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Hari A, AbdulHameed MDM, Balik-Meisner MR, Mav D, Phadke DP, Scholl EH, Shah RR, Casey W, Auerbach SS, Wallqvist A, Pannala VR. Exposure to PFAS chemicals induces sex-dependent alterations in key rate-limiting steps of lipid metabolism in liver steatosis. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1390196. [PMID: 38903859 PMCID: PMC11188372 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1390196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxicants with the potential to bioaccumulate in humans and animals have long been a cause for concern, particularly due to their association with multiple diseases and organ injuries. Per- and polyfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are two such classes of chemicals that bioaccumulate and have been associated with steatosis in the liver. Although PFAS and PAH are classified as chemicals of concern, their molecular mechanisms of toxicity remain to be explored in detail. In this study, we aimed to identify potential mechanisms by which an acute exposure to PFAS and PAH chemicals can induce lipid accumulation and whether the responses depend on chemical class, dose, and sex. To this end, we analyzed mechanisms beginning with the binding of the chemical to a molecular initiating event (MIE) and the consequent transcriptomic alterations. We collated potential MIEs using predictions from our previously developed ToxProfiler tool and from published steatosis adverse outcome pathways. Most of the MIEs are transcription factors, and we collected their target genes by mining the TRRUST database. To analyze the effects of PFAS and PAH on the steatosis mechanisms, we performed a computational MIE-target gene analysis on high-throughput transcriptomic measurements of liver tissue from male and female rats exposed to either a PFAS or PAH. The results showed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α targets to be the most dysregulated, with most of the genes being upregulated. Furthermore, PFAS exposure disrupted several lipid metabolism genes, including upregulation of fatty acid oxidation genes (Acadm, Acox1, Cpt2, Cyp4a1-3) and downregulation of lipid transport genes (Apoa1, Apoa5, Pltp). We also identified multiple genes with sex-specific behavior. Notably, the rate-limiting genes of gluconeogenesis (Pck1) and bile acid synthesis (Cyp7a1) were specifically downregulated in male rats compared to female rats, while the rate-limiting gene of lipid synthesis (Scd) showed a PFAS-specific upregulation. The results suggest that the PPAR signaling pathway plays a major role in PFAS-induced lipid accumulation in rats. Together, these results show that PFAS exposure induces a sex-specific multi-factorial mechanism involving rate-limiting genes of gluconeogenesis and bile acid synthesis that could lead to activation of an adverse outcome pathway for steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Hari
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohamed Diwan M. AbdulHameed
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Deepak Mav
- Sciome LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | | | - Warren Casey
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Venkat R. Pannala
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
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Oyovwi MO, Ben-Azu B, Falajiki FY, Onome OB, Rotu RA, Rotu RA, Oyeleke AA, Okwute GP, Moke EG. D-ribose-L-cysteine exhibits restorative neurobehavioral functions through modulation of neurochemical activities and inhibition oxido-inflammatory perturbations in rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyl. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:931-945. [PMID: 37542532 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is potentially harmful environmental toxicant causing cognitive decline with depressive features. PCB-induced behavioral deficits are associated with neurochemical dysfunctions, immune changes, and oxidative stress. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of D-ribose-L-cysteine (DRLC), a neuroprotective precursor element of glutathione on PCB-induced neurobehavioral impairments. Following the initial 15 days of PCB (2 mg/kg) exposure to rats, DRLC (50 mg/kg) was given orally for an additional 15 days, from days 16 to 30. Animals were assessed for behavioral effect such as changes in locomotion, cognition, and depression. Oxidative/nitrergic stress markers; antioxidant regulatory proteins paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr2), NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and neuroinflammation (NF-kβ, and TNF-α); and neurochemical metabolizing enzymes (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase-A and -B (MAO-A, MAO-B)) were carried out. The PCB-induced decline in locomotion, cognitive performance, and depressive-like features were reversed by DRLC. More specifically, PCB-induced oxidative and nitrergic stress, typified by reduced levels GSH, CAT, and SOD, accompanied by elevated MDA and nitrite were attenuated by DRLC. Additionally, DRLC restored the neuroinflammatory milieu indicated by decreased NF-kβ and TNF-α levels toward normal. Hyperactivities of AChE, MAO-A, MAO-B, PON-1, and NOX-1 levels as well as Nfr2, NQO1, and PON-1 due to PCB exposure were mitigated by DLRC. Our results suggest DRLC as a prospective neurotherapeutic agent against PCB-induced neurobehavioral impairments such as cognitive deficit and depressive-like feature through antioxidative and anti-nitrergic stress, anti-neuroinflammation, inhibition of brain metabolizing enzymes, and normalization of neurochemical homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mega O Oyovwi
- Department of Human Physiology, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Faith Y Falajiki
- Department of Human Physiology, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oghenetega B Onome
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rume A Rotu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Rotu A Rotu
- Department of Industrial Safety and Environmental Management, School of Maritime Technology, Burutu, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Abioye A Oyeleke
- Department of Physiology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Are Road, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Godwin P Okwute
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri G Moke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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El-Gohary RM, Ghalwash AA, Awad MM, El-Shaer RAA, Ibrahim S, Eltantawy AF, Elmansy A, Okasha AH. Novel insights into the augmented effect of curcumin and liraglutide in ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and pyroptosis via GSK-3β. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 749:109801. [PMID: 37884117 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin dose-dependent nephrotoxicity is a major issue limiting its proper use in cancer treatment. Inflammation, redox imbalance, and dysregulated cell death are the most plausible underlying pathomechanics. Curcumin and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, have been investigated in various experimental models for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell death modulatory effects. Hence, this work was designed to investigate curcumin and liraglutide nephroprotective effects and how they behave together against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in an experimental Wistar rat model. The study comprised 61 rats divided randomly into 6 unequal groups: control I and II, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, curcumin-treated, liraglutide-treated, and co-treated groups. Renal index, serum nephrotoxicity markers (Cr, BUN, NGAL), renal glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β), oxidant/antioxidant parameters (MDA, MPO, GSH, NQO1, HO-1), and inflammatory biomolecules (TNF-α, IL-1β) were assayed. Moreover, renal cleaved-caspase3 and the pyroptotic biomolecules (nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, gasdermin D N-terminal fragment) were immunoassayed. Furthermore, relative renal expression of both nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nr-F2) and caspase1 was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Histopathological examination of renal tissue was carried out along with detection of Bcl-2 and Bax immunoreactivity. Cisplatin induced acute renal damage, augmented inflammation, dysregulated redox balance and induced apoptosis and pyroptosis. On the other hand, curcumin and liraglutide corrected the dysregulated mechanisms and normalized results to a great extent. Mutual use of curcumin and liraglutide exerted the greatest effect in the co-treatment group. Nr-F2/HO-1 axis and GSK-3β play a master role in their nephroprotective effect. In conclusion, curcumin and liraglutide have an ameliorative effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and can be used alone or better in combination owing to their augmented effect launching promising avenues for cancer patients under cisplatin treatment, retarding AKI and enabling them to gain the best protocol effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M El-Gohary
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Ghalwash
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Mahmoud Awad
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | | | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Alshaimma Elmansy
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa H Okasha
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Hepatoprotective Efficacy of Cycloastragenol Alleviated the Progression of Liver Fibrosis in Carbon-Tetrachloride-Treated Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010231. [PMID: 36672739 PMCID: PMC9855659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous death of hepatocytes induced by various etiologies leads to an aberrant tissue healing process and promotes the progression of liver fibrosis and ultimately chronic liver diseases. To date, effective treatments to delay this harmful process remain an unmet clinical need. Cycloastragenol is an active phytochemical substance isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine to protect the liver. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of cycloastragenol on carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice. We found that cycloastragenol at 200 mg/kg dosage exhibited anti-fibrotic efficacy as demonstrated by a decrease in collagen deposition, downregulation of mRNA expression of collagen type 1, and a reduction in the content of total collagens. In addition, cycloastragenol further augmented the levels of anti-fibrotic matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps), that is, Mmp8, proMmp9, and Mmp12, which play a pivotal role in fibrosis resolution. According to histological analysis and serum markers of hepatotoxicity, cycloastragenol protected the livers from damage and mitigated the increment of serum alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin implicating hepatoprotective efficacy against CCl4. Moreover, cycloastragenol upregulated the mRNA expression of interleukin 6, a pleiotropic cytokine plays a vital role in the promotion of hepatocyte regeneration. In conclusion, cycloastragenol alleviated the progression of liver fibrosis in CCl4-treated mice and its anti-fibrotic efficacy was mainly due to the hepatoprotective efficacy.
