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Bhuia MS, Chowdhury R, Ara I, Mamun M, Rouf R, Khan MA, Uddin SJ, Shakil MAK, Habtemariam S, Ferdous J, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Islam MT. Bioactivities of morroniside: A comprehensive review of pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105896. [PMID: 38471574 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Morroniside (MOR) is an iridoid glycoside and the main active principle of the medicinal plant, Cornus officinalis Sieb. This phytochemical is associated with numerous health benefits due to its antioxidant properties. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms of MOR, utilizing published data obtained from literature databases. Data collection involved accessing various sources, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SpringerLink. Our findings demonstrate that MOR can be utilized for the treatment of several diseases and disorders, as numerous studies have revealed its significant therapeutic activities. These activities encompass anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering capability, anticancer, trichogenic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, osteoprotective, renoprotective, and cardioprotective effects. MOR has also shown promising benefits against various neurological ailments, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, and neuropathic pain. Considering these therapeutic features, MOR holds promise as a lead compound for the treatment of various ailments and disorders. However, further comprehensive preclinical and clinical trials are required to establish MOR as an effective and reliable therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shimul Bhuia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Raihan Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Iffat Ara
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Muahmmad Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Abdul Kader Shakil
- Research Center, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | | | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh.
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Modi N, Chen Y, Dong X, Hu X, Lau GW, Wilson KT, Peek RM, Chen LF. BRD4 Regulates Glycolysis-Dependent Nos2 Expression in Macrophages Upon H pylori Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:292-308.e1. [PMID: 37820788 PMCID: PMC10829522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic reprogramming is essential for the activation and functions of macrophages, including bacterial killing and cytokine production. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) has emerged as a critical regulator of innate immune response. However, the potential role of BRD4 in the metabolic reprogramming of macrophage activation upon Helicobacter pylori infection remains unclear. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild-type (WT) and Brd4-myeloid deletion conditional knockout (Brd4-CKO) mice were infected with H pylori. RNA sequencing was performed to evaluate the differential gene expression between WT and Brd4-deficient BMDMs upon infection. An in vivo model of H pylori infection using WT and Brd4-CKO mice was used to confirm the role of BRD4 in innate immune response to infection. RESULTS Depletion of Brd4 in BMDMs showed impaired H pylori-induced glycolysis. In addition, H pylori-induced expression of glycolytic genes, including Slc2a1 and Hk2, was decreased in Brd4-deficient BMDMs. BRD4 was recruited to the promoters of Slc2a1 and Hk2 via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, facilitating their expression. BRD4-mediated glycolysis stabilized H pylori-induced nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) messenger RNA to produce nitric oxide. The NO-mediated killing of H pylori decreased in Brd4-deficient BMDMs, which was rescued by pyruvate. Furthermore, Brd4-CKO mice infected with H pylori showed reduced gastric inflammation and increased H pylori colonization with reduced inducible NO synthase expression in gastric macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified BRD4 as a key regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent glycolysis and macrophage activation. Furthermore, we show a novel regulatory role of BRD4 in innate immunity through glycolysis to stabilize Nos2 messenger RNA for NO production to eliminate H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Modi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yanheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Xingchen Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Xiangming Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Gee W Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lin-Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
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Salinas-Carmona MC, Longoria-Lozano O, Garza-Esquivel HR, López-Ulloa J, Reyes-Carrillo J, Vázquez-Marmolejo AV. Inducible nitric oxide synthase blockade with aminoguanidine, protects mice infected with Nocardia brasiliensis from actinomycetoma development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008775. [PMID: 33091049 PMCID: PMC7580934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycetoma is a chronic infectious disease that can be caused by fungi or bacteria, Madurella mycetomatis and Nocardia brasiliensis are frequent etiologic agents of this disease. Mycetoma produced by bacteria is known as actinomycetoma. In mycetoma produced by fungi (eumycetoma) and actinomycetoma, diagnosis of the disease is based on clinical findings: severe inflammation, with deformities of affected tissues, abscesses, fistulae, sinuses and discharge of purulent material that contains micro colonies of the etiologic agent. Microscopic examination of infected tissue is similar regardless of the offending microbe; hallmark of infected tissue is severe inflammation with abundant neutrophils around micro colonies and granuloma formation with macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic and foamy cells. Even though medical treatment is available for mycetoma patients, amputation, or surgical intervention is frequently needed. The pathogenesis of actinomycetoma is little known, most information was obtained from experimental animal models infected with bacteria. In other experimental mice infections with different microbes, it was demonstrated that nitric oxide is responsible for the intracellular killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by activated macrophages. Nitric oxide is a free radical with potent stimulatory and suppressive effects in innate and adaptive immunity. The unstable nitric oxide molecule is produced by action of nitric oxide synthases on L-arginine. There are three nitric oxide synthases expressed in different cells and tissues, two are constitutively expressed one in neurons, and the other in endothelial cells and one that is inducible in macrophages. Aminoguanidine is a competitive inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Its administration in experimental animals may favor or harm them. We used aminoguanidine in mice infected with Nocardia brasiliensis, and demonstrated that all treated animals were protected from actinomycetoma development. Anti N. brasiliensis antibodies and T cell proliferation were not affected, but inflammation was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C. Salinas-Carmona
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Inmunología, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Ossian Longoria-Lozano
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Inmunología, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Humberto R. Garza-Esquivel
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Inmunología, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Juan López-Ulloa
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Inmunología, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jorge Reyes-Carrillo
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Inmunología, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Anna Velia Vázquez-Marmolejo
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Inmunología, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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Yaremchuk OZ, Posokhova KA, Kuzmak IP, Kulitska MI, Shevchuk ОО, Volska AS, Lykhatskyi P. IMPACT OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHESIS MODULATORS ON THE CYTOKINES PROFILE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2019.2.10698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of specific antibodies. Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of combined use of L-arginine and aminoguanidine on cytokine profile (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10) in experimental APS. Methods. The study was performed on BALB/c female mice. L-arginine (25 mg/kg) and aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg) were used for correction. Serum cytokines concentrations were assessed using an ELISA test. Results. It was found that in APS the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-a increases in 3.2, 2.3 and 4.5 times respectively, compare to the control. At the same time a decrease of the IL-4 and IL-10 in 1.9 and 2.2 times was evidenced. Aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, caused a significant decrease of TNF-α by 57% (p<0.001), but there were no changes in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 compare to the APS-group. L-arginine combined with aminoguanidine caused a significant decrease in the concentration of IL-1β by 30% (p<0.01), IL-6 – by 16% (p<0.05), TNF-a – by 59% (p<0.001) compare to the control. At the same time, the concentration of IL-4 increased by 35% (p <0.01), IL-10 – by 25% (p<0.005). Conclusions. Combined use of the precursor of the NO synthesis L-arginine and aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, leads to a decrease in the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a and an increase of IL-4 and IL-10 compare to the group of the BALB/c mice with APS and the group of animals administered with aminoguanidine.
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Yaremchuk OZ, Posokhova KA, Lykhatskyi PH, Letniak NY, Moseychuk IP. Effect of L-arginine and aminoguanidine on the cytokine profile in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the autoimmune causes of miscarriage in pregnancy. We researched the influence of L-arginine (25 mg/kg), the precursor of nitric oxide synthesis, and aminoguanidine, the inhibitor of inducible NO-synthase (10 mg/kg) on the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 in serum of BALB/c mice on the 18th day of pregnancy in cases of APS. In the serum of the pregnant mice with APS, an increase in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and a decrease in the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) was evidenced, relative to those of the pregnant animals without APS. With the use of L-arginine, a decrease in the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and an increase in the concentration of IL-4 and IL-10 was established, compared with the indicators of the pregnant mice with APS. The introduction of aminoguanidine, the selective inhibitor of iNOS, did not cause any changes in IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 compared with the group of animals with APS. However, a decrease in TNF-α concentration and an increase in IL-4 concentration were proved in this series compared with the group of pregnant animals with APS. Combined administration of L-arginine and aminoguanidine caused a decrease in the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and an increase in the concentration of IL-4 and IL-10, compared with the indicators of the animals with APS. Thus, the combined administration of L-arginine and aminoguanidine to the pregnant mice with APS contributes to the rebalancing of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum more than their individual use.
