Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis

IL-12 family cytokines and autoimmune diseases: A potential therapeutic target?

In recent years, the discovery of IL-12 family cytokines, which includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-39, whose biological functions directly or indirectly affect various autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune diseases, IL-12 family cytokines are aberrantly expressed to varying degrees. These cytokines utilize shared subunits to influence T-cell activation and differentiation, thereby regulating the balance of T-cell subsets, which profoundly impacts the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases. In such conditions, IL-12 family members are aberrantly expressed to varying degrees. By exploring their immunomodulatory functions, researchers have identified varying therapeutic potentials for each member. This review examines the physiological functions of the major IL-12 family members and their interactions, discusses their roles in several autoimmune diseases, and summarizes the progress of clinical studies involving monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-12 and IL-23 subunits currently available for treatment.

Tofacitinib downregulates JAK1 and JAK3 on human intestinal monocytes and macrophages without affecting dendritic cells phenotype or function

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Although Tofacitinib, which inhibits the JAK1 and JAK3 signalling pathway, is approved to treat patients with UC, its specific mechanism of action remain elusive. Given the central role that conventional dendritic cells (cDC) elicit in gut homeostasis, we hypothesised that Tofacitinib acts modulating cDC function in UC.

Methods

Human biopsies were obtained from colon of controls, and patients with UC (active and quiescent). Lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) were ex-vivo cultured in the presence/absence of Tofacitinib. The specific effect elicited over human intestinal cDC, monocytes and macrophages was assessed by flow cytometry. cDC were also enriched following Tofacitinib conditioning in order to assess its effect over naïve T-cells.

Results

Several human intestinal cDC, monocyte and macrophage subsets can be found in the human colon, with these cells being more similar between controls and patients with qUC referred to patients with aUC. Following ex-vivo culture, Tofacitinib downregulated JAK1 expression on intestinal monocytes from patients with both active and quiescent UC. As for macrophages, JAK1 was decreased on patients with active UC while JAK was downregulated on macrophages from patients with quiescent disease. Tofacitinib did not modulate the phenotype or function of human intestinal cDC.

Conclussion

Tofacitinib does not modulate the phenotype and function of human intestinal cDC in UC. On the contrary, it displays a differential capacity to modulate intestinal monocyte and macrophage phenotype. Future studies should address whether it also translates into a differential function of these cells.

Polymeric Nanosystems: A Breakthrough Approach to Treating Inflammation and Inflammation Related Diseases

Inflammation processes can cause mild to severe damage in the human body and can lead to a large number of inflammation-related diseases (IRD) such as cancer, neural, vascular, and pulmonary diseases. Limitations of anti-inflammatory drugs (AID) application are reflected in high therapeutic doses, toxicity, low bioavailability and solubility, side effects, etc. Polymeric nanosystems (PS) have been recognized as a safe and effective technology that is able to overcome these limitations by AID encapsulation and is able to answer to the specific demands of the IRD treatment. PS are attracting great attention due to their versatility, biocompatibility, low toxicity, fine-tuned properties, functionality, and ability for precise delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the targeted sites in the human body. This article offers an overview of three classes of polymeric nanosystems: a) dendrimers, b) polymeric micelles and polymeric nanoparticles, and c) polymeric filomicelles, as well as their properties, preparation, and application in IRD treatment. In the future, the number of PS formulations in clinical practice will certainly increase.

Effect of probiotic extracellular vesicles and their applications on health and disease

Probiotics have been established to exert a positive impact on the treatment of various diseases. Indeed, these active microorganisms have garnered significant attention in recent years for their potential to prevent and treat illnesses. Their beneficial effects have been hypothesized to be linked to their released extracellular vesicles. These nanoscale structures, secreted during the growth and metabolism of probiotics, possess favorable biocompatibility and targeting properties, thereby promoting intercellular material transport and signaling. This article aimed to review the bioactive components and functions of these probiotics vesicles, highlighting their role in the treatment of various diseases and discussing their potential future applications. By exploring the mechanisms of probiotic extracellular vesicles in disease development, this review aimed to provide a theoretical reference for further research on their therapeutic potential. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Causal relationship between atherosclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

This study was to evaluate the causal associations of atherosclerosis with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and its subtypes [ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD)]: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) associated with atherosclerosis including CPAmax, CPSmax, brachial-femoral pulse wave velocity (bfPWV), coronary atherosclerosis, cerebral atherosclerosis, peripheral atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke (IS) were identified from previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS). SNPs were strictly selected to fulfill the MR assumptions. The causal links between atherosclerosis and IBD were evaluated using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) as the primary method. Leave-one-out analysis was utilized to evaluate whether the outcomes were attributable to any individual SNP correlated to sex hormones. The estimates were subjected to odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

The results of IVW revealed that coronary atherosclerosis had causal association with increased risk of CD (OR = 1.162, 95%CI: 1.031-1.311). The causal association was also observed in IS with CD (OR = 1.376, 95%CI: 1.011-1.873) and UC (OR = 1.508, 95%CI: 1.153-1.971). Leave-one-out analysis indicated that no single SNP can affect the associations of CAD with IBD, CD, and UC, coronary atherosclerosis with CD, as well as IC with CD and UC.

CONCLUSIONS

Coronary atherosclerosis was causally related to CD, and IS had causal relationship with CD and UC. The finding might provide evidence for future exploration of the etiology for IBD.

Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Non-cancer Related Inflammatory Diseases

Nanomedicines offer a means to overcome the limitations associated with traditional drug dosage formulations by affording drug protection, enhanced drug bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery to affected sites. Inflamed tissues possess unique microenvironmental characteristics (including excessive reactive oxygen species, low pH levels, and hypoxia) that stimuli-responsive nanoparticles can employ as triggers to support on-demand delivery, enhanced accumulation, controlled release, and activation of anti-inflammatory drugs. Stimuli-responsive nanomedicines respond to physicochemical and pathological factors associated with diseased tissues to improve the specificity of drug delivery, overcome multidrug resistance, ensure accurate diagnosis and precision therapy, and control drug release to improve efficacy and safety. Current stimuli-responsive nanoparticles react to intracellular/microenvironmental stimuli such as pH, redox, hypoxia, or specific enzymes and exogenous stimuli such as temperature, magnetic fields, light, and ultrasound via bioresponsive moieties. This review summarizes the general strategies employed to produce stimuli-responsive nanoparticles tailored for inflammatory diseases and all recent advances, reports their applications in drug delivery, and illustrates the progress made toward clinical translation.

The role of bacteriophage in inflammatory bowel disease and its therapeutic potential

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of chronic inflammatory disorders impacting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It represents a significant public health challenge due to its rising global incidence and substantial impact on patients' quality of life. Emerging research suggests a pivotal role of the human microbiome in IBD pathogenesis. Bacteriophages, integral components of the human microbiome, are indicated to influence the disease onset, progression, and therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the effect of bacteriophages on the pathogenesis of IBD and, more specifically, on the gut bacteria, the systemic immunity, and the susceptibility genes. Additionally, we explore the potential therapeutic use of the bacteriophages to modify gut microbiota and improve the health outcomes of IBD patients. This review highlights the potential of therapeutic bacteriophages in regulating gut microbiota and modulating the immune response to improve health outcomes in IBD patients. Future studies on personalized bacteriophage therapy and its integration into clinical practice could advance treatment strategies for IBD.

An Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome Combined with Machine Learning and Single-Cell RNA-Seq for the Common Biomarkers in Crohn's Disease and Kidney Stone Disease

Background

The course of Crohn's disease (CD) is prolonged and many of them may develop kidney stone disease (KSD) with the need for surgical treatment. Therefore, finding biomarkers that can predict CD with KD become increasingly important.

Methods

We obtained three CD and one KSD dataset from GEO database. DEGs and module genes were identified utilizing Limma and WGCNA. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and employed machine learning algorithms to pinpoint potential hub genes (HGs) for diagnosing CD with KSD. We developed a nomogram and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Additionally, human intestinal cell and proximal tubular epithelial cell models were established to explore the HG levels. Next, we used Cytoscape to build the regulatory networks. Finally, single-cell analysis was performed to investigate specific cell types displaying these biomarkers in CD.