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Soliman NA, Abdel Ghafar MT, AbuoHashish NA, Ibrahim MA, Eid AM, El-Gohary RM, Abo El Gheit RE, Elshamy AM. The Possible Role of Naringenin in the Prevention of Alcohol-Induced Neurochemical and Neurobehavioral Deficits. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:537-550. [PMID: 36242717 PMCID: PMC9892097 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with progressive/irreversible neurodegeneration. However, there is not a clear understanding of its discrete pathophysiology or therapeutic intervention. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the natural citrus flavonoid, naringenin (NAG), against alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in the brain cerebral cortex. Thirty-two male albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (eight rats each): control group (I); NAG-treated group (II); alcohol-intoxicated group (III) and alcohol + NAG co-treated group (IV). Brain nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 expression were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity and malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, mixed lineage kinase-like protein, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, and ciliary neurotrophic factor levels were all measured biochemically. B-cell lymphoma 2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. A histopathological examination and neurobehavioral tests were performed. The alcohol-treated group showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and necroptosis biomarkers with a significant reduction in neuroprotective proteins. NAG co-administration effectively ameliorated cognitive dysfunction with an apparent neuroprotective effect by targeting various signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, anti-oxidant capacity, attenuated necroptosis, and upregulated neuroprotective ciliary neurotrophic factor. The study findings suggest NAG as a possible management strategy for alcohol-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema A Soliman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Muhammad T Abdel Ghafar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Aljaysh St, Medical Campus, Tanta, 31511, Egypt.
| | | | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Eid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rehab M El-Gohary
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Amira M Elshamy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Oxidative Stress, Genomic Integrity, and Liver Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103159. [PMID: 35630636 PMCID: PMC9147071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species production and free radical formation can lead to oxidative stress that can damage cells, tissues, and organs. Cellular oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between ROS production and antioxidants. This imbalance can lead to malfunction or structure modification of major cellular molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNAs. During oxidative stress conditions, DNA and protein structure modifications can lead to various diseases. Various antioxidant-specific gene expression and signal transduction pathways are activated during oxidative stress to maintain homeostasis and to protect organs from oxidative injury and damage. The liver is more vulnerable to oxidative conditions than other organs. Antioxidants, antioxidant-specific enzymes, and the regulation of the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) genes can act against chronic oxidative stress in the liver. ARE-mediated genes can act as the target site for averting/preventing liver diseases caused by oxidative stress. Identification of these ARE genes as markers will enable the early detection of liver diseases caused by oxidative conditions and help develop new therapeutic interventions. This literature review is focused on antioxidant-specific gene expression upon oxidative stress, the factors responsible for hepatic oxidative stress, liver response to redox signaling, oxidative stress and redox signaling in various liver diseases, and future aspects.
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7
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Yuan M, Wu Y, Zhao C, Chen Z, Su L, Yang H, Song J. Activated molecular probes for enzyme recognition and detection. Theranostics 2022; 12:1459-1485. [PMID: 35154500 PMCID: PMC8771559 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring and understanding the interaction of changes in the activities of various enzymes, such as proteases, phosphatases, and oxidoreductases with tumor invasion, proliferation, and metastasis is of great significance for early cancer diagnosis. To detect the activity of tumor-related enzymes, various molecular probes have been developed with different imaging methods, including optical imaging, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and so on. In this review, we first describe the biological functions of various enzymes and the selectively recognized chemical linkers or groups. Subsequently, we systematically summarize the design mechanism of imaging probes and different imaging methods. Finally, we explore the challenges and development prospects in the field of enzyme activity detection. This comprehensive review will provide more insight into the design and development of enzyme activated molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jibin Song
- MOE key laboratory for analytical science of food safety and biology Institution, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Kaur P, Shergill R, Mehta RG, Singh B, Arora S. Biofunctional significance of multi-herbal combination against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61021-61046. [PMID: 34165748 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A multi-herbal combination (MHC) of five herbs, namely Punica granatum L., Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and Trigonella corniculata L. was assessed against the paracetamol-induced acute hepatotoxicity in female Wistar rats. The animals were randomly assorted into seven groups with six animals in each group. The rats were pre-treated with MHC (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw) and silymarin (50 mg/kg bw) once daily for seven consecutive days via oral route followed by administration of paracetamol (3 g/kg bw) on day 7, an hour after the last administration of MHC and silymarin. It was observed that MHC administration significantly (p ≤ 0.05) overturned the paracetamol-induced increase in serum liver function biomarkers (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin), phase I reaction enzymes (NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase), and oxidant biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase, lipid peroxidation, lipid hydroperoxides, and protein content). MHC administration also reinstated the paracetamol-induced significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in haematological indices (haematocrit, haemoglobin, red and white blood cells, and platelets), phase II reaction enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and DT-diaphorase), membrane-bound enzymes (Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase), and antioxidant biomarkers (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase). Overall, MHC at 200 mg/kg bw dose significantly (p ≤ 0.05) sheltered the red blood cells from the assault of free radicals, stabilized the structural and functional integrity of hepatocytes, hindered acetaminophen (APAP) biotransformation to its toxic metabolites, and endorsed conjugating abilities to detoxify toxic entities. Furthermore, MHC significantly (p ≤ 0.05) activated enzymatic machinery to scavenge/inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species, regulated nucleic acid metabolism, surface potential, and membrane fluidity, attenuated tissue breakdown, quenched peroxyl radicals, and provided protection against tissue injury. The necroinflammatory scores revealed strong evidence of MHC (200 mg/kg bw) effectiveness against the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats at p ≤ 0.05. The synergistic effect of major inherent phytoconstituents (kaempferol, ellagic acid, and gallic acid), detected by HPLC-PDA, in MHC might have overturned the paracetamol-induced biochemical toxic alterations in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kaur
- Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Robin Shergill
- Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
- Khalsa College for Women, Amritsar, Punjab, 143002, India.
| | - Rajendra G Mehta
- Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Non-P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contribution to Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Development. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:405-425. [PMID: 34499522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most clinically used drugs are metabolized in the body via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions, which are considered phase I reactions. Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which primarily catalyze oxidation reactions, contribute to the metabolism of over 50% of clinically used drugs. In the last few decades, the function and regulation of P450s have been extensively studied, whereas the characterization of non-P450 phase I enzymes is still incomplete. Recent studies suggest that approximately 30% of drug metabolism is carried out by non-P450 enzymes. This review summarizes current knowledge of non-P450 phase I enzymes, focusing on their roles in controlling drug efficacy and adverse reactions as an important aspect of drug development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
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Chao T, Hsieh C, Kuo Y, Yu Y, Wan C, Hsieh S. Bracteanolide A abrogates oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and protects against hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4758-4769. [PMID: 34531989 PMCID: PMC8441430 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer, mostly remain silent until the late stages and pose a continuing threat to millions of people worldwide. Liver transplantation is the most appropriate solution in the case of liver failure, but it is associated with hepatic ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury which severely reduces the prognosis of the patients. In order to ameliorate I/R injury, we investigated the potential of bracteanolide A, from the herb Tradescantia albiflora Kunth in protecting the liver from I/R injury. We first determined the protective effect of bracteanolide A against oxidative stress and DNA damage using HepG2 hepatocyte cell line and then assessed the levels of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant proteins in response to hepatic insult using an animal model of hepatic I/R injury. The results showed bracteanolide A greatly enhanced cell survival and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under H2O2 induction. It also upregulated the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like2 (Nrf2) and its downstream cytoprotective proteins NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Bracteanolide A effectively reduced the severity of liver lesions in I/R-injured rats revealed by histological analysis and significantly decreased the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), cyclooxygenase-2, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Bracteanolide A preconditioning effectively protected the liver from I/R damage in the animal model, and this easily applied procedure may provide a new means to ameliorate hepatic I/R injury during liver surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Yu Chao
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Cheng‐Chu Hsieh
- Biologics DivisionAnimal Health Research InstituteCouncil of AgricultureExecutive Yuan, New Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Yueh‐Hsiung Kuo
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine ResourcesChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of BiotechnologyAsia UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research CenterChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ya‐Ju Yu
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Cho‐Hua Wan
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shu‐Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Reisman SA, Ferguson DA, Lee CI, Proksch JW. Omaveloxolone and TX63682 are hepatoprotective in the STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22526. [PMID: 32410268 PMCID: PMC9285621 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Omaveloxolone is a potent activator of Nrf2, a master transcriptional regulator of a multitude of cytoprotective functions, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial bioenergetic effects. Some of the most potent known effects of Nrf2 involve hepatoprotective functions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of omaveloxolone and TX63682, a closely related structural analog with similar oral bioavailability, in the STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). C57Bl/6 mice received a single subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin two days after birth and were fed a high-fat diet from 4 to 9 weeks of age. Omaveloxolone and TX63682 were orally administered at doses of 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/d from 6 to 9 weeks of age. Consistent with the beneficial effects of Nrf2 on hepatoprotection and improved lipid handling, both omaveloxolone and TX63682 decreased hepatic fat deposition, hepatocellular ballooning, inflammatory cell infiltration, and collagen deposition. Omaveloxolone and TX63682 also improved blood glucose control, as evidenced by reductions in nonfasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1C concentrations. Reductions in liver and serum triglycerides with omaveloxolone and TX63682 treatment were also observed. Both omaveloxolone and TX63682 decreased leptin and increased adiponectin in serum, which is consistent with the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects observed in the liver. These results were associated with significant induction of Nrf2 target gene expression in the liver, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, sulfiredoxin 1, and ferritin heavy chain 1. Overall, these data suggest that omaveloxolone and related Nrf2 activators may be useful for the treatment of NASH.
