inoculated Escherichia coli K-12 was 22%). The Bacteroidales genetic markers specific to ruminants (BacR) and pigs (Pig2Bac) were detected in samples from a deep well and a private well, respectively. The modified virus concentration method has important implications for the management of microbiological safety in the groundwater supply. IMPORTANCE We investigated the presence of enteric viruses and bacterial genetic markers to determine fecal contamination in groundwater samples from deep wells used for the public drinking water supply and private wells in Japan. Groundwater is often subjected to chlorination; malfunctions in chlorine treatment result in waterborne disease outbreaks. The modified method successfully concentrated both viruses and bacteria in 20-liter groundwater samples. Norovirus genogroup II (GII), rotavirus A, Pepper mild mottle virus, and Bacteroidales genetic markers specific to ruminants and pigs were detected. Frequent flooding caused by increased incidences of extreme rainfall events promotes the infiltration of surface runoff containing livestock wastes and untreated wastewater into wells, possibly increasing groundwater contamination risk. The practical and efficient method developed in this study will enable waterworks and the environmental health departments of municipal/prefectural governments to monitor water quality. Additionally, the modified method will contribute to improving the microbiological safety of groundwater.
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McMinn BR, Korajkic A, Kelleher J, Herrmann MP, Pemberton AC, Ahmed W, Villegas EN, Oshima K. Development of a large volume concentration method for recovery of coronavirus from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145727. [PMID: 33607441 PMCID: PMC7870434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Levels of severe acute respiratory coronavirus type 2 (SARS CoV 2) RNA in wastewater could act as an effective means to monitor coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) within communities. However, current methods used to detect SARS CoV 2 RNA in wastewater are limited in their ability to process sufficient volumes of source material, inhibiting our ability to assess viral load. Typically, viruses are concentrated from large liquid volumes using two stage concentration, primary and secondary. Here, we evaluated a dead-end hollow fiber ultrafilter (D-HFUF) for primary concentration, followed by the CP Select™ for secondary concentration from 2 L volumes of primary treated wastewater. Various amendments to each concentration procedure were investigated to optimally recover seeded OC43 (betacoronavirus) from wastewater. During primary concentration, the D-HFUF recovered 69 ± 18% (n = 29) of spiked OC43 from 2 L of wastewater. For secondary concentration, the CP Select™ system using the Wastewater Application settings was capable of processing 100 mL volumes of primary filter eluates in <25 min. A hand-driven syringe elution proved to be significantly superior (p = 0.0299) to the CP Select™ elution for recovering OC43 from filter eluates, 48 ± 2% compared to 31 ± 3%, respectively. For the complete method (primary and secondary concentration combined), the D-HFUF and CP select/syringe elution achieved overall 22 ± 4% recovery of spiked OC43 through (n = 8) replicate filters. Given the lack of available standardized methodology confounded by the inherent limitations of relying on viral RNA for wastewater surveillance of SARS CoV 2, it is important to acknowledge these challenges when interpreting this data to estimate community infection rates. However, the development of methods that can substantially increase sample volumes will likely allow for reporting of quantifiable viral data for wastewater surveillance, equipping public health officials with information necessary to better estimate community infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McMinn
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Asja Korajkic
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Julie Kelleher
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Michael P Herrmann
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Adin C Pemberton
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Eric N Villegas
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Kevin Oshima
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
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6
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Kahler AM, Mattioli MC, da Silva AJ, Hill V. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce irrigation and wash water using large-volume sampling techniques. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 22:e00110. [PMID: 33681488 PMCID: PMC7930117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase of reported cyclosporiasis outbreaks associated with fresh produce has highlighted the need for understanding environmental transmission of Cyclospora cayetanensis in agricultural settings and facilities. Conducting such environmental investigations necessitates robust sample collection and analytical methods to detect C. cayetanensis in water samples. This study evaluated three sample collection methods for recovery of C. cayetanensis oocysts from water samples during seeded recovery experiments. Two filtration-based methods, dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) and USEPA Method 1623.1, were evaluated for oocyst recovery from irrigation water. A non-filter-based method, continuous flow centrifugation (CFC), was evaluated separately for recovery from creek water and spent produce wash water. Median C. cayetanensis recovery efficiencies were 17% for DEUF and 16-22% for Method 1623.1. The DEUF method proved to be more robust than Method 1623.1, as the recovery efficiencies were less variable and the DEUF ultrafilters were capable of filtering larger volumes of high-turbidity water without clogging. Median C. cayetanensis recovery efficiencies for CFC were 28% for wash water and 63% for creek water, making it a viable option for processing water with high turbidity or organic matter. The data from this study demonstrate the capability of DEUF and CFC as filter-based and non-filter-based options, respectively, for the recovery of C. cayetanensis oocysts from environmental and agricultural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Kahler
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mia C Mattioli
