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Jiang Y, Pang S, Liu X, Wang L, Liu Y. The Gut Microbiome Affects Atherosclerosis by Regulating Reverse Cholesterol Transport. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:624-637. [PMID: 38231373 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human system's secret organ, the gut microbiome, has received considerable attention. Emerging research has yielded substantial scientific evidence indicating that changes in gut microbial composition and microbial metabolites may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The burden of cardiovascular disease on healthcare systems is exacerbated by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which continues to be the leading cause of mortality globally. Reverse cholesterol transport is a powerful protective mechanism that effectively prevents excessive accumulation of cholesterol for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It has been revealed how the gut microbiota modulates reverse cholesterol transport in patients with atherosclerotic risk. In this review, we highlight the complex interactions between microbes, their metabolites, and their potential impacts in reverse cholesterol transport. We also explore the feasibility of modulating gut microbes and metabolites to facilitate reverse cholesterol transport as a novel therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Jiang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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CRISPR/dCas9 Transcriptional Activation of Endogenous Apolipoprotein AI and Paraoxonase 1 in Enterocytes Alleviates Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121769. [PMID: 34944413 PMCID: PMC8698862 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases with high prevalence worldwide. A promising therapeutic strategy to reverse atherosclerotic process is to improve the athero-protective potential of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Since the small intestine is a source of HDL, we aimed to activate transcription of the endogenous HDL major proteins, apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), in enterocytes, and to evaluate their potential to correct the pro-inflammatory status of endothelial cells (EC). Caco-2 enterocytes were transfected with CRISPR activation plasmids targeting ApoAI or PON1, and their gene and protein expression were measured in cells and conditioned medium (CM). ATP binding cassette A1 and G8 transporters (ABCA1, ABCG8), scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), and transcription regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), liver X receptors (LXRs), and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) were assessed. Anti-inflammatory effects of CM from transfected enterocytes were estimated through its ability to inhibit tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) activation of EC. Transcriptional activation of ApoAI or PON1 in enterocytes induces: (i) increase of their gene and protein expression, and secretion in CM; (ii) stimulation of ABCA1/G8 and SR-BI; (iii) upregulation of PPARγ, LXRs, and SIRT1. CM from transfected enterocytes attenuated the TNFα-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress in EC, by decreasing TNF receptor 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and p22phox. In conclusion, transcriptional activation of endogenous ApoAI or PON1 in enterocytes by CRISPR/dCas9 system is a realistic approach to stimulate biogenesis and function of major HDL proteins which can regulate cholesterol efflux transporters and reduce the inflammatory stress in activated EC.
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Polyphenol-Rich Black Elderberry Extract Stimulates Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies reported that the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), a nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, can be a strategy for preventing CVD. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has been reported to reduce the risk of CVD via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. However, little is known about the role of black elderberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism despite its well-known effects on cholesterol homeostasis regulation. To investigate the effects of polyphenol-rich black elderberry extract (BEE) on intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and flux in Caco-2 cells. BEE significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of genes for cholesterol absorption, such as Niemann–Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, there was marked induction of low-density lipoprotein receptor, ABCG5/G8, and ABCB1 in BEE-treated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, BEE decreased the expression of genes for lipogenesis and altered the mRNA levels of sirtuins. All of the genes altered by BEE were in the direction of flux cholesterol from the basolateral to apical side of enterocytes, indicating stimulation of TICE. These results support the hypocholesterolemic effects of BEE for the prevention of CVD.