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Saadat S, Beheshti F, Askari VR, Hosseini M, Mohamadian Roshan N, Boskabady MH. Aminoguanidine affects systemic and lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Respir Res 2019; 20:96. [PMID: 31113409 PMCID: PMC6530199 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide is a mediator of potential importance in numerous physiological and inflammatory processes in the lung. Aminoguanidine (AG) has been shown to have anti-inflammation and radical scavenging properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AG, an iNOS inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic and lung inflammation in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into control, LPS (1 mg/kg/day i.p.), and LPS groups treated with AG 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg/day i.p. for five weeks. Total nitrite concentration, total and differential white blood cells (WBC) count, oxidative stress markers, and the levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and PGE2 were assessed in the serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results Administration of LPS decreased IL-4 level (p < 0.01) in BALF, total thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (p < 0.001) in BALF and serum, and increased total nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and PGE2 (p < 0.001) concentrations in BALF. Pre-treatment with AG increased BALF level of IL-4 and total thiol as well as SOD and CAT activities (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), but decreased BALF levels of total nitrite, MDA, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and PGE2 (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). AG treatment decreased total WBC count, lymphocytes and macrophages in BALF (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) and improved lung pathological changes including interstitial inflammation and lymphoid infiltration (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Conclusions AG treatment reduced oxidant markers, inflammatory cytokines and lung pathological changes but increased antioxidants and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, AG may play a significant protective role against inflammation and oxidative stress that cause lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Saadat
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran
| | - Nema Mohamadian Roshan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran.
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Bhattacharya S, Sarkar R, Chakraborty B, Porgador A, Jelinek R. Nitric Oxide Sensing through Azo-Dye Formation on Carbon Dots. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1215-1224. [PMID: 28770991 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (C-dots) prepared through heating of aminoguanidine and citric acid enable bimodal (colorimetric and fluorescence) detection of nitric oxide (NO) in aqueous solutions. The C-dots retained the functional units of aminoguanidine, which upon reaction with NO produced surface residues responsible for the color and fluorescence transformations. Notably, the aminoguanidine/citric acid C-dots were noncytotoxic, making possible real-time and high sensitivity detection of NO in cellular environments. Using multiprong spectroscopic and chromatography analyses we deciphered the molecular mechanism accounting for the NO-induced structural and photophysical transformations of the C-dots, demonstrating for the first time N2 release and azo dye formation upon the C-dots' surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and §Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rhitajit Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and §Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Biswarup Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and §Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and §Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and §Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Di Paola R, Marzocco S, Mazzon E, Dattola F, Rotondo F, Britti D, De Majo M, Genovese T, Cuzzocrea S. Effect of Aminoguanidine in Ligature-induced Periodontitis in Rats. J Dent Res 2016; 83:343-8. [PMID: 15044511 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species is well-demonstrated in inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of aminoguanidine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in a rat model of periodontitis. We induced periodontitis in rats by placing a piece of 2/0 braided silk around the lower left 1st molar. At day 8, the gingivomucosal tissue encircling the mandibular 1st molar was removed for biochemical and histological analysis. Ligation significantly increased inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and expression, and damaged tissue revealed increased neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation, and positive staining for nitrotyrosine formation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. Ligation significantly increased Evans blue extravasation in gingivomucosal tissue and alveolar bone destruction. Aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg i.p., daily for 8 days) treatment significantly reduced all these inflammatory parameters, indicating that it protects against the tissue damage associated with periodontitis by reducing nitric oxide production and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Paola
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
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Shen X, Chen J, Qiu R, Fan X, Xin Y. Effect of camptothecin on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the colon cancer SW480 cell line. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3157-3160. [PMID: 26722304 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin (CPT) is regarded as an effective antitumor agent. In an attempt to search for its novel anticancer mechanism, the present study evaluated the effects of CPT on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the human colon cancer SW480 cell line when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin (IL)-1β. The data indicated that CPT significantly decreased NO production. Consistent with these observations, the protein and mRNA expression levels of iNOS were inhibited by CPT in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the inhibitory effects of CPT on LPS/IL-1β-stimulated NO production were likely mediated via the inhibition of iNOS gene transcription. From these results, we propose that the inhibition of NO biosynthesis by CPT may partially underlie the efficacy of this antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdi Shen
