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Song J, Dai J, Chen X, Ding F, Ding Y, Ma L, Zhang L. Bifidobacterium mitigates autoimmune hepatitis by regulating IL-33-induced Treg/Th17 imbalance via the TLR2/4 signaling pathway. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:623-632. [PMID: 37916940 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to evaluate the efficacy of Live Combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus Capsules (LCBLECs), a probiotic drug containing Bifidobacterium, in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). In this study, a mouse model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) was established to investigate the effects of LCBLECs on AIH. The results showed that LCBLECs improved dysbiosis of gut microbiota, reduced liver injury, restored liver function, and maintained Treg/Th17 balance in EAH mice. In addition, LCBLECs restored Treg/Th17 balance in EAH mice by downregulating IL-33 production. Besides, LCBLECs also suppress IL-33 upregulation in EAH mice by inhibiting the TLR2/4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, LCBLECs also mitigated dysbiosis of gut microbiota and enhanced the efficacy of conventional treatment for AIH patients. To sum up, our findings revealed that LCBLECs exerted therapeutic effects on EAH mice by improving Treg/Th17 imbalance in an IL-33-dependent manner via the TLR2/4 signaling pathway and relieved the clinical symptoms of AIH patients, indicating Bifidobacterium supplementation with LCBLECs might be a potential adjuvant therapy for AIH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xin Jiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Wuqia, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanbo Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xin Jiang, China.
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Maria Medeiros de Ataides Bezerra M, Cristina de Farias Andrade I, Cesar Dias de Melo Silva J, Clara Santos Costa A, Ricardo Costa da Silva R, Richardison Silva Vasconcelos L, de Fátima Cavalcanti Toscano Barreto M, Maria Moreira Beltrão Pereira L, Wanessa Santos Rocha S. Hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and evaluation of MAPK-p38 and NFκB signaling pathways in autoimmune hepatitis. Cytokine 2024; 177:156541. [PMID: 38368696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a necroinflammatory disease that occurs when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to an environmental trigger. It is a rare disease, and its epidemiological aspects are nearly unknown in Northeast Brazil. In the literature, the activation of components of the inflammatory cascade pathways, including interleukins such as TNF-α and signaling factors like MAPK-p38 and NFκB, in the pathogenesis of AIH is well described in animal models. This study evaluated, for the first time, the immunostaining of TNF-α, MAPK-p38, and NFκB in immunohistochemical analysis of liver biopsies from AIH patients. The activation of the MAPK-p38 pathway was also studied through immunoassay analysis in the peripheral blood of AIH patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from medical records of 25 AIH patients were analyzed. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of liver tissue obtained from biopsies was performed to detect NFκB, MAPK-p38, and TNF-α. Immunoassay analysis of the MAPK-p38 pathway was performed in peripheral blood from 18 AIH patients and 8 healthy volunteers. Medical record analysis showed an average age of 33.3 years, with a female predominance in a ratio of 7.3:1. Concomitance with other autoimmune diseases was observed in 36 % of patients, with thyroid disorders being the most prominent among them, and an 8 % indication for liver transplantation. In the evaluation of autoantibodies, ANA was detected in 52 %, followed by SMA at 20 %, and Anti-LKM-1 at 16 %. Liver biopsy findings were like the global literature, with interface hepatitis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration observed. Immunohistochemical analysis showed immunostaining for NFκB, MAPK-p38, and TNF-α, corroborating the inflammatory and immunological characteristics of the disease. Immunoassay analysis in peripheral blood confirmed the activation of the MAPK-p38 signaling pathway, with a statistically significant difference between AIH patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiological and histological findings of AIH in this study in Northeast Brazil were like global population data. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver tissue and immunoassay analysis in peripheral blood confirmed the activation of TNF-α and the NFκB and MAPK-p38 signaling pathways in AIH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sura Wanessa Santos Rocha
- Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMA), Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (ICB), Brazil.
