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Kajani S, Laker RC, Ratkova E, Will S, Rhodes CJ. Hepatic glucagon action: beyond glucose mobilization. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1021-1060. [PMID: 38300523 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon's ability to promote hepatic glucose production has been known for over a century, with initial observations touting this hormone as a diabetogenic agent. However, glucagon receptor agonism [when balanced with an incretin, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to dampen glucose excursions] is now being developed as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic diseases, like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), and may also have benefit for obesity and chronic kidney disease. Conventionally regarded as the opposing tag-team partner of the anabolic mediator insulin, glucagon is gradually emerging as more than just a "catabolic hormone." Glucagon action on glucose homeostasis within the liver has been well characterized. However, growing evidence, in part thanks to new and sensitive "omics" technologies, has implicated glucagon as more than just a "glucose liberator." Elucidation of glucagon's capacity to increase fatty acid oxidation while attenuating endogenous lipid synthesis speaks to the dichotomous nature of the hormone. Furthermore, glucagon action is not limited to just glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, as traditionally reported. Glucagon plays key regulatory roles in hepatic amino acid and ketone body metabolism, as well as mitochondrial turnover and function, indicating broader glucagon signaling consequences for metabolic homeostasis mediated by the liver. Here we examine the broadening role of glucagon signaling within the hepatocyte and question the current dogma, to appreciate glucagon as more than just that "catabolic hormone."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Kajani
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Rhianna C Laker
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Ekaterina Ratkova
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sarah Will
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
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2
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Xie Y, Jin Y, Wen J, Li G, Huai X, Duan Y, Ni F, Fu J, Li M, Li L, Yan M, Cao L, Xiao W, Yang H, Wang ZZ. A novel Alisma orientale extract alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice via modulation of PPARα signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116908. [PMID: 38850668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), particularly advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), leads to irreversible liver damage. This study investigated the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of a novel extract from traditional Chinese medicine Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep (AE) on free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cell model and high-fat diet (HFD) + carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model of NASH. C57BL/6 J mice were fed a HFD for 10 weeks. Subsequently, the mice were injected with CCl4 to induce NASH and simultaneously treated with AE at daily doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, animals were fasted for 12 h and then sacrificed. Blood samples and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and histopathology were examined. Additionally, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was used to predict the molecular targets and potential mechanisms involved, which were further validated in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that AE reversed liver damage (plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hepatocyte ballooning, hepatic steatosis, and NAS score), the accumulation of hepatic lipids (TG and TC), and oxidative stress (MDA and GSH). PCR array analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that AE protects against NASH by regulating the adipocytokine signaling pathway and influencing nuclear receptors such as PPARα. Furthermore, AE increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PPARGC1α) and reversed the decreased expression of PPARα in NASH mice. Moreover, in HepG2 cells, AE reduced FFA-induced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, which was dependent on PPARα up-regulation. Overall, our findings suggest that AE may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for NASH by inhibiting lipid accumulation and reducing oxidative stress specifically through the PPARα pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Kanion School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Yimin Jin
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Kanion School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China
| | - Jianhui Wen
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Guiping Li
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Xue Huai
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Yueyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Fuyong Ni
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Juan Fu
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China.
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Kanion School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China.
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Duan X, Zhang L, Liao Y, Lin Z, Guo C, Luo S, Wang F, Zou Z, Zeng Z, Chen C, Qiu J. Semaglutide alleviates gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by a high-fat diet. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176440. [PMID: 38402930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of semaglutide (Sema) on the gut microbiota of obese mice induced with high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6 J mice aged 6 weeks were enrolled and randomly distributed to four groups, which were provided with a normal control diet (NCD,NCD + Sema) and a 60% proportion of a high-fat diet (HFD,HFD + Sema), respectively. HFD was given for 10 weeks to develop an obesity model and the intervention was lasted for 18 days. The results showed semaglutide significantly reduced body weight gain, areas under the curve (AUC) of glucose tolerance test and insulin resistance test, as well as adipose tissue weight in mice. Semaglutide effectively reduced lipid deposition and lipid droplet formation in the liver of obese mice, and regulated the expression of genes related to abnormal blood glucose regulation. Additionally, semaglutide influenced the composition of gut microbiota, mitigating the microbial dysbiosis induced by a high-fat diet by impacting the diversity of the gut microbiota. After the high-fat diet intervention, certain strains such as Akkermansia, Faecalibaculum, and Allobaculum were significantly decreased, while Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroides were significantly increased. However, the application of semaglutide restored the lost flora and suppressed excessive bacterial abundance. Moreover, semaglutide increased the content of tight junction proteins and repaired the damage to intestinal barrier function caused by the high-fat diet intervention. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed inverse relationship among Akkermansia levels and weight gain, blood glucose levels, and various obesity indicators. Correlation analysis also showed that Akkermansia level was negatively correlated with weight gain, blood glucose levels and a range of obesity indicators. This phenomenon may explain the anti-obesity effect of semaglutide, which is linked to alterations in gut microbiota, specifically an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia. In summary, our findings indicate that semaglutide has the potential to alleviate gut microbiota dysbiosis, and the gut microbiota may contribute to the obesity-related effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Duan
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Chongqing Health Service Center, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zijing Lin
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Changxin Guo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Sen Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Flensted-Jensen M, Oró D, Rørbeck EA, Zhang C, Madsen MR, Madsen AN, Norlin J, Feigh M, Larsen S, Hansen HH. Dietary intervention reverses molecular markers of hepatocellular senescence in the GAN diet-induced obese and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:59. [PMID: 38308212 PMCID: PMC10835988 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular senescence may be a causal factor in the development and progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The most effective currently available treatment for NASH is lifestyle intervention, including dietary modification. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary intervention on hallmarks of NASH and molecular signatures of hepatocellular senescence in the Gubra-Amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced obese (DIO) and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH. METHODS GAN DIO-NASH mice with liver biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis received dietary intervention by switching to chow feeding (chow reversal) for 8, 16 or 24 weeks. Untreated GAN DIO-NASH mice and chow-fed C57BL/6J mice served as controls. Pre-to-post liver biopsy histology was performed for within-subject evaluation of NAFLD Activity Score and fibrosis stage. Terminal endpoints included blood/liver biochemistry, quantitative liver histology, mitochondrial respiration and RNA sequencing. RESULTS Chow-reversal promoted substantial benefits on metabolic outcomes and liver histology, as demonstrated by robust weight loss, complete resolution of hepatomegaly, hypercholesterolemia, elevated transaminase levels and hepatic steatosis in addition to attenuation of inflammatory markers. Notably, all DIO-NASH mice demonstrated ≥ 2 point significant improvement in NAFLD Activity Score following dietary intervention. While not improving fibrosis stage, chow-reversal reduced quantitative fibrosis markers (PSR, collagen 1a1, α-SMA), concurrent with improved liver mitochondrial respiration, complete reversal of p21 overexpression, lowered γ-H2AX levels and widespread suppression of gene expression markers of hepatocellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intervention (chow reversal) substantially improves metabolic, biochemical and histological hallmarks of NASH and fibrosis in GAN DIO-NASH mice. These benefits were reflected by progressive clearance of senescent hepatocellular cells, making the model suitable for profiling potential senotherapeutics in preclinical drug discovery for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Flensted-Jensen
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denise Oró
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Chen Zhang
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Present address: Novo Nordisk A/S, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Jenny Norlin
- Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Michael Feigh
- Gubra, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Shatta MA, El-Derany MO, Gibriel AA, El-Mesallamy HO. Rhamnetin ameliorates non-alcoholic steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04619-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNon-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is a widespread disease with various complications including Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that could lead to cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Up till now there is no FDA approved drug for treatment of NAFLD. Flavonoids such as Rhamnetin (Rhm) have been ascribed effective anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Thus, Rhm as a potent flavonoid could target multiple pathological cascades causing NAFLD to prevent its progression into HCC. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease and its pathophysiology is complex and is currently challenged by the ‘Multiple-hit hypothesis’ that includes wider range of comorbidities rather than previously established theory of ‘Two-hit hypothesis’. Herein, we aimed at establishing reliable in vitro NASH models using different mixtures of variable ratios and concentrations of oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA) combinations using HepG2 cell lines. Moreover, we compared those models in the context of oil red staining, triglyceride levels and their altered downstream molecular signatures for genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptotic machineries as well. Lastly, the effect of Rhm on NASH and HCC models was deeply investigated. Over the 10 NASH models tested, PA 500 µM concentration was the best model to mimic the molecular events of steatosis induced NAFLD. Rhm successfully ameliorated the dysregulated molecular events caused by the PA-induced NASH. Additionally, Rhm regulated inflammatory and oxidative machinery in the HepG2 cancerous cell lines. In conclusion, PA 500 µM concentration is considered an effective in vitro model to mimic NASH. Rhm could be used as a promising therapeutic modality against both NASH and HCC pathogenesis.