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12
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Han J, Cheng L, Zhu Y, Xu X, Ge C. Covalent-Assembly Based Fluorescent Probes for Detection of hNQO1 and Imaging in Living Cells. Front Chem 2020; 8:756. [PMID: 33005608 PMCID: PMC7479225 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (hNQO1) is an important biomarker for human malignant tumors. Detection of NQO1 accurately is of great significance to improve the early diagnosis of cancer and prognosis of cancer patients. In this study, based on the covalent assembly strategy, hNQO1-activated fluorescent probes 1 and 2 are constructed by introducing coumarin precursor 2-cyano-3-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid and self-immolative linkers. Under reaction with hNQO1 and NADH, turn-on fluorescence appears due to in-situ formation of the organic fluorescent compound 7-diethylamino-3-cyanocoumarin, and fluorescent intensity changes significantly. Probe 1 and 2 for detection of hNQO1 are not interfered by other substances and have low toxicity in cells. In addition to quantitative detection of hNQO1 in vitro, they have also been successfully applied to fluorescent imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Longhao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoliang Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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13
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Du F, Zou Y, Hu Q, Zhang H, Ye D. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals molecular processes involved in pileus morphogenesis in Pleurotus eryngii under different light conditions. Genomics 2019; 112:1707-1715. [PMID: 31639443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Light plays an important role in pileus differentiation in Pleurotus eryngii cultivation, and pileus morphology is influenced by light quality. To understand the effects of light quality on pileus morphology at the transcriptional level, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of pilei grown under blue and red light irradiation. We identified 3959 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the blue and red light-treated pilei, which included 1664 up-regulated and 2295 down-regulated genes. These DEGs were significantly associated with light sensing, signal transduction, cell wall degradation and melanogenesis, suggesting that these processes are involved in pileus morphogenesis. Multiple DEGs related to respiratory functions were differentially expressed, suggesting that respiratory activity increased during pileus development regardless of light quality. These results provide a valuable view of the transcriptional changes and molecular processes involved in pileus morphogenesis under different light conditions and provide a foundation for yield improvement and quality control of P. eryngii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yajie Zou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingxiu Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dou Ye
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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14
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Shoeib HM, Keshk WA, Foda AM, Abo El Noeman SEDAE. A study on the regenerative effect of platelet-rich plasma on experimentally induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:630-636. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a worldwide health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no effective therapy for hepatic fibrosis. The present study was aimed to evaluate the possible regenerative effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic damage. Eighty albino rats were included; 40 were used for PRP preparation and 40 were randomly divided into 4 groups: group I (control group); group II (PRP control); group III (TAA-intoxicated by a dose of 200 mg/kg body mass, intraperitoneally, twice weekly for 7 weeks), and group IV (TAA intoxicated + PRP treated). Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were immunoassayed in addition to peroxinitrite level, NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) enzyme activity, and liver function. PRP treatment showed significant improvement in hepatic function, and decreased MIP-1α and peroxinitrite levels. Meanwhile, significant increase in NQO1 enzyme activity and cAMP level were observed. The histopathological results confirmed the laboratory results with improvement of hepatic architecture except for some inflammatory cellular infiltrates. This study shows that PRP has the ability to protect against TAA-induced liver damage, possibly by improving redox status, liver histopathological architecture, and disruption of the inflammatory and fibrotic response induced by TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Mamdoh Shoeib
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa Arafa Keshk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Mahmoud Foda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Saad El-Deen Abd Elfatah Abo El Noeman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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15
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Zhang K, Chen D, Ma K, Wu X, Hao H, Jiang S. NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) as a Therapeutic and Diagnostic Target in Cancer. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6983-7003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kun Ma
- Center for Drug Evaluation, China Food and Drug Administration, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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16
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Yuan Z, Kang G, Daharsh L, Fan W, Li Q. SIVcpz closely related to the ancestral HIV-1 is less or non-pathogenic to humans in a hu-BLT mouse model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:59. [PMID: 29615603 PMCID: PMC5882851 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic is a consequence of the cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in wild chimpanzees (SIVcpz) to humans. Our previous study demonstrated SIVcpz strains that are closely related to the ancestral viruses of HIV-1 groups M (SIVcpzMB897) and N (SIVcpzEK505) and two SIVcpz lineages that are not associated with any known HIV-1 infections in humans (SIVcpzMT145 and SIVcpzBF1167), all can readily infect and robustly replicate in the humanized-BLT mouse model of humans. However, the comparative pathogenicity of different SIVcpz strains remains unknown. Herein, we compared the pathogenicity of the above four SIVcpz strains with HIV-1 using humanized-BLT mice. Unexpectedly, we found that all four SIVcpz strains were significantly less pathogenic or non-pathogenic compared to HIV-1, manifesting lower degrees of CD4+ T-cell depletion and immune activation. Transcriptome analyses of CD4+ T cells from hu-BLT mice infected with SIVcpz versus HIV-1 revealed enhanced expression of genes related to cell survival and reduced inflammation/immune activation in SIVcpz-infected mice. Together, our study results demonstrate for the first time that SIVcpz is significantly less or non-pathogenic to human immune cells compared to HIV-1. Our findings lay the groundwork for a possible new understanding of the evolutionary origins of HIV-1, where the initial SIVcpz cross-species transmission virus may be initially less pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yuan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guobin Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Lance Daharsh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Wenjin Fan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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17
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Cuadrado A, Manda G, Hassan A, Alcaraz MJ, Barbas C, Daiber A, Ghezzi P, León R, López MG, Oliva B, Pajares M, Rojo AI, Robledinos-Antón N, Valverde AM, Guney E, Schmidt HHHW. Transcription Factor NRF2 as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Diseases: A Systems Medicine Approach. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:348-383. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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18
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den Braver-Sewradj SP, den Braver MW, Toorneman RM, van Leeuwen S, Zhang Y, Dekker SJ, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM, Vos JC. Reduction and Scavenging of Chemically Reactive Drug Metabolites by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 and NRH:Quinone Oxidoreductase 2 and Variability in Hepatic Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:116-126. [PMID: 29281794 PMCID: PMC5997408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Detoxicating
enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and
NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) catalyze the two-electron reduction
of quinone-like compounds. The protective role of the polymorphic
NQO1 and NQO2 enzymes is especially of interest in the liver as the
major site of drug bioactivation to chemically reactive drug metabolites.
In the current study, we quantified the concentrations of NQO1 and
NQO2 in 20 human liver donors and NQO1 and NQO2 activities with quinone-like
drug metabolites. Hepatic NQO1 concentrations ranged from 8 to 213
nM. Using recombinant NQO1, we showed that low nM concentrations of
NQO1 are sufficient to reduce synthetic amodiaquine and carbamazepine
quinone-like metabolites in vitro. Hepatic NQO2 concentrations
ranged from 2 to 31 μM. NQO2 catalyzed the reduction of quinone-like
metabolites derived from acetaminophen, clozapine, 4′-hydroxydiclofenac,
mefenamic acid, amodiaquine, and carbamazepine. The reduction of the
clozapine nitrenium ion supports association studies showing that
NQO2 is a genetic risk factor for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.