Results

We identified 36 common genes associated with CD and KSD. PYY, FOXA2, REG3A, REG1A, REG1B were identified as HGs utilizing the machine learning algorithm. The nomogram and all five potential HGs exhibited strong diagnostic capabilities. Cell experiments also verified that these genes were markedly expressed in cell models of CD and KSD. Meanwhile, we pinpointed four microRNAs and three transcriptional regulators intimately linked to five crucial genes. Finally, single-cell analysis indicated FOXA2, REG3A, REG1A and REG1B exhibited elevated expression in goblet cells, whereas PYY demonstrated high expression levels in coloncytes.

Conclusion

We determined five biomarkers, including PYY, FOXA2, REG3A, REG1A, REG1B. Our results offer useful perspectives for identifying CD with KSD.

Inorganic dietary nanoparticles in intestinal barrier function of inflammatory bowel disease: allies or adversaries?

Inorganic dietary nanoparticles (IDNPs) are frequently utilized as food additives and in packaging, resulting in their exposure becoming a substantial yet often overlooked concern for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Considering that impaired intestinal barrier function plays a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD, this review concentrates on the roles and mechanisms of IDNPs in the intestinal barrier (physical, chemical, biological, and immune barriers) of IBD patients. Previous studies have shown that different types of nanoparticles have varying effects on animals in diverse states. In this context, factors such as the source, size, shape, dosage, and duration of action of the nanoparticles, as well as the species, gender, dietary habits, and age of the animals, significantly influence research outcomes. Future studies should undertake more comprehensive explorations into the effects and mechanisms of IDNPs with diverse sources and properties in IBD patients.

Immunocyte phenotypes and childhood disease susceptibility: insights from bidirectional Mendelian randomization and implications for immunomodulatory therapies

Immune cells are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis during childhood and influence both growth and disease susceptibility. However, the causal relationships between immunocyte phenotypes and childhood diseases remain unclear. This study employed a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to assess causal associations between 731 immunocyte phenotypes and four major childhood diseases: childhood obesity, childhood absence epilepsy, childhood asthma, and childhood allergies. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were used, and stringent instrumental variable (IV) selection and multiple sensitivity analyses, including MR-Egger, weighted median, and leave-one-out tests, were applied to validate the robustness of the results. Significant associations were identified between specific T cell, monocyte, and B cell phenotypes and childhood diseases. Notably, CD8bright T cells and CD19 + B cells were positively correlated with childhood obesity, while monocyte subtypes were strongly associated with asthma pathophysiology. Reverse MR analysis indicated no significant causal effects of childhood diseases on immune phenotypes, except for negative associations between childhood asthma and TCRgd AC, and childhood allergy and CD28 + CD45RA + CD4 + cells. These findings highlight the critical role of immune dysregulation in childhood disease etiology and suggest potential targets for immunomodulatory therapies. Understanding these immune-disease interactions may inform novel pharmacological interventions, particularly in immune-mediated disorders such as asthma and obesity. Further research into immune-targeted therapies could enhance treatment strategies for pediatric conditions associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction.

The dietary inflammatory potential and its role in the risk and progression of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Inflammation is central in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Because of diet's pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, multiple observational studies have explored the link between the dietary inflammatory potential and IBD-related outcomes. We aimed to systematically review the literature and provide a comprehensive overview of the dietary inflammatory potential and its association with the development and progression of IBD.

METHODS

Literature was searched systematically on the 2nd of May 2024 in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify the observational studies that explored the link between the dietary inflammatory potential and IBD-related outcomes. A higher dietary inflammatory potential was defined as the ability of a dietary pattern to promote inflammation in the body. Studies were included only if they quantified this using a dietary index, such as the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP). Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

RESULTS

Fourteen of the 165 identified records met the inclusion criteria. Seven investigated the risk of developing IBD, but with mixed results. Nine investigated the progression of IBD, which indicated that a higher dietary inflammatory potential contributed to higher disease activity and associated symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidence suggested that a higher dietary inflammatory potential worsens the condition of IBD patients, while the link with the risk of developing the disease was less clear. To elucidate this, high-quality intervention studies are needed.

Emerging Technologies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Minireview on Future Treatment Modalities

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can present as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Both phenotypes are inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite scientific advances, the overall incidence and morbidity of IBD continues to increase worldwide. Fortunately, we continue to develop novel therapies, in hopes of providing safer, more effective treatment options. Such therapies include cell therapy, exosome therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and central nerve stimulation. The aim of this review is to briefly highlight each of these novel therapeutic interventions as they relate to the treatment of IBD.

Association of intestinal anti-inflammatory drug target genes with psychiatric Disorders: A Mendelian randomization study

INTRODUCTION

Psychiatric disorders present a substantial global public health burden with limited drug options. The gut-brain axis connects inflammatory bowel diseases and psychiatric disorders, which often have comorbidities. While some evidence hints at anti-inflammatory drugs aiding in treating psychiatric conditions, the specific effects of intestinal anti-inflammatory drugs remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

This study investigates the causal effect of intestinal anti-inflammatory drug targets on psychiatric disorders. We hypothesize that these drug targets may offer new insights into the treatment and prevention of such disorders. Additionally, we explore gut microbiota's mediating role between drug target genes and psychiatric disorders.

METHODS

We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary data from existing expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and protein QTL in the brain, along with public genome-wide association studies of disease. We also explored gut microbiota's mediating effect. The statistics encompassed six psychiatric disorders involving 9,725-500,199 individuals. Colocalization analysis enhanced the MR evidence.

RESULTS

We uncovered a causal link between TPMT (a target of olsalazine) expression in the amygdala and bipolar disorder (BD) risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08; P = 4.29 × 10-4). This association was observed even when the sigmoid colon and whole blood eQTL were considered as exposures. Colocalization analysis revealed a shared genetic variant (rs11751561) between TPMT expression and BD, with a posterior probability of 61.6 %. Interestingly, this causal effect was influenced by a decrease in the gut microbiota abundance of the genus Roseburia (effect proportion = 10.05 %). Moreover, elevated ACAT1 expression was associated with higher obsessive-compulsive disorder risk (OR = 1.62; P = 3.64 × 10-4; posterior probability = 3.1 %).

CONCLUSION

These findings provide novel targets for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, underscore the potential of repurposing olsalazine, and emphasize the importance of TPMT and ACAT1 in future drug development.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of the association between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel diseases

OBJECTIVES

Several earlier studies have shown that IBD (including its two subtypes, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD)) increases the risk of periodontal disease. This study aimed to evaluate the relevance among periodontitis and IBD subcategories.

METHODS

This study was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. The Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched up to February 2024 using pertinent keywords. Case series, review articles, and animal studies were excluded. The risk of bias in this research was evaluated through the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) criteria. The meta-analysis was conducted using R statistical software.

RESULTS

A total of 9134 patients within 13 studies after the screening process were evaluated. Our study has shown that periodontitis is significantly more prevalent among IBD patients (UC and CD). According to prior meta-analyses, PD morbidity was found to be significantly high among CD patients (OR: 4.30; 95% CI: 3.72-4.98; I2 = 0%). Similarly, UC elevated PD risk (OR: 4.55; 95% CI: 3.76-5.50; I2 = 0%). The risk of periodontitis was not significantly different between CD and UC patients (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.65-1.43; I2 = 34%).

CONCLUSIONS

UC and CD patients were more likely to develop periodontitis, with low heterogeneity between studies, while the prevalence of periodontitis among UC and CD patients was not meaningfully different.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The higher risk of periodontitis in patients with IBD indicates the necessity of screening for periodontitis. Considering the various oral manifestations and poor quality of life associated with IBD, it is important to be aware of the symptoms of periodontitis.