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Tedjawirja VN, Nieuwdorp M, Yeung KK, Balm R, de Waard V. A Novel Hypothesis: A Role for Follicle Stimulating Hormone in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Development in Postmenopausal Women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:726107. [PMID: 34721292 PMCID: PMC8548664 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.726107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the abdominal aorta, which can potentially be fatal due to exsanguination following rupture. Although AAA is less prevalent in women, women with AAA have a more severe AAA progression compared to men as reflected by enhanced aneurysm growth rates and a higher rupture risk. Women are diagnosed with AAA at an older age than men, and in line with increased osteoporosis and cardiovascular events, the delayed AAA onset has been attributed to the reduction of the protective effect of oestrogens during the menopausal transition. However, new insights have shown that a high follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level during menopause may also play a key role in those diseases. In this report we hypothesize that FSH may aggravate AAA development and progression in postmenopausal women via a direct and/or indirect role, promoting aorta pathology. Since FSH receptors (FSHR) are reported on many other cell types than granulosa cells in the ovaries, it is feasible that FSH stimulation of FSHR-bearing cells such as aortic endothelial cells or inflammatory cells, could promote AAA formation directly. Indirectly, AAA progression may be influenced by an FSH-mediated increase in osteoporosis, which is associated with aortic calcification. Also, an FSH-mediated decrease in cholesterol uptake by the liver and an increase in cholesterol biosynthesis will increase the cholesterol level in the circulation, and subsequently promote aortic atherosclerosis and inflammation. Lastly, FSH-induced adipogenesis may lead to obesity-mediated dysfunction of the microvasculature of the aorta and/or modulation of the periaortic adipose tissue. Thus the long term increased plasma FSH levels during the menopausal transition may contribute to enhanced AAA disease in menopausal women and could be a potential novel target for treatment to lower AAA-related events in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N. Tedjawirja
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Victoria N. Tedjawirja,
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Departments of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kak Khee Yeung
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron Balm
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Whang E, Liu Y, Kageyama S, Woo SL, Yang J, Lee R, Li Z, Ji H, Chen Y, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Attenuates the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice on a High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet. Obes Surg 2020; 29:2420-2429. [PMID: 30982168 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) attenuates fibrosis in mice on a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery mitigates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in 85-90% of obese patients. While animal models demonstrate similar results on a high-fat diet, none have observed the effects of bariatric surgery on a combined HFHC diet. METHODS Mice on a HFHC diet were used to confirm the development of hepatic fibrosis at 8 (n = 15) and 24 (n = 15) weeks. A separate cohort of mice on a HFHC diet for 12 weeks was subjected to either VSG (n = 18) or sham (n = 12) operations and remained on a HFHC diet for an additional 20 weeks. Changes in weight, dyslipidemia, and the development of steatosis and fibrosis were documented. Serum was obtained for bile acid analysis by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, while hepatic gene expression by RT-PCR was performed to evaluate intrahepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis developed after 8 weeks on the HFHC diet. After VSG, mice demonstrated a sustained decrease in weight with a significant decrease in fibrosis compared to sham mice. Serum total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL were significantly reduced following surgery, while serum bile acids were significantly elevated. Intra-hepatic cholesterol excretion was not upregulated based on hepatic gene expression of CYP7A1 and ABCG5/8. CONCLUSIONS VSG attenuates the development of hepatic fibrosis in diet-induced obese mice, presumably through enhancement of cholesterol elimination at the intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Whang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Division of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoichi Kageyama
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shih Lung Woo
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jieping Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rupo Lee
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Haofeng Ji
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yijun Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jerzy W Kupiec-Weglinski
