Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030?

Correlates of Hepatitis B infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Wa Municipality, Ghana

Despite the availability of an effective vaccine against viral hepatitis B infection, it remains prevalent, highly transmissible especially through mother-to-child, life-threatening, and a major public health challenge. A positive Hepatitis B e-Antigen (HBeAg) mother has a 90% risk of transmitting the virus to the unborn child in the perinatal period. This study sought to determine the prevalence and risk of Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in the Wa Municipality of Ghana. A cross-sectional study employing systematic random sampling was conducted among 183 consented pregnant women who went for antenatal care in nine health facilities in the Wa Municipality. A structured validated questionnaire was used to collect information about socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, awareness of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) transmission and its prevention. Blood samples (3.0 mls) were collected from each participant to test for HBV serum markers using a Wondfo One Step HBV rapid immunochromatographic assay (Catalog number W003) for the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We conducted descriptive statistics including the prevalence and used multivariable logistic regression to determine the risk of Hepatitis B among study participants. Data was analysed using Stata/SE 15. About 20.2% of the 183 pregnant women screened tested positive for HBsAg. Generally, compared with younger pregnant women, older (> = 25) pregnant women were >9 times less likely to test positive for both chronic Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) and (HBeAg) Hepatitis B infections. However, pregnant women in polygamous relationship were more likely to test positive for both (HBcAb) and (HBsAg and HBeAg) Hepatitis B infections compared with those in monogamous relationship. In a multivariable analysis, pregnant women in a polygamous relationships were about 5 times more likely to test positive for HBsAg (AOR = 4.61, 95% CI: 2.06-9.89) and HBcAb (AOR = 4.89, 95% CI:1.52-6.81) and HBeAg (AOR = 4.62, 95% CI:1.21-6.39) compared with those in a monogamous relationship. This study highlights a high HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women with those in polygamous relationship and younger age more likely to test positive. Facility and community-based health services should emphasize the need for regular screening, education, and vaccination of pregnant women, especially those at high risk, to prevent mother-to-child transmission of viral hepatitis B.

MicroRNA levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection in a high-prevalence setting; KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection are significant public health issues, despite the availability of an effective HBV vaccine for nearly three decades and the great progress that has been made in preventing and treating HIV. HBV and HIV both modulate micro-ribonucleic acids (microRNA) expression to support viral replication. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of microRNA expression in patients coinfected with chronic HBV and HIV with varying disease severity, as indicated by Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, HBV viral load, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and HIV viral load.

METHODS

Plasma microRNAs, specific to HBV, were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in HBV and HIV-negative healthy controls (n = 23) and patients coinfected with chronic HBV-HIV (n = 50). MicroRNA expression levels were compared between patients with high vs low HBV viral load, HBeAg positive vs HBeAg negative, high vs low ALT levels, and high vs low HIV viral load. Additionally, HBV viral load, ALT levels, and HIV viral load were correlated with microRNA expression levels.

RESULTS

Significantly higher expression levels of selected microRNAs were observed in chronic HBV-HIV coinfected patients compared to healthy controls. Significantly higher expression levels of hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, and hsa-miR-193b-3p were observed in patients with high HBV viral load compared with low HBV viral load patients, and the levels of these microRNAs were correlated with HBV viral load levels. Significantly higher levels of hsa-miR-15b-5p and hsa-miR-181b-5p were observed in HBeAg-negative patients.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the potential use of hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p and hsa-miR-193b-3p as additional diagnostic biomarkers in chronic HBV disease progression.

High prevalence of hepatitis B and HIV among women survivors of sexual violence in South Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

INTRODUCTION

Limited data are available on the prevalence rates of hepatitis B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among women survivors of sexual violence (WSSV) in South Kivu province, in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where armed conflicts persist. Here, we aimed to assess the prevalence of these two infections in this vulnerable local population.

METHODS

A total of 1002 WSSV, aged from 18 to 70 years old were enrolled from May 2018 to May 2020 at three healthcare facilities (Panzi, Mulamba and Bulenga hospitals), which are called "The One-Stop Centre Care Model" for the management of sexual violence in South Kivu. Blood samples were collected and tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens and antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) methods. Subsequently, viral load quantification for HBV and HIV were performed using the GeneXpert. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with HIV-positive and HBV-positive status.