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Miyao M, Kawai C, Kotani H, Minami H, Abiru H, Hamayasu H, Eguchi S, Tamaki K. Mitochondrial fission in hepatocytes as a potential therapeutic target for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res 2022; 52:1020-1033. [PMID: 36001355 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The mitochondria are highly plastic and dynamic organelles; mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to play causative roles in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the relationship between mitochondrial fission and NAFLD pathogenesis remains unknown. We aimed to investigate whether alterations in mitochondrial fission could play a role in the progression of NAFLD. METHODS Mice were fed a standard diet or choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet with vehicle or mitochondrial division inhibitor-1. RESULTS Substantial enhancement of mitochondrial fission in hepatocytes was triggered by 4 weeks of feeding and was associated with changes reflecting the early stage of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), steatotic change with liver inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning. Excessive mitochondrial fission inhibition in hepatocytes and lipid metabolism dysregulation in adipose tissue attenuated liver inflammation and fibrogenesis but not steatosis and the systemic pathological changes in the early and chronic fibrotic NASH stages (4- and 12-week CDAA feeding). These beneficial changes due to the suppression of mitochondrial fission against the liver and systemic injuries were associated with decreased autophagic responses and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocytes. Injuries to other liver cells, such as endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells, were also attenuated by the inhibition of mitochondrial fission in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that excessive mitochondrial fission in hepatocytes could play a causative role in NAFLD progression by liver inflammation and fibrogenesis through altered cell cross-talk. This study provides a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miyao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kawai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kotani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hirozo Minami
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abiru
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Hamayasu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keiji Tamaki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Wang YY, Lu SJ, Gui R, Wu JP, Li J, He XA, Zhang W, Deng GM, Wang WX, Long HP, Wei XF, Zeng GY, Zhang N, Zang SM, Yao Y, Chen ZH, Fei C, Wang YK, Xu KP. Hepatic lipidomics and proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism of Cyclocarya paliurus flavonoids in preventing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Mackert O, Wirth EK, Sun R, Winkler J, Liu A, Renko K, Kunz S, Spranger J, Brachs S. Impact of metabolic stress induced by diets, aging and fasting on tissue oxygen consumption. Mol Metab 2022; 64:101563. [PMID: 35944898 PMCID: PMC9418990 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in mitochondrial function play an important role in the development of various diseases, such as obesity, insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis and cancer. However, accurate assessment of mitochondrial respiration ex vivo is limited and remains highly challenging. Using our novel method, we measured mitochondrial oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of metabolically relevant tissues ex vivo to investigate the impact of different metabolic stressors on mitochondrial function. METHODS Comparative analyses of OCR and ECAR were performed in tissue biopsies of young mice fed 12 weeks standard-control (STD), high-fat (HFD), high-sucrose (HSD), or western diet (WD), matured mice with HFD, and 2year-old mice aged on STD with and without fasting. RESULTS While diets had only marginal effects on mitochondrial respiration, respiratory chain complexes II and IV were reduced in adipose tissue (AT). Moreover, matured HFD-fed mice showed a decreased hepatic metabolic flexibility and prolonged aging increased OCR in brown AT. Interestingly, fasting boosted pancreatic and hepatic OCR while decreasing weight of those organs. Furthermore, ECAR measurements in AT could indicate its lipolytic capacity. CONCLUSION Using ex vivo tissue measurements, we could extensively analyze mitochondrial function of liver, AT, pancreas and heart revealing effects of metabolic stress, especially aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Mackert
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Katrin Wirth
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Rongwan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Winkler
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Aoxue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Kostja Renko
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Séverine Kunz
- Technology Platform for Electron Microscopy at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
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9
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Hughey CC, Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Integrating the contributions of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to lipotoxicity and inflammation in NAFLD pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Santiago CMO, de Oliveira DG, Rocha‐Gomes A, Oliveira G, Bernardes EDO, Dias PL, Reis ÍG, Severiano CM, da Silva AA, Lessa MR, Dessimoni Pinto NAV, Riul TR. Unripe banana flour (
Musa cavendishii
) promotes increased hypothalamic antioxidant activity, reduced caloric intake, and abdominal fat accumulation in rats on a high‐fat diet. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14341. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M. O. Santiago
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Dalila G. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Arthur Rocha‐Gomes
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Gabriel A. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Bernardes
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Patrick L. Dias
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Ítalo G. Reis
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Cecília M. Severiano
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da Saúde Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Mayara R. Lessa
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Nisia A. V. Dessimoni Pinto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Tania R. Riul
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Minas Gerais Brazil
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11
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Bove M, Lama A, Schiavone S, Pirozzi C, Tucci P, Sikora V, Trinchese G, Corso G, Morgese MG, Trabace L. Social isolation triggers oxidative status and impairs systemic and hepatic insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112820. [PMID: 35290886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-naïve psychotic patients show metabolic and hepatic dysfunctions. The rat social isolation model of psychosis allows to investigate mechanisms leading to these disturbances to which oxidative stress crucially contributes. Here, we investigated isolation-induced central and peripheral dysfunctions in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, along with redox dysregulation. Social isolation did not affect basal glycemic levels and the response to glucose and insulin loads in the glucose and insulin tolerance tests. However, HOMA-Index value were increased in isolated (ISO) rats. A hypothalamic reduction of AKT phosphorylation and a trend toward an increase in AMPK phosphorylation were observed following social isolation, accompanied by reduced GLUT-4 levels. Social isolation also induced a reduction of phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, of AKT and GLUT-2, and a decreased phosphorylation of AMPK in the liver. Furthermore, a significant reduction in hepatic CPT1 and PPAR-α levels was detected. ISO rats also showed significant elevations in hepatic ROS amount, lipid peroxidation and NOX4 expression, whereas no differences were detected in NOX2 and NOX1 levels. Expression of SOD2 in the mitochondrial fraction and SOD1 in the cytosolic fraction was not altered following social isolation, whereas SOD activity was increased. Furthermore, a decrease of hepatic CAT and GSH amount was observed in ISO rats compared to GRP animals. Our data suggest that the increased oxidant status and antioxidant capacity modifications may trigger hepatic and systemic insulin resistance, by altering signal hormone pathway and sustaining subsequent alteration of glucose homeostasis and metabolic impairment observed in the social isolation model of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Vladyslav Sikora
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy; Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova st., Sumy 40007, Ukraine.