The 5-hydroxydiclofenac quinone imine, which was previously shown
to be reduced by NQO1, was not reduced by NQO2. Tacrine was identified
as a potent NQO2 inhibitor and was applied to further confirm the
catalytic activity of NQO2 in these assays. While the in vivo relevance of NQO2-catalyzed reduction of quinone-like metabolites
remains to be established by identification of the physiologically
relevant co-substrates, our results suggest an additional protective
role of the NQO2 protein by non-enzymatic scavenging of quinone-like
metabolites. Hepatic NQO1 activity in detoxication of quinone-like
metabolites becomes especially important when other detoxication pathways
are exhausted and NQO1 levels are induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalenie P den Braver-Sewradj
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel W den Braver
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M Toorneman
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie van Leeuwen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan J Dekker
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Chris Vos
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Chang SY, Weber EJ, Sidorenko VS, Chapron A, Yeung CK, Gao C, Mao Q, Shen D, Wang J, Rosenquist TA, Dickman KG, Neumann T, Grollman AP, Kelly EJ, Himmelfarb J, Eaton DL. Human liver-kidney model elucidates the mechanisms of aristolochic acid nephrotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95978. [PMID: 29202460 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures pose a significant threat to human health. However, it is often difficult to study toxicological mechanisms in human subjects due to ethical concerns. Plant-derived aristolochic acids are among the most potent nephrotoxins and carcinogens discovered to date, yet the mechanism of bioactivation in humans remains poorly understood. Microphysiological systems (organs-on-chips) provide an approach to examining the complex, species-specific toxicological effects of pharmaceutical and environmental chemicals using human cells. We microfluidically linked a kidney-on-a-chip with a liver-on-a-chip to determine the mechanisms of bioactivation and transport of aristolochic acid I (AA-I), an established nephrotoxin and human carcinogen. We demonstrate that human hepatocyte-specific metabolism of AA-I substantially increases its cytotoxicity toward human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells, including formation of aristolactam adducts and release of kidney injury biomarkers. Hepatic biotransformation of AA-I to a nephrotoxic metabolite involves nitroreduction, followed by sulfate conjugation. Here, we identify, in a human tissue-based system, that the sulfate conjugate of the hepatic NQO1-generated aristolactam product of AA-I (AL-I-NOSO3) is the nephrotoxic form of AA-I. This conjugate can be transported out of liver via MRP membrane transporters and then actively transported into kidney tissue via one or more organic anionic membrane transporters. This integrated microphysiological system provides an ex vivo approach for investigating organ-organ interactions, whereby the metabolism of a drug or other xenobiotic by one tissue may influence its toxicity toward another, and represents an experimental approach for studying chemical toxicity related to environmental and other toxic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yu Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and
| | - Elijah J Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Alenka Chapron
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chunying Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Danny Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David L Eaton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and
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20
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Miousse IR, Skinner CM, Lin H, Ewing LE, Kosanke SD, Williams DK, Avula B, Khan IA, ElSohly MA, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Safety assessment of the dietary supplement OxyELITE™ Pro (New Formula) in inbred and outbred mouse strains. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:194-209. [PMID: 28843594 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herbal dietary supplements have gained wide acceptance as alternatives to conventional therapeutic agents despite concerns regarding their efficacy and safety. In 2013, a spate of severe liver injuries across the United States was linked to the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro-New Formula (OEP-NF), a multi-ingredient product marketed for weight loss and exercise performance enhancement. The principal goal of this study was to assess the hepatotoxic potential of OEP-NF in outbred and inbred mouse models. In an acute toxicity study, significant mortality was observed after administering 10X and 3X mouse-equivalent doses (MED) of OEP-NF, respectively. Increases in liver/body weight ratio, ALT and AST were observed in female B6C3F1 mice after gavaging 2X and 1.5X MED of OEP-NF. Similar findings were observed in a 90-day feeding study. These alterations were paralleled by altered expression of gene- and microRNA-signatures of hepatotoxicity, including Cd36, Nqo1, Aldoa, Txnrd1, Scd1 and Ccng1, as well as miR-192, miR-193a and miR-125b and were most pronounced in female B6C3F1 mice. Body weight loss, observed at week 1, was followed by weight gain throughout the feeding studies. These findings bolster safety and efficacy concerns for OEP-NF, and argue strongly for implementation of pre-market toxicity studies within the dietary supplement industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Haixia Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Stanley D Kosanke
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Heartland Veterinary Pathology Services, PLLC, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI) and Phyto Chemical Services, Inc. (PSI), 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72223, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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21
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Elshenawy OH, Abdelhamid G, Althurwi HN, El-Kadi AOS. Dimethylarsinic acid modulates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes in C57BL/6 mice: in vivo study. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:124-134. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1289423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Osama H. Elshenawy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,
| | - Ghada Abdelhamid
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Greater Cairo, Egypt, and
| | - Hassan N. Althurwi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,
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22
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Soy isoflavones reduce acetaminophen-induced liver injury by inhibiting cytochrome P-450-mediated bioactivation and glutathione depletion and increasing urinary drug excretion in rats. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Li CY, Cheng SL, Bammler TK, Cui JY. Editor's Highlight: Neonatal Activation of the Xenobiotic-Sensors PXR and CAR Results in Acute and Persistent Down-regulation of PPARα-Signaling in Mouse Liver. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:282-302. [PMID: 27413110 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Safety concerns have emerged regarding the potential long-lasting effects due to developmental exposure to xenobiotics. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that are highly expressed in liver. The goal of this study was to test our hypothesis that neonatal exposure to PXR- or CAR-activators not only acutely but also persistently regulates the expression of drug-processing genes (DPGs). A single dose of the PXR-ligand PCN (75 mg/kg), CAR-ligand TCPOBOP (3 mg/kg), or vehicle (corn oil) was administered intraperitoneally to 3-day-old neonatal wild-type mice. Livers were collected 24 h post-dose or from adult mice at 60 days of age, and global gene expression of these mice was determined using Affymetrix Mouse Transcriptome Assay 1.0. In neonatal liver, PCN up-regulated 464 and down-regulated 449 genes, whereas TCPOBOP up-regulated 308 and down-regulated 112 genes. In adult liver, there were 15 persistently up-regulated and 22 persistently down-regulated genes following neonatal exposure to PCN, as well as 130 persistently up-regulated and 18 persistently down-regulated genes following neonatal exposure to TCPOBOP. Neonatal exposure to both PCN and TCPOBOP persistently down-regulated multiple Cyp4a members, which are prototypical-target genes of the lipid-sensor PPARα, and this correlated with decreased PPARα-binding to the Cyp4a gene loci. RT-qPCR, western blotting, and enzyme activity assays in livers of wild-type, PXR-null, and CAR-null mice confirmed that the persistent down-regulation of Cyp4a was PXR and CAR dependent. In conclusion, neonatal exposure to PXR- and CAR-activators both acutely and persistently regulates critical genes involved in xenobiotic and lipid metabolism in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Sunny Lihua Cheng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
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Wojdyla K, Wrzesinski K, Williamson J, Fey SJ, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A. Acetaminophen-induced S-nitrosylation and S-sulfenylation signalling in 3D cultured hepatocarcinoma cell spheroids. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:905-920. [PMID: 30090399 PMCID: PMC6072433 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is possibly the most widely used medication globally and yet little is known of its molecular effects at therapeutic doses. Using a novel approach, we have analysed the redox proteome of the hepatocellular cell line HepG2/C3A treated with therapeutic doses of APAP and quantitated both individual protein abundance and their reversible S-nitrosylation (SNO) and S-sulfenylation (SOH) modifications by mass spectrometry. APAP treatment results in a late, transient increase in ATP production and a multiplicity of alterations in protein abundance and modifications. The majority of the differentially SNO or SOH modified proteins are found in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol, suggesting that the source of reactive species is there. The cellular response indicates: constraint of fatty acid metabolism; reduction in ribosome construction and protein synthesis (to conserve ATP); maintenance of glutathione levels (by increased synthetic capacity); and an increased NADPH production (via the pentose phosphate pathway). This response appears to be coordinated, directly or indirectly, by the canonical Wnt and Nrf2 signalling pathways. Combined with the known role of NAPQI, these studies suggest that the physiological and toxicological responses form a continuum: therapeutic doses of APAP produce reactive species and NAPQI in the cytoplasm but result in little permanent damage. The cell mounts a multifaceted response which minimises disruption and repairs are effected within a day or two. Higher doses of APAP lead to intensified reactive species production, which increasingly disturbs mitochondrial function and eventually leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wojdyla
- Protein Research Group , Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M , Denmark .
| | - Krzysztof Wrzesinski
- Tissue Culture Engineering Laboratory , Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - James Williamson
- Protein Research Group , Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M , Denmark .
| | - Stephen J Fey
- Tissue Culture Engineering Laboratory , Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Protein Research Group , Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , 5230 Odense M , Denmark .