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3
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Zhang L, Chen D, Tu Y, Sang T, Pan T, Lin H, Cai C, Jin X, Wu F, Xu L, Chen Y. Vitexin attenuates autoimmune hepatitis in mouse induced by syngeneic liver cytosolic proteins via activation of AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 917:174720. [PMID: 34953801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic progressive liver disease that currently does not have a successful therapeutic option. Vitexin, a bioflavonoid isolated from various medicinal plants, possesses a variety of activities; however, whether vitexin protects against AIH remains unclear. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effects and mechanism of action of vitexin in both an experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) mouse model and in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced hepatocyte injury. Syngeneic liver antigen S100 was used to establish EAH. Vitexin treatment significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammatory and CD4+ T cells in the liver, reduced ALT and AST levels in the serum and attenuated hepatic injury due to oxidative stress. Moreover, vitexin mitigated the upregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and the downregulation of Bcl-2 in the livers of AIH mice. These regulations were accompanied by not only increased phosphorylation of AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β but also activation of Nrf2. Furthermore, vitexin inhibited apoptosis and the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines in D-GalN/LPS-treated AML12 cells. In addition, vitexin enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β. When AML12 cells were treated with an inhibitor of AMPK/AKT or specific siRNA targeting Nrf2, vitexin did not further induce the activation of Nrf2/HO-1. A molecular docking study confirmed that vitexin could interact with AMPK through hydrogen bonding interactions. In conclusion, vitexin ameliorated hepatic injury in EAH mice through activation of the AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and upregulation of the Nrf2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Dazhi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Peking University, BeiJing, 100032, China
| | - Yulu Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, 315336, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Sang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Tongtong Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Xiaozhi Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Faling Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China.
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Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D. Autoimmmune hepatitis. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:158-176. [PMID: 34580437 PMCID: PMC8475398 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a T-cell mediated, inflammatory liver disease affecting all ages and characterized by female preponderance, elevated serum transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels, positive circulating autoantibodies, and presence of interface hepatitis at liver histology. AIH type 1, affecting both adults and children, is defined by positive anti-nuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle antibodies, while type 2 AIH, affecting mostly children, is defined by positive anti-liver-kidney microsomal type 1 and/or anti-liver cytosol type 1 antibody. While the autoantigens of type 2 AIH are well defined, being the cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) and the formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase (FTCD), in type 1 AIH they remain to be identified. AIH-1 predisposition is conferred by possession of the MHC class II HLA DRB1*03 at all ages, while DRB1*04 predisposes to late onset disease; AIH-2 is associated with possession of DRB1*07 and DRB1*03. The majority of patients responds well to standard immunosuppressive treatment, based on steroid and azathioprine; second- and third-line drugs should be considered in case of intolerance or insufficient response. This review offers a comprehensive overview of pathophysiological and clinical aspects of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- Epatocentro Ticino & Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diego Vergani
- King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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5
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Liu J, Ma Z, Li H, Li X. Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Progress and future opportunities. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:95-107. [PMID: 35263512 PMCID: PMC9043711 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease occurring in individuals of all ages with a higher incidence in females and characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated serum autoantibodies and histological features of interface hepatitis. AIH pathogenesis remains obscure and still needs in‐depth study, which is likely associated with genetic susceptibility and the loss of immune homeostasis. Steroids alone and in combination with other immunosuppressant agents are the primary choices of AIH treatment in the clinic, whereas, in some cases, severe adverse effects and disease relapse may occur. Chinese medicine used for the treatment of AIH has proven its merits over many years and is well tolerated. To better understand the pathogenesis of AIH and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies, several animal models have been generated to recapitulate the immune microenvironment of patients with AIH. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the study of animal models for AIH and their application in pharmacological research of Chinese medicine‐based therapies and also discuss current limitations. This review aims to provide novel insights into the discovery of Chinese medicine‐originated therapies for AIH using cutting‐edge animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhi Ma
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Han Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life SciencesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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Wang Y, Tian L, Wang Y, Zhao T, Khan A, Wang Y, Cao J, Cheng G. Protective effect of Que Zui tea hot-water and aqueous ethanol extract against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Food Funct 2021; 12:2468-2480. [PMID: 33650604 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02894k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tender leaves and buds of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight have been traditionally processed as folk tea, known as Que Zui tea (QT), with a wide range of benefits to humans. In this study, Que Zui tea hot-water extract (QTW) and aqueous-ethanol extract (QTE) were tested for their effectiveness to alleviate acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage. QTW and QTE significantly inhibited the alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β levels in the serum. Both extracts also ameliorated pathological damage and inhibited oxidative stress in the liver of APAP-induced mice. In addition, QTW and QTE activated the nuclear erythroid related factor 2 signal pathway, and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. QTW and QTE also suppressed hepatocyte apoptosis by improvement of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression. The results demonstrated that QTW and QTE could effectively protect APAP hepatotoxicity, which might be attributed to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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7