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, "Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo", Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21 - Building 7, Naples 80126, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
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12
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Yu X, Zhang H, Pan J, Zou L, Tang L, Miao H, Zheng P, Xing L. Jiang Zhi Granule protects immunological barrier of intestinal mucosa in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1359-1368. [PMID: 34915801 PMCID: PMC8725831 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1979594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Jiang Zhi Granule (JZG) is known to improve hepatic function, reduce liver fat deposition and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE To determine the protective mechanism of JZG on immunological barrier of intestinal mucosa in rats with diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). MATERIALS AND METHODS A Sprague-Dawley (SD) model of NASH was established using a high-fat diet and 1% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) through drinking water. The rats were randomized into four groups and treated for four weeks, respectively, including normal control (NC), model control (MC), positive control (PC) and JZG. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) cells were isolated and cultured to assess a potential disruption of the enteric immune barrier. Also, investigation of intestinal mucosal dendritic cell-toll-like-receptor-myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (DC-TLR-MyD88) signalling pathway in vitro was examined. RESULTS The lethal concentration 50 (LD50) of JZG was greater than 5 g/kg, while its inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was 1359 μg/mL in HepG2. In JZG group, the plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and serum endotoxin were significantly (p < 0.01) reduced. In contrast, plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased. Furthermore, proinflammatory factor, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)+ from CD4+ T cells in DSS-induced NASH rats increased significantly (p < 0.01) compared to NC group. Importantly, JZG treatment substantially decreased (p < 0.01) the relative expressions of TLR-44 and MyD88. CONCLUSIONS JZG treatment may protect immunological barrier of intestinal mucosa in NASH individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department II of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department II of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jielu Pan
- Department II of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zou
- Experiment Center for Teaching & Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department II of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department II of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Department II of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianjun Xing
- Department II of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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The Effects of Butyrate on Induced Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Precision-Cut Liver Slices. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124203. [PMID: 34959755 PMCID: PMC8703944 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) starts with hepatic triglyceride accumulation (steatosis) and can progress to more severe stages such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and even cirrhosis. Butyrate, and butyrate-producing bacteria, have been suggested to reduce liver steatosis directly and systemically by increasing liver β-oxidation. This study aimed to examine the influence of butyrate directly on the liver in an ex vivo induced MAFLD model. To maintain essential intercellular interactions, precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs) were used. These PCLSs were prepared from male C57BL/6J mice and cultured in varying concentrations of fructose, insulin, palmitic acid and oleic acid, to mimic metabolic syndrome. Dose-dependent triglyceride accumulation was measured after 24 and 48 h of incubation with the different medium compositions. PCLSs viability, as indicated by ATP content, was not affected by medium composition or the butyrate concentration used. Under induced steatotic conditions, butyrate did not prevent triglyceride accumulation. Moreover, it lowered the expression of genes encoding for fatty acid oxidation and only increased C4 related carnitines, which indicate butyrate oxidation. Nevertheless, butyrate lowered the fibrotic response of PCLSs, as shown by reduced gene expression of fibronectin, alpha-smooth muscle actin and osteopontin, and protein levels of type I collagen. These results suggest that in the liver, butyrate alone does not increase lipid β-oxidation directly but might aid in the prevention of MAFLD progression to NASH and cirrhosis.
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14
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Kumar S, Duan Q, Wu R, Harris EN, Su Q. Pathophysiological communication between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in liver injury from NAFLD to liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113869. [PMID: 34280515 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disease that encompasses a spectrum of pathological conditions, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis which can further progress to hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. The progression of NAFL to NASH and liver fibrosis is closely associated with a series of liver injury resulting from lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, redox imbalance (excessive nitric oxide), ER stress, inflammation and apoptosis that occur sequentially in different liver cells which ultimately leads to the activation of liver regeneration and fibrogenesis, augmenting collagen and extracellular matrix deposition and promoting liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Type 2 diabetes is a significant risk factor in NAFLD development by accelerating liver damage. Here, we overview recent findings from human study and animal models on the pathophysiological communication among hepatocytes (HCs), Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) during the disease development. The mechanisms of crucial signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptor, TGFβ and hedgehog mediated hepatic injury are also discussed. We further highlight the potentials of precisely targeting hepatic individual cell-type using nanotechnology as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NASH and liver fibrosis.
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15
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Simões ICM, Amorim R, Teixeira J, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Carvalho A, Pereira SP, Simões RF, Szymanska S, Dąbrowski M, Janikiewicz J, Dobrzyń A, Oliveira PJ, Potes Y, Wieckowski MR. The Alterations of Mitochondrial Function during NAFLD Progression-An Independent Effect of Mitochondrial ROS Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136848. [PMID: 34202179 PMCID: PMC8268944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis implicates multiple mechanisms, chief of which is mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the sequence of events underlying mitochondrial failure are still poorly clarified. In this work, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat plus high-sucrose diet for 16, 20, 22, and 24 weeks to induce NAFL. Up to the 20th week, an early mitochondrial remodeling with increased OXPHOS subunits levels and higher mitochondrial respiration occurred. Interestingly, a progressive loss of mitochondrial respiration along "Western diet" feeding was identified, accompanied by higher susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Importantly, our findings prove that mitochondrial alterations and subsequent impairment are independent of an excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which was found to be progressively diminished along with disease progression. Instead, increased peroxisomal abundance and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation-related pathway suggest that peroxisomes may contribute to hepatic ROS generation and oxidative damage, which may accelerate hepatic injury and disease progression. We show here for the first time the sequential events of mitochondrial alterations involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression and demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS are not one of the first hits that cause NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C. M. Simões
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Ricardo Amorim
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | | | - Adriana Carvalho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | - Susana P. Pereira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LametEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui F. Simões
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | - Sylwia Szymanska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (S.S.)
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (M.R.W.)
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (M.R.W.)