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Hayward KL, Powell EE, Irvine KM, Martin JH. Can paracetamol (acetaminophen) be administered to patients with liver impairment? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:210-22. [PMID: 26460177 PMCID: PMC4833155 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 60 years have passed since it became widely available on the therapeutic market, paracetamol dosage in patients with liver disease remains a controversial subject. Fulminant hepatic failure has been a well documented consequence of paracetamol overdose since its introduction, while short and long term use have both been associated with elevation of liver transaminases, a surrogate marker for acute liver injury. From these reports it has been assumed that paracetamol use should be restricted or the dosage reduced in patients with chronic liver disease. We review the factors that have been purported to increase risk of hepatocellular injury from paracetamol and the pharmacokinetic alterations in different pathologies of chronic liver disease which may affect this risk. We postulate that inadvertent under-dosing may result in concentrations too low to enable efficacy. Specific research to improve the evidence base for prescribing paracetamol in patients with different aetiologies of chronic liver disease is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Hayward
- Pharmacy DepartmentPrincess Alexandra HospitalQueensland
- Centre for Liver Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandQueensland
| | - Elizabeth E. Powell
- Centre for Liver Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandQueensland
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyPrincess Alexandra HospitalQueensland
| | | | - Jennifer H. Martin
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNew South Wales
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteQueenslandAustralia
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Li CY, Renaud HJ, Klaassen CD, Cui JY. Age-Specific Regulation of Drug-Processing Genes in Mouse Liver by Ligands of Xenobiotic-Sensing Transcription Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:1038-49. [PMID: 26577535 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The xenobiotic-sensing transcription factors (xeno-sensors) AhR, CAR, and PXR upregulate the expression of many drug-processing genes (DPGs) in liver. Previous studies have unveiled profound changes in the basal expression of DPGs during development; however, knowledge on the ontogeny of the inducibility of DPGs in response to pharmacological activation of xeno-sensors is still limited. The goal of this study was to investigate the age-specific regulation of DPGs by prototypical xeno-sensor ligands: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) for AhR; 1,4-bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP) for CAR; and pregnane-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) for PXR during mouse liver development. The basal mRNAs of most DPGs were low during neonatal age, but gradually increased to adult levels, whereas some DPGs (Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Gstm2, Gstm3, Papss2, and Oatp1a4) exhibited an adolescent-predominant expression pattern. The inducibility of DPGs was age-specific: 1) during neonatal age, the highest fold increase in the mRNA expression was observed for Cyp1a2, Sult5a1, and Ugt1a9 by TCDD; Cyp3a11 and Mrp2 by TCPOBOP; as well as Gstm2 and Gstm3 by PCN; 2) during adolescent age, the highest fold increase in the mRNA expression was observed for Ugt1a6 and Mrp4 by TCDD, Cyp2b10, Ugt2b34, and Ugt2b35 by TCPOBOP, as well as Gsta1, Gsta4, Sult1e1, Ugt1a1, Mrp3, and Mrp4 by PCN; 3) in adults, the highest fold increase in the mRNA expression was observed for Aldh1a1, Aldh1a7, and Ugt2b36 by TCPOBOP, as well as Papss2 and Oatp1a4 by PCN. In conclusion, the inducibility of hepatic DPGs following the pharmacological activation of xeno-sensors is age specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.Y.L., C.D.K., J.Y.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (H.J.R.)
| | - Helen J Renaud
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.Y.L., C.D.K., J.Y.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (H.J.R.)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.Y.L., C.D.K., J.Y.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (H.J.R.)
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.Y.L., C.D.K., J.Y.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (H.J.R.)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The KEAP1-Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway is important in protecting liver from various insults. However, little is known about the expression of Nrf2-related genes in human liver in different diseases. METHODS This study utilized normal donor liver tissues (n=35), samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n=24), HBV-related cirrhosis (n=27), alcoholic cirrhosis (n=5) and end-stage liver disease (n=13). All of the liver tissues were from the Oriental Liver Transplant Center, Beijing, China. The expressions of Nrf2 and Nrf2-related genes, including its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), its targeted gene NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and modified subunit (GCLM), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1) were evaluated. RESULTS The expression of Nrf2 was decreased in HCC, increased in alcoholic cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. The expression of KEAP1 was increased in all of the liver samples. The most notable finding was the increased expression of NQO1 in HCC (18-fold), alcoholic cirrhosis (6-fold), end-stage liver disease (5-fold) and HBV-related cirrhosis (3-fold). Peri-HCC also had 4-fold higher NQO1 mRNA as compared to the normal livers. GCLC mRNA levels were lower only in HCC, as compared to the normal livers and peri-HCC tissues. GCLM mRNA levels were higher in HBV-related cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. HO-1 mRNA levels were increased in all liver tissues except for HCC. Peri-HCC had higher PRDX1 mRNA levels compared with HCC and normal livers. CONCLUSION Nrf2 and Nrf2-related genes are aberrantly expressed in the liver in different diseases and the increase of NQO1 was the most notable finding, especially in HCC.
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Value of monitoring Nrf2 activity for the detection of chemical and oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:657-62. [PMID: 26551708 PMCID: PMC4613517 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Beyond specific limits of exposure, chemical entities can provoke deleterious effects in mammalian cells via direct interaction with critical macromolecules or by stimulating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In particular, these chemical and oxidative stresses can underpin adverse reactions to therapeutic drugs, which pose an unnecessary burden in the clinic and pharmaceutical industry. Novel pre-clinical testing strategies are required to identify, at an earlier stage in the development pathway, chemicals and drugs that are likely to provoke toxicity in humans. Mammalian cells can adapt to chemical and oxidative stress via the action of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which up-regulates the expression of numerous cell defence genes and has been shown to protect against a variety of chemical toxicities. Here, we provide a brief overview of the Nrf2 pathway and summarize novel experimental models that can be used to monitor changes in Nrf2 pathway activity and thus understand the functional consequences of such perturbations in the context of chemical and drug toxicity. We also provide an outlook on the potential value of monitoring Nrf2 activity for improving the pre-clinical identification of chemicals and drugs with toxic liability in humans.
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Modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated enzymes by trimethylarsine oxide in C57BL/6 mice: In vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:17-31. [PMID: 26144063 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a worldwide environmental pollutant that is associated with skin and several types of internal cancers. Recent reports revealed that arsenic biomethylation could activate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of arsenic. Therefore, we investigated the effect of trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) on the activation of AhR-regulated genes in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice received TMAO (13mg/kg i.p.) with or without the prototypical AhR ligand, TCDD (15μg/kg), then the livers were harvested at 6 and 24h post-treatment. In vitro, isolated hepatocytes from C57BL/6 mice were treated with TMAO (5μM) in the absence and presence of TCDD (1nM) for 6 and 24h. Our in vivo results demonstrated that, TMAO alone increased Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp1b1, Nqo1, Gsta1, and Ho-1 at mRNA level. Upon co-exposure to TMAO and TCDD, TMAO potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1, and Nqo1 mRNA levels. Western blotting revealed that, TMAO alone increased Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Nqo1, Gsta1/2, and Ho-1 protein levels, and potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 protein level. In addition, TMAO alone significantly increased Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Nqo1, Gst, and Ho-1 activities and significantly potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 activity. At the in vitro level, TMAO induced Cyp1a1 and potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 at mRNA, protein and activity levels. In addition, TMAO increased the nuclear localization of AhR and AhR-dependent XRE-driven luciferase activity. Our results demonstrate that the TMAO, modulates AhR-regulated genes which could potentially participate, at least in part, in arsenic induced toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Elshenawy OH, El-Kadi AOS. Modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulated genes by acute administration of trimethylarsine oxide in the lung, kidney and heart of C57BL/6 mice. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:930-43. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1032385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bona S, Moreira AJ, Rodrigues GR, Cerski CT, da Silveira TR, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Diethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis in Wistar rats: an experimental feasibility study. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:825-833. [PMID: 25369754 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The experimental models of the development of cirrhosis in rats require a long time. Many studies in animals have demonstrated similarities in histological pattern with human cirrhosis. Just like the relation between cirrhosis and increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), which contributes to the worsening of the disease. However, few studies have focused on the reduction of time to establish cirrhosis and evaluated the expression of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) in cirrhotic livers of rodents. The present study proposes the adaptation of an experimental cirrhosis model using diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Twenty-six male Wistar rats, weighing ±270 g, divided into two groups: (i) CO-control and (ii) DEN-diethylnitrosamine. The DEN group received 50 mg/kg of DEN twice a week intraperitoneally for 7 weeks. The model developed cirrhosis in 7 weeks. The liver function tests showed that the animals with DEN-induced cirrhosis had increased levels when compared to control. The histological examination showed changes in the liver architecture, with severe ductal proliferation, signs of chronic damage, cholestasis, lymphocytic infiltrate, steatosis, and extensive parenchymal loss. We also found nodular formations with homogeneous pattern, increased LPO, increased expression of iNOS, TGF beta, α-SMA, and NQO1. However, the HSP70 expression was reduced in cirrhotic animals. This study showed signs of cirrhosis in liver based on biochemical, histological, and molecular analysis. The reduced expression of HSP70 appears to be associated with increased oxidative stress, contributing to the worsening of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bona
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Chitosan oligosaccharides reduce acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing CYP-mediated bioactivation. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hwang JH, Kim YH, Noh JR, Gang GT, Kim KS, Chung HK, Tadi S, Yim YH, Shong M, Lee CH. The protective role of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 on acetaminophen-induced liver injury is associated with prevention of adenosine triphosphate depletion and improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2159-66. [PMID: 25224400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) causes hepatotoxicity due to its metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an important enzyme for detoxification, because it catabolizes endogenous/exogenous quinone to hydroquinone. Although various studies have suggested the possible involvement of NQO1 in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, its precise role in this remains unclear. We investigated the role of NQO1 against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity using a genetically modified rodent model. NQO1 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice were treated with different doses of APAP, and we evaluated the mortality and toxicity markers for cell death caused by APAP. NQO1 KO mice showed high sensitivity to APAP-mediated hepatotoxicity (as indicated by a large necrotic region) as well as increased levels of nitrotyrosine adducts and reactive oxygen species. APAP-induced cell death in the livers and primary hepatocytes of NQO1 KO mice, which was accompanied by an extensive reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. In accordance with this ATP depletion, cytosolic increases in mitochondrial proteins such as apoptosis-inducing factor, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/DIABLO, endonuclease G, and cytochrome c, which indicate severe mitochondrial dysfunction, were observed in NQO1 KO mice but not in WT mice after APAP exposure. Severe mitochondrial depolarization was also greater in hepatocytes isolated from NQO1 KO mice. Collectively, our data suggest that NQO1 plays a critical role in protection against energy depletion caused by APAP, and NQO1 may be useful in the development of therapeutic approaches to effectively diminish the hepatotoxicity caused by an APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ran Noh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Gil-Tae Gang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Hyo Kyun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Chungku, Daejeon, 301-721, South Korea
| | - Surendar Tadi
- Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hyeon Yim
- Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Chungku, Daejeon, 301-721, South Korea.