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 77-120 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Lopez AM, Ramirez CM, Taylor AM, Jones RD, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Ontogenesis and Modulation of Intestinal Unesterified Cholesterol Sequestration in a Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick C1 Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:158-167. [PMID: 31312996 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the NPC1 gene result in sequestration of unesterified cholesterol (UC) and glycosphingolipids in most tissues leading to multi-organ disease, especially in the brain, liver, lungs, and spleen. Various data from NPC1-deficient mice suggest the small intestine (SI) is comparatively less affected, even in late stage disease. METHODS Using the Npc1nih mouse model, we measured SI weights and total cholesterol (TC) levels in Npc1-/- versus Npc1+/+ mice as a function of age, and then after prolonged ezetimibe-induced inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Next, we determined intestinal levels of UC and esterified cholesterol (EC), and cholesterol synthesis rates in Npc1-/- and Npc1+/+ mice, with and without the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme SOAT2, following a once-only subcutaneous injection with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD). RESULTS By ~ 42 days of age, intestinal TC levels averaged ~ 2.1-fold more (mostly UC) in the Npc1-/- versus Npc1+/+ mice with no further increase thereafter. Chronic ezetimibe treatment lowered intestinal TC levels in the Npc1-/- mice by only ~ 16%. In Npc1-/- mice given 2HPβCD 24 h earlier, UC levels fell, EC levels increased (although less so in mice lacking SOAT2), and cholesterol synthesis was suppressed equally in the Npc1-/-:Soat2+/+ and Npc1-/-:Soat2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The low and static levels of intestinal UC sequestration in Npc1-/- mice likely reflect the continual sloughing of cells from the mucosa. This sequestration is blunted by about the same extent following a single acute treatment with 2HPβCD as it is by a prolonged ezetimibe-induced block of cholesterol absorption.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ezetimibe/pharmacology
- Female
- Intestinal Absorption/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Niemann-Pick C1 Protein
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/drug therapy
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/genetics
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/genetics
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Charina M Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Anna M Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ryan D Jones
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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van de Peppel IP, Bertolini A, van Dijk TH, Groen AK, Jonker JW, Verkade HJ. Efficient reabsorption of transintestinally excreted cholesterol is a strong determinant for cholesterol disposal in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1562-1572. [PMID: 31324653 PMCID: PMC6718438 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a major route for eliminating cholesterol from the body and a potential therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia. The underlying mechanism, however, is largely unclear, and its contribution to cholesterol disposal from the body is obscured by the counteracting process of intestinal cholesterol reabsorption. To determine the quantity of TICE independent from its reabsorption, we studied two models of decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. Cholesterol absorption was inhibited either by ezetimibe or, indirectly, by the genetic inactivation of the intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2). Both ezetimibe treatment and Asbt inactivation virtually abrogated fractional cholesterol absorption (from 46% to 4% and 6%, respectively). In both models, fecal neutral sterol excretion and net intestinal cholesterol balance were considerably higher than in control mice (5- and 7-fold, respectively), suggesting that, under physiological conditions, TICE is largely reabsorbed. In addition, the net intestinal cholesterol balance was increased to a similar extent but was not further increased when the models were combined, suggesting that the effect on cholesterol reabsorption was already maximal under either condition alone. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesize that the inhibition of cholesterol (re)absorption combined with stimulating TICE will be most effective in increasing cholesterol disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hypocholesterolaemic Activity of Lupin Peptides: Investigation on the Crosstalk between Human Enterocytes and Hepatocytes Using a Co-Culture System Including Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070437. [PMID: 27455315 PMCID: PMC4963913 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature indicates that peptic and tryptic peptides derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of lupin protein are able to modulate cholesterol metabolism in human hepatic HepG2 cells and that part of these peptides are absorbed in a small intestine model based on differentiated human Caco-2 cells. In this paper, a co-culture system, including Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, was investigated with two objectives: (a) to verify whether cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells was modified by the peptides absorption through Caco-2 cells; (b) to investigate how lupin peptides influence cholesterol metabolism in Caco-2 cells. The experiments showed that the absorbed peptides, not only maintained their bioactivity on HepG2 cells, but that this activity was improved by the crosstalk of the two cells systems in co-culture. In addition, lupin peptides showed a positive influence on cholesterol metabolism in Caco-2 cells, decreasing the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) secretion.