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Alexandre J da Silva
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Division of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Vincent Hill
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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7
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Holcomb DA, Stewart JR. Microbial Indicators of Fecal Pollution: Recent Progress and Challenges in Assessing Water Quality. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 7:311-324. [PMID: 32542574 PMCID: PMC7458903 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fecal contamination of water is a major public health concern. This review summarizes recent developments and advancements in water quality indicators of fecal contamination. RECENT FINDINGS This review highlights a number of trends. First, fecal indicators continue to be a valuable tool to assess water quality and have expanded to include indicators able to detect sources of fecal contamination in water. Second, molecular methods, particularly PCR-based methods, have advanced considerably in their selected targets and rigor, but have added complexity that may prohibit adoption for routine monitoring activities at this time. Third, risk modeling is beginning to better connect indicators and human health risks, with the accuracy of assessments currently tied to the timing and conditions where risk is measured. Research has advanced although challenges remain for the effective use of both traditional and alternative fecal indicators for risk characterization, source attribution and apportionment, and impact evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Holcomb
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Jill R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, USA.
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8
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Wei X, Binger ZM, Achilli A, Sanders KT, Childress AE. A modeling framework to evaluate blending of seawater and treated wastewater streams for synergistic desalination and potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115282. [PMID: 31739242 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A modeling framework was developed to evaluate synergistic blending of the waste streams from seawater reverse osmosis (RO) desalination and wastewater treatment facilities that are co-located or in close proximity. Four scenarios were considered, two of which involved blending treated wastewater with the brine resulting from the seawater RO desalination process, effectively diluting RO brine prior to discharge. One of these scenarios considers the capture of salinity-gradient energy. The other two scenarios involved blending treated wastewater with the intake seawater to dilute the influent to the RO process. One of these scenarios incorporates a low-energy osmotic dilution process to provide high-quality pre-treatment for the wastewater. The model framework evaluates required seawater and treated wastewater flowrates, discharge flowrates and components, boron removal, and system energy requirements. Using data from an existing desalination facility in close proximity to a wastewater treatment facility, results showed that the influent blending scenarios (Scenarios 3 and 4) had several advantages over the brine blending scenarios (Scenarios 1 and 2), including: (1) reduced seawater intake and brine discharge flowrates, (2) no need for second-pass RO for boron control, and (3) reduced energy consumption. It should be noted that the framework was developed for use with co-located seawater desalination and coastal wastewater reclamation facilities but could be extended for use with desalination and wastewater reclamation facilities in in-land locations where disposal of RO concentrate is a serious concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Zachary M Binger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Andrea Achilli
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Kelly T Sanders
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Amy E Childress
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States.
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9
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González-Saldía RR, Pino-Maureira NL, Muñoz C, Soto L, Durán E, Barra MJ, Gutiérrez S, Díaz V, Saavedra A. Fecal pollution source tracking and thalassogenic diseases: The temporal-spatial concordance between maximum concentrations of human mitochondrial DNA in seawater and Hepatitis A outbreaks among a coastal population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:158-170. [PMID: 31176815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution source tracking (FST) studies the origin of fecal contamination and promotes action to eliminate it to improve human health and environmental sustainability. This work presents the temporal and spatial relations of human mitochondrial DNA (HmtDNA), fecal coliforms (FC) and live microbial biomass (ATP) in seawater during a hepatitis A outbreak among a human coastal population. The study area is approximately 100 km along the coastline of the Biobío Region in the southeastern Pacific (Humboldt Current System, Chile). Total data from the swash zone from summer 2015 to autumn 2016 show there were significant positive log-log correlations between FC and HmtDNA (R = 0.32) and ATP (R = 0.31). These correlations were highest during the austral spring of 2015 (R = 0.53 and 0.58 respectively), when HmtDNA also correlated significantly with ATP (R = 0.86). Maximum average values of the parameters measured in this season showed a temporal-spatial concordance with the peak in the number of hepatitis A cases among the nearby coastal population. FC correlated significantly with HmtDNA (R = 0.98) in the water column of the coastal zone close to Concepción Bay during the austral summer of 2016 and in the swash zone of the bay (R = 0.68) throughout the study period. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has also been detected in organisms and seawater in Concepción Bay, which is consistent with the high incidence of hepatitis A among the coastal population. The concordance between human fecal pollution in the study area and a seasonal hepatitis A outbreak strongly suggests that HmtDNA and its relation with FC and ATP in the coastal zone of marine environments can be used as a proxy to evaluate the risk of outbreaks of thalassogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R González-Saldía
