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Thornton JA, Koc ZC, Sollars VE, Valentovic MA, Denvir J, Wilkinson J, Koc EC. Alcohol- and Low-Iron Induced Changes in Antioxidant and Energy Metabolism Associated with Protein Lys Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8344. [PMID: 39125916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of iron in ethanol-derived hepatic stress could help elucidate the efficacy of dietary or clinical interventions designed to minimize liver damage from chronic alcohol consumption. We hypothesized that normal levels of iron are involved in ethanol-derived liver damage and reduced dietary iron intake would lower the damage caused by ethanol. We used a pair-fed mouse model utilizing basal Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets for 22 weeks to test this hypothesis. In our mouse model, chronic ethanol exposure led to mild hepatic stress possibly characteristic of early-stage alcoholic liver disease, seen as increases in liver-to-body weight ratios. Dietary iron restriction caused a slight decrease in non-heme iron and ferritin (FeRL) expression while it increased transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression without changing ferroportin 1 (FPN1) expression. It also elevated protein lysine acetylation to a more significant level than in ethanol-fed mice under normal dietary iron conditions. Interestingly, iron restriction led to an additional reduction in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and NADH levels. Consistent with this observation, the major mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), expression was significantly reduced causing increased protein lysine acetylation in ethanol-fed mice at normal and low-iron conditions. In addition, the detection of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 levels (SOD1 and SOD2) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex activities allowed us to evaluate the changes in antioxidant and energy metabolism regulated by ethanol consumption at normal and low-iron conditions. We observed that the ethanol-fed mice had mild liver damage associated with reduced energy and antioxidant metabolism. On the other hand, iron restriction may exacerbate certain activities of ethanol further, such as increased protein lysine acetylation and reduced antioxidant metabolism. This metabolic change may prove a barrier to the effectiveness of dietary reduction of iron intake as a preventative measure in chronic alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Thornton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Zeynep C Koc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Vincent E Sollars
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Monica A Valentovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - John Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Emine C Koc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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Kim JH, Na JE, Lee J, Park YE, Lee J, Choi JH, Heo NY, Park J, Kim TO, Jang HJ, Park HY, Park SH. Blood Concentrations of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury Are Associated With Alcohol-Related Liver Disease. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e412. [PMID: 38111282 PMCID: PMC10727920 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between environmental pollutants and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) has not been determined until now. The objectives of this study were to examine the association of the pollutants with ALD, and whether the pollutants together increased the risk of ALD. METHODS Data were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2013 and 2016-2017; n = 11,993). Blood levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury were measured. ALD was defined by a combination of excessive alcohol consumption and ALD/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease index > 0. The aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and fibrosis (FIB)-4 score were used to evaluate ALD FIB. RESULTS The odds ratios (ORs) of ALD for the highest versus the lowest quartiles of exposure were for lead, 7.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.51-9.91); cadmium, 1.68 (95% CI, 1.32-2.14); and mercury, 5.03 (95% CI, 3.88-6.53). Adjusting for age, gender, smoking, occupation, education, and personal income attenuated the associations but indicated significant positive trends (all Ptrend < 0.001). A positive additive interaction between cadmium and lead was observed. The relative excess OR due to the interaction was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.41-1.51); synergy index = 2.92 (95% CI, 0.97-8.80). Among 951 subjects with ALD, advanced FIB was associated with lead and cadmium (OR, 3.46, 95% CI, 1.84-6.53; OR, 8.50, 95% CI, 2.54-28.42, respectively), but not with mercury. The effect estimates for lead and cadmium remained significant even after adjustment for daily alcohol intake. CONCLUSION Blood levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury were significantly associated not only with the risk of ALD but also with ALD FIB. Cadmium and lead have synergistic effects that increase the risk of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Junghwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong Eun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Nae Yun Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jongha Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Oh Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hang Jea Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Ha Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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Ali N, Ferrao K, Mehta KJ. Liver Iron Loading in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1427-1439. [PMID: 36306827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a common chronic liver disease with increasing incidence worldwide. Alcoholic liver steatosis/steatohepatitis can progress to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, which can cause predisposition to hepatocellular carcinoma. ALD diagnosis and management are confounded by several challenges. Iron loading is a feature of ALD which can exacerbate alcohol-induced liver injury and promote ALD pathologic progression. Knowledge of the mechanisms that mediate liver iron loading can help identify cellular/molecular targets and thereby aid in designing adjunct diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches for ALD. Herein, the cellular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver iron loading are reviewed and how excess iron in patients with ALD can promote liver fibrosis and aggravate disease pathology is discussed. Alcohol-induced increase in hepatic transferrin receptor-1 expression and up-regulation of high iron protein in Kupffer cells (proposed) facilitate iron deposition and retention in the liver. Iron is loaded in both parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells. Iron-loaded liver can promote ferroptosis and thereby contribute to ALD pathology. Iron and alcohol can independently elevate oxidative stress. Therefore, a combination of excess iron and alcohol amplifies oxidative stress and accelerates liver injury. Excess iron-stimulated hepatocytes directly or indirectly (through Kupffer cell activation) activate the hepatic stellate cells via secretion of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors. Persistently activated hepatic stellate cells promote liver fibrosis, and thereby facilitate ALD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Ali
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Ferrao
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kosha J Mehta