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), University of Science and Technology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea.
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Vredenburg G, Elias NS, Venkataraman H, Hendriks DFG, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM, Vos JC. Human NAD(P)H:quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)-Mediated Inactivation of Reactive Quinoneimine Metabolites of Diclofenac and Mefenamic Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:576-86. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400431k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Galvin Vredenburg
- Division
of Molecular Toxicology,
Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty
of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naura S. Elias
- Division
of Molecular Toxicology,
Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty
of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harini Venkataraman
- Division
of Molecular Toxicology,
Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty
of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Delilah F. G. Hendriks
- Division
of Molecular Toxicology,
Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty
of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P. E. Vermeulen
- Division
of Molecular Toxicology,
Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty
of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. Commandeur
- Division
of Molecular Toxicology,
Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty
of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Vos
- Division
of Molecular Toxicology,
Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty
of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kumar H, Kim IS, More SV, Kim BW, Choi DK. Natural product-derived pharmacological modulators of Nrf2/ARE pathway for chronic diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:109-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mach J, Huizer-Pajkos A, Cogger VC, McKenzie C, Le Couteur DG, Jones BE, de Cabo R, Hilmer SN. The effect of aging on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics, toxicity and Nrf2 in Fischer 344 rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:387-97. [PMID: 23863315 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of aging on hepatic pharmacokinetics and the degree of hepatotoxicity following a toxic dose of acetaminophen. Young and old male Fischer 344 rats were treated with 800 mg/kg acetaminophen (young n = 8, old n = 5) or saline (young n = 9, old n = 9). Serum measurements showed old rats treated with acetaminophen had significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase and higher acetaminophen and acetaminophen glucuronide levels and creatinine, compared with acetaminophen treated young rats (p < .05). Immunoblotting and activity assays showed old saline-treated rats had twofold lower cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and threefold higher NAD(P)H quinone oxireductase 1 protein expression and activity than young saline-treated rats (p < .05), although Nrf2, glutathione cysteine ligase-modulatory subunit, glutathione cysteine ligase-catalytic subunit, and cytochrome P450 2E1 protein expressions were unchanged. Primary hepatocytes isolated from young rats treated with 10 mM acetaminophen had lower survival than those from old rats (52.4% ± 5.8%, young; 83.6% ± 1.7%, old, p < .05). The pharmacokinetic changes described may decrease susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity but may increase risk of nephrotoxicity in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mach
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Level 1, Acute services building, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Hwy, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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37
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Role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in liver diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:763257. [PMID: 23766860 PMCID: PMC3665261 DOI: 10.1155/2013/763257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a central organ that performs a wide range of functions such as detoxification and metabolic homeostasis. Since it is a metabolically active organ, liver is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. It is well documented that liver diseases including hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are highly associated with antioxidant capacity. NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is an essential transcription factor that regulates an array of detoxifying and antioxidant defense genes expression in the liver. It is activated in response to electrophiles and induces its target genes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). Therefore, the roles of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in liver diseases have been extensively investigated. Studies from several animal models suggest that the Nrf2-ARE pathway collectively exhibits diverse biological functions against viral hepatitis, alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease, fibrosis, and cancer via target gene expression. In this review, we will discuss the role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in liver pathophysiology and the potential application of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target to prevent and treat liver diseases.
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Reisman SA, Ward KW, Klaassen CD, Meyer CJ. CDDO-9,11-dihydro-trifluoroethyl amide (CDDO-dhTFEA) induces hepatic cytoprotective genes and increases bile flow in rats. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:571-8. [PMID: 23244591 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.750022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. The transcription factor Nrf2 is important for hepatoprotection against oxidative stress, as it regulates many cytoprotective genes, including several important for glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. In addition to being an important endogenous antioxidant, GSH is also critical for the maintenance of bile acid-independent bile flow. While it has been well-established that synthetic oleanane triterpenoids pharmacologically activate Nrf2, their effects on bile flow and hepatic cytoprotective capacity have not been fully explored. 2. The present studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of a compound in this class, CDDO-9,11-dihydro-trifluoroethyl amide (CDDO-dhTFEA), on these parameters. CDDO-dhTFEA at 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg was orally administered to bile duct-cannulated rats once daily for 7 days, with bile collected 5 h after each dose for 1 h. Livers were harvested after the final bile collection for the evaluation of histology and Nrf2 targets. 3. CDDO-dhTFEA did not affect liver histology. CDDO-dhTFEA markedly and dose-dependently increased bile flow, as well as the biliary excretion of GSH, cholesterol and phospholipids without affecting biliary excretion of bile acids. This was accompanied by dose-dependent increases in mRNA expression and/or enzyme activity of a broad panel of cytoprotective Nrf2 target genes, including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), thioredoxin reductase (Txnrd), sulfiredoxin 1(Srxn1), glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic and modifier subunits (Gclc and Gclm), glutathione reductase (Gsr), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 (Ggt1), heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1) and epoxide hydrolase-1 (Eh-1). 4. These data further demonstrate the important hepatobiliary attributes of oleanane synthetic triterpenoids and support their continued investigation for liver diseases.
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Reisman SA, Chertow GM, Hebbar S, Vaziri ND, Ward KW, Meyer CJ. Bardoxolone methyl decreases megalin and activates nrf2 in the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1663-73. [PMID: 22859857 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are hallmarks and mediators of the progression of CKD. Bardoxolone methyl, a potent activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, increases estimated GFR and decreases BUN, serum phosphorus, and uric acid concentrations in patients with moderate to severe CKD. However, it also increases albuminuria, which is associated with inflammation and disease progression. Therefore, we investigated whether this bardoxolone methyl-induced albuminuria may result from the downregulation of megalin, a protein involved in the tubular reabsorption of albumin and lipid-bound proteins. Administration of bardoxolone methyl to cynomolgus monkeys significantly decreased the protein expression of renal tubular megalin, which inversely correlated with the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Moreover, daily oral administration of bardoxolone methyl to monkeys for 1 year did not lead to any adverse effects on renal histopathologic findings but did reduce serum creatinine and BUN, as observed in patients with CKD. Finally, the bardoxolone methyl-induced decrease in megalin corresponded with pharmacologic induction of renal Nrf2 targets, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 enzyme activity and glutathione content. This result indicates that Nrf2 may have a role in megalin regulation. In conclusion, these data suggest that the increase in albuminuria that accompanies bardoxolone methyl administration may result, at least in part, from reduced expression of megalin, which seems to occur without adverse effects and with strong induction of Nrf2 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Reisman
- Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2801 Gateway Drive, Irving, TX 75063, USA.