RESULTS

For HBV, overall prevalence was 8.9% (95% CI; 7.2-10.8%), 32.1% (95% CI; 29.3-35.0%), and 14.5% (95% CI; 12.3-16.8%) for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs antibodies, respectively. Among the 89 HBsAg-positive patients, 17 (19.1%) were HBeAg-positive. The median age of individuals with a positive HBsAg test was higher than those with a negative test (median: 40 years (IQR 30-52) compared to 36 years (IQR 24-48)). Risk factors for HBV infection were age (≥35 years) (AOR = 1.83 [1.02-3.32]; p = 0.041), having no schooling (AOR = 4.14 [1.35-12.62]; p = 0.012) or only primary school-level (AOR = 4.88 [1.61-14.75]; p = 0.005), and multiple aggressors (AOR = 1.76 [1.09-2.84], p = 0.019). The prevalence of HIV was 4.3% [95% CI: 3.1-5.7%]. HIV/HBV co-infection occurred only in 5 individuals (0.5%). The HBV viral load was detectable (> 1 log10 UI/mL) in 61.8% of HBsAg-positive subjects and 64.8% HIV-positive subjects had a high viral load (≥ 3 log10 copies/mL).

CONCLUSION

This study revealed a high prevalence of HBV and HIV infections among WSSV in South Kivu. The results generated highlight the urgent need for systematic screening of HBV and HIV by integrating fourth-generation ELISA tests in HIV and HBV control programs.

FGL1 and FGL2: emerging regulators of liver health and disease

Liver disease is a complex group of diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, emerging as a major global health concern. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of fibrinogen-like proteins, specifically fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) and fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), in the regulation of various liver diseases. FGL1 plays a crucial role in promoting hepatocyte growth, regulating lipid metabolism, and influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME), contributing significantly to liver repair, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and liver cancer. On the other hand, FGL2 is a multifunctional protein known for its role in modulating prothrombin activity and inducing immune tolerance, impacting viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplantation. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of fibrinogen-like proteins is essential for the development of effective therapeutic approaches for liver diseases. Additionally, FGL1 has demonstrated potential as a disease biomarker in radiation and drug-induced liver injury as well as HCC, while FGL2 shows promise as a biomarker in viral hepatitis and liver transplantation. The expression levels of these molecules offer exciting prospects for disease assessment. This review provides an overview of the structure and roles of FGL1 and FGL2 in different liver conditions, emphasizing the intricate molecular regulatory processes and advancements in targeted therapies. Furthermore, it explores the potential benefits and challenges of targeting FGL1 and FGL2 for liver disease treatment and the prospects of fibrinogen-like proteins as biomarkers for liver disease, offering insights for future research in this field.

Prevalence and associated factors for hepatitis B infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at SOS Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, maternal complications, and neonatal deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. Mother-to-child transmission is a major route of HBV transmission in endemic areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B infection and its associated factors among pregnant women attending Antenatal Care clinics at SOS Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia.

Methods

The research followed a cross-sectional design, and the participants were chosen through systematic random sampling, including every fifth outpatient. Each participant provided a blood sample for standard testing, and their consent was obtained before conducting Hepatitis B screening using the ELISA method.

Results

In our study of 384 pregnant women, 43 individuals (11.2%) tested positive for HBsAg. The frequency of HBsAg seropositivity was significantly higher in subjects with no education when compared to those with primary education (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.01-0.96, p = 0.046). Caesarian Section (AOR = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.004-0.0103, p = 0.001), blood transfusion (AOR = 11.6, 95% CI: 3.44-38.08, p = 0.001), previous dental procedures (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.04-0.38, p = 0.001), and unsafe injections in the past (AOR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.09-0.91, p = 0.035) were identified as significant risk factors for hepatitis positivity.

Conclusions

The study found a higher prevalence of hepatitis B compared to previous studies. Factors such as blood transfusion, dental procedures, Caesarian Section, and unsafe injections were associated with hepatitis B infection. It is essential to raise awareness, promote preventive measures, and implement routine screening for pregnant women so as to stop the transmission of hepatitis B to their children.

An overview of anti-Hepatitis B virus flavonoids and their mechanisms of action

Flavonoids, a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found in various plant-based foods, have garnered attention for their potential in combating Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Flavonoids have demonstrated promising anti-HBV activities by interfering with multiple stages of the HBV life cycle, making them promising candidates for novel antiviral agents. Certain plant families, such as Theaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Gentianaceae, are of particular interest for their flavonoid-rich members with anti-HBV activities. Evidences, both in vitro and in vivo, supports the anti-HBV potential of flavonoids. These subsets of compound exert their anti-HBV effects through various mechanisms, including inhibiting viral entry, disrupting viral replication, modulating transcription factors, enhancing the immune response, and inducing autophagy. The antioxidant properties of flavonoids play a crucial role in modulating oxidative stress associated with HBV infection. Several flavonoids like epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), proanthocyanidin (PAC), hexamethoxyflavone, wogonin, and baicalin have shown significant anti-HBV potential, holding promise as therapeutic agents. Synergistic effects between flavonoids and existing antiviral therapies offer a promising approach to enhance antiviral efficacy and reduce drug resistance. Challenges, including limited bioavailability, translation from preclinical studies to clinical practice, and understanding precise targets, need to be addressed. Future research should focus on clinical trials, combination therapies, and the development of flavonoid derivatives with improved bioavailability, and optimizing their effectiveness in managing chronic HBV infections.