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Meriwether D, Sulaiman D, Wagner A, Grijalva V, Kaji I, Williams KJ, Yu L, Fogelman S, Volpe C, Bensinger SJ, Anantharamaiah GM, Shechter I, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST. Transintestinal transport of the anti-inflammatory drug 4F and the modulation of transintestinal cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1175-93. [PMID: 27199144 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m067025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The site and mechanism of action of the apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F are incompletely understood. Transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) is a process involved in the clearance of excess cholesterol from the body. While TICE is responsible for at least 30% of the clearance of neutral sterols from the circulation into the intestinal lumen, few pharmacological agents have been identified that modulate this pathway. We show first that circulating 4F selectively targets the small intestine (SI) and that it is predominantly transported into the intestinal lumen. This transport of 4F into the SI lumen is transintestinal in nature, and it is modulated by TICE. We also show that circulating 4F increases reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages and cholesterol efflux from lipoproteins via the TICE pathway. We identify the cause of this modulation of TICE either as 4F being a cholesterol acceptor with respect to enterocytes, from which 4F enhances cholesterol efflux, or as 4F being an intestinal chaperone with respect to TICE. Our results assign a novel role for 4F as a modulator of the TICE pathway and suggest that the anti-inflammatory functions of 4F may be a partial consequence of the codependent intestinal transport of both 4F and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meriwether
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dawoud Sulaiman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan Wagner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Spencer Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Carmen Volpe
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - G M Anantharamaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ishaiahu Shechter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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10
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Hepatic farnesoid X-receptor isoforms α2 and α4 differentially modulate bile salt and lipoprotein metabolism in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115028. [PMID: 25506828 PMCID: PMC4266635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor FXR acts as an intracellular bile salt sensor that regulates synthesis and transport of bile salts within their enterohepatic circulation. In addition, FXR is involved in control of a variety of crucial metabolic pathways. Four FXR splice variants are known, i.e. FXRα1-4. Although these isoforms show differences in spatial and temporal expression patterns as well as in transcriptional activity, the physiological relevance hereof has remained elusive. We have evaluated specific roles of hepatic FXRα2 and FXRα4 by stably expressing these isoforms using liver-specific self-complementary adeno-associated viral vectors in total body FXR knock-out mice. The hepatic gene expression profile of the FXR knock-out mice was largely normalized by both isoforms. Yet, differential effects were also apparent; FXRα2 was more effective in reducing elevated HDL levels and transrepressed hepatic expression of Cyp8b1, the regulator of cholate synthesis. The latter coincided with a switch in hydrophobicity of the bile salt pool. Furthermore, FXRα2-transduction caused an increased neutral sterol excretion compared to FXRα4 without affecting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our data show, for the first time, that hepatic FXRα2 and FXRα4 differentially modulate bile salt and lipoprotein metabolism in mice.
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11
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Degirolamo C, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Intestinal nuclear receptors in HDL cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:1262-70. [PMID: 25070952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a pivotal role in cholesterol homeostasis by functioning as an absorptive and secretory organ in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Enterocytes control cholesterol absorption, apoAI synthesis, HDL biogenesis, and nonbiliary cholesterol fecal disposal. Thus, intestine-based therapeutic interventions may hold promise in the management of diseases driven by cholesterol overload. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium and regulate transcriptionally the handling of cholesterol by the enterocytes. Here, we discuss the NR regulation of cholesterol fluxes across the enterocytes with special emphasis on NR exploitation as a bona fide novel HDL-raising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degirolamo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Chuang JC, Valasek MA, Lopez AM, Posey KS, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Sustained and selective suppression of intestinal cholesterol synthesis by Ro 48-8071, an inhibitor of 2,3-oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase, in the BALB/c mouse. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:351-63. [PMID: 24486573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine plays a fundamentally important role in regulating whole body cholesterol balance and plasma lipoprotein composition. This is articulated through the interplay of a constellation of genes that ultimately determines the net amount of chylomicron cholesterol delivered to the liver. Major advances in our insights into regulation of the cholesterol absorption pathway have been made using genetically manipulated mouse models and agents such as ezetimibe. One unresolved question is how a sustained pharmacological inhibition of intestinal cholesterol synthesis in vivo may affect cholesterol handling by the absorptive cells. Here we show that the lanosterol cyclase inhibitor, Ro 48-8071, when fed to BALB/c mice in a chow diet (20 mg/day/kg body weight), leads to a rapid and sustained inhibition (>50%) of cholesterol synthesis in the whole small intestine. Sterol synthesis was also reduced in the large intestine and stomach. In contrast, hepatic cholesterol synthesis, while markedly suppressed initially, rebounded to higher than baseline rates within 7 days. Whole body cholesterol synthesis, fractional cholesterol absorption, and fecal neutral and acidic sterol excretion were not consistently changed with Ro 48-8071 treatment. There were no discernible effects of this agent on intestinal histology as determined by H&E staining and the level of Ki67, an index of proliferation. The mRNA expression for multiple genes involved in intestinal cholesterol regulation including NPC1L1 was mostly unchanged although there was a marked rise in the mRNA level for the PXR target genes CYP3A11 and CES2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Mark A Valasek
- Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Adam M Lopez
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Kenneth S Posey
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States; Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
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An assessment of the intestinal lumen as a site for intervention in reducing body burdens of organochlorine compounds. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:205621. [PMID: 23476122 PMCID: PMC3582106 DOI: 10.1155/2013/205621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals maintain a persistent body burden of organochlorine compounds (OCs) as well as other lipophilic compounds, largely as a result of airborne and dietary exposures. Ingested OCs are typically absorbed from the small intestine along with dietary lipids. Once in the body, stored OCs can mobilize from adipose tissue storage sites and, along with circulating OCs, are delivered into the small intestine via hepatic processing and biliary transport. Retained OCs are also transported into both the large and small intestinal lumen via non-biliary mechanisms involving both secretion and desquamation from enterocytes. OCs and some other toxicants can be reabsorbed from the intestine, however, they take part in enterohepatic circulation(EHC). While dietary fat facilitates the absorption of OCs from the small intestine, it has little effect on OCs within the large intestine. Non-absorbable dietary fats and fat absorption inhibitors, however, can reduce the re-absorption of OCs and other lipophiles involved in EHC and may enhance the secretion of these compounds into the large intestine—thereby hastening their elimination. Clinical studies are currently underway to determine the efficacy of using non-absorbable fats and inhibitors of fat absorption in facilitating the elimination of persistent body burdens of OCs and other lipophilic human contaminants.
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Wegner CJ, Kim B, Lee J. Trust your gut: galvanizing nutritional interest in intestinal cholesterol metabolism for protection against cardiovascular diseases. Nutrients 2013; 5:208-22. [PMID: 23325147 PMCID: PMC3571644 DOI: 10.3390/nu5010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the intestine is a key target organ for overall health and longevity. Complementing these studies is the discovery of the trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux pathway and the emerging role of the intestine in reverse cholesterol transport. The surfacing dynamics of the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the intestine provides an attractive platform for intestine-specific nutritional intervention strategies to lower blood cholesterol levels for protection against cardiovascular diseases. Notably, there is mounting evidence that stimulation of pathways associated with calorie restriction may have a large effect on the regulation of cholesterol removal by the intestine. However, intestinal energy metabolism, specifically the idiosyncrasies surrounding intestinal responses to energy deprivation, is poorly understood. The goal of this paper is to review recent insights into cholesterol regulation by the intestine and to discuss the potential for positive regulation of intestine-driven cholesterol removal through the nutritional induction of pathways associated with calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Wegner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 216 Advanced Technology Laboratory Building, 1392 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is critical for disposal of excess cholesterol from the body. Although it is generally accepted that RCT requires biliary secretion, recent studies show that RCT persists in genetic or surgical models of biliary insufficiency. Discovery of this nonbiliary pathway has opened new possibilities of targeting the intestine as an inducible cholesterol excretory organ. In this review we highlight the relative contribution and therapeutic potential for both biliary and nonbiliary components of RCT. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, the proximal small intestine has gained attention for its underappreciated ability to secrete cholesterol in a process called transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). Although this intestinal pathway for RCT is quantitatively less important than the biliary route under normal physiological conditions, TICE is highly inducible, providing a novel therapeutic opportunity for treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In fact, recent studies show that intestine-specific activation of RCT protects against ASCVD in mice. SUMMARY It is well known that the small intestine plays a gatekeeper role in the maintenance of cholesterol balance. Through integrated regulation of cholesterol absorption and TICE, the small intestine is a key target for new therapies against ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology-Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology-Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
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Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport was originally described as the high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol flux from the periphery via the hepatobiliary tract to the intestinal lumen, leading to fecal excretion. Since the introduction of reverse cholesterol transport in the 1970s, this pathway has been intensively investigated. In this topic highlight, the classical reverse cholesterol transport concepts are discussed and the subject reverse cholesterol transport is revisited.
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