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16
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Kattapuram N, Zhang C, Muyyarikkandy MS, Surugihalli C, Muralidaran V, Gregory T, Sunny NE. Dietary Macronutrient Composition Differentially Modulates the Remodeling of Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism during NAFLD. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050272. [PMID: 33926132 PMCID: PMC8147090 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in fats and carbohydrates aggravate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), of which mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature. It is not clear whether a high-carbohydrate driven ‘lipogenic’ diet differentially affects mitochondrial oxidative remodeling compared to a high-fat driven ‘oxidative’ environment. We hypothesized that the high-fat driven ‘oxidative’ environment will chronically sustain mitochondrial oxidative function, hastening metabolic dysfunction during NAFLD. Mice (C57BL/6NJ) were reared on a low-fat (LF; 10% fat calories), high-fat (HF; 60% fat calories), or high-fructose/high-fat (HFr/HF; 25% fat and 34.9% fructose calories) diet for 10 weeks. De novo lipogenesis was determined by measuring the incorporation of deuterium from D2O into newly synthesized liver lipids using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hepatic mitochondrial metabolism was profiled under fed and fasted states by the incubation of isolated mitochondria with [13C3]pyruvate, targeted metabolomics of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, estimates of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and hepatic gene and protein expression. De novo lipogenesis was higher in the HFr/HF mice compared to their HF counterparts. Contrary to our expectations, hepatic oxidative function after fasting was induced in the HFr/HF group. This differential induction of mitochondrial oxidative function by the high fructose-driven ‘lipogenic’ environment could influence the progressive severity of hepatic insulin resistance.
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17
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Longo M, Paolini E, Meroni M, Dongiovanni P. Remodeling of Mitochondrial Plasticity: The Key Switch from NAFLD/NASH to HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4173. [PMID: 33920670 PMCID: PMC8073183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Currently, the global burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically overcome both viral and alcohol hepatitis, thus becoming the main cause of HCC incidence. NAFLD pathogenesis is severely influenced by lifestyle and genetic predisposition. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that may adapt in response to environment, genetics and epigenetics in the liver ("mitochondrial plasticity"). Mounting evidence highlights that mitochondrial dysfunction due to loss of mitochondrial flexibility may arise before overt NAFLD, and from the early stages of liver injury. Mitochondrial failure promotes not only hepatocellular damage, but also release signals (mito-DAMPs), which trigger inflammation and fibrosis, generating an adverse microenvironment in which several hepatocytes select anti-apoptotic programs and mutations that may allow survival and proliferation. Furthermore, one of the key events in malignant hepatocytes is represented by the remodeling of glucidic-lipidic metabolism combined with the reprogramming of mitochondrial functions, optimized to deal with energy demand. In sum, this review will discuss how mitochondrial defects may be translated into causative explanations of NAFLD-driven HCC, emphasizing future directions for research and for the development of potential preventive or curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
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18
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Barsky M, Merkison J, Hosseinzadeh P, Yang L, Bruno-Gaston J, Dunn J, Gibbons W, Blesson CS. Fetal programming of polycystic ovary syndrome: Effects of androgen exposure on prenatal ovarian development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 207:105830. [PMID: 33515680 PMCID: PMC8056856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common form of anovulatory infertility with a strong hereditary component but no candidate genes have been found. The inheritance pattern may be due to in utero androgen programming on gene expression and mitochondria. Mitochondria are maternally inherited and alterations to mitochondria after fetal androgen exposure may explain one of the mechanisms of fetal programming in PCOS. Our aim was to investigate the role of excessive prenatal androgens in ovarian development by identifying how hyperandrogenemia affects gene expression and mitochondria in neonatal ovary. Pregnant dams were injected with dihydrotestosterone on days 16-18 of pregnancy. Day 0 ovaries were collected for gene expression and mitochondrial studies. RNAseq showed differential gene expressions which were related to mitochondrial dysfunction, fetal gonadal development, oocyte maturation, metabolism, angiogenesis, and PCOS. Top 20 up and downregulated genes were validated with qPCR and Western Blot. Transcriptional pathways involved in folliculogenesis and genes involved in ovarian and mitochondrial function were dysregulated. Further, DHT exposure altered mitochondrial ultrastructure and function by increasing mitochondrial oxygen consumption and decreasing mitochondrial efficiency with increased proton leak within the first day of life. Our data indicates that one path that leads to PCOS begins at birth and is programmed in utero by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Barsky
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Merkison
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Pardis Hosseinzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Liubin Yang
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Janet Bruno-Gaston
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | | | - William Gibbons
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Chellakkan Selvanesan Blesson
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
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19
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Satapathy SK, Tran QT, Kovalic AJ, Bontha SV, Jiang Y, Kedia S, Karri S, Mupparaju V, Podila PSB, Verma R, Maluf D, Mas V, Nair S, Eason JD, Bridges D, Kleiner DE. Clinical and Genetic Risk Factors of Recurrent Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease After Liver Transplantation. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00302. [PMID: 33555168 PMCID: PMC7864756 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasingly reported among recipients of liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to identify clinical and genetic risk factors responsible for the development of early recurrent NAFLD in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis transplant recipients. METHODS Forty-six total single nucleotide polymorphisms with known association with NAFLD were tested among both recipient and donor liver samples in 66 LT recipients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to characterize influences on NAFLD recurrence at ∼1 year post-LT (median interval from LT to biopsy: 377 days). RESULTS Recurrent NAFLD was identified in 43 (65.2%) patients, 20 (30.3%) with mild recurrence, and 23 (34.8%) with moderate to severe NAFLD. On adjusted analysis, change in the body mass index (BMI) (ΔBMI) was significantly associated with NAFLD recurrence, whereas post-LT diabetes mellitus was associated with increased severity of NAFLD recurrence. ADIPOR1 rs10920533 in the recipient was associated with increased risk of moderate to severe NAFLD recurrence, whereas the minor allele of SOD2 rs4880 in the recipient was associated with reduced risk. Similar reduced risk was noted in the presence of donor SOD2 rs4880 and HSD17B13 rs6834314 polymorphism. DISCUSSION Increased BMI post-LT is strongly associated with NAFLD recurrence, whereas post-LT diabetes mellitus was associated with increased severity of NAFLD recurrence. Both donor and recipient SOD2 rs4880 and donor HSD17B13 rs6834314 single nucleotide polymorphisms may be associated with reduced risk of early NAFLD recurrence, whereas presence of the minor allele form of ADIPOR1 rs10920533 in the recipient is associated with increased severity NAFLD recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaya K. Satapathy
- Division of Hepatology and Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Quynh T. Tran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexander J. Kovalic
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sai Vineela Bontha
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Satish Kedia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saradashri Karri
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Vamsee Mupparaju
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Pradeep S. B. Podila
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Rajanshu Verma
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Daniel Maluf
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valeria Mas
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Satheesh Nair
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - James D. Eason
- James D. Eason Transplant Institute, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Christiansen LB, Dohlmann TL, Ludvigsen TP, Parfieniuk E, Ciborowski M, Szczerbinski L, Kretowski A, Desler C, Tiano L, Orlando P, Martinussen T, Olsen LH, Larsen S. Atorvastatin impairs liver mitochondrial function in obese Göttingen Minipigs but heart and skeletal muscle are not affected. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2167. [PMID: 33500513 PMCID: PMC7838180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins lower the risk of cardiovascular events but have been associated with mitochondrial functional changes in a tissue-dependent manner. We investigated tissue-specific modifications of mitochondrial function in liver, heart and skeletal muscle mediated by chronic statin therapy in a Göttingen Minipig model. We hypothesized that statins enhance the mitochondrial function in heart but impair skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiratory capacities, citrate synthase activity, coenzyme Q10 concentrations and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were analyzed in samples of liver, heart and skeletal muscle from three groups of Göttingen Minipigs: a lean control group (CON, n = 6), an obese group (HFD, n = 7) and an obese group treated with atorvastatin for 28 weeks (HFD + ATO, n = 7). Atorvastatin concentrations were analyzed in each of the three tissues and in plasma from the Göttingen Minipigs. In treated minipigs, atorvastatin was detected in the liver and in plasma. A significant reduction in complex I + II-supported mitochondrial respiratory capacity was seen in liver of HFD + ATO compared to HFD (P = 0.022). Opposite directed but insignificant modifications of mitochondrial respiratory capacity were seen in heart versus skeletal muscle in HFD + ATO compared to the HFD group. In heart muscle, the HFD + ATO had significantly higher PCC compared to the HFD group (P = 0.0323). In the HFD group relative to CON, liver mitochondrial respiration decreased whereas in skeletal muscle, respiration increased but these changes were insignificant when normalizing for mitochondrial content. Oral atorvastatin treatment in Göttingen Minipigs is associated with a reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity in the liver that may be linked to increased content of atorvastatin in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Bruun Christiansen
- The LIFEPHARM Centre, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Pagh Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Ewa Parfieniuk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szczerbinski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Torben Martinussen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- The LIFEPHARM Centre, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland.