The emerging role of honeysuckle flower in inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pose considerable challenges in treatment because they are chronic conditions that easily relapse. The occurrence of IBD continues to rise in developing countries. Nonetheless, the existing therapies for IBD have limitations and fail to address the needs of the patients thoroughly. There is an increasing need for new, safe, and highly effective alternative medications for IBD patients. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is employed in drug development and disease management due to its wide-range of biological activities, minimal toxicity, and limited side effects. Extensive research has shown that certain TCM exhibits significant therapeutic benefits for IBD treatments. Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) was used in TCM research and clinical settings for the treatment of IBD. Bioactive metabolites in L. japonica, such as luteolin, quercetin, cyanidin, chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeic acid (CA), and saponin, exhibit significant therapeutic benefits for managing IBD. The honeysuckle flower is a potential candidate in the treatment of IBD due to its anti-inflammatory, immune system-regulating, and antioxidant qualities. This paper reviews the metabolites of the honeysuckle flower as a candidate for the treatment of IBD. It discusses the fundamental mechanism of L. japonica and the potential of its bioactive metabolites in the prevention and treatment of IBD.

Mendelian randomization study of circulating leukocytes counts reveals causal associations with inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent IBD, whose cause involves the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Although there is a recognized link between immune response and IBD, the causal relationship between circulating immune cell counts and IBD remains controversial. This study aimed to elucidate the causal relationship between genetically predicted circulating immune cell counts and IBD. We conducted a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using aggregated statistics from genome-wide association studies. The causal relationship between 5 circulating leukocytes cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils) counts and IBD, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) was analyzed. Horizontal pleiotropy test and heterogeneity test were used to ensure the stability of the results. Our findings indicated that monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils count were not significantly associated with IBD, however, elevated circulating neutrophils count was significantly associated with higher risk of IBD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.0017; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0004-1.003; P = .009] and UC [OR = 2.465; 95% CI = 1.236-4.916; P = .01]. In addition, we also found that IBD [OR: 12.07; 95% CI = 1.909-76.316; P = .008] and CD [OR = 1.014; 95% CI = 1.004-1.023; P = .005] were significantly associated with higher circulating neutrophils count in reverse MR. This MR study provides genetic evidence for the causal relationship between the genetically predicted increase in circulating neutrophils count and the risk of IBD (UC and CD). This finding stresses the need for further exploring physiological functions of neutrophils in order to develop effective strategies against IBD.

The Application of Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers, Therapies, and Novel Vaccines in Diseases

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that largely lack the capacity to encode proteins. They have garnered significant attention due to their central regulatory functions across numerous cellular and physiological processes at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Over the past decade, ncRNA-based therapies have gained considerable attention in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, and many studies have revealed a significant relationship between ncRNAs and diseases. At the same time, due to their tissue specificity, an increasing number of projects have focused on the application of ncRNAs as biomarkers in diseases, as well as the design and development of novel ncRNA-based vaccines and therapies for clinical use. These ncRNAs may also drive research into the potential molecular mechanisms and complex pathogenesis of related diseases. However, new biomarkers need to be validated for their clinical effectiveness. Additionally, to produce safe and stable RNA products, factors such as purity, precise dosage, and effective delivery methods must be ensured to achieve optimal bioactivity. These challenges remain key issues in the clinical application of ncRNAs. This review summarizes the prospects of ncRNAs as potential biomarkers, as well as the current research status and clinical applications of ncRNAs in therapies and vaccines, and discusses the challenges and expectations of ncRNAs in disease diagnosis and drug therapy.

Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) characterized by various clinical symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and extraintestinal manifestations, which negatively affect a patient's quality of life. Both mainly occur in adolescence and young adulthood and therefore affect women in their sexually active period. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of IBD on female sexuality and attitudes towards contraception. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional survey study was conducted at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Data were collected using a self-designed questionnaire, which included questions on demographics, gynecological patient history, contraceptive choices, and fertility, as well as the Female Sexual Functionality Index (FSFI). Results: A total of 83 female patients with IBD (CD: n = 47, UC: n = 36) and 340 healthy control participants between the ages of 18 and 50 years were investigated. Demographic parameters did not differ between the groups; however, mean FSFI scores were significantly lower in the patient group (p < 0.001). Significantly fewer patients in the IBD group used contraception (p = 0.008). No significant differences regarding conception rates and infertility rates were noted between patients with IBD and control participants (p = 0.533 and p = 0.506, respectively). Conclusions: Female sexuality is significantly impaired in patients with IBD. Women with IBD do not receive sufficient information regarding contraception and should be screened for sexual dysfunction to optimize their quality of life.

Curcumin for the clinical treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials

Introduction

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), presents complex challenges in management due to dysregulated immune responses and genetic predispositions. This study explored the potential of curcumin as an adjunctive therapy in IBD, assessing its efficacy and safety through a systematic review of clinical trials to enhance treatment strategies and outcomes.

Methods

To identify placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials on curcumin treatment in IBD, databases such as Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar were searched till May 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on RCTs comparing curcumin with placebo in IBD patients, with data extraction and analysis conducted using established methodologies and tools for comprehensive synthesis and assessment of study findings.

Results

In this meta-analysis, 13 placebo-controlled RCTs on curcumin treatment in IBD were included after screening 362 records and conducting a full-text review. Most trials focused on UC patients and were published post-2010, utilizing oral curcumin with varying dosages and durations. The analysis showed curcumin's significant efficacy in achieving clinical remission and response in UC patients, with heterogeneity observed. Adverse events and withdrawal rates did not significantly differ between curcumin and placebo groups. In CD patients, curcumin did not show superiority over placebo for clinical and endoscopic remission.

Conclusion

The findings highlight curcumin's potential as a treatment for UC but indicate inconclusive results for CD, emphasizing the need for further research. The multifaceted mechanisms of curcumin's efficacy in IBD involve anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, microbiota modulatory, and immune-regulating properties. Further research is warranted to enhance understanding and treatment efficacy.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024567247.

KLHL25-ACLY module functions as a switch in the fate determination of the differentiation of iTreg/Th17

The differentiation of Th17 and iTreg is tightly associated with fatty acid metabolism. TGFβ1-induced iTreg differentiation from Th0 relies on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), whereas IL-6 with TGFβ1 shifts metabolism to Th17-preferred fatty acid synthesis (FAS). However, how IL-6 reprograms fatty acid metabolism remains unclear. Here, we unveiled that TGFβ1-activated JNK is recruited to the Klhl25 promoter by NF-YA. JNK then phosphorylates histone H3 at Ser10 to activate Klhl25 transcription, leading to the ubiquitination-dependent degradation of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and the switch from FAS to FAO, which supports iTreg generation. Whereas, upon IL-6 signaling, NF-YA is phosphorylated by ERK, losing its DNA binding ability, which shuts off TGFβ1-JNK-mediated Klhl25 transcription and ACLY ubiquitination, thereby increasing FAS and supporting Th17 differentiation. This study demonstrated that KLHL25-ACLY module functions as a switch in response to TGFβ1 and IL-6 signals, playing a decisive role in the fate determination of iTreg/Th17 differentiation.

VCAM-1 as a common biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer: unveiling the dual anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer capacities of anti-VCAM-1 therapies

Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 has garnered significant research attention due to its potential as a disease biomarker and drug target across several inflammatory pathologies-including atherosclerosis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The VCAM-1 protein has also been noted for its functional involvement in cancer metastasis and drug resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics. Although the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer facets of VCAM-1 antagonisation have been examined separately, there is yet to be a review that explicitly addresses the functional interrelationship between these mechanisms. Furthermore, the pleiotropic mechanisms of anti-VCAM-1 therapies may present a useful paradigm for designing drug candidates with synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic effects. The pathological overlap between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) serves as the quintessential disease model to observe this therapeutic duality. This review thereby details the adhesive mechanisms of VCAM-1 in colorectal disease-specifically, driving immune cell infiltration during IBD and tumour cell metastasis in CRC-and posits the potential of this receptor as a common drug target for both diseases. To explore this hypothesis, the current progress of novel VCAM-1-directed drug candidates in experimental models of IBD and CRC is also discussed.