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Liu SP, Bian ZH, Zhao ZB, Wang J, Zhang W, Leung PSC, Li L, Lian ZX. Animal Models of Autoimmune Liver Diseases: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:252-271. [PMID: 32076943 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) are potentially life-threatening chronic liver diseases which include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and recently characterized IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. They are caused by immune attack on hepatocytes or bile ducts, with different mechanisms and clinical manifestations. The etiologies of AILDs include a susceptible genetic background, environment insults, infections, and changes of commensal microbiota, but remain complicated. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms of AILDs is mandatory for early diagnosis and intervention, which is of great importance for better prognosis. Thus, animal models are developed to mimic the pathogenesis, find biomarkers for early diagnosis, and for therapeutic attempts of AILDs. However, no animal models can fully recapitulate features of certain AILD, especially the late stages of diseases. Certain limitations include different living condition, cell composition, and time frame of disease development and resolution. Moreover, there is no IgG4 in rodents which exists in human. Nevertheless, the understanding and therapy of AILDs have been greatly advanced by the development and mechanistic investigation of animal models. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of traditional and new animal models that recapitulate different features and etiologies of distinct AILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Pei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China. .,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China. .,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Zhang M, Li Q, Zhou C, Zhao Y, Li R, Zhang Y. Demethyleneberberine attenuates concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106137. [PMID: 31931366 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Demethyleneberberine (DMB) is a natural product which has been reported to possess mitochondria-targeting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect. However, the pharmacological action and molecular mechanism of DMB on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have not been explored. In this study, AIH was induced by intravenously injecting Con A (20 mg/kg) in mice for 8 h, and DMB protected against Con A-induced AIH, evidenced by obvious reduction of hepatic enzymes in serum and histological lesion. DMB significantly inhibited the infiltration of CD4+ T cell and Kupffer cell as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ by ELISA and qPCR analysis. Western blotting analysis illustrated that DMB remarkably inhibited Con A-induced phosphorylation of IKK, IκB, NF-κB p65, ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK and STAT3 induced by Con A. Moreover, DMB also effectively suppressed hepatic oxidative stress with reduction of MDA and elevation of GSH. Taken together, our findings indicated that DMB could prevent Con A-induced AIH by regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling, suggesting that DMB can serve as a promising candidate for therapy of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Cuisong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yaxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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9
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Ebadi M, Bhanji RA, Mazurak VC, Lytvyak E, Mason A, Czaja AJ, Montano-Loza AJ. Severe vitamin D deficiency is a prognostic biomarker in autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:173-182. [PMID: 30484857 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in the outcome of chronic liver disease. AIM To determine the frequency of severe vitamin D deficiency in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), assess its association with treatment non-response, and evaluate the relationship between vitamin D status and liver-related mortality and need for transplantation. METHODS Two hundred and nine patients were evaluated by liver tissue examination at presentation. Serum vitamin D levels were determined, and serum levels <25 nmol/L (10 ng/mL) were considered severely deficient. Treatment non-response was defined as non-normalised aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase and immunoglobulin G levels during conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using binary logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS The mean vitamin D level was 60 ± 38 nmol/L (range, 3-263 nmol/L), and 42 patients (20%) had severe vitamin D deficiency. Treatment non-response was more common in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency than in patients without (59% vs 41%, P = 0.04). Severe vitamin D deficiency was also independently associated with a higher risk of developing cirrhosis (HR 3.40; 95% CI 1.30-8.87, P = 0.01) and liver-related mortality or requirement for liver transplantation (LT; HR 5.26, 95% CI, 1.54-18.0, P = 0.008). Patients with persistent severe deficiency following vitamin D supplementation continued to have poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with treatment non-response, progression to cirrhosis, and liver-related death or need for LT. Severe vitamin D deficiency is a prognostic biomarker in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rahima A Bhanji
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Division of Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ellina Lytvyak
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aldo J Montano-Loza
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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10
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Ai G, Yan W, Yu H, Xiao F, Xi D, Ma K, Huang J, Luo X, Wan X, Ning Q. Soluble Fgl2 restricts autoimmune hepatitis progression via suppressing Tc17 and conventional CD8+ T cell function. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3023. [PMID: 29756667 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Ai
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Haijing Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Dong Xi
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
| | - Qin Ning
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Wuhan China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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11