Advances of Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising technology in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically in the implementation of diagnosis and treatment strategies. Nanotechnology-based approaches, such as nanoparticle-based contrast agents and nanoscale imaging techniques, have shown great potential for enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of HCC detection. These approaches provide high-resolution imaging and allow for the detection of molecular markers and alterations in cellular morphology associated with HCC. In terms of treatment, nanotechnology has revolutionized HCC therapy by enabling targeted drug delivery, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing off-target effects. Nanoparticle-based drug carriers can be functionalized with ligands specific to HCC cells, allowing for selective accumulation of therapeutic agents at the tumor site. Furthermore, nanotechnology can facilitate combination therapy by co-encapsulating multiple drugs within a single nanoparticle, allowing for synergistic effects and overcoming drug resistance. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in nanotechnology-based approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Further research is needed to optimize the design and functionality of nanoparticles, improve their biocompatibility and stability, and evaluate their long-term safety and efficacy. Nonetheless, the integration of nanotechnology in HCC management holds great promise and may lead to improved patient outcomes in the future.

Clinical manifestation, staging and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Gambian patients

BACKGROUND

As a result of the lack of screening programs and the difficulty in making a proper diagnosis, the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HHC) patients present late in low-resource countries. The study therefore assesses the clinical features, stage and prognostic variables of patients with HCC in The Gambia.

METHODS

From December 2015 to January 2019, patients with a confirmed diagnosis of HCC were enrolled. All patients' medical history, ultrasound scan, FibroScan and laboratory details were collected.

RESULTS

Two hundred and sixty (260) patients were enrolled. The mean age of HCC patients was 40 years, and 210 (80.7%) of them were male. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms were early satiety 229 (88.1%) and abdominal pain 288 (87.7%), while the most common constitutional symptoms were weight loss 237 (91.2%) and easy fatiguability 237 (91.2%). Hepatomegaly 205 (78.8%) was the most common sign. On ultrasound scan, lesions were mostly multifocal 175 (67.3%), and the median FibroScan score was 75 kPa. The median fibrosis 4 and aspartate transferase platelet ratio index were 4.6 and 2.2, respectively. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was positive in 170 (65.4%) patients, and the median AFP level was 3263 ng/ml. HCC patients with positive HBsAg were more likely to be male 145 (85.3%) vs 62 (72.1%) (p = 0.011), much younger 39.9 vs 51.4 yrs (p =  < 0.0001), more likely to have abdominal pain 156 (91.8%) vs 68 (79.1%) (p = 0.002), jaundice 78 (45.9%) vs 29 (33.7%) (p = 0.042), dark urine 117 (68.8%) vs 46 (53.5%) (p = 0.018), raised transaminases (Aspartate transaminases 224.5 (32-7886) vs 153 (18-610), p =  < 0.01, Alanine transferases 71 (5-937) vs 47 (8-271), p =  < 0.001) and decreased platelet count 207 (33-941) vs 252 (52- 641) (p = 0.021) compared to patients with HCC who were HBsAg-negative.

CONCLUSIONS

The prognosis of patients with HCC is poor in developing countries such as The Gambia, where screening programs and treatment modalities are scarce. Young males are disproportionately affected, and HBV is a major cause of HCC in The Gambia.

Functional analyses of single nucleotide polymorphic variants of the DNA glycosylase NEIL1 in sub-Saharan African populations