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21
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Li QX, Gao H, Guo YX, Wang BY, Hua RX, Gao L, Shang HW, Lu X, Xu JD. GLP-1 and Underlying Beneficial Actions in Alzheimer's Disease, Hypertension, and NASH. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:721198. [PMID: 34552561 PMCID: PMC8450670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.721198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 is derived from intestinal L cells, which takes effect through binding to GLP-1R and is inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as an incretin hormone for its facilitation in insulin release and reduction of insulin resistance (IR). However, GLP-1 possesses broader pharmacological effects including anti-inflammation, neuro-protection, regulating blood pressure (BP), and reducing lipotoxicity. These effects are interconnected to the physiological and pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), hypertension, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Currently, the underlying mechanism of these effects is still not fully illustrated and a better understanding of them may help identify promising therapeutic targets of AD, hypertension, and NASH. Therefore, we focus on the biological characteristics of GLP-1, render an overview of the mechanism of GLP-1 effects in diseases, and investigate the potential of GLP-1 analogues for the treatment of related diseases in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Xuan Li
- Clinical Medicine of “5+3” Program, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Xin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Ya Wang
- Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-xuan Hua
- Clinical Medicine of “5+3” Program, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering. Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- Morphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Morphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing-Dong Xu,
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22
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Western Diet Causes Obesity-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development by Differentially Compromising the Autophagic Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100995. [PMID: 33076261 PMCID: PMC7602470 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the development of steatosis, which can ultimately compromise liver function. Mitochondria are key players in obesity-induced metabolic disorders; however, the distinct role of hypercaloric diet constituents in hepatic cellular oxidative stress and metabolism is unknown. Male mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet, a high-sucrose (HS) diet or a combined HF plus HS (HFHS) diet for 16 weeks. This study shows that hypercaloric diets caused steatosis; however, the HFHS diet induced severe fibrotic phenotype. At the mitochondrial level, lipidomic analysis showed an increased cardiolipin content for all tested diets. Despite this, no alterations were found in the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and neither in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Consistent with unchanged mitochondrial function, no alterations in mitochondrial-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacity were found. In contrast, the HF and HS diets caused lipid peroxidation and provoked altered antioxidant enzyme levels/activities in liver tissue. Our work provides evidence that hepatic oxidative damage may be caused by augmented levels of peroxisomes and consequently higher peroxisomal FAO-induced ROS in the early NAFLD stage. Hepatic damage is also associated with autophagic flux impairment, which was demonstrated to be diet-type dependent. The HS diet induced a reduction in autophagosomal formation, while the HF diet reduced levels of cathepsins. The accumulation of damaged organelles could instigate hepatocyte injuries and NAFLD progression.
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23
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Zhang G, Wang X, Chung TY, Ye W, Hodge L, Zhang L, Chng K, Xiao YF, Wang YJ. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) accelerated development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/steatohepatitis (NASH) in MS-NASH mice fed western diet supplemented with fructose (WDF). BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:339. [PMID: 33059584 PMCID: PMC7560288 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple murine models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) have been established by using obesogenic diets and/or chemical induction. MS-NASH mouse (formally FATZO) is a spontaneously developed dysmetabolic strain that can progress from hepatosteatosis to moderate fibrosis when fed a western diet supplemented with 5% fructose (WDF). This study aimed to use carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to accelerate and aggravate progression of NAFLD/NASH in MS-NASH mouse. METHODS Male MS-NASH mice at 8 weeks of age were fed WDF for the entire study. Starting at 16 weeks of age, CCl4 was intraperitoneally administered twice weekly at a dose of 0.2 mL/kg for 3 weeks or 0.08 mL/kg for 8 weeks. Obeticholic acid (OCA, 30 mg/kg, QD) was administered in both MS-NASH and C57Bl/6 mice fed WDF and treated with CCl4 (0.08 mL/kg). RESULTS WDF enhanced obesity and hepatosteatosis, as well as induced moderate fibrosis in MS-NASH mice similar to previous reports. Administration of CCl4 accelerated liver fibrosis with increased bridging and liver hydroxyproline contents, but had no significant impact on liver steatosis and lipid contents. High dose CCl4 caused high mortality and dramatic elevation of ALT and ASL, while low dose CCl4 resulted in a moderate elevation of ALT and AST with low mortality. Compared to C57BI/6 mice with WDF and CCl4 (0.08 mL/kg), MS-NASH mice had more prominent hepatosteatosis and fibrosis. OCA treatment significantly lowered liver triglycerides, steatosis and fibrosis in both MS-NASH and C57Bl/6 mice fed WDF with CCl4 treatment. CONCLUSIONS CCl4 reduced induction time and exacerbated liver fibrosis in MS-NASH mice on WDF, proving a superior NASH model with more prominent liver pathology, which has been used favorably in pharmaceutical industry for testing novel NASH therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiwei Ye
- Crown Bioscience (CBTC), Taicang, China
| | - Lauren Hodge
- Crown Bioscience (CBLA), New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Keefe Chng
- Crown Bioscience (CBLA), New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Yixin Jim Wang
- Crown Bioscience (CBLA), New Iberia, Louisiana, USA.
- Crown Bioscience (CBTC), Taicang, China.