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Christen U. Animal models of autoimmune hepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:970-981. [PMID: 29857050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many animal models for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been described in the past. Most models had to deal with the relative immunosuppressive environment of the liver. Therefore, some models used a combination of several triggering factors often on a susceptible background to generate an aggressive immune response that targets the liver. In addition, in order to be able to track the immune response the models used specific model autoantigens as targets that are either not present or have not been identified as a natural autoantigen in AIH patients. Thereby the feasibility of such models is somewhat questionable. Although many historic approaches included challenges of experimental animals with liver homogenates it was only in the last decade that natural occurring liver autoantigens have been used in animal models. This article reflects on the requirements for breaking liver tolerance and on how an ideal experimental model for AIH would look like. In addition, it discusses historic as well as recent animal models in the context of feasibility of induction, similarity of the clinical outcome to human AIH, and gain of knowledge for possible future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Czaja AJ. Epigenetic changes and their implications in autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48. [PMID: 29383703 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic risk of autoimmune hepatitis is insufficient to explain the observed risk, and epigenetic changes may explain disparities in disease occurrence in different populations within and between countries. The goal of this review was to examine how epigenetic changes induced by the environment or inherited as a phenotypic trait may affect autoimmune hepatitis and be amenable to therapeutic intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pertinent abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. The number of abstracts reviewed was 1689, and the number of full-length articles reviewed exceeded 150. RESULTS Activation of pro-inflammatory genes in autoimmune disease is associated with hypomethylation of deoxyribonucleic acid and modification of histones within chromatin. Organ-specific microribonucleic acids can silence genes by marking messenger ribonucleic acids for degradation, and they can promote inflammatory activity or immunosuppression. High circulating levels of the microribonucleic acids 21 and 122 have been demonstrated in autoimmune hepatitis, and they may increase production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Microribonucleic acids are also essential for maintaining regulatory T cells. Drugs, pollutants, infections, diet and ageing can induce inheritable epigenetic changes favouring autoimmunity. Reversal is feasible by manipulating enzymes, transcription factors, gene-silencing molecules and toxic exposures or by administering methyl donors and correcting vitamin D deficiency. Gene targets, site specificity, efficacy and consequences are uncertain. CONCLUSIONS Potentially reversible epigenetic changes may affect the occurrence and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis, and investigations are warranted to determine the nature of these changes, key genomic targets, and feasible interventions and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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Niu J, Huang D, Zhou R, Yue M, Xu T, Yang J, He L, Tian H, Liu X, Zeng J. Activation of dorsal horn cannabinoid CB2 receptor suppresses the expression of P2Y 12 and P2Y 13 receptors in neuropathic pain rats. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:185. [PMID: 28899427 PMCID: PMC5596460 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More evidence suggests that dorsal spinal cord microglia is an important site contributing to CB2 receptor-mediated analgesia. The upregulation of P2Y12 and P2Y13 purinoceptors in spinal dorsal horn microglia is involved in the development of pain behavior caused by peripheral nerve injury. However, it is not known whether the expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors at spinal dorsal horn will be influenced after CB2 receptor activation in neuropathic pain rats. Methods Chronic constriction injury (CCI) and intrathecal ADPbetaS injection were performed in rats to induce neuropathic pain. The paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was used to evaluate thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats. The expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors, p-p38MAPK, and NF-kappaBp65 was detected with RT-PCR and western blotting analysis. Results Treatment with AM1241 produces a pronounced inhibition of CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and significantly inhibited the increased expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors at the mRNA and protein levels, which open up the possibility that P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptor expression are downregulated by CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 in CCI rats. Western blot analysis demonstrated that AM1241 reduced the elevated expression of p-p38MAPK and NF-κBp65 in the dorsal spinal cord induced by CCI. After administration with either SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor) or PDTC (NF-kappaB inhibitor), the levels of P2Y13 receptor expression in the dorsal spinal cord were lower than those in the CCI group. However, in CCI rats, the increased expression of P2Y12 receptor was prevented by intrathecal administration of PDTC but not by SB203580. In addition, minocycline significantly decreased the increased expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors. The similar results can be observed in ADPbetaS-treated rats. Intrathecal injection of ADPbataS causes thermal hyperalgesia and increased expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors in the dorsal spinal cord of naive rats. Moreover, intrathecal injection of AM1241 alleviates pain response and reduces the elevated expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors, p-p38MAPK, and NF-κBp65 in the dorsal spinal cord of ADPbetaS-treated rats. Intrathecal injection of SB203580 significantly inhibited the ADPbetaS-induced P2Y13 receptor expression, without affecting P2Y12 receptor expression. However, treatment with either SB203580 or PDTC effectively inhibited P2Y13 receptor expression compared to ADPbetaS-treated rats. Conclusions In CCI- and ADPbetaS-treated rats, AM1241 pretreatment could efficiently activate CB2 receptor, while inhibiting p38MAPK and NF-kappaB activation in the dorsal spinal cord. CB2 receptor stimulation decreased P2Y13 receptor expression via p38MAPK/NF-kappaB signaling. On the other hand, CB2 receptor activation decreased P2Y12 receptor expression via p38MAPK-independent NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Niu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - Dujuan Huang
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - MingXia Yue
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - Junna Yang
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - XiaoHong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China
| | - Junwei Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou province, 563006, China.