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Oceanografía, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Doctorado en Ciencias con mención en Manejo de Recursos Acuáticos Renovables, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología Marina y Acuicultura, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - N L Pino-Maureira
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Doctorado en Ciencias con mención en Manejo de Recursos Acuáticos Renovables, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - Ch Muñoz
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - L Soto
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología Marina y Acuicultura, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - E Durán
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología Marina y Acuicultura, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - M J Barra
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - S Gutiérrez
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - V Díaz
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - A Saavedra
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
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10
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Kane SR, Shah SR, Alfaro TM. Development of a rapid viability polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Yersinia pestis. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 162:21-27. [PMID: 31095987 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the occurrence of natural plague outbreaks and its historical usage as a biological weapon, Yersinia pestis is considered one of the high-priority biological threat agents. It can remain viable in certain environments including water for >100 days. Because of its slow-growth characteristic, it usually takes three or more days to detect and confirm the identity of viable Y. pestis cells by PCR, serological, or biochemical assays when using the traditional microbiological plate-culture-based analysis, and that too, assuming faster growing microbes present in a water sample do not mask the Y. pestis colonies and interfere with analysis. Therefore, a rapid-viability Polymerase Chain Reaction (RV-PCR) method was developed for detection of Y. pestis. The RV-PCR method combines 24 h-incubation broth culture in a 48-well plate, and pre- and post-incubation differential PCR analyses, thereby allowing for rapid and high-throughput sample analysis compared with the current plate culture method. One chromosomal and two plasmid gene target-based real-time PCR assays were down-selected, showing ca. 10 genome equivalent detection; the chromosomal assay was then used for RV-PCR method development. A 101-cell level (10-99 cells) sensitivity of detection was demonstrated even with complex sample backgrounds including known PCR inhibitors (ferrous sulfate and humic acid), as well as metal oxides and microbes present in Arizona Test Dust (ATD). The method sensitivity was maintained in the presence of dead Y. pestis cells up to 104 cells per sample. While affording high-throughput and rapid sample analysis, the 48-well plate format used in this method for sample enrichment significantly reduced labor requirements and generation of BioSafety Level-3 (BSL-3) laboratory waste as compared to the usual microbiological plate-culture-based methods. This method may serve as a model for other vegetative bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci R Kane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv R Shah
- National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
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11
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Farah IO, Lyons WO, Arslan Z, Miller G, Benghuzzi H, Tchounwou PB. SODIUM BICARBONATE REMEDIATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION OF WATER AT THE GBNERR IN MISSISSIPPI. BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES INSTRUMENTATION 2019; 55:497-504. [PMID: 31602051 PMCID: PMC6785824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (GBNERR) is an important ecosystem in the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The GBNERR may be a potential source for contamination with anthropogenic bacterial pathogens that may play a significant role in the causation of waterborne human diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of physicochemical and microbiological water quality parameters at the GBNERR, determine quantitative levels and establish the potential for remediation of post-contamination of water and seafood by human fecal pollution from anthropogenic sources at the reserve. Water samples were collected aseptically from Bayous Heron, Cumbest, Point Aux Chenes Bay and Bangs Lake (Pine-O-Pine). Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard protocols. Eight bacterial species including Campylobacter were concentrated from water samples by membrane filtration. Water samples were tested for the presence of traditional indicator microorganisms including: heterotrophic (HPC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and enterococcus (ENT) in CFU/ml concentrations. Mean values of temperature, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH were within acceptable levels in comparison to MDEQ, USEPA and the USGS standards during the time of investigation. However, the values of turbidity in Grand Bay water exceeded USEPA recommended levels in several occasions during the investigation. Data from this study indicates significant variability (p < 0.0001) in mean bacteria concentrations between sites. The data also indicates significant impact of Sodium bicarbonate treatment in the remediation of post contamination and survival of pathogens from the GBNERR Bayous Heron, Cumbest and Pine-O-Pine when compared with control findings. The interaction of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water through external chemical manipulation by Sodium bicarbonate may provide utility in the remediation of post-contamination with anthropogenic pathogens such as E. coli, Enterococci, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Presence of high numbers of indicator bacteria suggest public health concerns for oyster and shellfish consumers as well as other water contact activities. Hence, control strategies should be developed and implemented to prevent or remediate any future contamination of the GBNERR waters citing the economic impact of such contamination on shell fish fishing activities at the reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim O Farah