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24
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Muyyarikkandy MS, McLeod M, Maguire M, Mahar R, Kattapuram N, Zhang C, Surugihalli C, Muralidaran V, Vavilikolanu K, Mathews CE, Merritt ME, Sunny NE. Branched chain amino acids and carbohydrate restriction exacerbate ketogenesis and hepatic mitochondrial oxidative dysfunction during NAFLD. FASEB J 2020; 34:14832-14849. [PMID: 32918763 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001495r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial adaptation during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include remodeling of ketogenic flux and sustained tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, which are concurrent to onset of oxidative stress. Over 70% of obese humans have NAFLD and ketogenic diets are common weight loss strategies. However, the effectiveness of ketogenic diets toward alleviating NAFLD remains unclear. We hypothesized that chronic ketogenesis will worsen metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress during NAFLD. Mice (C57BL/6) were kept (for 16-wks) on either a low-fat, high-fat, or high-fat diet supplemented with 1.5X branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) by replacing carbohydrate calories (ketogenic). The ketogenic diet induced hepatic lipid oxidation and ketogenesis, and produced multifaceted changes in flux through the individual steps of the TCA cycle. Higher rates of hepatic oxidative fluxes fueled by the ketogenic diet paralleled lower rates of de novo lipogenesis. Interestingly, this metabolic remodeling did not improve insulin resistance, but induced fibrogenic genes and inflammation in the liver. Under a chronic "ketogenic environment," the hepatocyte diverted more acetyl-CoA away from lipogenesis toward ketogenesis and TCA cycle, a milieu which can hasten oxidative stress and inflammation. In summary, chronic exposure to ketogenic environment during obesity and NAFLD has the potential to aggravate hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc McLeod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Meghan Maguire
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rohit Mahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nathan Kattapuram
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christine Zhang
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chaitra Surugihalli
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Vaishna Muralidaran
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kruthi Vavilikolanu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nishanth E Sunny
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Steensels S, Qiao J, Zhang Y, Maner-Smith KM, Kika N, Holman CD, Corey KE, Bracken WC, Ortlund EA, Ersoy BA. Acyl-Coenzyme A Thioesterase 9 Traffics Mitochondrial Short-Chain Fatty Acids Toward De Novo Lipogenesis and Glucose Production in the Liver. Hepatology 2020; 72:857-872. [PMID: 32498134 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity-induced pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and hepatic glucose production (HGP) that is due to excess fatty acids. Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thioesterase (Acot) family members control the cellular utilization of fatty acids by hydrolyzing (deactivating) acyl-CoA into nonesterified fatty acids and CoASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we identified Acot9 as the strongest regulator of lipid accumulation within the Acot family. Indicative of a maladaptive function, hepatic Acot9 expression was higher in patients with obesity who had NAFLD and NASH compared with healthy controls with obesity. In the setting of excessive nutrition, global ablation of Acot9 protected mice against increases in weight gain, HGP, steatosis, and steatohepatitis. Supportive of a hepatic function, the liver-specific deletion of Acot9 inhibited HGP and steatosis in mice without affecting diet-induced weight gain. By contrast, the rescue of Acot9 expression only in the livers of Acot9 knockout mice was sufficient to promote HGP and steatosis. Mechanistically, hepatic Acot9 localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it deactivated short-chain but not long-chain fatty acyl-CoA. This unique localization and activity of Acot9 directed acetyl-CoA away from protein lysine acetylation and toward the citric acid (TCA) cycle. Acot9-mediated exacerbation of triglyceride and glucose biosynthesis was attributable at least in part to increased TCA cycle activity, which provided substrates for HGP and DNL. β-oxidation and ketone body production, which depend on long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, were not regulated by Acot9. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings indicate that Acot9 channels hepatic acyl-CoAs toward increased HGP and DNL under the pathophysiology of obesity. Therefore, Acot9 represents a target for the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steensels
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Jixuan Qiao
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Nourhan Kika
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Corey D Holman
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - W Clay Bracken
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Emory Integrated Lipidomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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Yang PK, Chou CH, Chang CH, Chen SU, Ho HN, Chen MJ. Changes in peripheral mitochondrial DNA copy number in metformin-treated women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:69. [PMID: 32660613 PMCID: PMC7359290 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are associated with known alterations in mitochondria DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN). The aim of this study is to study the change in mtDNA-CN in patients with PCOS who were treated with metformin. METHODS This is a prospective cohort of patients with PCOS, who received metformin for one year. From 2009 to 2015, 88 women diagnosed with PCOS, based on the Rotterdam criteria, were enrolled. Serial measurements of mtDNA-CN, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), anthropometric, metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory markers were obtained before and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. RESULTS A significant decrease in mtDNA-CN was seen over the course of one year. Other markers, including 8-OHdG, testosterone, free androgen index, blood pressure and liver enzymes, also decreased in the same interval. On regression analysis, there was a significant association between the change in mtDNA-CN and serum total testosterone, and no association between mtDNA-CN and metabolic factors. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with metformin is associated with a time-dependent decrease in mtDNA-CN in patients with PCOS who are treated over the course of one year. This may signify a reduction in mitochondria dysfunction. The change in mtDNA-CN corresponds to a similar change in serum total testosterone, and suggests a possible relationship between mtDNA-CN and testosterone. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00172523 . Registered September 15, 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 8, Chung-Shan South Road, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hong Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 8, Chung-Shan South Road, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hao Chang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 8, Chung-Shan South Road, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 8, Chung-Shan South Road, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jou Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 8, Chung-Shan South Road, 100, Taipei, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Livia Shangyu Wan Scholar, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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A pilot study of the effect of curcumin on epigenetic changes and DNA damage among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2020; 51:102447. [PMID: 32507446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enhancement of oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients may cause mutation in DNA by deamination of cytosine to 5-hydroxyuracil or uracil. This study aimed to discover the effects of curcumin on NAFLD progress, DNA damage caused by oxidative stress, and promoter methylation of mismatch repair enzymes. MATERIAL AND METHODS in this study, 54 NAFLD patients were randomly devided into two groups, according to a double blind parallel design either phytosomal curcumin (250 mg/day) or placebo for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples and anthropometric measures were taken twice, once at the baseline and once at the end of the study. Promoter methylation and 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration as DNA damage mediator were measured by restriction enzymes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULT Analysis was performed on 44 patients. According to our between groups analysis, curcumin significantly reduced the methylation in MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) and MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) promoter regions. The within-group comparison revealed that anthropometric variables significantly decreased. However, the result of the between groups comparison indicated no significant changes in the anthropometric variables except for BMI. Liver enzymes and 8-OHdG did not significantly change at the end of the study, neither in curcumin group nor in placebo group. CONCLUSION Curcumin might be able to reduce the risk of mismatch base pair in DNA among the NAFLD patients. However, it did not change the DNA damage mediator and liver enzymes. For confirming these results, more studies with longer duration, more numbers of examined genes, higher dose of curcumin, and larger sample size are required.