Structured exercise in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a literature review

Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) either do not respond or lose response to dedicated pharmacotherapy; therefore, physical exercise is gaining attention as a potential treatment adjunct. Recent research has highlighted the favorable relationship between physical activity and patient-reported outcomes. The reviewed studies suggest that structured exercise programs are safe and effective in the management of IBD. Yet the benefits of training trials need to be interpreted with caution due to the heterogeneity of the study methods and interventions, small sample sizes, and the absence of long-term follow-ups.

Gut microbiome predictors of advanced therapy response in Crohn's disease: protocol for the OPTIMIST prospective, longitudinal, observational pilot study in Canada

INTRODUCTION

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, is characterised by chronic and relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to significant morbidity and reduced quality of life. The global rise in IBD incidence is driven by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, dietary and microbiome-related factors. Despite advancements in treatment, such as biologics, response rates remain variable, highlighting the need for personalised approaches. Recent research suggests that specific microbiome signatures may serve as biomarkers for predicting therapeutic efficacy, offering a potential tool for optimising treatment strategies in CD. The aim of the Optimising IBD Patient Treatment with Integrated Microbiome Investigation for Specialised Therapeutics (OPTIMIST) study is to evaluate microbiome profiles across various sample types in a Canadian CD cohort starting or already on advanced therapy, with the goal of developing predictive models for personalised therapeutics.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This study is a two-phase, longitudinal, prospective observational pilot study conducted in British Columbia, Canada, involving both CD patients and non-IBD controls. Phase 1 focuses on baseline microbiome differences across participant cohorts through cross-sectional analysis. Phase 2 follows participants over 12 months to assess microbiome changes and their association with treatment response. Stool samples, intestinal biopsies from the left colon, right colon and ileum, as well as mucosal wash samples from the proximal part of the distal colon, will undergo metagenomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics analyses to explore compositional and functional differences. Data will be analysed using alpha and beta diversity metrics, differential abundance analyses and multivariate analyses to identify microbiome-based predictors of therapeutic response.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval was received by the Research Ethics Board (REB) of University of British Columbia-Providence Healthcare (UBC-PHC) with a REB number H23-02927. All amendments to the protocol are reported and adapted based on the requirements of the REB. The results of this study will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and will be communicated in editorials/articles by the IBD Centre of BC and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT06453720.

PROTOCOL VERSION

2024-06-21, version 3.0.

Ischemic Stroke May Increase the Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Evidence from a Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

BACKGROUND

The bidirectional causal relationship between ischemic stroke (IS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear, prompting us to propose a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate this relationship further.

METHODS

We obtained IS data from the MEGASTROKE consortium and IBD data, including its subtypes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), from the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium. In this study, we utilized IBD and its subtypes as exposure variables and IS as the outcome variable, and vice versa, to explore the bidirectional relationship between them. We used the IBD genetic data from the FinnGen database as replication data to further explore the causality. In this study, we employed the inverse variance weighting method as our primary approach. For sensitivity analyses, we utilized additional methods including MR-Egger regression, weighted median estimation, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), and MR-Robust adjusted profile score. Furthermore, we conducted a random effects meta-analysis to combine the causal relationships derived from both the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium and FinnGen datasets, aiming to ascertain more robust causal associations.

RESULTS

The initial phase of the bidirectional MR study revealed a causal relationship between IS and the risk of CD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-2.02, P = 0.0008) and UC (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.69, P = 0.0179), but did not find a causal relationship between IBD as a whole and the risk of IS, nor between IBD subtypes and the risk of IS. During the replication phase, the FinnGen database did not reveal any significant correlation between IS and the risk of IBD, including its subtypes CD and UC. However, additional meta-analysis of the combined data from both databases indicated that IS is significantly associated with an increased risk of CD (OR inverse-variance weighted (IVW) = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07-1.69, P < 0.05) and UC (ORIVW = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04-1.50, P < 0.05), but not with the overall risk of IBD (ORIVW = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.87-1.16, P > 0.05). No significant effects were observed between IBD and IS risk, nor were there significant effects between IS and the risks of IBD, CD, or UC. To ensure the robustness of these findings, heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests were conducted.

CONCLUSIONS

IBD and its subtypes were not found to be causally associated with the risk of IS, whereas IS was found to be causally associated with the risk of CD and UC. This suggests that the risks of CD and UC should be closely monitored in patients with IS.

Effect of Bojanggunbi-tang and its primary constituent herbs on the gastrointestinal tract: a scoping review

Background

Bojanggunbi-tang (BGT), a herbal prescription used in traditional Korean medicine, has been used to treat various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases.

Methods

Studies on BGT published until May 2024 were retrieved from the electronic databases of Medline, CENTRAL, Embase, AMED, CNKI, CiNii, Kmbase, KISS, NDSL, and OASIS using GI-related terms. All study types, regardless of the research method or language, were eligible for inclusion. Additional articles on Lonicera japonica, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Alisma canaliculatum, which are key components of BGT, were retrieved from the databases of Medline, CENTRAL, Embase, and Web of Science using GI-specific terms. The basic information, research models, administration methods, evaluation methods, and treatment outcomes of the selected studies were examined subsequently.

Results

Fourteen studies, comprising nine animal studies, one cell-based study, and four human studies, were included in the final analysis. BGT was found to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, promote restoration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, and regulate GI motility. Analysis of the key herbal components L. japonica, A. macrocephala, and A. canaliculatum revealed that they inhibit inflammatory cytokines and oxidative substances, regulate serotonin and cholinergic pathways, and modulate intestinal microbiota.

Conclusion

This scoping review confirmed the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of BGT and its main components, L. japonica, A. macrocephala, and A. canaliculatum, thereby indicating its ability to enhance GI health. Further studies, including randomized clinical trials, must be conducted in the future to confirm these findings.

Scoping review registration

The study was registered in OSF, an international scoping review database: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ATU4S.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a plausible immunomodulatory therapeutic tool for inflammatory diseases

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), especially, exosomes are considered to have diverse therapeutic effects for various significant diseases. MSC-derived exosomes (MSCex) offer substantial advantages over MSCs due to their long-term preservation, stability, absence of nuclei and fewer adverse effects such as infusion toxicity, thereby paving the way towards regenerative medicine and cell-free therapeutics. These exosomes harbor several cellular contents such as DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, and proteins, facilitating drug delivery and intercellular communication. MSCex have the ability to immunomodulate and trigger the anti-inflammatory process hence, playing a key role in alleviating inflammation and enhancing tissue regeneration. In this review, we addressed the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCex and the underlying immunomodulatory pathways. Moreover, we discussed the recent updates on MSCex in treating specific inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory eye diseases, and respiratory diseases such as asthma and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as well as neurodegenerative and cardiac diseases. Finally, we highlighted the challenges in using MSCex as the successful therapeutic tool and discussed future perspectives.

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis of combination therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, manifests as a chronic, recurrent, and refractory intestinal inflammatory condition significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. Despite ongoing research, its etiology and pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Recent advancements in medical research highlight the critical role of drug combination therapies in managing IBD. This paper employs the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats framework to evaluate the four strategic elements (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) pertaining to combination therapies for IBD. Among the strengths, the paper underscores the efficacy of multi-targeted strategies, the advancement of personalized medicine, and the mitigation of drug resistance. Nonetheless, the analysis identifies significant weaknesses, including the prohibitive cost of treatment, issues with patient compliance, and the necessity for comprehensive long-term safety data. The paper also delineates opportunities to augment therapeutic success through the incorporation of biomarkers, the application of artificial intelligence, and extensive international collaborative efforts. In contrast, the paper does not shy away from addressing the threats, which include the potential for therapeutic resistance and the logistical challenges inherent in global therapy deployment. These initiatives aim to refine future therapeutic practices, fostering safer, more effective, and personalized treatment paradigms for IBD patients.