Nei-like glycosylase 1 (NEIL1) is a DNA repair enzyme that initiates the base excision repair (BER) pathway to cleanse the human genome of damage. The substrate specificity of NEIL1 includes several common base modifications formed under oxidative stress conditions, as well as the imidazole ring open adducts that are induced by alkylating agents following initial modification at N7 guanine. An example of the latter is the persistent and mutagenic 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-FapyGua) adduct, resulting from the alkylating agent aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exo-8-9-epoxide. Naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) variants of NEIL1 are hypothesized to be associated with an increased risk for development of early-onset hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in environments with high exposures to aflatoxins and chronic inflammation from viral infections and alcohol consumption. Given that AFB1 exposures and hepatitis B viral (HBV) infections represent a major problem in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa, it is pertinent to study SNP NEIL1 variants that are present in this geographic region. In this investigation, we characterized the three most common NEIL1 variants found in this region: P321A, R323G, and I182M. Biochemical analyses were conducted to determine the proficiencies of these variants in initiating the repair of DNA lesions. Our data show that damage recognition and excision activities of P321A and R323G were near that of wild-type (WT) NEIL1 for both thymine glycol (ThyGly) and AFB1-FapyGua. The substrate specificities of these variants with respect to various oxidatively-induced base lesions were also similar to that of WT. In contrast, the I182M variant was unstable, such that it precipitated under a variety of conditions and underwent rapid inactivation at a biologically relevant temperature, with partial stabilization being observed in the presence of undamaged DNA. This study provides insight regarding the potential increased risk for early-onset HCC in human populations carrying the NEIL1 I182M variant.

Contribution of alcohol use to the global burden of cirrhosis and liver cancer from 1990 to 2019 and projections to 2044

BACKGROUND

Identifying the temporal trends of cirrhosis and liver cancer attributable to alcohol use in both the past and the future can formulate the control strategies.

METHODS

Data on cirrhosis and liver cancer attributable to alcohol use from 1990 to 2019, including mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. To analyze the temporal trends, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated, and the Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied.

RESULT

Deaths and DALY of cirrhosis and liver cancer attributable to alcohol use increased year by years, but the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALY rate declined or remained stable from 1990 to 2019 in most regions of the world. The burden of cirrhosis attributable to alcohol increased in low-middle social-development index (SDI) regions, while the burden of liver cancer increased in high-SDI regions. Eastern Europe and Central Asia have the highest burden of cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by alcohol use. Deaths and DALYs are mainly distributed in people aged 40+ years, but there is an increasing trend in people aged under 40 years. New deaths from cirrhosis and liver cancer attributable to alcohol use are predicted to increase in the next 25 years, but the ASDR of cirrhosis in males will increase slightly.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the age-standardized rate of cirrhosis and liver cancer due to alcohol use have decreased, the absolute burden increased and will continue to increase. Therefore, alcohol control measures should be further strengthened and improved through effective national policies.

Cancer Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The African Narrative and Prospects

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on healthcare services globally. Whilst it has been particularly disruptive for cancer care in low-resource settings, a few African countries have been able to adapt strategies to enable continued delivery of medical care to persons with cancer. This study seeks to highlight how much effect the coronavirus pandemic has had on oncological care in Africa and to indicate the way forward. For this narrative review, PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search for literature addressing the effect of the coronavirus pandemic on the care of patients with cancer in Africa with ensuing coping strategies. Selection criteria were manuscripts published since the onset of the pandemic in 2019 and written in the English language with Africa being the focus. In total, 52 research papers involving up to 21 African nations were found and reviewed. Across the board, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the deferral of oncological screening programs and a halt in immunization activities routinely scheduled for preventable cancers. It caused a colossal shortage in the availability of appropriately trained medical personnel, reduced frequency and duration of outpatient consultations, and a delay in cancer investigations and diagnosis. It also stirred up the substandard modification of chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy due to the scarcity of anticancer medications and radioisotopes and engendered the cancellation of cancer surgical procedures. Palliative care for patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease was in many cases interrupted and cancer research activities were abruptly deferred. Ultimately, these led to poor patient outcomes and increased cancer-related fatalities. However, a few African countries - Rwanda, Ghana, and Tunisia - have continued to adapt telemedicine, small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS), and home therapy to facilitate cancer care. To date, there is a paucity of data concerning the successes and cost-effectiveness of these relatively new methods recently adapted to cater to the medical needs of cancer patients in Africa. The pandemic has presented the African community an opportunity to advance her healthcare systems, especially as it pertains to the delivery of medical care to persons with cancer. The need of the hour is to study further the alternative cancer care delivery systems initiated during the pandemic in order to determine their sustainability in Africa at large.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus among highly active antiretroviral therapy experienced children in Gondar, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Globally, chronic viral hepatitis is the cause of mortality alongside human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and tuberculosis. Published reports on the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV-infected children are lacking in sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-experienced children at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.