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28
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Boland ML, Laker RC, Mather K, Nawrocki A, Oldham S, Boland BB, Lewis H, Conway J, Naylor J, Guionaud S, Feigh M, Veidal SS, Lantier L, McGuinness OP, Grimsby J, Rondinone CM, Jermutus L, Larsen MR, Trevaskis JL, Rhodes CJ. Resolution of NASH and hepatic fibrosis by the GLP-1R/GcgR dual-agonist Cotadutide via modulating mitochondrial function and lipogenesis. Nat Metab 2020; 2:413-431. [PMID: 32478287 PMCID: PMC7258337 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis are highly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cotadutide, a GLP-1R/GcgR agonist, was shown to reduce blood glycemia, body weight and hepatic steatosis in patients with T2DM. Here, we demonstrate that the effects of Cotadutide to reduce body weight, food intake and improve glucose control are predominantly mediated through the GLP-1 signaling, while, its action on the liver to reduce lipid content, drive glycogen flux and improve mitochondrial turnover and function are directly mediated through Gcg signaling. This was confirmed by the identification of phosphorylation sites on key lipogenic and glucose metabolism enzymes in liver of mice treated with Cotadutide. Complementary metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses implicated lipogenic, fibrotic and inflammatory pathways, which are consistent with a unique therapeutic contribution of GcgR agonism by Cotadutide in vivo. Significantly, Cotadutide also alleviated fibrosis to a greater extent than Liraglutide or Obeticholic acid (OCA), despite adjusting dose to achieve similar weight loss in 2 preclinical mouse models of NASH. Thus Cotadutide, via direct hepatic (GcgR) and extra-hepatic (GLP-1R) effects, exerts multi-factorial improvement in liver function and is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Boland
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Rhianna C Laker
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Karly Mather
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Nawrocki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PR group, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Brandon B Boland
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Hilary Lewis
- Research and Early Development, Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Conway
- Translational Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Naylor
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Louise Lantier
- Vanderbilt University Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Vanderbilt University Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Cristina M Rondinone
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PR group, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - James L Trevaskis
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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29
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Hepatocyte Injury and Hepatic Stem Cell Niche in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030590. [PMID: 32131439 PMCID: PMC7140508 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. The global prevalence of NAFLD is constantly increasing. NAFLD is a disease spectrum comprising distinct stages with different prognoses. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive condition, characterized by liver inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, with or without fibrosis. The natural history of NAFLD is negatively influenced by NASH onset and by the progression towards advanced fibrosis. Pathogenetic mechanisms and cellular interactions leading to NASH and fibrosis involve hepatocytes, liver macrophages, myofibroblast cell subpopulations, and the resident progenitor cell niche. These cells are implied in the regenerative trajectories following liver injury, and impairment or perturbation of these mechanisms could lead to NASH and fibrosis. Recent evidence underlines the contribution of extra-hepatic organs/tissues (e.g., gut, adipose tissue) in influencing NASH development by interacting with hepatic cells through various molecular pathways. The present review aims to summarize the role of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, their mutual influence, and the possible interactions with extra-hepatic tissues and organs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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30
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Baandrup Kristiansen MN, Veidal SS, Christoffersen C, Feigh M, Vrang N, Roth JD, Erickson M, Adorini L, Jelsing J. Validity of biopsy-based drug effects in a diet-induced obese mouse model of biopsy-confirmed NASH. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:228. [PMID: 31883514 PMCID: PMC6935483 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Compounds in clinical development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) improve liver histopathology in diet-induced obese mouse models of biopsy-confirmed NASH. Since the biopsy section used for histopathological evaluation represents only < 1% of the whole mouse liver, we evaluated how well biopsy-based quantitative image analyses correlate to stereology-based whole-liver quantitative changes upon drug treatment. Methods Male leptin-deficient Lepob/Lepob mice were fed the Amylin liver NASH (AMLN) diet for 16 weeks before stratification into treatment groups using a biopsy-based evaluation of type I collagen αI (col1a1) levels. Mice were treated for 8 weeks with either vehicle (PO, QD), liraglutide (0.4 mg/kg, SC, QD), elafibranor (30 mg/kg, PO, QD) or INT-767 (10 mg/kg, PO, QD). Terminal quantitative histological assessment of liver lipid (hematoxylin-eosin staining), inflammation (galectin-3 immunohistochemistry (IHC); gal-3), and fibrosis (col1a1 IHC) was performed on terminal liver biopsies and compared with stereologically sampled serial sections spanning the medial, left and right lateral lobe of the liver. Results The distribution of liver lipid and fibrosis was markedly consistent across lobes, whereas inflammation showed some variability. While INT-767 and liraglutide significantly reduced total liver weight by 20 and 48%, respectively, elafibranor tended to exacerbate hepatomegaly in Lepob/Lepob-NASH mice. All three compounds markedly reduced biopsy-based relative liver lipid content. Elafibranor and INT-767 significantly reduced biopsy-based relative gal-3 levels (P < 0.001), whereas INT-767 and liraglutide tended to reduce relative col1a1 levels. When changes in liver weight was accounted for, both INT-767 and liraglutide significantly reduced biopsy-based total col1a1 content. Although minor differences in absolute and relative liver lipid, inflammation and fibrosis levels were observed across lobes, the interpretation of drug-induced effects were consistent with biopsy-based conclusions. Notably, the incorporation of changes in total liver mass revealed that liraglutide’s efficacy reached statistical significances for all analyzed parameters. Conclusions In conclusion, in-depth analyses of liver homogeneity demonstrated that drug-induced improvement in liver biopsy-assessed histopathology is representative for overall liver effects assessed using stereology. Importantly, these findings reveal how changes in whole-liver mass should be considered to provide a deeper understanding of apparent drug treatment efficacy in preclinical NASH studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nicoline Baandrup Kristiansen
- Gubra Aps, Hoersholm, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital and Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Mary Erickson
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, USA
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31
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Simoes IC, Janikiewicz J, Bauer J, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Kalinowski P, Dobrzyń A, Wolski A, Pronicki M, Zieniewicz K, Dobrzyń P, Krawczyk M, Zischka H, Wieckowski MR, Potes Y. Fat and Sugar-A Dangerous Duet. A Comparative Review on Metabolic Remodeling in Rodent Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2871. [PMID: 31771244 PMCID: PMC6950566 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease in Western society and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis to end-stage liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms that are involved in the progression of steatosis to more severe liver damage in patients are not fully understood. A deeper investigation of NAFLD pathogenesis is possible due to the many different animal models developed recently. In this review, we present a comparative overview of the most common dietary NAFLD rodent models with respect to their metabolic phenotype and morphological manifestation. Moreover, we describe similarities and controversies concerning the effect of NAFLD-inducing diets on mitochondria as well as mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C.M. Simoes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Judith Bauer
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
| | | | - Piotr Kalinowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Andrzej Wolski
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Pronicki
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Paweł Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
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32