Relapse Rates and Predictors for Relapse in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease Patients After Discontinuation of Vedolizumab or Ustekinumab: The REVEUS Study

Background/Objectives: In the current era of tailored therapy, biologics such as vedolizumab (VDZ) and ustekinumab (UST) are increasingly administered to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. The decision to discontinue biologics after side effects or a lack of response is usually simple, but the decision to stop treatment in patients in remission is more difficult: to date, no study has been conducted to investigate the effects of VDZ or UST withdrawal. Our study aims to investigate the rates and predictors of relapse of IBD after the discontinuation of VDZ and UST during a well-controlled disease phase and to evaluate the response to retreatment. Methods: In this observational, multicenter, retrospective study, we included IBD patients who discontinued VDZ or UST during a well-controlled disease phase after at least 1 year of treatment. We collected demographic and clinical data for each patient at the time of discontinuation and at follow-up visits. Results: We included 36 IBD patients from 5 different centers; 80.0%, 58.5%, and 48.3% of patients maintained clinical remission at 12, 24, and 48 months after discontinuation, respectively. Crohn's disease (CD) patients were more likely to maintain remission than ulcerative colitis (UC) patients at 48 months (70.0% vs. 40.0%). No predictors of relapse were identified, but UC patients had a higher risk of early relapse than CD patients (HR = 3.23); 81.3% of retreated IBD patients achieved clinical remission after induction and at 12 months. Conclusions: No predictors of disease relapse after treatment discontinuation were identified. Half of the patients had a relapse within 48 months after discontinuation, but most of them achieved clinical remission after retreatment.

Chloride channels and mast cell function: pioneering new frontiers in IBD therapy

Emerging evidence indicates that chloride channels (ClCs) significantly affect the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through their regulatory roles in mast cell function and epithelial integrity. IBD, encompassing conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, where channels influence immune responses, fluid balance, and cellular signalling pathways essential for maintaining mucosal homeostasis. This review examines the specific roles of ClC in mast cells, focussing on the regulation of mast cell activation, degranulation, cytokine release, and immune cell recruitment in inflamed tissues. Key channels, including Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and ClC-2, are discussed in detail because of their involvement in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function, a critical factor disrupted in IBD. For example, CFTR facilitates chloride ion transport across epithelial cells, which is essential for mucosal hydration and maintenance of the intestinal barrier. Reduced CFTR function can compromise this barrier, permitting microbial antigens to penetrate the underlying tissues and triggering excessive immune responses. ClC-2, another chloride channel expressed in mast cells and epithelial cells, supports tight junction integrity, contributes to barrier function, and reduces intestinal permeability. Dysregulation of these channels is linked to altered mast cell activity and excessive release of pro-inflammatory mediators, exacerbating IBD symptoms, such as diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and tissue damage. Here, we review recent pharmacological strategies targeting ClC, including CFTR potentiators and ClC-2 activators, which show the potential to mitigate inflammatory responses. Additionally, experimental approaches for selective modulation of chloride channels in mast cells have been explored. Although targeting ClC offers promising therapeutic avenues, challenges remain in achieving specificity and minimizing side effects. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of Cl channel modulation in mast cells as a novel approach for IBD treatment, aiming to reduce inflammation and restore intestinal homeostasis in affected patients.

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Encapsulating siIL1R2 Facilitate the Repair of DSS-Induced Intestinal Mucosal Injury

BACKGROUND

Interleukin-1 receptor 2 (IL1R2) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) as critical mediators of immune modulation and inflammation. This study aims to evaluate their functions in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal injury.

METHODS

A DSS-induced intestinal injury model was established in C57BL/6 mice. Pharmacological inhibitors targeting IL1R2 or CCR2 were administered. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC)-derived exosomes were isolated and loaded with IL1R2-siRNA, which were then administered to intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) or DSS-challenged mice.

RESULTS

IL1R2 and CCR2 were upregulated in DSS-treated colon tissues. Pharmacological inhibition of IL1R2 or CCR2 improved body weight, restored colon length, reduced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and preserved epithelial integrity in mice. miR-128-3p enriched in ADMSC-derived exosomes significantly reduced CCR2 expression in IEC-6 cells. Further loading of an IL1R2 siRNA in these exosomes led to a simultaneous inhibition of IL1R2. These exosomes reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and inflammation in IEC-6 cells and improved histological outcomes in DSS-challenged mice.

CONCLUSION

IL1R2 and CCR2 are key mediators of inflammation in DSS-induced intestinal injury. Dual inhibition of IL1R2 and CCR2 holds great promise for alleviating inflammatory responses and improving histological presentations in inflammatory bowel disease.

The circadian rhythm as therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease

The primary objectives of the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are to prevent IBD flares, prevent/delay disease progression and improve patients' quality of life. To this end, one needs to identify risk factor(s) associated with flare-ups and disease progression. We posit that disruption of circadian rhythms is one of the key factors that is associated with risk of flare-up and disease progression. This hypothesis is based on published studies that show: (1) The circadian rhythm regulates many biological processes including multiple IBD-relevant biological processes that are critical in inflammatory/immune processes such as environment/microbe interaction, microbe/host interaction, intestinal barrier integrity and mucosal immunity-all central in the pathogenesis of IBD, and (2) Circadian machinery is the primary tool for the host to interact with the environment. Circadian misalignment results in a loss of preparedness of the host to respond and adjust to the environmental changes that could make the host more vulnerable to IBD flare-ups. In this review, we first provide an overview of circadian rhythms and its role in healthy and disease states. Then we present data to support our hypothesis that: (1) IBD patients have disrupted circadian rhythms ("social jet lag") and (2) circadian misalignment and associated disrupted sleep decreases the resiliency of IBD patients resulting in microbiota dysbiosis, more disrupted intestinal barrier integrity and a more aggressive disease phenotype. We also show that circadian-directed interventions have a potential to mitigate the deleterious impact of disrupted circadian and improve IBD disease course.

Nutritional Interventions in Adult Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials

CONTEXT

There is still debate regarding the effect of nutritional interventions in improving irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms.

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to examine the evidence certainty and validity of all existing meta-analyses of intervention trials on nutritional interventions in patients with IBS.

DATA SOURCES

Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were reviewed until June 2023.

DATA EXTRACTION

Meta-analyses assessing the impacts of nutritional interventions in adults with IBS were entered. Effect sizes of nutritional interventions were recalculated by applying a random-effects model. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was implemented to determine evidence certainty.

RESULTS

A total of 175 trials in 58 meta-analyses were entered describing the effects of 11 nutritional interventions on IBS-related outcomes. Nutritional interventions had beneficial effects on some IBS-related outcomes. For instance, soluble fiber, peppermint oil, and aloe vera improved IBS symptoms, and vitamin D3 and curcumin improved IBS symptom severity. Tongxieyaofang improved abdominal pain severity and stool frequency. Nevertheless, these outcomes have mainly shown small effects and low to very low evidence certainty. With regard to abdominal pain after probiotic supplementation (relative risk [RR]: 4.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.36, 6.92; GRADE = moderate) and IBS symptoms after a low-fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet (RR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.93; GRADE = moderate), there was evidence that probiotics and a low-FODMAP diet can confer clinical and favorable effects.

CONCLUSION

The current review does not support nutritional interventions for improving IBS symptoms. With regard to probiotics and a low-FODMAP diet, considering limitations like short-term study duration, there was an influential clinical impact.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023429991.

Sedanolide alleviates DSS-induced colitis by modulating the intestinal FXR-SMPD3 pathway in mice

INTRODUCTION

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global disease with limited therapy. It is reported that sedanolide exerts anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects as a natural phthalide, but its effects on IBD remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we investigated the impacts of sedanolide on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.

METHODS

The mice were administered sedanolide or vehicle followed by DSS administration, after which colitis symptoms, inflammation levels, and intestinal barrier function were evaluated. Transcriptome analysis, 16S rRNA sequencing, and targeted metabolomics analysis of bile acids and lipids were performed.