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Kay HY, Kim YW, Ryu DH, Sung SH, Hwang SJ, Kim SG. Nrf2-mediated liver protection by sauchinone, an antioxidant lignan, from acetaminophen toxicity through the PKCδ-GSK3β pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1653-65. [PMID: 21039417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sauchinone, an antioxidant lignan, protects hepatocytes from iron-induced toxicity. This study investigated the protective effects of sauchinone against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced toxicity in the liver and the role of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in this effect. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Blood biochemistry and histopathology were assessed in mice treated with APAP or APAP + sauchinone. The levels of mRNA and protein were measured using real-time PCR assays and immunoblottings. KEY RESULTS Sauchinone ameliorated liver injury caused by a high dose of APAP. This effect was prevented by a deficiency of Nrf2. Sauchinone treatment induced modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and heat shock protein 32 in the liver, which was abolished by Nrf2 deficiency. In a hepatocyte model, sauchinone activated Nrf2, as evidenced by the increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, the induction of NQO1-antioxidant response element reporter gene, and glutamate-cysteine ligase and NQO1 protein induction, which contributed to the restoration of hepatic glutathione content. Consistently, treatment of sauchinone enhanced Nrf2 phosphorylation with a reciprocal decrease in its interaction with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1. Intriguingly, sauchinone activated protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), which led to Nrf2 phosphorylation. In addition, it increased the inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), derepressing Nrf2 activity, which was supported by the reversal of sauchinone's activation of Nrf2 by an activated mutant of GSK3β. Moreover, phosphorylation of GSK3β by sauchinone depended on PKCδ activation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that sauchinone protects the liver from APAP-induced toxicity by activating Nrf2, and this effect is mediated by PKCδ activation, which induces inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Kay
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillimdong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Parman T, Bunin DI, Ng HH, McDunn JE, Wulff JE, Wang A, Swezey R, Rasay L, Fairchild DG, Kapetanovic IM, Green CE. Toxicogenomics and metabolomics of pentamethylchromanol (PMCol)-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:487-501. [PMID: 21920950 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentamethyl-6-chromanol (PMCol), a chromanol-type compound related to vitamin E, was proposed as an anticancer agent with activity against androgen-dependent cancers. In repeat dose-toxicity studies in rats and dogs, PMCol caused hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hematological effects. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanisms of the observed toxicity and identify sensitive early markers of target organ injury by integrating classical toxicology, toxicogenomics, and metabolomic approaches. PMCol was administered orally to male Sprague-Dawley rats at 200 and 2000 mg/kg daily for 7 or 28 days. Changes in clinical chemistry included elevated alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, cholesterol and triglycerides-indicative of liver toxicity that was confirmed by microscopic findings (periportal hepatocellular hydropic degeneration and cytomegaly) in treated rats. Metabolomic evaluations of liver revealed time- and dose-dependent changes, including depletion of total glutathione and glutathione conjugates, decreased methionine, and increased S-adenosylhomocysteine, cysteine, and cystine. PMCol treatment also decreased cofactor levels, namely, FAD and increased NAD(P)+. Microarray analysis of liver found that differentially expressed genes were enriched in the glutathione and cytochrome P450 pathways by PMCol treatment. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of six upregulated genes and one downregulated gene confirmed the microarray results. In conclusion, the use of metabolomics and toxicogenomics demonstrates that chronic exposure to high doses of PMCol induces liver damage and dysfunction, probably due to both direct inhibition of glutathione synthesis and modification of drug metabolism pathways. Depletion of glutathione due to PMCol exposure ultimately results in a maladaptive response, increasing the consumption of hepatic dietary antioxidants and resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species levels associated with hepatocellular damage and deficits in liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufan Parman
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025-3493, USA.
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Wang T, Papoutsi M, Wiesmann M, DeCristofaro M, Keselica MC, Skuba E, Spaet R, Markovits J, Wolf A, Moulin P, Pognan F, Vancutsem P, Petryk L, Sutton J, Chibout SD, Kluwe W. Investigation of Correlation Among Safety Biomarkers in Serum, Histopathological Examination, and Toxicogenomics. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:300-12. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811401920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses the issue of miscorrelation between hepatic injury biomarkers and histopathological findings in the drug development context. Our studies indicate that the use of toxicogenomics can aid in the drug development decision-making process associated with such miscorrelated data. BLZ945 was developed as a Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor. Treatment of BLZ945 in rats and monkeys increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). However, liver hypertrophy was the only histopathological liver finding in rats, and there was no change in the livers of monkeys. Longer treatment of BLZ945 in rats for 6 weeks caused up to 6-fold elevation of ALT, yet hepatocyte necrosis was not detected microscopically. Toxicogenomic profiling of liver samples demonstrated that the genes associated with early response to liver injury, apoptosis/necrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic enzymes were upregulated. Studies are ongoing to evaluate the mechanisms underlying BL945-induced ALT and AST elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Maria Papoutsi
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marion Wiesmann
- Oncology, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc DeCristofaro
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - M. Craig Keselica
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skuba
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Robert Spaet
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Judit Markovits
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Armin Wolf
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois Pognan
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Vancutsem
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Lew Petryk
- Oncology, Novartis Pharma, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - James Sutton
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Salah-Dine Chibout
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William Kluwe
- Translational Sciences, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
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Darpolor MM, Yen YF, Chua MS, Xing L, Clarke-Katzenberg RH, Shi W, Mayer D, Josan S, Hurd RE, Pfefferbaum A, Senadheera L, So S, Hofmann LV, Glazer GM, Spielman DM. In vivo MRSI of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate metabolism in rat hepatocellular carcinoma. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:506-13. [PMID: 21674652 PMCID: PMC3073155 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the primary form of human adult liver malignancy, is a highly aggressive tumor with average survival rates that are currently less than 1 year following diagnosis. Most patients with HCC are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and no efficient marker exists for the prediction of prognosis and/or response(s) to therapy. We have reported previously a high level of [1-(13)C]alanine in an orthotopic HCC using single-voxel hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate MRS. In the present study, we implemented a three-dimensional MRSI sequence to investigate this potential hallmark of cellular metabolism in rat livers bearing HCC (n = 7 buffalo rats). In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the mRNA levels of lactate dehydrogenase A, nicotinamide adenine (phosphate) dinucleotide dehydrogenase quinone 1 and alanine transaminase. The enzyme levels were significantly higher in tumor than in normal liver tissues within each rat, and were associated with the in vivo MRSI signal of [1-(13)C]alanine and [1-(13)C]lactate after a bolus intravenous injection of [1-(13)C]pyruvate. Histopathological analysis of these tumors confirmed the successful growth of HCC as a nodule in buffalo rat livers, revealing malignancy and hypervascular architecture. More importantly, the results demonstrated that the metabolic fate of [1-(13)C]pyruvate conversion to [1-(13)C]alanine significantly superseded that of [1-(13)C]pyruvate conversion to [1-(13)C]lactate, potentially serving as a marker of HCC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses M Darpolor
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5488, USA.
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Hardwick RN, Fisher CD, Canet MJ, Lake AD, Cherrington NJ. Diversity in antioxidant response enzymes in progressive stages of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2293-301. [PMID: 20805291 PMCID: PMC2993454 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which occurs in approximately 17 to 40% of Americans, encompasses progressive stages of liver damage ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Inflammation and oxidative stress are known characteristics of NAFLD; however, the precise mechanisms occurring during disease progression remain unclear. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the expression or function of enzymes involved in the antioxidant response, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione transferase (GST), and glutamate cysteine ligase, are altered in the progression of human NAFLD. Human livers staged as normal, steatotic, NASH (fatty), and NASH (not fatty) were obtained from the Liver Tissue Cell Distribution System. NQO1 mRNA, protein, and activity tended to increase with disease progression. mRNA levels of the GST isoforms A1, A2, A4, M3, and P1 increased with NAFLD progression. Likewise, GST A and P protein increased with progression; however, GST M protein levels tended to decrease. Of interest, total GST activity toward the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene decreased with NAFLD progression. GSH synthesis does not seem to be significantly dysregulated in NAFLD progression; however, the GSH/oxidized glutathione redox ratio seemed to be reduced with disease severity, indicating the presence of oxidative stress and depletion of GSH throughout progression of NAFLD. Malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly increased with disease progression, further indicating the presence of oxidative stress. Nuclear immunohistochemical staining of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an indicator of activation of the transcription factor, was evident in all stages of NAFLD. The current data suggest that Nrf2 activation occurs in response to disease progression followed by induction of specific Nrf2 targets, whereas functionality of specific antioxidant defense enzymes seems to be impaired as NAFLD progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon N Hardwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Buranrat B, Prawan A, Kukongviriyapan U, Kongpetch S, Kukongviriyapan V. Dicoumarol enhances gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity in high NQO1-expressing cholangiocarcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2362-70. [PMID: 20480521 PMCID: PMC2874140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i19.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether dicoumarol, a potent inhibitor of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), potentiates gemcitabine to induce cytotoxicity in cholangiocarcinoma cells (CCA) and the role of reactive oxygen generation in sensitizing the cells.