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 29216, USA
| | - Willis O Lyons
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 29216, USA
| | - Zikri Arslan
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 29216, USA
| | - Gloria Miller
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 29216, USA
| | - Hamed Benghuzzi
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 29216, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 29216, USA
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12
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Hamza IA, Bibby K. Critical issues in application of molecular methods to environmental virology. J Virol Methods 2019; 266:11-24. [PMID: 30659861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases have significant public health and socioeconomic implications worldwide. Many viral pathogens are commonly associated with water-related diseases, namely enteric viruses. Also, novel recently discovered human-associated viruses have been shown to be a causative agent of gastroenteritis or other clinical symptoms. A wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Viral isolation is historically carried out via propagation on permissive cell lines; however, some enteric viruses are difficult or not able to propagate on existing cell lines. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) screening of viral nucleic acid is routinely used to investigate virus contamination in water due to the high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the introduction of metagenomic approaches into environmental virology has facilitated the discovery of viruses that cannot be grown in cell culture. This review (i) highlights the applications of molecular techniques in environmental virology such as PCR and its modifications to overcome the critical issues associated with the inability to discriminate between infectious viruses and nonviable viruses, (ii) outlines the strengths and weaknesses of Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) and microarray, (iii) discusses the role of digital PCR as an emerging water quality monitoring assay and its advantages over qPCR, (iv) addresses the viral metagenomics in terms of detecting emerging viral pathogens and diversity in aquatic environment. Indeed, there are many challenges for selecting methods to detect classic and emerging viruses in environmental samples. While the existing techniques have revealed the importance and diversity of viruses in the water environment, further developments are necessary to enable more rapid and accurate methodologies for viral water quality monitoring and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
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13
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Hamouda MA, Jin X, Xu H, Chen F. Quantitative microbial risk assessment and its applications in small water systems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:993-1002. [PMID: 30248886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been mainstreamed in many large municipal water systems as part of a paradigm shift in the drinking water industry towards water safety planning and risk-based system assessment. Small water systems (SWSs) are generally more vulnerable to typical water system hazards, and consequently have a higher risk of waterborne disease outbreak. In this paper, a review of experiences in implementing QMRA in SWSs helps elaborate the sources of risks and highlights some of the challenges facing SWSs in developed countries. A critical review of the important elements for practical implementation of QMRA was conducted. The investigation focuses on aspects related to challenges in identifying relevant hazards to SWSs to create failure scenarios, acquiring monitoring data for pathogens' concentrations in source water, estimating treatment efficiencies of typical small system technologies, and access to software tools to support successful implementation. The review helped outline ways through which SWSs can overcome the identified challenges in implementing QMRA. An adjusted framework for implementing QMRA for small water systems was formulated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hamouda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UAE University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; National Water Center, UAE University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Xiaohui Jin
- Walkerton Clean Water Centre, 20 Ontario Rd., P.O. Box 160, Walkerton, Ontario N0G 2V0, Canada
| | - Heli Xu
- QuantWave Technologies Inc., 50 Westmount Road North, Waterloo, ON N2L 6N9, Canada
| | - Fei Chen
- QuantWave Technologies Inc., 50 Westmount Road North, Waterloo, ON N2L 6N9, Canada
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14
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Farkas K, McDonald JE, Malham SK, Jones DL. Two-Step Concentration of Complex Water Samples for the Detection of Viruses. Methods Protoc 2018; 1:mps1030035. [PMID: 31164575 PMCID: PMC6481077 DOI: 10.3390/mps1030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate detection and quantification of pathogenic viruses in water is essential to understand and reduce the risk of human infection. This paper describes a two-step method suitable for concentrating viruses in water and wastewater samples. The method involves a tangential flow ultrafiltration step that reduces the sample volume of 1–10 L to approximately 50 mL, followed by secondary precipitation using polyethylene glycol 6000, which reduces the volume to 1–4 mL. For method validation, water samples were spiked with different concentrations of enteric viruses, and viral recovery in the concentrates exceeded 10% in all experiments. The method is suitable for water samples with high and low salinity and turbidity, allowing an accurate comparison of viral titers in a diverse range of water types. Furthermore, the method has the potential to concentrate other pathogens, e.g., bacteria or protozoa. Hence, the use of this method can improve the holistic assessment of risks associated with wastewater-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, UK.