RESULTS

Sedanolide protected mice from DSS-induced colitis, suppressed the inflammation, restored the weakened epithelial barrier, and modified the gut microbiota by decreasing bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-expressing bacteria. The downregulation of BSH activity by sedanolide increased the ratio of conjugated/unconjugated bile acids (BAs), thereby inhibiting the intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway. The roles of the FXR pathway and gut microbiota were verified using an intestinal FXR-specific agonist (fexaramine) and germ-free mice, respectively. Furthermore, we identified the key effector ceramide, which is regulated by sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3). The protective effects of ceramide (d18:1/16:0) against inflammation and the gut barrier were demonstrated in vitro using the human cell line Caco-2.

CONCLUSION

Sedanolide could reshape the intestinal flora and influence BA composition, thus inhibiting the FXR-SMPD3 pathway to stimulate the synthesis of ceramide, which ultimately alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Overall, our research revealed the protective effects of sedanolide against DSS-induced colitis in mice, which indicated that sedanolide may be a clinical treatment for colitis. Additionally, the key lipid ceramide (d18:1/16:0) was shown to mediate the protective effects of sedanolide, providing new insight into the associations between colitis and lipid metabolites.

A derivative of tanshinone IIA and salviadione, 15a, inhibits inflammation and alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by direct binding and inhibition of RIPK2

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies established the role of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the development of IBDs, suggesting that anti-inflammatory therapies might offer a viable treatment strategy. Tanshinone IIA and salviadione, both derived from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. A series of new compounds were synthesized by hybridizing salviadione with tanshinone. Among these compounds, 15a showed beneficial effects in LPS-induced acute lung injury and diabetes-induced renal injury mouse models. The current study explored the therapeutic efficacy of 15a using both acute and chronic colitis models and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. DSS-induced colitis models were established in mice, where acute colitis was treated with compound 15a (5 or 10 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 8 days, while chronic colitis mice received compound 15a (5 or 10 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) during 2.5% DSS administration. The 15a treatment significantly alleviated DSS-induced pathological and inflammatory damages in both acute and chronic colitis mouse models. In mouse intestinal epithelial cell line MODE-K, pretreatment with compound 15a (5 or 10 μM) significantly suppressed LPS + L18-MDP-induced inflammatory responses. The receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2) was identified as a direct binding target of compound 15a using microarrays and recombinant human proteins. Moreover, 15a could directly bind to and inhibit the phosphorylation of RIPK2, leading to the suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, LEU153 and VAL32 were identified within the KD domain of RIPK2 as critical amino residues for the binding of 15a. Briefly, the current findings demonstrate that compound 15a holds promise as a therapeutic agent for managing acute and chronic colitis.

Colitis-Associated Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Features and Endoscopic Management

Patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involving the colon are at higher risk of developing colorectal dysplastic or neoplastic lesions. While from sporadic colorectal cancer follows an "adenoma-carcinoma" sequence, IBD colitis-associated carcinogenesis is mainly related to an "inflammation-dysplasia-carcinoma" sequence. Currently, specific endoscopic surveillance strategies involving dye spray and virtual chromoendoscopy have been standardized, aiming for early CRC diagnosis. When detected, colitis-associated dysplasia should be classified according to standard classification, thus allowing for better treatment. Indeed, most IBD-associated dysplastic lesions can be treated with endoscopic resection, even though available procedures are usually more challenging than those in the general population. The higher frequency of severe submucosal fibrosis and the difficulty in the definition of lesions' margins account for this issue. Current endoscopic resection techniques include polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Recent evidence suggests the relevance of en bloc resection, as this may be associated with lower rates of recurrence. Therefore, particularly for larger (>20 mm) lesions, ESD should be preferred, even though it is considered the most difficult technique due to frequent severe submucosal fibrosis. Considering the growing number of new endoscopic resective techniques, including underwater EMR or ESD, which in the general population have been suggested to lower procedure-related risks and may also allow a larger spread of advanced endoscopic resection in IBD. However, additional data are needed to assess the medium- and long-term efficacy of endoscopic resection of visible dysplasia in IBD patients, which are burdened by a high risk of local and, more importantly, metachronous recurrence.

Causal Relationship between Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study

Aims/Background The relationship between dysregulated branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not fully understood. This study applied a bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to explore the potential causal relationship between circulating BCAA levels and IBD. Methods Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data on total BCAA levels, comprising leucine, valine, and isoleucine, were utilized. Data on IBD and its subtypes were sourced from the FinnGen study. The primary analytical method was the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) MR. To determine the direct causal effect of BCAA levels on IBD risk while accounting for confounders, we employed multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR). Results IVW analysis revealed a positive correlation between circulating total BCAA levels, including valine, leucine, and isoleucine, and an increased risk of Crohn's disease (CD). No causal link was detected between BCAA levels and overall IBD or ulcerative colitis (UC). In the MVMR analysis, adjusting for common risk factors further validated a direct causal effect of elevated BCAA levels on CD risk. Conclusion Our findings suggest that elevated circulating BCAA levels are associated with an increased risk of CD. Further research is warranted to explore the potential implications of these findings for CD risk management.

Nrf2 signaling pathway studies in Drosophila melanogaster: parallel roles in human health and insect environmental responses

The Nrf2 signalling pathway is crucial for cellular defense against oxidative stress and xenobiotic toxicity, highlighting its importance in both human health and environmental responses.This review focuses on the dual role of Drosophila melanogaster in Nrf2 research: we utilised the PubMed database to collect and summarised research articles on fruit fly Nrf2 studies published in the past decade, using keywords such as 'Nrf2', 'CncC', and 'Drosophila'.We found that Drosophila melanogaster, as a classical model organism for studying human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, and diabetes, and as an insect model for investigating xenobiotic responses and pesticide resistance, is particularly well-suited for exploring the diverse and complex functions of Nrf2 pathway.Additionally, Natural products such as curcumin and quercetin can modulate Nrf2 activity for cytoprotection. Utilising D. melanogaster's genetic tools and short life cycles, researchers can discover new therapeutics and study their mechanisms.This twofold exploration not only advances our understanding of Nrf2 in human health but also provides insights into pest control strategies through enhanced insect resistance mechanisms. Continued research in this area is essential for developing innovative treatments and effective pest management approaches.

Probiotic Bacillus cereus regulates metabolic disorders and activates the cholic acid-FXR axis to alleviate DSS-induced colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by severe imbalance of intestinal flora and metabolic disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that probiotics can effectively alleviate inflammatory bowel disease by restoring the intestinal flora structure and modulating the immune response. However, the role of probiotics in regulating intestinal metabolism disorders is still unclear. This study explores the role of probiotic B. cereus in alleviating DSS-induced colitis. The findings indicated probiotic B. cereus treatment mitigated tissue damage and apoptosis during inflammation. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis revealed B. cereus activated the cholic acid-FXR axis by increasing cholic acid levels, which promoted the gene expression level of NF-κB inhibitor α, reduced the IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α concentrations. Furthermore, it effectively mitigated the DSS-induced disruption of bile acid metabolism, arginine metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. This study explores the effect and mechanisms of probiotic B. cereus on alleviating DSS-induced colitis. It aims to provide a theoretical basis for microbial therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. SIGNIFICANCE: This study used metabolome and transcriptome to reveal the roles and mechanisms, which probiotic Bacillus cereus modulates metabolic disorders and alleviate DSS-induced colitis. We identified the cholic acid-FXR axis as an important target for alleviating DSS-induced colitis. These findings provide new insights into microbial treatment strategies for IBD.

Correlation of a clinical activity index in comparison to frequently measured laboratory values in inflammatory bowel disease

PURPOSE

Several laboratory tests are used to monitor disease activity and possible complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Due to limited resources, it is important to identify patients who benefit the most from tight laboratory testing and follow-up. We sought to assess the correlation between a symptom-based clinical activity index and commonly monitored laboratory tests in a large patient population.