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Pentoxifylline attenuates cytokine stress and Fas system in syngeneic liver proteins induced experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:316-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Zhao X, Liu M, Li J, Yin S, Wu Y, Wang A. Antimalarial agent artesunate protects Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice by inhibiting inflammatory responses. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 274:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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ELnahas EM, Zeid MSA, Kawy HSA, Hendawy N, Baher W. Celecoxib attenuates depressive-like behavior associated with immunological liver injury in C57BL/6 mice through TNF-α and NF-κb dependent mechanisms. Life Sci 2016; 163:23-37. [PMID: 27580523 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Depression associating patients with chronic liver diseases is a major treatment goal. This study aimed to evaluate the potential hepatoprotective and antidepressant effects of celecoxib in a model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) and depressive-like behavior in C57BL/6 mice. MAIN METHODS EAH was induced by immunization with S-100 liver antigen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Mice were randomly allocated to 5 groups; control phosphate buffered saline group; control CFA group; EAH group, and 2 groups of EAH plus celecoxib (7.5 or 15mg/kg/d respectively). Mice were assessed behaviorally by novelty-suppressed test, tail suspension test, locomotor assessment and forced swimming tests. Serum liver enzymes and hepatic hydroxyproline content were biochemically analyzed. Histopathological analysis for liver and brain sections and immunohistochemical studies for hepatic and hippocampal tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), nuclear factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) and caspase-3 were performed. KEY FINDINGS EAH group exhibited significant depressive-like changes, increase in liver enzymes and hepatic hydroxyproline content. Signs of autoimmune hepatitis and structural changes in hippocampus were confirmed by histopathological studies. Immunohistochemical examination revealed overexpression of hepatic and hippocampal TNF-α, NF-κB and caspase-3 positive cells. Celecoxib (7.5mg/kg/d) significantly ameliorated hepatic biochemical changes, hepatic and hippocampal histopathological and immunohistochemical changes induced in EAH group. Celecoxib (15mg/kg/d) significantly ameliorated the behavioral changes, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in hippocampus, with non-significant change in hepatic biochemical profile, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes induced in EAH group. SIGNIFICANCE The celecoxib (7.5mg/kg/d) through its anti-inflammatory effect may represent a new therapeutic approach to treat autoimmune hepatitis associated with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nevien Hendawy
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walaa Baher
- Histolology & Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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He R, Wang L, Zhu J, Fei M, Bao S, Meng Y, Wang Y, Li J, Deng X. Methane-rich saline protects against concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 470:22-28. [PMID: 26721437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methane is a common gas which has been reported to play a protective role in organ injury and presents an anti-inflammatory property. However, its effects on Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methane on Con A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice and its underlying mechanism. Autoimmune hepatitis was induced by Con A (15 mg/kg) in healthy C57BL/6 mice and methane-rich saline (MS) (20 ml/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 30 min after the challenge with Con A. We found that methane treatment significantly reduced the elevated serum aminotransferase levels and ameliorated liver pathological damage. Furthermore, methane treatment obviously suppressed the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Moreover, we found that the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were highly increased while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were decreased in liver with the injection of Con A, which was reversed by methane. Also, the data demonstrated that the phosphorylated IκB, NF-κB and P38 MAPK in liver were significantly down-regulated by methane. These results suggested that methane protected liver against Con A-induced injury through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Anesthesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Fuzhou 350025, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Miaomiao Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Suhong Bao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Anesthesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Anesthesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Anesthesia Application Technology, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Bogdanos D, Leung PS, Gershwin ME. Liver and the Biliary Tract. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhao ZW, Abendroth DK, Zhou ZC, Liu YZ, Pan FM, Ge JJ. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of CBS3830 in arterialized vein grafts in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:397-403. [PMID: 25204222 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.956754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigated whether CBS3830, a highly selectively inhibitor of p38MAPK, could ameliorate inflammation and intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts (AVGs). METHODS Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a reversed right jugular vein to common carotid artery interposition graft and were randomly treatment with vehicle (control) or single-dose (3 mg/kg, preoperative) or double-dose (3 mg/kg, preoperative and 4 d postoperative) CBS3830. Twenty rats underwent sham operation. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by ELISA. Vein grafts were analyzed by intimal/medial morphometry, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, and p38MAPK phosphorylation. RESULTS TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 gradually increased then slowly decreased in AVG rats. However, at 4 d and 7 d, TNF-α levels decreased by 37.5% and 29.5% (p = 0.003, 0.05, respectively) in the single-dose CBS3830 group, and by 37.6% and 32.5%, respectively (both p = 0.003) in the double-dose group compared with those of control. IL-1β levels significantly reduced at 4 d and 14 d in both dosage groups. IL-6 levels significantly reduced at 7 d in both groups. Intima and medial thickening were significantly reduced in both dosage treated groups at 7, 14, and 28 d (all p = 0.000) compared to the controls. Further study showed CBS3830 inhibited p38MAPK phosphorylation and decreased PCNA expression. CONCLUSIONS CBS3830 significantly decreases inflammation and intimal hyperplasia in AVGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Zhao
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 1st Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
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Luong KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The role of vitamin d in autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Med Res 2013; 5:407-15. [PMID: 24171052 PMCID: PMC3808258 DOI: 10.4021/jocmr1505w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver characterized by the presence of peri-portal hepatitis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and the serum autoantibodies. The disease is classified into 2 distinct types according to the nature of auto-antibodies. Disturbances of the calcium-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis are frequently associated with chronic liver disease. Patients with AIH have a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine which proteins link vitamin D to AIH pathology, namely, the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, vitamin D receptors, toll-like receptors, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, cytochrome P450 CYP2D6, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor 3. Vitamin D also exerts its effect on AIH through non-genomic factors, namely, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, γδT cells, interferon-gamma nitric oxide synthase, and reactive oxygen stress. In conclusion, vitamin D may have a beneficial role in AIH and improves liver function in concanavalin A-induced mouse AIH. Calcitriol is best used for AIH because it is the active form of a vitamin D3 metabolite and its receptors are present in sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells of normal livers, and the biliary cell line.
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Mavropoulos A, Orfanidou T, Liaskos C, Smyk DS, Billinis C, Blank M, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated autoimmunity: lessons to learn from ANCA vasculitis and pemphigus vulgaris. Autoimmun Rev 2012. [PMID: 23207287 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is beginning to accumulate that p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. The exact mechanisms and the degree by which the p38 MAPK pathway participates in the immune-mediated induction of diseases have started to emerge. This review discusses the recent advances in the molecular dissection of the p38 MAPK pathway and the findings generated by reports investigating its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune hepatitis. Application of newly-developed protocols based on sensitive flow cytometric detection has proven to be a useful tool in the investigation of the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK within different peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations and may help us to better understand the enigmatic role of this signaling cascade in the induction of autoimmunity as well as its role in immunosuppressive-induced remission. Special attention is paid to reported data proposing a specific role for autoantibody-induced activation of p38 MAPK-mediated immunopathology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases and anti-neutrophilic antibody-mediated vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Duhalde-Vega M, Retegui LA. Uric acid and HMGB1 are involved in the induction of autoantibodies elicited in mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus A59. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:631-40. [PMID: 21604970 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.579927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus A59 develop autoantibodies (autoAb) to liver and kidney fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Because it has been proposed that the immune system is stimulated by alarm signals called damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins, we investigated the participation of uric acid and high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in the autoimmune response elicited by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Mice subjected to MHV infection had increased plasmatic uric acid concentration that significantly decreased after 20 days of daily treatment with allopurinol and, simultaneously, autoAb to FAH were undetected. Furthermore, this autoAb disappeared after 30 days of treatment with ethyl pyruvate, along with a substantial reduction in serum HMGB1 concentration. Both results indicated a remarkable relationship between the autoimmune process induced by the virus and uric acid and HMGB1 liberation. Unexpectedly, it was found that allopurinol and ethyl pyruvate inhibited the release of both uric acid and HMGB1. Because HMGB1 is activated through binding to interleukin 1β, and that this cytokine is produced by the NLRP3 inflammasome that could be stimulated by uric acid, we propose that both alarmins could be acting in concert with the induction of the autoAb to FAH in MHV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Duhalde-Vega