METHODS: Four human cell lines with different NQO1 activity were used; the human CCA cell lines, KKU-100, KKU-OCA17, KKU-M214, and Chang liver cells. NQO1 activity and mRNA expression were determined. The cells were pretreated with dicoumarol at relevant concentrations before treatment with gemcitabine. Cytotoxicity was determined by staining with fluorescent dyes. Oxidant formation was examined by assay of cellular glutathione levels and reactive oxygen species production by using dihydrofluorescein diacetate. Measurement of mitochondrial transmembrane potential was performed by using JC-1 fluorescent probe. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine levels of survival related proteins.
RESULTS: Dicoumarol markedly enhanced the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in KKU-100 and KKU-OCA17, the high NQO1 activity and mRNA expressing cells, but not in the other cells with low NQO1 activity. Dicoumarol induced a marked decrease in cellular redox of glutathione in KKU-100 cells, in contrast to KKU-M214 cells. Dicoumarol at concentrations that inhibited NQO1 activity did not alter mitochondrial transmembrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species. Gemcitabine alone induced activation of NF-κB and Bcl-XL protein expression. However, gemcitabine and dicoumarol combination induced increased p53 and decreased Bcl-XL levels in KKU-100, but not in KKU-M214 cells.
CONCLUSION: NQO1 may be important in sensitizing cells to anticancer drugs and inhibition of NQO1 may be a strategy for the treatment of CCA.
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Awad AS, Kamel R. Effect of rosuvastatin on cholestasis-induced hepatic injury in rat livers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:89-94. [PMID: 20146376 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have pleotropic effects independent of their lipid-lowering properties. The present study was undertaken to determine whether treatment with rosuvastatin (RO) would be beneficial in a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL). Animals were divided into three groups: a sham group (group I), a BDL group treated with vehicle (group II), and a BDL group treated with RO (10 mg/kg) (group III). Serum levels of total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly in group III when compared to group II. Lipid peroxides and NO levels of group III were found to be significantly lower than those of group II. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase) activity in liver tissues markedly decreased in group II, whereas treatment with RO preserved antioxidant enzyme activity. DT-diaphorase activity in group II was significantly higher than that in group III. The histopathological results showed multiple numbers of newly formed bile ductules with inflammatory cells infiltration in group II. These pathological changes were improved in group III. Our data indicate that RO ameliorates hepatic injury, inflammation, lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in rats subjected to BDL. RO may have a beneficial effect on treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza S Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
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Reisman SA, Csanaky IL, Aleksunes LM, Klaassen CD. Altered disposition of acetaminophen in Nrf2-null and Keap1-knockdown mice. Toxicol Sci 2009; 109:31-40. [PMID: 19246624 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (AA) is a widely used antipyretic drug that causes hepatotoxicity at high doses. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that mitigates electrophilic stress from AA by inducing genes, such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps), and glutathione (GSH) synthesis enzymes. To determine whether Nrf2 activation alters the biotransformation and excretion of AA, male wild-type, Nrf2-null, and Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)-knockdown (Keap1-kd) mice (which have increased activation of Nrf2) were administered a single subtoxic dose of AA (50 mg/kg, iv), after which, AA and its metabolites (AA-glucuronide [AA-GLUC]; AA-sulfate [AA-SULF]; AA-glutathione [AA-GSH]) were quantified in plasma, bile, and liver. AA-GLUC concentrations were reduced in plasma and elevated in livers of Nrf2-null mice due to decreased glucuronidation activity and lower expression of the basolateral efflux transporter Mrp3. In contrast, Keap1-kd mice had higher plasma and lower hepatic AA-GLUC concentrations, due to higher Mrp3 expression. Lower glucuronidation activity of Nrf2-null mice increased the proportion of AA available for sulfation, resulting in elevated AA-SULF concentrations in plasma, bile, and liver. Decreased AA-sulfation activity in Keap1-kd mice resulted in lower AA-SULF concentrations. AA-GSH conjugates were increased in Nrf2-null mice and tended to be lower in Keap1-kd mice. Furthermore, Nqo1, an enzyme capable of detoxifying the reactive intermediate of AA metabolism, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), had 85% lower activity in Nrf2-null mice and 415% higher activity in Keap1-kd mice relative to wild-type. In conclusion, lack of Nrf2 results in decreased AA glucuronidation, leading to increased AA available for NAPQI formation and decreased efflux of AA-GLUC via Mrp3; however, activation of Nrf2, as in Keap1-kd mice, results in decreased sulfotransferase activity, decreased AA-SULF formation, and enhanced elimination of AA-GLUC due to increased expression of Mrp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Reisman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Reisman SA, Buckley DB, Tanaka Y, Klaassen CD. CDDO-Im protects from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity through induction of Nrf2-dependent genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 236:109-14. [PMID: 19371629 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CDDO-Im is a synthetic triterpenoid recently shown to induce cytoprotective genes through the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway, an important mechanism for the induction of cytoprotective genes in response to oxidative stress. Upon oxidative or electrophilic insult, the transcription factor Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, heterodimerizes with small Maf proteins, and binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the upstream promoter regions of various cytoprotective genes. To further elucidate the hepatoprotective effects of CDDO-Im, wild-type and Nrf2-null mice were pretreated with CDDO-Im (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (DMSO), and then administered acetaminophen (500 mg/kg, i.p.). Pretreatment of wild-type mice with CDDO-Im reduced liver injury caused by acetaminophen. In contrast, hepatoprotection by CDDO-Im was not observed in Nrf2-null mice. CDDO-Im increased Nrf2 protein expression and Nrf2-ARE binding in wild-type, but not Nrf2-null mice. Furthermore, CDDO-Im increased the mRNA expression of the Nrf2 target genes NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (Nqo1); glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (Gclc); and heme-oxygenase-1 (Ho-1), in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Conversely, CDDO-Im did not induce Nqo1, Gclc, and Ho-1 mRNA expression in Nrf2-null mice. Collectively, the present study shows that CDDO-Im pretreatment induces Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective genes and protects the liver from acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Reisman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA
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NQO1 expression in pancreatic cancer and its potential use as a biomarker. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2008; 16:24-31. [PMID: 18091324 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31802e91d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is rarely curable due to regional/metastatic spread at diagnosis. Identification of molecular markers may enhance diagnosis and early detection of PDA. The 2-electron reductase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) has been found to be overexpressed in many solid tumors including PDA, and may be a useful clinically relevant diagnostic marker of malignancy. For this study, we used 37 surgical resection cases: 24 PDAs and 13 benign pancreatic tissue specimens. An additional 16 specimens from pancreatic endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) were included as a pilot series. NQO1 was detected by avidin-biotin based immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical methods. Both staining intensity and proportion of NQO1 positive tumor cells were scored. Moderate to strong (2 to 3+) staining for NQO1 was detected in 22/24 (92%) surgically resected PDAs, 9/9 (100%) EUS-FNAs with malignant diagnoses, one cytologically atypical but not diagnostic for malignancy EUS-FNA, and 1/6 (17%) EUS-FNAs initially diagnosed as negative for malignancy. Subsequent histologic assessment confirmed malignancy in all 9 cytologically positive EUS-FNAs and in the atypical case. The NQO1 positive case initially diagnosed as negative for malignancy showed no evidence of carcinoma on subsequent tissue biopsy. NQO1 staining was also observed in some benign ducts/cells; however, correlation of NQO1 expression with cellular morphology assessment minimizes the risk of false positive diagnosis. NQO1 is consistently overexpressed in PDA. Although NQO1 is observed in some benign tissue components, this marker may be a clinically useful diagnostic adjunct for detection of PDA, independent of tumor grade/stage.
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Aleksunes LM, Manautou JE. Emerging role of Nrf2 in protecting against hepatic and gastrointestinal disease. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:459-73. [PMID: 17562481 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701311344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) belongs to the basic region-leucine zipper family and is activated in response to electrophiles and reactive oxygen species. Nrf2 coordinately regulates the constitutive and inducible transcription of a wide array of genes involved in drug metabolism, detoxification, and antioxidant defenses. During periods of oxidative stress, Nrf2 is released from sequestration in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus. Nrf2 binds antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes and activates transcription. Genetically modified mice lacking Nrf2 serve as a useful tool for identifying new ARE-regulated genes and assessing the ability of Nrf2 to confer protection against a variety of pathologies in numerous organs including the liver, intestine, lung, skin, and nervous system. With regards to the liver and gastrointestinal tract, Nrf2 knockout mice are more susceptible to acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular injury, benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumor formation and Fas- and TNFalpha -mediated hepatocellular apoptosis. The higher sensitivity of Nrf2 knockout mice to chemical toxicity is due in part to reduced basal and inducible expression of detoxification enzymes. Nrf2 may also be important in protecting against liver fibrosis, gallstone development, and formation of aberrant crypt foci. Research of Nrf2 has opened up new opportunities in understanding how antioxidant defense pathways are regulated, how oxidative stress contributes to disease progression and may serve as a novel target for designing therapies to prevent and treat diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, USA
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