METHODS

The Finnish IBD registry records a validated IBD symptom index questionnaire (IBD-SI) that measures disease activity and the influence of IBD on daily life in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The activity index was compared with the commonly measured laboratory values of fecal calprotectin (FC), hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP).

RESULTS

A total of 5044 IBD patients with 171,967 activity index measurement pairs were included. FC, Hb, and CRP correlated significantly with the activity index in both UC (Spearman's r 0.383, -0.212, 0.175; p < 0.001) and CD (Spearman's r 0.156, -0.176, 0.152; p < 0.001). No correlation between the activity index and ferritin (Spearman's r 0.038 [UC], 0.005 [CD]; p = 0.020, p = 0.825) was found.

CONCLUSION

The activity index is a useful tool in the assessment of IBD activity. Active or inactive disease can be identified better, which may be beneficial in planning more personalized follow-up strategies. Tight monitoring of disease can be better targeted to the correct patient population, and the onset of disease flare may be caught at an earlier stage.

Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein as a superior biomarker to C-reactive protein for detecting small bowel lesions in Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND

Achievement of endoscopic healing (EH) is significant in the clinical practice of inflammatory bowel disease as it is correlated with improved prognosis. Existing biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), have relatively low accuracy for predicting EH, especially in small intestinal lesions in Crohn's disease (CD); thus, noninvasive and more accurate biomarkers are required. Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG), a 50-kD protein, is produced under inflammatory conditions and has been reported to be useful in assessing disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. However, the usefulness of LRG in small intestinal lesions in CD remains inconclusive.

AIM

To determine the usefulness of LRG for EH in small bowel lesions in CD and compare it with CRP.

METHODS

This study included 133 consecutive patients with CD who underwent balloon-assisted enteroscopy between June 2021 and March 2024 at Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital (Otsu, Japan). We retrospectively analyzed endoscopic scores in each of the ileum and colon and four markers including LRG, CRP, albumin, and Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and receiver operating characteristic analysis were performed.

RESULTS

Either active ileal or colonic lesions exhibited significant differences in LRG, CRP, albumin, and HBI compared with EH. CRP, albumin, and HBI showed a worse correlation with endoscopic activity in the ileum than that in the colon; however, LRG did not show a worse correlation (colon, r = 0.5218; ileum, r = 0.5602). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that LRG for EH in the ileum and colon had the same cutoff values of 12.4 μg/mL. Comparing the areas under the curve of LRG and CRP for predicting EH in the ileum revealed a significantly higher areas under the curve of LRG (95% confidence interval, 0.017-0.194; P = 0.024), whereas the two showed no significant difference in the colon.

CONCLUSION

LRG is a useful biomarker in assessing the endoscopic activity of CD and is more useful than CRP in the small intestine.

Preclinical Long-Term Stability and Forced Degradation Assessment of EPICERTIN, a Mucosal Healing Biotherapeutic for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background/Objectives: EPICERTIN, a biotherapeutic candidate for mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other mucosal disorders, was subjected to an extensive long-term stability program to evaluate its molecular stability and physicochemical properties. Additionally, a forced degradation assessment was conducted to identify EPICERTIN's degradation products under various conditions, including thermal stress, pH variations, agitation, and oxidation. Methods: The stability of EPICERTIN drug substance (DS), formulated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 1 mg/mL and stored at 5 °C and 25 °C/60% relative humidity (RH), was monitored over a 2-year period, referencing relevant regulatory guidelines. Evaluations of EPICERTIN DS over the 24-month period included assessment of purity by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC), identity by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) intact mass analysis and Western blotting, and potency by GM1-binding KDEL-detection ELISA (GM1/KDEL ELISA). The forced degradation patterns were analyzed by assessing purity (using SEC-HPLC and SDS-PAGE), potency (via GM1/KDEL ELISA), and intact mass (via ESI-MS). Results: The results overall support that EPICERTIN DS remains stable for 2 years under the tested conditions. The forced degradation assessment effectively identified degradation products, particularly under conditions of high temperatures (above 40 °C for 24 h), low pH values (pH 1 and 4), and oxidation upon exposure to 2% H2O2. Conclusions: These findings highlight EPICERTIN's robust long-term stability in PBS formulation, reinforcing its potential as a viable drug candidate for the treatment of IBD.

Advancements in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Implications of Intestinal Bacteria

Intestinal bacteria form one of the most complex microbial communities in the human body, playing a crucial role in maintaining host health and contributing to the development of various diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the composition and function of intestinal bacteria, the factors affecting their homeostasis, and their association and mechanisms with a range of diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, metabolic diseases). Additionally, their advanced potential in disease diagnosis and treatment is highlighted. Therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, are significantly impacted by intestinal bacteria, with research indicating that bacteria can enhance chemoimmunotherapy efficiency by affecting T cell recruitment and immune cell infiltration. Fecal microbiota transplantation has emerged as a promising option for treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and certain metabolic and neurological disorders. Gut bacteria-related serum metabolites serve as non-invasive indicators for diagnosing CRC, while fecal immunochemical tests offer promising applications in CRC screening. Future research is needed to better understand the causal relationships between intestinal bacteria and diseases, develop more precise diagnostic tools, and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of microbiome-targeted therapies in clinical treatment. This study provides deeper insights into the role of intestinal bacteria in human health and disease, providing a scientific basis for innovative therapeutic strategies that have the potential to transform the landscape of healthcare.

Identification of the immune infiltration and biomarkers in ulcerative colitis based on liquid-liquid phase separation-related genes

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) associates with immune infiltration in multiple diseases. Nonetheless, the role of LLPS-related genes (LLPS-RGs) in immune infiltration of ulcerative colitis (UC) is still elusive. We identified the hub LLPS-RGs (DE-LLPS-RGs) (HSPB3, SLC16A1, TRIM22, SRI, PLEKHG6, GBP1, PADI2) by machine learning algorithms. Hub genes were screened that displayed high prediction accuracy of UC patients. Both the microarray and scRNA-seq datasets showed a strong correlation with immune cell infiltration and cytokines, especially GBP1, TRIM22, SRI. And qRT-PCR analysis showed that GBP1 play a pro-inflammatory role in UC. Two distinct clusters were identified, in which cluster A displayed higher immune infiltration level compared with the cluster B. The top targeted biological pathways of two clusters were distinct, glutamate receptor antagonist ranked top for cluster A while HDAC inhibitor ranked top in cluster B. External cohort and UC cell model validation indicated the similar immune infiltration levels, gene expression and cytokine expression patterns. We determined the seven high accuracy diagnostic genes of UC patients and provide a new perspective on immunoregulation in UC pathogenesis. And suggest patient stratification and candidate targets for precision treatment based on hub genes screened.

The Potential of Molecular Remission: Tissue Neutrophil Elastase Is Better Than Histological Activity for Predicting Long-Term Relapse in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis in Endoscopic Remission

BACKGROUND

Growing interest exists in deep remission, beyond clinical and endoscopic remission, to enhance long-term prognosis in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Our study aimed to evaluate the risk of relapse according to tissue expression levels of calprotectin and neutrophil elastase (NE) in patients with quiescent UC.

METHODS

Rectal biopsies were performed on 218 patients with UC in clinical and endoscopic remission. Histological activity was prospectively scored using the Robarts Histological Index. Tissue calprotectin and NE levels were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Optimal tissue calprotectin and NE cutoffs for relapse were determined using log-rank analysis. Cox proportional hazard analyses evaluated relapse risk factors.

RESULTS

Tissue calprotectin and NE levels were significantly higher in patients with histological activity than in those in histological remission (P < .001). The optimal cutoffs of tissue calprotectin and NE for relapse were 10.61 and 22.08 per mm2, respectively. The 3-year clinical relapse risk was significantly lower in the low-tissue NE group than in the high-tissue NE group (P = .009); however, it did not differ between the low- and high-tissue calprotectin group (P = .094). In multivariate analyses, a low level of tissue NE expression was independently associated with a lower risk of 3-year clinical relapse (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.453, 95% confidence interval = 0.225-0.911, P = .026), unlike histological index and tissue calprotectin.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with UC who have achieved clinical and endoscopic remission, tissue expression of NE is a better predictor of long-term relapse than histological activity.