- Centre for Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Yehia A, Sousa RAL, Abulseoud OA. Sex difference in the association between blood alcohol concentration and serum ferritin. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1230406. [PMID: 37547205 PMCID: PMC10401063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1230406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The sex difference in alcohol use disorder (AUD) is ingrained in distinctive neurobiological responses between men and women, which necessitates further investigation for a more tailored management. Methods Minding the findings of iron dysregulation in AUD and the sex difference in iron homeostasis in multiple physiological and pathological settings, we examined the sex difference in the association between serum ferritin and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in intoxicated males (n = 125) and females (n = 59). We included patients with both serum ferritin tested of any value and a BAC above the level of detection during the same hospital admission period. We investigated sex difference in the relationship between BAC, serum ferritin and liver enzymes in intoxicated critically ill and noncritically ill patients. Results We found a negative association between serum ferritin and BAC in critically ill, intoxicated females [R2 = 0.44, F(1,14) = 11.02, p = 0.005], with much attenuated serum ferritin in females compared to their male counterparts (194.5 ± 280.4 vs. 806.3 ± 3405.7 ng/L, p = 0.002). We found a positive association between serum ferritin and liver enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST)] in critically ill intoxicated females [ALT: R2 = 0.48, F(1,10) = 9.1, p = 0.013; AST: R2 = 0.68, F(1,10) = 21.2, p = 0.001] and in noncritically ill intoxicated males [ALT: R2 = 0.1, F(1,83) = 9.4, p = 0.003; AST: R2 = 0.1, F(1,78) = 10.5, p = 0.002]. The effect of BAC on serum ferritin was not mediated by ALT [indirect effect: (B = 0.13, p = 0.1)]. We also found a significant effect of sex, anemia, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality on serum ferritin. Discussion Our results suggest that high BAC in intoxicated female patients is associated with attenuated serum ferritin levels, questioning the role of low serum ferritin in female vulnerability to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Yehia
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ricardo A. L. Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Osama A. Abulseoud
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Helfrich KK, Saini N, Kwan STC, Rivera OC, Mooney SM, Smith SM. Fetal anemia and elevated hepcidin in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02469-6. [PMID: 36702950 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impairs offspring growth and cognition, and this is worsened by concurrent iron deficiency. Alcohol disrupts fetal iron metabolism and produces functional iron deficiency, even when maternal iron status is adequate. We used a mouse model of moderate PAE to investigate the mechanisms underlying this dysregulated iron status. METHODS C57BL/6J female mice received 3 g/kg alcohol daily from embryonic day (E) 8.5-17.5 and were assessed at E17.5. RESULTS Alcohol reduced fetal hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts, despite elevated erythropoietin production. Alcohol suppressed maternal hepcidin expression and the upstream iron-sensing BMP/SMAD pathway, consistent with its effects in the nonpregnant state. In contrast, alcohol elevated fetal hepcidin, although this was not accompanied by an upregulation of the BMP/SMAD or proinflammatory IL-6/STAT3 pathways. Fetal expression of hepatic genes contributing to hemoglobin synthesis and iron metabolism were unaffected by alcohol, whereas those affecting ribosome biogenesis were suppressed, suggesting a novel candidate effector for this fetal anemia. CONCLUSION These data confirm and extend prior observations that PAE disrupts maternal and fetal iron metabolism and impairs the fetus's ability to regulate iron status. We propose this dysregulation increases gestational iron needs and represents a conserved response to PAE. IMPACT Prenatal alcohol exposure causes a functional iron deficiency in a model that also impairs cognition in later life. Prenatal alcohol exposure causes fetal anemia. This fetal anemia is accompanied by elevated hepcidin and erythropoietin. Findings are consistent with prior observations that prenatal alcohol exposure increases maternal-fetal iron requirements during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee K Helfrich
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Nipun Saini
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Sze Ting Cecilia Kwan
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Olivia C Rivera
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Sandra M Mooney
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Susan M Smith
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA. .,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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Ferrao K, Ali N, Mehta KJ. Iron and iron-related proteins in alcohol consumers: cellular and clinical aspects. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1673-1689. [PMID: 36214835 PMCID: PMC9691479 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. Its pathological spectrum includes the overlapping stages of hepatic steatosis/steatohepatitis that can progress to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis; both are risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, ALD diagnosis and management pose several challenges. The early pathological stages are reversible by alcohol abstinence, but these early stages are often asymptomatic, and currently, there is no specific laboratory biomarker or diagnostic test that can confirm ALD etiology. Alcohol consumers frequently show dysregulation of iron and iron-related proteins. Examination of iron-related parameters in this group may aid in early disease diagnosis and better prognosis and management. For this, a coherent overview of the status of iron and iron-related proteins in alcohol consumers is essential. Therefore, here, we collated and reviewed the alcohol-induced alterations in iron and iron-related proteins. Reported observations include unaltered, increased, or decreased levels of hemoglobin and serum iron, increments in intestinal iron absorption (facilitated via upregulations of duodenal divalent metal transporter-1 and ferroportin), serum ferritin and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, decrements in serum hepcidin, decreased or unaltered levels of transferrin, increased or unaltered levels of transferrin saturation, and unaltered levels of soluble transferrin receptor. Laboratory values of iron and iron-related proteins in alcohol consumers are provided for reference. The causes and mechanisms underlying these alcohol-induced alterations in iron parameters and anemia in ALD are explained. Notably, alcohol consumption by hemochromatosis (iron overload) patients worsens disease severity due to the synergistic effects of excess iron and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ferrao
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Najma Ali
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kosha J Mehta
- Centre for Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides against Ethanol-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Experimental Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247437. [PMID: 34946518 PMCID: PMC8707101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS) against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in experimental rats. The study involved an intact control group, LPS-RS group, two groups were given ethanol (3 and 5 g/kg/day) for 28 days, and two other groups (LPS-RS + 3 g/kg ethanol) and (LPS-RS + 5 g/kg ethanol) received a daily dose of LPS-RS (800 μg/kg) before ethanol. Ethanol significantly increased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the liver tissue and decreased anti-oxidant enzymes. Hepcidin expression was downregulated in the liver, with increased serum levels of ferritin and iron. Prior-administration of LPS-RS alleviated the increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and preserved iron homeostasis markers. In the kidney, administration of ethanol caused significant increase in the expression of NF-κB and the levels of TNF-α and kidney injury markers; whereas LPS-RS + ethanol groups had significantly lower levels of those parameters. In conclusion; this study reports anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and iron homeostasis regulatory effects of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist LPS-RS against ethanol induced toxicity in both the liver and the kidney of experimental rats.