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jin N, Wang Q, Zhang X, Jiang D, Cheng H, Zhu K. The selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB203580, improves renal disease in MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1319-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ben DF, Yu XY, Ji GY, Zheng DY, Lv KY, Ma B, Xia ZF. TLR4 mediates lung injury and inflammation in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. J Surg Res 2011; 174:326-33. [PMID: 21392794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splanchnic ischemia is common in critically ill patients, and it can result in injury not only of the intestine but also in distant organs, particularly in the lung. Local inflammatory changes play a pivotal role in the development of acute lung injury after intestinal ischemia, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We sought to examine the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the mouse model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced lung injury and inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male TLR4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice and TLR4 wild-type (WT) (C3H/HeOuJ) mice were subjected to 40 min of intestinal ischemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Lung histology was assessed and parameters of pulmonary microvascular permeability, inflammatory cytokine expression, and neutrophil infiltration were measured. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the transcription factors nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in the lungs were also detected. RESULTS After intestinal I/R, lungs from TLR4 mutant mice demonstrated a significantly lower histological injury, a marked reduction of epithelial apoptosis associated with the decreased level of cleaved caspase-3 and the increased ratio of Bcl-xL to Bax proteins, and a large reduction in pulmonary vascular permeability and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in comparison with WT mice. TLR4 mutant mice also displayed marked decreases in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) expression. Following intestinal I/R, phosporylation of p38 MAPK and activation of NF-κB and AP-1 were significantly inhibited in lung tissue from TLR4 mutant mice compared with WT controls. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that TLR4 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intestinal I/R-induced acute lung injury and inflammation and that p38 kinase and NF-κB may be involved in TLR4 signaling-mediated lung inflammatory processes during intestinal I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Feng Ben
- Institute of Burn Surgery and Burn Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Yu H, Huang J, Liu Y, Ai G, Yan W, Wang X, Ning Q. IL-17 contributes to autoimmune hepatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:443-6. [PMID: 20714867 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) was investigated. A mouse model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis was established, and the syngeneic S-100 antigen emulsified in complete Freud's adjuvant was injected intraperitoneally into adult male C57BL/6 mice. The IL-17 expression in serum and the livers of the mice models was detected by using ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. IL-17 neutralizing antibody was used to study the biological effect of IL-17 in the experimental AIH. IL-17 neutralizing antibody in vivo administration alleviated the hepatic inflammation and ALT level in the AIH model. IL-17 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AIH patients was measured by using real-time PCR method. The results showed that IL-17 level was significantly up-regulated in AIH patients and mice models. It was concluded that IL-17 contributed to the development of AIH and might be a potential therapeutic target of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review studies that improve the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis and extend understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Black patients have more advanced disease and poorer outcomes than white patients. Genome-wide DNA microsatellite techniques have identified multiple regions that may confer susceptibility or resistance to the disease. Preferential inactivation of one parentally-derived X chromosome may favor autoreactivity in women. Acute and chronic hepatitis of undetermined cause can respond to corticosteroid therapy and represent autoantibody-negative autoimmune hepatitis. Outcomes can be improved by continuing therapies until resolution of all features and by early identification of problematic patients with the Model for End Stage Liver Disease. Serum levels of B-cell activating factor correlate with laboratory indices of liver injury. Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil are promising therapies for problematic patients, and the antigenic targets of atypical antibodies to liver/kidney microsome may lead to diagnostic tests for de-novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. SUMMARY Ethnic background and genetic predisposition affect the occurrence and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis. Susceptibility and resistance factors across the human genome underscore the genetic complexity of the disease. Outcomes can be improved by better use of current regimens and further evaluation of action-specific immunosuppressive agents.
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