N6-methyladenosine in inflammatory diseases: Important actors and regulatory targets

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most prevalent epigenetic modifications in eukaryotic cells. It regulates RNA function and stability by modifying RNA methylation through writers, erasers, and readers. As a result, m6A plays a critical role in a wide range of biological processes. Inflammation is a common and fundamental pathological process. Numerous studies have investigated the role of m6A modifications in inflammatory diseases. This review highlights the mechanisms by which m6A contributes to inflammation, focusing on pathogen-induced infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, allergic conditions, and metabolic disorder-related inflammatory diseases.

Characteristics Associated With Early Ileocolonic Resection in Pediatric Crohn's Disease

INTRODUCTION

Pediatric-onset Crohn's disease (CD) has a more severe phenotype than adult-onset, and nearly one-third of pediatric CD patients will require surgical therapy. There is limited data on patient/disease characteristics that are associated with earlier surgical management.

METHODS

All pediatric CD patients (<22 yrs) who underwent ileocolectomy from 2005 to 2021 were included. Unadjusted analyses were performed with Pearson chi-squared tests for categorical dependent variables, and t-tests, or analysis of variance, for numerical dependent variables.

RESULTS

One hundred thirty-five pediatric CD patients underwent ileocolectomy. The median time to surgery was 3.75 yrs. Patients treated with early surgery (<3.75 yrs from diagnosis) were older at diagnosis (16.5 versus 11.6 yrs, P < 0.001) yet had surgery at a younger age (16.8 versus 18.9 yrs, P < 0.001). They also were prescribed fewer CD medications (2.0 versus 4.0, P < 0.001), were less likely to have trialed multiple biologics (25.6% versus 54.2%, P = 0.001), had a shorter time from diagnosis to biologic (0.3 versus 3.5 yrs, P < 0.001), and had a shorter interval from biologic to surgery (0.4 versus 2.5 yrs, P < 0.001). Abscess formation was a more common indication for early surgery (39.4% versus 14.7%, P = 0.002), whereas failure to thrive/refractory pain was more common for later surgery (27.3% versus 55.9%, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical therapy remains an important component of the overall management of pediatric CD. In our cohort, earlier surgical management was associated with earlier use of biologics, a shorter duration between biologic and surgery, and decreased number of overall medications and biologic agents prior to surgery, suggesting a severe disease phenotype refractory to medical management.

Arthralgia and Extraintestinal Manifestations in Crohn's Disease Elevate the Risk of IBD-Related Arthritis over Sacroiliitis

INTRODUCTION

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) related arthritis is the most prevalent extraintestinal manifestation (EIM) of IBD, ranging between 10 and 39%. Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is used to assess small bowel disease involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) and can detect signs of sacroiliitis in up to 23.5% of patients. The predicting role of sacroiliitis detected on MRE is still unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive role of sacroiliitis at MRE and other clinical features for IBD-related arthritis development in a cohort of adult patients with CD.

METHODS

Between December 2012 and May 2020, consecutive patients with CD who performed MRE were enrolled in the study. Patients with a previous diagnosis of IBD-related arthritis were excluded. A baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients were retrospectively collected. The identification of new-onset IBD-related arthritis events during the follow-up was based on rheumatological clinical diagnosis and fulfillment of the ASAS classification criteria.

RESULTS

Ninety-five patients, mean age 43.9 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 16.6), 52.6% female were enrolled in the study with a median follow-up of 83 months (Q25:75 25:143). Six out 95 (6.3%) developed IBD-related arthritis with a mean time of 11 months (SD ± 16.8). Sacroiliitis detected on MRE was not associated with an increased risk of IBD-related arthritis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36, 12.53, p = 0.408]). In contrast, the presence of arthralgia and EIMs were found to be a predictor for IBD-related arthritis development (OR = 84.0 [95% CI 8.18, 862.39, p < 0.0001] and OR = 7.37 [95% CI 1.25, 43.32, p = 0.027], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights that sacroiliitis, as assessed by MRE, was not associated with the development of IBD-related arthritis, whereas extraintestinal manifestations and arthralgia were significantly associated with later IBD-related arthritis development in patients with CD.

Localization of Lesions in Autoimmune Blistering Diseases Is Independent of Site-Specific Target Antigen Expression

Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs) involve autoantibodies targeting proteins in the epidermal/epithelial desmosome (pemphigus) or basement membrane zone (pemphigoid). Despite widespread antigen distribution, lesions exhibit a scattered involvement pattern. This study maps the frequency/severity of AIBD lesions on various body parts and investigates whether differential antigen expression contributes to specific predilection sites. We analyzed affected sites presenting blisters/erosions, erythematous/urticarial lesions, and mucosal lesions in bullous pemphigoid (BP-cohort 1, n = 65; BP-cohort 2, n = 119), pemphigus vulgaris (PV, n = 67), and pemphigus foliaceus (PF, n = 20) patients. To assess antigen expression, we conducted indirect immunofluorescence (IF) staining of 11 AIBD antigens from 13 anatomical sites of 10 body donors without AIBD. In BP, blisters/erosions and erythematous/urticarial lesions predominantly affected arms and legs, while PV/PF patients exhibited frequent involvement of buccal mucosa and back, respectively. IF staining identified significant regional differences in BP180, BP230, and integrin β4 expression, although these variations did not correlate with a higher lesion frequency/severity. Other antigens showed consistent expression across all regions. Our findings suggest that predilection sites for BP and PV/PF are largely unaffected by regional variations in antigen expression but may be influenced by factors like microbiota, mechanical stress, sunlight exposure, local immunity, or genetics.

IgG4 in the gut: Gastrointestinal IgG4-related disease or a new subtype of inflammatory bowel disease

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with IgG4-positive plasma cells, leading to fibrosis and organ dysfunction. While primarily affecting the pancreas, bile ducts, and salivary glands, IgG4-RD can also involve the gastrointestinal tract, raising questions about its relationship with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies suggest that patients with IBD may exhibit histological and serological features consistent with IgG4-RD, such as a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, a storiform-type of fibrosis and a prominent IgG4 immune response. This overlap represents a diagnostic challenge, as differentiating between primary IBD and IgG4-RD involving the gut is crucial for appropriate treatment. Further research is essential to delineate the prevalence of tissue and serum IgG4 expression in patients with IBD. This approach could classify subtypes of IBD, enabling advancements in non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring as well as personalized therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding intestinal involvement in IgG4-RD and the role of both serum and tissue IgG4 in inflammatory bowel diseases IBD.

Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are complex chronic disorders characterized by an intricate interplay between genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, gut microbiota alterations, and environmental exposures. This review aims to synthesize recent advances in IBD pathogenesis, exploring key mechanisms and potential avenues for prevention and personalized therapy. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major bibliographic databases, selecting the most recent and impactful studies on IBD pathogenesis. The review integrates findings from multi-omics analyses, single-cell transcriptomics, and longitudinal cohort studies, focusing on immune regulation, gut microbiota dynamics, and environmental factors influencing disease onset and progression. Immune dysregulation, including macrophage polarization (M1 vs. M2) and Th17 activation, emerges as a cornerstone of IBD pathogenesis. Dysbiosis, as a result of reduced alpha and beta diversity and overgrowth of harmful taxa, is one of the main contributing factors in causing inflammation in IBD. Environmental factors, including air and water pollutants, maternal smoking, and antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and infancy, significantly modulate IBD risk through epigenetic and microbiota-mediated mechanisms. While recent advances have supported the development of new therapeutic strategies, deeply understanding the complex dynamics of IBD pathogenesis remains challenging. Future efforts should aim to reduce the burden of disease with precise, personalized treatments and lower the incidence of IBD through early-life prevention and targeted interventions addressing modifiable risk factors.