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Milman NT. Managing Genetic Hemochromatosis: An Overview of Dietary Measures, Which May Reduce Intestinal Iron Absorption in Persons With Iron Overload. Gastroenterology Res 2021; 14:66-80. [PMID: 34007348 PMCID: PMC8110241 DOI: 10.14740/gr1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic hemochromatosis causes iron overload by excess absorption of dietary iron, due to a decreased expression of hepcidin. The objective was to elaborate dietary recommendations that can reduce intestinal iron absorption in hemochromatosis patients, based on our present knowledge of the iron contained in nutrients and the mechanisms of iron uptake. This is a narrative review. Literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar of papers dealing with iron absorption from the diet was conducted. Most important proposed dietary recommendations are: 1) Choose a varied vegetarian, semi-vegetarian or flexitarian diet. A “veggie-lacto-ovo-poultry-pescetarian” diet seems optimal. Avoid iron enriched foods and iron supplements. 2) Eat many vegetables and fruits, at least 600 g per day. Choose protein rich pulses and legumes (e.g., kidney- and soya beans). Fresh fruits should be eaten between meals. 3) Abstain from red meat from mammals and choose the lean, white meat from poultry. Avoid processed meat, offal and blood containing foods. Eat no more than 200 g meat from poultry per week. Choose fish, eggs, vegetables and protein rich legumes the other days. Eat fish two to four times a week as main course, 350 - 500 g fish per week, of which half should be fat fish. 4) Choose whole grain products in cereals and bread. Avoid iron enriched grains. Choose non-sourdough, yeast-fermented bread with at least 50% whole grain. 5) Choose vegetable oils, and low-fat dairy products. 6) Eat less sugar and salt. Choose whole foods and foods with minimal processing and none or little added sugar or salt. 7) Quench your thirst in water. Drink green- or black tea, coffee, or low-fat milk with the meals, alternatively water or non-alcoholic beer. Fruit juices must be consumed between meals. Abstain from alcoholic beverages. Drink soft drinks, non-alcoholic beer, or non-alcoholic wine instead. These advices are close to the official Danish dietary recommendations in 2021. In the management of hemochromatosis, dietary modifications that lower iron intake and decrease iron bioavailability may provide additional measures to reduce iron uptake from the foods and reduce the number of phlebotomies. However, there is a need for large, prospective, randomized studies that specifically evaluate the effect of dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Thorm Milman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, University College Zealand, DK-4700 Naestved, Denmark.
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Milman NT. A Review of Nutrients and Compounds, Which Promote or Inhibit Intestinal Iron Absorption: Making a Platform for Dietary Measures That Can Reduce Iron Uptake in Patients with Genetic Haemochromatosis. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:7373498. [PMID: 33005455 PMCID: PMC7509542 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7373498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of nutrients and compounds, which influence human intestinal iron absorption, thereby making a platform for elaboration of dietary recommendations that can reduce iron uptake in patients with genetic haemochromatosis. DESIGN Review. Setting. A literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar of papers dealing with iron absorption. RESULTS The most important promoters of iron absorption in foods are ascorbic acid, lactic acid (produced by fermentation), meat factors in animal meat, the presence of heme iron, and alcohol which stimulate iron uptake by inhibition of hepcidin expression. The most important inhibitors of iron uptake are phytic acid/phytates, polyphenols/tannins, proteins from soya beans, milk, eggs, and calcium. Oxalic acid/oxalate does not seem to influence iron uptake. Turmeric/curcumin may stimulate iron uptake through a decrease in hepcidin expression and inhibit uptake by complex formation with iron, but the net effect has not been clarified. CONCLUSIONS In haemochromatosis, iron absorption is enhanced due to a decreased expression of hepcidin. Dietary modifications that lower iron intake and decrease iron bioavailability may provide additional measures to reduce iron uptake from the foods. This could stimulate the patients' active cooperation in the treatment of their disorder and reduce the number of phlebotomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Thorm Milman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Næstved Hospital, University College Zealand, DK-4700 Næstved, Denmark
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Wu X, Wang Y, Jia R, Fang F, Liu Y, Cui W. Computational and biological investigation of the soybean lecithin-gallic acid complex for ameliorating alcoholic liver disease in mice with iron overload. Food Funct 2019; 10:5203-5214. [PMID: 31380553 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality globally. In this study, the soybean lecithin-gallic acid complex was synthesized, and its physicochemical properties were evaluated, which confirmed the complex formation. Compared with the free state of the drug, gallic acid exhibited significantly different physicochemical properties after it was complexed with soybean lecithin. To clarify the binding mode between two monomers, computational investigation was performed. From the computational data, we deduced the structure of the compound and predicted that it has a high affinity for human phosphatidylcholine transfer protein and exhibits strong pharmacological activities in vivo. The complex not only effectively ameliorated liver fibrosis, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress, but also reduced liver iron overload in a mouse ALD model induced by alcohol (p < 0.05). Additionally, it regulated iron metabolism by inhibiting TfR1 expression (p < 0.05) and promoting hepcidin expression (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the soybean lecithin-gallic acid complex ameliorates hepatic damage and iron overload induced by alcohol and exert hepatoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
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Ma Y, Li R, Liu Y, Liu M, Liang H. Protective Effect of Aplysin Supplementation on Intestinal Permeability and Microbiota in Rats Treated with Ethanol and Iron. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060681. [PMID: 29861488 PMCID: PMC6024731 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aplysin, a kind of phytochemicals or phytonutrients, is purified from red alga Laurencia tristicha. The present study aims to investigate the influence of aplysin on changes of intestinal permeability and microbiota induced by excessive ethanol and iron. Thirty male rats were randomly divided into three groups (10/group): control group (normal saline); ethanol + iron group as EI treated with ethanol (8–12 mL/kg/day) and iron (1000 mg/kg) in diet; EI supplemented with aplysin (150 mg/kg/day) group as AEI; the trial lasts for 12 weeks. The result showed that levels of plasma endotoxin, fatty acid-binding protein 2, D-lactic acid, diamine oxidase were increased in rats in the EI group; and significantly decreased by 14%, 17%, 26%, 16%, respectively (p < 0.05) in the AEI group after the 12-week aplysin treatment. Moreover, in the AEI group the amount of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis were higher, while the amount of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium were lower than those in the EI group. The expressions of iron transporters divalent-metal transporter 1(DMT1) and ferroportin 1(FPN1) were significantly upregulated in the EI group compared to those in the control group. In conclusion, aplysin could effectively improve intestinal permeability and intestinal flora disorder induced with excessive ethanol and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