METHODS

We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among HAART-experienced children from January to May 2020. We collected the socio-demographic characteristics of study participants with pretested questioners and clinical data from medical records. We performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based laboratory test for serum hepatitis B surface antigens and anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies. Finally, we analyzed the frequency of all variables, determined the association of independent variables with hepatitis B and C viruses by using univariable and then multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

A total of 241 HAART-experienced children were enrolled, 49.8% of whom were girls. The median age of participants was 13 years (interquartile range 11-14). The seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection among HAART-experienced children were 9.5% and 2.9%, respectively. Being underweight was significantly associated with both hepatitis B virus (AOR = 3.87: 95% CI; 1.04-14.46, P = 0.044) and hepatitis C virus infections (AOR = 4.54: 95% CI; 1.21-17.04, P = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that the magnitude of hepatitis B and C viruses was high among HIV-infected children who were under HAART and did not know their hepatitis B and C infection status before. Being underweight was associated with both hepatitis viruses. Therefore, screening for hepatitis B and C viruses should be a routine measure for all HIV-infected children.

Hepatitis B Virus Research in South Africa

Despite being vaccine-preventable, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the seventh leading cause of mortality in the world. In South Africa (SA), over 1.9 million people are chronically infected with HBV, and 70% of all Black chronic carriers are infected with HBV subgenotype A1. The virus remains a significant burden on public health in SA despite the introduction of an infant immunization program implemented in 1995 and the availability of effective treatment for chronic HBV infection. In addition, the high prevalence of HIV infection amplifies HBV replication, predisposes patients to chronicity, and complicates management of the infection. HBV research has made significant progress leading to better understanding of HBV epidemiology and management challenges in the SA context. This has led to recent revision of the national HBV infection management guidelines. Research on developing new vaccines and therapies is underway and progress has been made with designing potentially curative gene therapies against HBV. This review summarizes research carried out in SA on HBV molecular biology, epidemiology, treatment, and vaccination strategies.

The Burden of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in Ovarian Cancer Patients in Nairobi, Kenya

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a gynecological malignancy characterized by high morbidity and mortalities due to late-stage diagnosis because accurate early diagnostic biomarkers are lacking. Testing of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in OC patients is pertinent in light of the emerging evidence of their contribution to poor prognosis. We, for the first time, investigated the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections in a Kenyan cohort of OC to inform optimal management. We recruited a cohort of women above 18 years of age, comprising 86 OC patients and 50 healthy controls. Participants’ blood samples were serologically screened for HBV, HCV, and HIV. We found seroprevalence rates of 29.1%, 26.7%, and 1.2% for HBV, HIV, and HCV, respectively, in OC patients. The healthy control group had HBV and HIV seroprevalence rates of 3.9% for each with no positive HCV case. HBV/HIV coinfection was noted only in the OC group with a positivity rate of 17.4%. In summary, we found higher HBV and HIV seroprevalence in Kenyan OC patients compared to the healthy control group, whereas HCV prevalence was reflective of the general population. Hence, we recommend screening for HBV and HIV among OC patients destined for anticancer treatment.

The Global Impact of Hepatitis B Vaccination on Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Over 1.5 million preventable new hepatitis B infections continue to occur each year and there are an estimated 296 million people living with chronic hepatitis B infection worldwide, resulting in more than 820,000 deaths annually due to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B vaccination remains the cornerstone of public health policy to prevent HCC and a vital component of the global hepatitis B elimination response. The WHO has set a 90% vaccination target to achieve hepatitis B elimination by 2030; however, there is wide variability in reported birth dose coverage, with global coverage at only 42%. In this review, we outline the global trends in hepatitis B vaccination coverage and the impact of hepatitis B vaccination on HCC incidence and discuss the challenges and enabling factors for achieving WHO 2030 hepatitis B vaccination coverage targets.

Loco-Regional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in People Living with HIV

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 75–90% of primary liver cancers and is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the HIV-positive population, the risk of HCC is approximately four times higher than in the general population, with higher cancer-specific mortality than in HIV-negative patients. In most cases, HCC diagnosis is made in patients younger than the HIV-negative population and in the intermediate-advanced stage, thus limiting the therapeutic possibilities. Treatment choice in HIV-positive patients with HCC is subject to cancer staging, liver function and health status, as for HIV-negative and non-HIV-negative HCC patients. There are relatively few studies on the efficacy and safety in HIV-positive patients to date in loco-regional treatments for HCC. So far, literature shows that curative treatments such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have no significant differences in overall survival between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, as opposed to palliative treatments such as TACE, where there is a significant difference in overall survival. Although it can be assumed that the most recently discovered loco-regional therapies are applicable to HIV-positive patients with HCC in the same way as HIV-negative patients, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. The purpose of our review is to evaluate these treatments, their efficacy, effectiveness, safety and their applicability to HIV-positive patients.