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.
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15
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Farkas K, Cooper DM, McDonald JE, Malham SK, de Rougemont A, Jones DL. Seasonal and spatial dynamics of enteric viruses in wastewater and in riverine and estuarine receiving waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1174-1183. [PMID: 29710623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses represent a global public health threat and are implicated in numerous foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks. Nonetheless, relatively little is known of their fate and stability in the environment. In this study we used carefully validated methods to monitor enteric viruses, namely adenovirus (AdV), JC polyomavirus (JCV), noroviruses (NoVs), sapovirus (SaV) and hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV) from wastewater source to beaches and shellfish beds. Wastewater influent and effluent, surface water, sediment and shellfish samples were collected in the Conwy catchment (North Wales, UK) once a month for one year. High concentrations of AdV and JCV were found in the majority of samples, and no seasonal patterns were observed. No HAV and HEV were detected and no related illnesses were reported in the area during the period of sampling. Noroviruses and SaV were also detected at high concentrations in wastewater and surface water, and their presence correlated with local gastroenteritis outbreaks during the spring and autumn seasons. Noroviruses were also found in estuarine sediment and in shellfish harvested for human consumption. As PCR-based methods were used for quantification, viral infectivity and degradation was estimated using a NoV capsid integrity assay. The assay revealed low-levels of viral decay in wastewater effluent compared to influent, and more significant decay in environmental waters and sediment. Results suggest that AdV and JCV may be suitable markers for the assessment of the spatial distribution of wastewater contamination in the environment; and pathogenic viruses can be directly monitored during and after reported outbreaks to prevent further environment-derived illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - David M Cooper
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- Centre National de Référence Virus des gastro-entérites, Laboratoire de Virologie-Sérologie, CHU de Dijon, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP37013, 21070 Dijon cedex, France; UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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16
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Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:168-186. [PMID: 29471200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jason R Torrey
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Road, My Dinh 1 Ward, Nam Tu Liem District, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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17
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Farah IO, Lyons WO, Arslan Z, Tucci M, Tchounwou PB. ACETIC ACID REMEDIATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION OF WATER AT THE GBNERR IN MISSISSIPPI. BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES INSTRUMENTATION 2018; 54:309-316. [PMID: 30760940 PMCID: PMC6369911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (GBNERR) is an important ecosystem in the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The GBNERR may be a potential source for contamination with anthropogenic bacterial pathogens that may play a significant role in the causation of waterborne human diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of physicochemical and microbiological water quality parameters at the GBNERR to determine quantitative levels and establish the potential for remediation of post-contamination of water and seafood by human fecal pollution from anthropogenic sources at the reserve. Water samples were collected aseptically from Bayous Heron, Cumbest, Point Aux Chenes Bay and Bangs Lake (Pine-O-Pine). Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard protocols. Eight bacterial species including Campylobacter were concentrated from water samples by membrane filtration. Water samples were tested for the presence of traditional indicator microorganisms including: heterotrophic (HPC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and enterococcus (ENT) in CFU/ml concentrations. Mean values of temperature, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within acceptable levels in comparison to MDEQ, USEPA, and the USGS standards during the time of investigation. However, the values of turbidity in Grand Bay water exceeded USEPA recommended levels in several occasions during the investigation. Data from this study indicates significant variability (p < 0.0001) in mean bacteria concentrations between sites. The data also indicates significant impact of acetic acid treatment in the remediation of post contamination and survival of pathogens from the GBNERR Bayous Heron, Cumbest, and Pine-O-Pine when compared with control findings. The interaction of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water through external chemical manipulation by acetic acid may provide utility in the remediation of post-contamination with anthropogenic pathogens such as E. coli, Enterococci, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Presence of high numbers of indicator bacteria suggests public health concerns for oyster and shellfish consumers as well as other water contact activities. Hence, control strategies should be developed and implemented to prevent or remediate any future contamination of the GBNERR waters citing the economic impact of such contamination on shellfish fishing activities on the reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim O Farah
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Willis O Lyons