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Huebner SM, Helfrich KK, Saini N, Blohowiak SE, Cheng AA, Kling PJ, Smith SM. Dietary Iron Fortification Normalizes Fetal Hematology, Hepcidin, and Iron Distribution in a Rat Model of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1022-1033. [PMID: 29672865 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes neurodevelopmental disability. Clinical and animal studies show gestational iron deficiency (ID) exacerbates PAE's behavioral and growth deficits. In rat, PAE manifests an inability to establish iron homeostasis, increasing hepcidin (maternal and fetal), and fetal liver iron while decreasing brain iron and promoting anemia. Here, we hypothesize dietary iron fortification during pregnancy may mitigate alcohol's disruption of fetal iron homeostasis. METHODS Pregnant Long-Evans rats, fed iron-sufficient (100 ppm iron) or iron-fortified (IF; 500 ppm iron) diets, received either 5 g/kg alcohol (PAE) or isocaloric maltodextrin daily on gestational days (GD) 13.5 through 19.5. Maternal and fetal outcomes were evaluated on GD20.5. RESULTS PAE reduced mean fetal weight (p < 0.001) regardless of maternal iron status, suggesting iron fortification did not improve fetal growth. Both PAE (p < 0.01) and IF (p = 0.035) increased fetal liver iron. In fetal brain, PAE (p = 0.015) affected total (p < 0.001) and nonheme iron (p < 0.001) such that iron fortification normalized (p = 0.99) the alcohol-mediated reductions in brain iron and nonheme iron. Iron fortification also improved fetal hematologic indices in PAE including hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean cell volume (ps<0.001). Iron fortification also normalized hepcidin expression in alcohol-exposed maternal and fetal liver. Neither diet nor PAE affected transferrin (Tf) and ferritin (FTN) content in fetal liver, nor Tf or transferrin receptor in fetal brain. However, IF-PAE fetal brains trended to less FTN content (p = 0.074), suggesting greater availability of nonstorage iron. In PAE, hepcidin levels were linearly related to increased liver iron stores and decreased red blood cell count and brain iron. CONCLUSIONS Maternal oral iron fortification mitigated PAE's disruption of fetal iron homeostasis and improved brain iron content, hematologic indices, and hepcidin production in this rat PAE model. Clinical studies show maternal ID substantially enhances fetal vulnerability to PAE, and our work supports increased maternal dietary iron intake may improve fetal iron status in alcohol-exposed pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Huebner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kaylee K Helfrich
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Nipun Saini
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Sharon E Blohowiak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Adrienne A Cheng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Pamela J Kling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Susan M Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina
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Helfrich KK, Saini N, Kling PJ, Smith SM. Maternal iron nutriture as a critical modulator of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder risk in alcohol-exposed pregnancies. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:204-212. [PMID: 29017023 PMCID: PMC5914169 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy places the fetus at risk for permanent physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). However, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) outcomes vary widely, and growing evidence suggests that maternal nutrition is a modifying factor. Certain nutrients, such as iron, may modulate FASD outcomes. Untreated gestational iron deficiency (ID) causes persistent neurodevelopmental deficits in the offspring that affect many of the same domains damaged by PAE. Although chronic alcohol consumption enhances iron uptake and elevates liver iron stores in adult alcoholics, alcohol-abusing premenopausal women often have low iron reserves due to menstruation, childbirth, and poor diet. Recent investigations show that low iron reserves during pregnancy are strongly associated with a worsening of several hallmark features in FASD including reduced growth and impaired associative learning. This review discusses recent clinical and animal model findings that maternal ID worsens fetal outcomes in response to PAE. It also discusses underlying mechanisms by which PAE disrupts maternal and fetal iron homeostasis. We suggest that alcohol-exposed ID pregnancies contribute to the severe end of the FASD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee K Helfrich
- a UNC Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nipun Saini
- a UNC Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pamela J Kling
- b Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Susan M Smith
- a UNC Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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14
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Farooq S, Mazhar W, Siddiqui AJ, Ansari SH, Musharraf SG. Quantitative assessment of metal dysregulation in β-thalassemia patients in comparison with healthy controls by ICP-MS and chemometric analyses. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4200. [PMID: 29388244 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
β-Thalassemia is one of the most common inherited disorders and is widely distributed throughout the world. Owing to severe deficiencies in red blood cell production, blood transfusion is required to correct anemia for normal growth and development but causes additional complications owing to iron overload. The aim of this study is to quantify the biometal dysregulations in β-thalassemia patients as compared with healthy controls. A total of 17 elements were analyzed in serum samples of β-thalassemia patients and healthy controls using ICP-MS followed by chemometric analyses. Out of these analyzed elements, 14 showed a significant difference between healthy and disease groups at p < 0.05 and fold change >3. A PLS-DA model revealed an excellent separation with 89.8% sensitivity and 97.2% specificity and the overall accuracy of the model was 92.2%. This metallomic study revealed that there is major difference in metallomic profiling of β-thalassemia patients specifically in Co, Mn, Ni, V and Ba, whereas the fold changes in Co, Mn, V and Ba were found to be greater than that in Fe, providing evidence that, in addition to Fe, other metals are also altered significantly and therefore chelation therapy for other metals may also needed in β-thalassemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Farooq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wardah Mazhar
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amna Jabbar Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Hussain Ansari