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Loza-Medrano SS, Baiza-Gutman LA, Manuel-Apolinar L, García-Macedo R, Damasio-Santana L, Martínez-Mar OA, Sánchez-Becerra MC, Cruz-López M, Ibáñez-Hernández MA, Díaz-Flores M. High fructose-containing drinking water-induced steatohepatitis in rats is prevented by the nicotinamide-mediated modulation of redox homeostasis and NADPH-producing enzymes. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:337-351. [PMID: 31650383 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance in the redox state, increased levels of lipid precursors and overactivation of de novo lipogenesis determine the development of fibrosis during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We evaluated the modulation of NADPH-producing enzymes associated with the antifibrotic, antioxidant and antilipemic effects of nicotinamide (NAM) in a model of NASH induced by excess fructose consumption. Male rats were provided drinking water containing 40% fructose for 16 weeks. During the last 12 weeks of fructose administration, water containing NAM was provided to some of the rats for 5 h/day. The biochemical profiles and the ghrelin, leptin, lipoperoxidation and TNF-α levels in serum and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME) and NADP+-dependent isocitric dehydrogenase (IDP) levels, the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and reduced/oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) ratios, and the levels of various lipogenic and fibrotic markers in the liver were evaluated. The results showed that hepatic fibrosis induced by fructose consumption was associated with weight gain, hunger-satiety system dysregulation, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, lipoperoxidation and inflammation. Moreover, increased levels of hepatic G6PD and ME activity and expression, the NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios, and GSSG concentration and increased expression of lipogenic and fibrotic markers were detected, and these alterations were attenuated by NAM administration. Specifically, NAM diminished the activity and expression of G6PD and ME, and this effect was associated with a decrease in the NADPH/NADP+ ratios, increased GSH levels and decreased lipoperoxidation and inflammation, ameliorating fibrosis and NASH development. NAM reduces liver steatosis and fibrosis by regulating redox homeostasis through a G6PD- and ME-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Loza-Medrano
- Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades (1er. Piso), "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, C.P. 06725, México City, Mexico
| | - L A Baiza-Gutman
- Laboratorio en Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - L Manuel-Apolinar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico
| | - R García-Macedo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades (1er. Piso), "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, C.P. 06725, México City, Mexico
| | - L Damasio-Santana
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico
| | - O A Martínez-Mar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades (1er. Piso), "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, C.P. 06725, México City, Mexico
| | - M C Sánchez-Becerra
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades (1er. Piso), "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, C.P. 06725, México City, Mexico
| | - M Cruz-López
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades (1er. Piso), "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, C.P. 06725, México City, Mexico
| | - M A Ibáñez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - M Díaz-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades (1er. Piso), "Bernardo Sepúlveda" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, C.P. 06725, México City, Mexico.
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33
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Boland ML, Oró D, Tølbøl KS, Thrane ST, Nielsen JC, Cohen TS, Tabor DE, Fernandes F, Tovchigrechko A, Veidal SS, Warrener P, Sellman BR, Jelsing J, Feigh M, Vrang N, Trevaskis JL, Hansen HH. Towards a standard diet-induced and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Impact of dietary fat source. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4904-4920. [PMID: 31543682 PMCID: PMC6737317 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trans-fat containing AMLN (amylin liver non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) diet has been extensively validated in C57BL/6J mice with or without the Lepob/Lepob (ob/ob) mutation in the leptin gene for reliably inducing metabolic and liver histopathological changes recapitulating hallmarks of NASH. Due to a recent ban on trans-fats as food additive, there is a marked need for developing a new diet capable of promoting a compatible level of disease in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice.
AIM To develop a biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH based on an obesogenic diet with trans-fat substituted by saturated fat.
METHODS Male ob/ob mice were fed AMLN diet or a modified AMLN diet with trans-fat (Primex shortening) substituted by equivalent amounts of palm oil [Gubra amylin NASH, (GAN) diet] for 8, 12 and 16 wk. C57BL/6J mice were fed the same diets for 28 wk. AMLN and GAN diets had similar caloric content (40% fat kcal), fructose (22%) and cholesterol (2%) level.
RESULTS The GAN diet was more obesogenic compared to the AMLN diet and impaired glucose tolerance. Biopsy-confirmed steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, fibrotic liver lesions and hepatic transcriptome changes were similar in ob/ob mice fed the GAN or AMLN diet. C57BL/6J mice developed a mild to moderate fibrotic NASH phenotype when fed the same diets.
CONCLUSION Substitution of Primex with palm oil promotes a similar phenotype of biopsy-confirmed NASH in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice, making GAN diet-induced obese mouse models suitable for characterizing novel NASH treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Boland
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Denise Oró
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Taylor S Cohen
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - David E Tabor
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Fiona Fernandes
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Andrey Tovchigrechko
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | | | - Paul Warrener
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Bret R Sellman
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | | | | | - Niels Vrang
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - James L Trevaskis
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
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Taliento AE, Dallio M, Federico A, Prati D, Valenti L. Novel Insights into the Genetic Landscape of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2755. [PMID: 31375010 PMCID: PMC6695718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disorder worldwide, is epidemiologically associated with overweight, insulin resistance features and type 2 diabetes, and can progress to advanced liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genetic factors play an important role in the development of NAFLD, which is a multifactorial disease. Several common naturally occurring variants modulating lipid and retinol metabolism in hepatocytes predispose to NAFLD development and progression, in particular those in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, and HSD17B13. In addition, genetic variants that protect hepatic cells from oxidative stress modulate the susceptibility to progressive NAFLD. Although the molecular mechanisms linking these genetic variants with liver disease are not yet fully understood, hepatic fat has emerged as a major driver of the disease, while altered retinol metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative stress play a role in determining the development of advanced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Emma Taliento
- Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Prati
- Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy.
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35
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Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number as a potential biomarker indicating poor outcome in biliary atresia and its association with oxidative DNA damage and telomere length. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Shin SK, Cho HW, Song SE, Bae JH, Im SS, Hwang I, Ha H, Song DK. Ablation of catalase promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:829-843. [PMID: 30617744 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-02250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced endogenously can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic complications in various cell types by inducing oxidative stress. In the liver, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress affects the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although a link between both stresses and fatty liver diseases has been suggested, few studies have investigated the involvement of catalase in fatty liver pathogenesis. We examined whether catalase is associated with NAFLD, using catalase knockout (CKO) mice and the catalase-deficient human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Hepatic morphology analysis revealed that the fat accumulation was more prominent in high-fat diet (HFD) CKO mice compared to that in age-matched wild-type (WT) mice, and lipid peroxidation and H2O2 release were significantly elevated in CKO mice. Transmission electron micrographs indicated that the liver mitochondria from CKO mice tended to be more severely damaged than those in WT mice. Likewise, mitochondrial DNA copy number and cellular ATP concentrations were significantly lower in CKO mice. In fatty acid-treated HepG2 cells, knockdown of catalase accelerated cellular lipid accumulation and depressed mitochondrial biogenesis, which was recovered by co-treatment with N-acetyl cysteine or melatonin. This effect of antioxidant was also true in HFD-fed CKO mice, suppressing fatty liver development and improving hepatic mitochondrial function. Expression of ER stress marker proteins and hepatic fat deposition also increased in normal-diet, aged CKO mice compared to WT mice. These findings suggest that H2O2 production may be an important event triggering NAFLD and that catalase may be an attractive therapeutic target for preventing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyung Shin
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Inha Hwang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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