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Zikri Arslan
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Michelle Tucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
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18
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McMinn BR, Huff EM, Rhodes ER, Korajkic A. Concentration and quantification of somatic and F+ coliphages from recreational waters. J Virol Methods 2017; 249:58-65. [PMID: 28843788 PMCID: PMC6084438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic and F+ coliphages are promising alternative fecal indicators, but current detection methods are hindered by lower levels of coliphages in surface waters compared to traditional bacterial fecal indicators. We evaluated the ability of dead-end hollow fiber ultrafiltration (D-HFUF) and single agar layer (SAL) procedure to concentrate and enumerate coliphages from 1L and 10L volumes of ambient surface waters (lake, river, marine), river water with varying turbidities (3.74–118.7 NTU), and a simulated combined sewer overflow (CSO) event. Percentage recoveries for surface waters were 40–79% (somatic) and 35–94% (F + ). The method performed equally well in all three matrices at 1L volumes, but percent recoveries were significantly higher in marine waters at 10L volumes when compared to freshwater. Percent recoveries at 1L and 10L were similar, except in river water where recoveries were significantly lower at higher volume. In highly turbid waters, D-HFUF-SAL had a recovery range of 25–77% (somatic) and 21–80% (F + ). The method produced detectable levels of coliphages in diluted wastewater and in unspiked surface waters, emphasizing its applicability to CSO events and highlighting its utility in recovery of low coliphage densities from surface waters. Thus D-HFUF-SAL is a good candidate method for routine water quality monitoring of coliphages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McMinn
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States
| | - Emma M Huff
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States
| | - Eric R Rhodes
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States
| | - Asja Korajkic
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States.
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19
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Bruno A, Sandionigi A, Galimberti A, Siani E, Labra M, Cocuzza C, Ferri E, Casiraghi M. One step forwards for the routine use of high-throughput DNA sequencing in environmental monitoring. An efficient and standardizable method to maximize the detection of environmental bacteria. Microbiologyopen 2016; 6. [PMID: 27790854 PMCID: PMC5300880 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an innovative, repeatable, and reliable experimental workflow to concentrate and detect environmental bacteria in drinking water using molecular techniques. We first concentrated bacteria in water samples using tangential flow filtration and then we evaluated two methods of environmental DNA extraction. We performed tests on both artificially contaminated water samples and real drinking water samples. The efficiency of the experimental workflow was measured through qPCR. The successful applicability of the high‐throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) approach was demonstrated on drinking water samples. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach in high‐throughput‐based studies, and we suggest incorporating it in monitoring strategies to have a better representation of the microbial community. In the recent years, HTS techniques have become key tools in the study of microbial communities. To make the leap from academic laboratories to the routine monitoring (e.g., water treatment plants laboratories), we here propose an experimental workflow suitable for the introduction of HTS as a standard method for detecting environmental bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bruno
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Sandionigi
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Galimberti
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Siani
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Clementina Cocuzza
- Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ferri
- FEM2-Ambiente, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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20
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A consecutive centrifugal method for concentration of human enteric viruses in water samples. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3323-3330. [PMID: 27581806 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A consecutive centrifugal method was developed to concentrate enteric viruses from water. Using five selected human enteric viruses, the recovery rates were evaluated and compared with results from NanoCeram filtration methods. The highest recovery rate was achieved for coxsackievirus (78.11 %, 42.97-101.39), and the lowest rate was for adenovirus (32.84 %, 19.68-66.20). In comparison with NanoCeram disc filtration with beef-extract flocculation (BE), the recovery rate was increased for all viruses. The rate of increase varied from a low of 8.24 % (astroviruses) to a high of 24.22 % (noroviruses). The NanoCeram filtration with BE was further modified by NaPP buffer plus one-step centrifugation using a Centricon plus-70 device. The modified method further increased the concentrations of viruses in the sample. Virus concentration was increased to 19.45 ± 7.19-fold for rotavirus, 19.40 ± 6.54-fold for norovirus, 16.10 ± 7.61-fold for coxsackievirus, 12.80 ± 3.00-fold for astrovirus and 11.97 ± 6.94-fold for adenovirus compared to the NanoCeram filtration with BE. Subsequent cell culture showed that the infectivity of the viruses was not altered by any of the three methods. Three methods will provide testing labs with choices for cost-effective approaches to concentrate viruses from water.
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