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Mazhar W, Farooq S, Iqbal A, Ansari SH, Choudhary MI, Atta-ur-Rahman AUR, Musharraf SG. Metallomic profiling to evaluate the response to drug treatment: hydroxyurea as a case study in β-thalassemia patients. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28514g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallomic profiles of β-thalassemia patients after hydroxyurea treatment reveal a reduction in biometal dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wardah Mazhar
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi – 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Sabiha Farooq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi – 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Iqbal
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi – 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Saqib Hussain Ansari
- Department of Pediatric Hematology & Molecular Medicine
- National Institute of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Karachi – 75300
- Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi – 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Atta-ur-Rahman Atta-ur-Rahman
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi – 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi – 75270
- Pakistan
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16
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van Breda GF, Bongartz LG, Zhuang W, van Swelm RPL, Pertijs J, Braam B, Cramer MJ, Swinkels DW, Doevendans PA, Verhaar MC, Masereeuw R, Joles JA, Gaillard CAJM. Cardiac Hepcidin Expression Associates with Injury Independent of Iron. Am J Nephrol 2016; 44:368-378. [PMID: 27771699 DOI: 10.1159/000449419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin regulates systemic iron homeostasis by downregulating the iron exporter ferroportin. Circulating hepcidin is mainly derived from the liver but hepcidin is also produced in the heart. We studied the differential and local regulation of hepcidin gene expression in response to myocardial infarction (MI) and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD). We hypothesized that cardiac hepcidin gene expression is induced by and regulated to severity of cardiac injury, either through direct (MI) or remote (CKD) stimuli, as well as through increased local iron content. METHODS Nine weeks after subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) or sham surgery (CON), rats were subjected to coronary ligation (CL) or sham surgery to realize 4 groups: CON, SNX, CL and SNX + CL. In week 16, the gene expression of hepcidin, iron and damage markers in cardiac and liver tissues was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ferritin protein expression was studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Cardiac hepcidin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was increased 2-fold in CL (p = 0.03) and 3-fold in SNX (p = 0.01). Cardiac ferritin staining was not different among groups. Cardiac hepcidin mRNA expression correlated with mRNA expression levels of brain natriuretic peptide (β = 0.734, p < 0.001) and connective tissue growth factor (β = 0.431, p = 0.02). In contrast, liver hepcidin expression was unaffected by SNX and CL alone, while it had decreased 50% in SNX + CL (p < 0.05). Hepatic ferritin immunostaining was not different among groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate differences in hepcidin regulation in liver and heart and suggest a role for injury rather than iron as the driving force for cardiac hepcidin expression in renocardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fenna van Breda
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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Cai Y, Jogasuria A, Yin H, Xu MJ, Hu X, Wang J, Kim C, Wu J, Lee K, Gao B, You M. The Detrimental Role Played by Lipocalin-2 in Alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2417-28. [PMID: 27427417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the ethanol-mediated elevation of lipocaline-2 (LCN2) is closely associated with the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) in mice. Herein, we aimed to understand the functional significance of LCN2 induction by ethanol and to explore its underlying mechanisms. We evaluated the effects of LCN2 in an in vitro cellular alcoholic steatosis model and in an animal study using wild-type and LCN2 knockout mice fed for 4 weeks with an ethanol-supplemented Lieber-DeCarli diet. In the cellular model of alcoholic steatosis, recombinant LCN2 or overexpression of LCN2 exacerbated ethanol-induced fat accumulation, whereas knocking down LCN2 prevented steatosis in hepatocytes exposed to ethanol. Consistently, removal of LCN2 partially but significantly alleviated alcoholic fatty liver injury in mice. Mechanistically, LCN2 mediates detrimental effects of ethanol in the liver via disrupted multiple signaling pathways, including aberrant nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase-sirtuin 1 axis, perturbed endocrine metabolic regulatory fibroblast growth factor 15/19 signaling, and impaired chaperone-mediated autophagy. Finally, compared with healthy human livers, liver samples from patients with AFLD had lower gene expression of several LCN2-regualted molecules. Our study demonstrated a pivotal and causal role of LCN2 in the development of AFLD and suggested that targeting the LCN2 could be of great value for the treatment of human AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alvin Jogasuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Huquan Yin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Health Sciences Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio; Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio; Department of Anatomy, School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunki Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Jiashin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
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18
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Harrison-Findik DD, Lu S. The effect of alcohol and hydrogen peroxide on liver hepcidin gene expression in mice lacking antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase-1 or catalase. Biomolecules 2015; 5:793-807. [PMID: 25955433 PMCID: PMC4496697 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the regulation of hepcidin, the key iron-regulatory molecule, by alcohol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in glutathione peroxidase-1 (gpx-1(-/-)) and catalase (catalase(-/-)) knockout mice. For alcohol studies, 10% ethanol was administered in the drinking water for 7 days. Gpx-1(-/-) displayed significantly higher hepatic H2O2 levels than catalase(-/-) compared to wild-type mice, as measured by 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The basal level of liver hepcidin expression was attenuated in gpx-1(-/-) mice. Alcohol increased H2O2 production in catalase(-/-) and wild-type, but not gpx-1(-/-), mice. Hepcidin expression was inhibited in alcohol-fed catalase(-/-) and wild-type mice. In contrast, alcohol elevated hepcidin expression in gpx-1(-/-) mice. Gpx-1(-/-) mice also displayed higher level of basal liver CHOP protein expression than catalase(-/-) mice. Alcohol induced CHOP and to a lesser extent GRP78/BiP expression, but not XBP1 splicing or binding of CREBH to hepcidin gene promoter, in gpx-1(-/-) mice. The up-regulation of hepatic ATF4 mRNA levels, which was observed in gpx-1(-/-) mice, was attenuated by alcohol. In conclusion, our findings strongly suggest that H2O2 inhibits hepcidin expression in vivo. Synergistic induction of CHOP by alcohol and H2O2, in the absence of gpx-1, stimulates liver hepcidin gene expression by ER stress independent of CREBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Dee Harrison-Findik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Sizhao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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19
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The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin: A possible therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:35-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Hu H, Scheidell J, Xu X, Coatsworth AM, Khan MR. Associations between blood lead level and substance use and sexually transmitted infection risk among adults in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:21-30. [PMID: 25261860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low-level lead exposure on neuropsychological status in the United States (US) general adult population have been reported, and the relationship between neuropsychiatric dysfunction and health risk behaviors including substance use and sexual risk taking is well established. However, the potential influence of lead exposure on risk-taking behavior has received little attention. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010, we estimated multivariable logistic regression models to measure odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the cross-sectional associations between blood lead level and risk behaviors including binge drinking, drug use, and indicator of sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk. STI indicators included past 12 month sexual risk behaviors (age mixing with partners who were at least five years younger or older and multiple partnerships), self-reported STI, and biologically-confirmed herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection. Dose-response like relationships were observed between blood lead and substance use, age mixing with younger and older partners, self-reported STI, and HSV-2. In addition, participants with lead levels in highest quartile versus those with levels in the lowest quartile had over three times the odds of binge drinking and over twice the odds of injection drug or cocaine use in the past 12 months, while being in one of the top two quartiles was significantly associated with 30-70% increased odds of multiple partnerships, sex with older partners, and self-reported and biologically confirmed STI. Results from this study suggested that lead exposure may contribute to substance use, sexual risk-taking, and STI. However, given limitations inherent in the cross-sectional nature of the study, additional studies that use longitudinal data and measure detailed temporal information are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joy Scheidell
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ashley M Coatsworth
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Maria R Khan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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21
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Abstract
The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron from macrophages, and the release of stored iron from hepatocytes. Because iron losses are comparatively very small, iron absorption and its regulation by hepcidin and ferroportin determine total body iron content. Hepcidin is in turn feedback-regulated by plasma iron concentration and iron stores, and negatively regulated by the activity of erythrocyte precursors, the dominant consumers of iron. Hepcidin and ferroportin also play a role in host defense and inflammation, and hepcidin synthesis is induced by inflammatory signals including interleukin-6 and activin B. This review summarizes and discusses recent progress in molecular characterization of systemic iron homeostasis and its disorders, and identifies areas for further investigation.
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Anwar K, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Ahmad N, Javeed A. Monitoring trace elements generated by automobiles: air pollutants with possible health impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4574-4586. [PMID: 23263758 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Major transformations in the environmental composition are principally attributable to the combustion of fuels by automobiles. Motorized gasoline-powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA) are potential source of air pollution in south Asia and produce toxic amount of particulate matter (PM) to the environment. In this study, we attempted to characterize elemental pollutants from the PM of TSA and FSA using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. The observations of the existing investigation recognized significant increase in Al (P < 0.05), P (P < 0.01), and Zn (P < 0.01) from the PM samples of FSA. In addition, the concentrations of Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na and S were also observed exceeding the recommended National Institute for Environmental Studies limits. On the contrary, increased concentration of Sr and V were observed in the PM samples from TSA. It is generally believed that FSA generates smaller amount of PM but data obtained from FSA are clearly describing that emissions from FSA comprised potentially more toxic substances than TSA. The current research is specific to metropolitan population and has evidently revealed an inconsistent burden of exposure to air pollutants engendered by FSA in urban communities, which could lead to the disruption of several biological activities and may cause severe damage to entire ecological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleeq Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Abdul Qadir Jilani Road, Lahore, Pakistan 54600
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Vitamin, Trace Element, and Fatty Acid Levels of Vitex agnus-castusL., Juniperus oxycedrusL., and Papaver somniferumL. Plant Seeds. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/845743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of fat-soluble vitamin, trace element and fatty acid ofVitex agnus-castusL.,Juniperus oxycedrusL., andPapaver somniferumL. seeds in Turkey were determined by using HPLC, ICP-OES, and GC, respectively. In theVitex agnus-castusL.,Juniperus oxycedrusL., andPapaver somniferumL. seeds, linoleic acid (18 : 2) was determined with the highest level rates (%54.11, %28.03, and %72.14, resp.). In theVitex agnus-castusL. seeds, R-tocopherol,α-tocopherol, and K1levels were determined as 9.70 μg/g, 18.20 μg/g, and 24.79 μg/g, respectively; In theJuniperus oxycedrusL. seeds, R-tocopherol,α-tocopherol, and K1were determined as 18.50 μg/g, 0.84 μg/g, and 5.00 μg/g, respectively, and in thePapaver somniferumL. seeds, R-tocopherol,α-tocopherol, K1, and D2levels were determined as 43.25 μg/g, 122.05 μg/g, 12.01 μg/g, and 0.62 μg/g, respectively. In theVitex agnus-castusL.,Juniperus oxycedrusL., andPapaver somniferumL. seeds, nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) were determined with the trace element level rates (4.42 mg/kg, 10.43 mg/kg, 3.71 mg/kg for Ni, 7.00 mg/kg, 7.70 mg/kg, and 24 mg/kg for Zn and 93.73 mg/kg, 187.95 mg/kg, and 149.64 mg/kg for Fe, resp.). These parameters in seeds are very important for human life.
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Tsuchiya H, Ebata Y, Sakabe T, Hama S, Kogure K, Shiota G. High-fat, high-fructose diet induces hepatic iron overload via a hepcidin-independent mechanism prior to the onset of liver steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Metabolism 2013; 62:62-9. [PMID: 22854109 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excess iron deposition in tissues leads to increased oxidative stress. The clinical observation that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently associated with hepatic iron overload (HIO) indicates that iron-induced oxidative stress may be related to NAFLD pathology. Decreased expression of hepcidin, a hepatic hormone that suppresses dietary iron absorption in the duodenum, is frequently observed in NAFLD patients and has been postulated to be a cause of HIO. MATERIALS/METHODS Because dietary fat and fructose intake play roles in the onset of NAFLD, we fed C57BL/6J mice a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHFr) diet for 16 weeks to study the relationship between hepatic iron content and NAFLD. RESULTS Within 4 weeks after the start of the experiment, the mice exhibited significant increases in hepatic free fatty acid (FFA) content, serum insulin levels, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Interestingly, hepatic iron content and oxidative stress significantly increased with the HFHFr diet 2 weeks earlier than hepatic FFA accumulation and decreased insulin sensitivity. Moreover, hepatic hepcidin expression was significantly downregulated, as is also observed in NAFLD patients, but much later than the onset of HIO. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly, our data demonstrated that HIO may have a pathogenic role in the onset of liver steatosis and insulin resistance. Moreover, distinct mechanisms, in addition to hepcidin, may underlie NAFLD-related HIO. These data suggest that the HFHFr diet can be used for establishing a suitable model to study the precise mechanism of HIO in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.
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The hypoxia-inducible factor-C/EBPα axis controls ethanol-mediated hepcidin repression. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4068-77. [PMID: 22869521 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00723-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is a liver-derived peptide hormone and the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Decreased hepcidin expression is a common feature in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and in mouse models of ethanol loading. Dysregulation of hepcidin signaling in ALD leads to liver iron deposition, which is a major contributing factor to liver injury. The mechanism by which hepcidin is regulated following ethanol treatment is unclear. An increase in liver hypoxia was observed in an acute ethanol-induced liver injury model. The hypoxic response is controlled by a family of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), which are composed of an oxygen-regulated alpha subunit (HIFα) and a constitutively present beta subunit, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (HIFβ/Arnt). Disruption of liver HIF function reversed the repression of hepcidin following ethanol loading. Mouse models of liver HIF overexpression demonstrated that both HIF-1α and HIF-2α contribute to hepcidin repression in vivo. Ethanol treatment led to a decrease in CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) protein expression in a HIF-dependent manner. Importantly, adenoviral rescue of C/EBPα in vivo ablated the hepcidin repression in response to ethanol treatment or HIF overexpression. These data provide novel insight into the regulation of hepcidin by hypoxia and indicate that targeting HIFs in the liver could be therapeutic in ALD.
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Sun CC, Vaja V, Babitt JL, Lin HY. Targeting the hepcidin-ferroportin axis to develop new treatment strategies for anemia of chronic disease and anemia of inflammation. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:392-400. [PMID: 22290531 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) or anemia of inflammation is prevalent in patients with chronic infection, autoimmune disease, cancer, and chronic kidney disease. ACD is associated with poor prognosis and lower quality of life. Management of ACD using intravenous iron and erythropoiesis stimulating agents are ineffective for some patients and are not without adverse effects, driving the need for new alternative therapies. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of iron regulation reveal that increased hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone, is a key factor in the development of ACD. In this review, we will summarize the role of hepcidin in iron homeostasis, its contribution to the pathophysiology of ACD, and novel strategies that modulate hepcidin and its target ferroportin for the treatment of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chi Sun
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Alcohol Activates TGF-Beta but Inhibits BMP Receptor-Mediated Smad Signaling and Smad4 Binding to Hepcidin Promoter in the Liver. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:459278. [PMID: 22121494 PMCID: PMC3202137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/459278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is activated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Mice pair-fed with regular and ethanol-containing L. De Carli diets were employed to study the effect of alcohol on BMP signaling and hepcidin transcription in the liver. Alcohol induced steatosis and TGF-beta expression. Liver BMP2, but not BMP4 or BMP6, expression was significantly elevated. Despite increased BMP expression, the BMP receptor, and transcription factors, Smad1 and Smad5, were not activated. In contrast, alcohol stimulated Smad2 phosphorylation. However, Smad4 DNA-binding activity and the binding of Smad4 to hepcidin promoter were attenuated. In summary, alcohol stimulates TGF-beta and BMP2 expression, and Smad2 phosphorylation but inhibits BMP receptor, and Smad1 and Smad5 activation. Smad signaling pathway in the liver may therefore be involved in the regulation of hepcidin transcription and iron metabolism by alcohol. These findings may help to further understand the mechanisms of alcohol and iron-induced liver injury.
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Deugnier Y, Lainé F, Le Lan C, Bardou-Jacquet E, Jouanolle AM, Brissot P. Hémochromatoses et autres surcharges hépatiques en fer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1155-1976(11)40364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Guo Xiaoqiang, Li Wenjie, Xin Qiliang, Ding Hui, Zhang Caiyun, Chang Yanzhong, Duan Xianglin. Vitamin C protective role for alcoholic liver disease in mice through regulating iron metabolism. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 27:341-8. [PMID: 21078691 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710387007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major medical complication of drinking alcohol, and commonly accompanied with hepatic iron overload and liver injuries. Oxidative stress plays an important role in pathogenesis of ALD and also leads to iron-metabolic disorders. In this study, the effects of vitamin C (Vc) on iron metabolism-related genes expression and liver protection from drinking in mice were investigated. Twenty-four male kunming mice were divided into four groups (six mice per group): control (water drinking); alcohol group (20% alcohol drinking), alcohol + low Vc group (adding 50 mg/kg Vc daily) and alcohol + high Vc group (adding 100 mg/kg Vc daily). All these mice were sacrificed after 7 days. Vc can ameliorate the increase of sera alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic iron overload of drinking alcohol in mice. Vc increases the expression of the iron-regulated hormone hepcidin and decreases transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression in liver. Vc also down-regulates the expression of ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) in the intestine and decreases the iron release to blood. In conclusion, Vc ameliorated the alcoholic liver injuries through regulating the iron metabolism-related genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Xiaoqiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Harrison-Findik DD. Gender-related variations in iron metabolism and liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:302-10. [PMID: 21161013 PMCID: PMC2999297 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i8.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of iron metabolism involves multiple organs including the duodenum, liver and bone marrow. The recent discoveries of novel iron-regulatory proteins have brought the liver to the forefront of iron homeostasis. The iron overload disorder, genetic hemochromatosis, is one of the most prevalent genetic diseases in individuals of Caucasian origin. Furthermore, patients with non-hemochromatotic liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease, chronic hepatitis C or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, often exhibit elevated serum iron indices (ferritin, transferrin saturation) and mild to moderate hepatic iron overload. Clinical data indicate significant differences between men and women regarding liver injury in patients with alcoholic liver disease, chronic hepatitis C or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The penetrance of genetic hemochromatosis also varies between men and women. Hepcidin has been suggested to act as a modifier gene in genetic hemochromatosis. Hepcidin is a circulatory antimicrobial peptide synthesized by the liver. It plays a pivotal role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Hepcidin has been shown to be regulated by iron, inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, alcohol, hepatitis C and obesity. Sex and genetic background have also been shown to modulate hepcidin expression in mice. The role of gender in the regulation of human hepcidin gene expression in the liver is unknown. However, hepcidin may play a role in gender-based differences in iron metabolism and liver diseases. Better understanding of the mechanisms associated with gender-related differences in iron metabolism and chronic liver diseases may enable the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu D Harrison-Findik
- Duygu D Harrison-Findik, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5820, United States
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Ahmed SSSJ, Santosh W. Metallomic profiling and linkage map analysis of early Parkinson's disease: a new insight to aluminum marker for the possible diagnosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11252. [PMID: 20582167 PMCID: PMC2889819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. The diagnosis of PD is challenging and currently none of the biochemical tests have proven to help in diagnosis. Serum metallomic analysis may suggest the possibility of diagnosis of PD. METHODOLOGY/RESULTS The metallomic analysis was targeted on 31 elements obtained from 42 healthy controls and 45 drug naive PD patients using ICP-AES and ICP-MS to determine the concentration variations of elements between PD and normal. The targeted metallomic analysis showed the significant variations in 19 elements of patients compared to healthy control (p<0.04). The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed aluminium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc are the key elements, contributes the separation of PD patients from control samples. The correlation coefficient analysis and element-element ratio confirm the imbalance of inter-elements relationship in PD patients' serum. Furthermore, elements linkage map analysis showed aluminium is a key element involved in triggering of phosphorus, which subsequently lead to imbalance of homeostatic in PD serum. The execution of neural network using elements concentrations provides 95% accuracy in detection of disease. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that there is a disturbance in the elements homeostasis and inter-elements relationship in PD patients' serum. The analysis of serum elements helps in linking the underlying cellular processes such as oxidative stress, neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis, which are the dominating factors in PD. Also, these results increase the prospect of detection of early PD from serum through neural network algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiek S. S. J. Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Winkins Santosh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
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Messner DJ, Kowdley KV. Biting the iron bullet: endoplasmic reticulum stress adds the pain of hepcidin to chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 51:705-7. [PMID: 20104510 PMCID: PMC2849800 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the liver and controls body iron homeostasis. Hepcidin overproduction causes anemia of inflammation, whereas its deficiency leads to hemochromatosis. Inflammation and iron are known extracellular stimuli for hepcidin expression. We found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress also induces hepcidin expression and causes hypoferremia and spleen iron sequestration in mice. CREBH (cyclic AMP response element-binding protein H), an ER stress-activated transcription factor, binds to and transactivates the hepcidin promoter. Hepcidin induction in response to exogenously administered toxins or accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER is defective in CREBH knockout mice, indicating a role for CREBH in ER stress-regulated hepcidin expression. The regulation of hepcidin by ER stress links the intracellular response involved in protein quality control to innate immunity and iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Messner
- Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA,Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kris V. Kowdley
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload: New Insights for Clinical Application. EJIFCC 2009; 20:108-23. [PMID: 27683335 PMCID: PMC4975278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Iron uptake, utilisation, release and storage occur at the gene level. Individuals with variant forms of genes involved in iron metabolism may have different requirements for iron and are likely to respond differently to the same amount of iron in the diet, a concept termed nutrigenetics. Iron deficiency, iron overload and the anemia of inflammation are the commonest iron-related disorders. While at least four types of hereditary iron overload have been identified to date, our knowledge of the genetic basis and consequences of inherited iron deficiency remain limited. The importance of genetic risk factors in relation to iron overload was highlighted with the identification of the HFE gene in 1996. Deleterious mutations in this gene account for 80-90% of inherited iron overload and are associated with loss of iron homeostasis, alterations in inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and in its most severe form, the disorder hereditary haemochromatosis (HH). Elucidation of the genetic basis of HH has led to rapid clinical benefit through drastic reduction in liver biopsies performed as part of the diagnostic work-up of affected patients. Today, detection of a genetic predisposition in the presence of high serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels is usually sufficient to diagnose HH, thereby addressing the potential danger of inherited iron overload which starts with the same symptoms as iron deficiency, namely chronic fatigue. This review provides the scientific back-up for application of pathology supported genetic testing, a new test concept that is well placed for optimizing clinical benefit to patients with regard to iron status.
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