- Department of Basic Science, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Basic Science, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Rong Qiu
- Department of Basic Science, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xingli Fan
- Department of Basic Science, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Park CH, Noh JS, Fujii H, Roh SS, Song YO, Choi JS, Chung HY, Yokozawa T. Oligonol, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, attenuates gluco-lipotoxicity-mediated renal disorder in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:13-22. [PMID: 25788048 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oligonol is a phenolic product derived from lychee fruit extract containing catechin-type monomers and oligomers of proanthocyanidins, produced by a manufacturing process which converts polyphenol polymers into oligomers. These proanthocyanidins have been reported to exhibit beneficial bioactivities in many studies, and so oligonol, a rich source of polyphenol, is expected to show favorable effects on various chronic diseases. This article summarizes recent work whether oligonol has an ameliorative effect on diabetic indices and renal disorders associated with gluco-lipotoxicity-mediated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in db/db mice with diabetes. Oligonol was able to improve diabetic indices, prevent the development of diabetic renal disease, and preserve renal cells and the renal morphological structure via the attenuation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-induced oxidative stress, inhibition of advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) generation, and prevention of apoptosis-induced cell death in db/db mice, being independent of changes in the body weight or serum glucose levels. The present study provides important evidence that oligonol exhibits a pleiotropic effect, representing renoprotective effects against the development of diabetic complications in type 2 diabetic db/db mice.
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Diversity of amino acid signaling pathways on autophagy regulation: A novel pathway for arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of riparin II (O-methil-N-2-hidroxi-benzoyl tyramine) in animal models. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Taliyan R, Sharma PL. Possible mechanism of protective effect of thalidomide in STZ-induced-neuropathic pain behavior in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 20:89-97. [PMID: 22179948 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-011-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes-induced neuropathic pain is recognized as one of the most difficult type of pain to treat and conventional analgesics are well known to be partially effective or associated with potential toxicity. Recently, it has been demonstrated that thalidomide, besides its teratogenic potential, reduced chronic pain in an SNL experimental pain model. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the effect of thalidomide on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Streptozotocin (20 mg/kg, i.p, daily × 4 days) was administered to induce diabetes in the rats. Nociceptive latency was measured using tail-flick and paw-withdrawal test. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were measured using planter test and dynamic aesthesiometer (Ugo-Basile, Italy), respectively. Urinary and serum nitrite concentration was estimated using Greiss reagent method. Spleen homogenate supernatant was prepared from spleen of 28th day diabetic rats and administered to normal rats (400 ul, i.v) daily for 28 days. RESULTS Pain threshold progressively decreased in STZ-treated rats, as compared with control rats. 3 weeks after induction of diabetes, the rat exhibited thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. The analgesic effect of morphine (8 mg/kg, s.c.) was significantly decreased in both diabetic and in SHS-treated non-diabetic rats. Administration of thalidomide (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p), a TNF-α inhibitor, significantly prevented hyperglycemia-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and also attenuated the increase in serum and urinary nitrite concentration, as compared with untreated diabetic rats. Also, thalidomide (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p) 1 h before or concurrently with morphine significantly restored the analgesic effect of morphine in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION It may be concluded that thalidomide has a beneficial effect in neuropathic pain by decreasing cytokines (TNF-α) and nitric oxide level and may provide a novel promising therapeutic approach for managing painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Park CH, Yamabe N, Noh JS, Kang KS, Tanaka T, Yokozawa T. The Beneficial Effects of Morroniside on the Inflammatory Response and Lipid Metabolism in the Liver of db/ db Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1734-40. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ki Sung Kang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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Marzocco S, Di Paola R, Ribecco MT, Sorrentino R, Domenico B, Genesio M, Pinto A, Autore G, Cuzzocrea S. Effect of methylguanidine in a model of septic shock induced by LPS. Free Radic Res 2005; 38:1143-53. [PMID: 15621690 DOI: 10.1080/10715760410001725517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Septic shock, a severe form of sepsis, is characterized by cardiovascular collapse following microbial invasion of the body. The progressive hypotension, hyporeactivity to vasopressor agents and vascular leak leads to circulatory failure with multiple organ dysfunction and death. Many inflammatory mediators (e.g. TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6) are involved in the pathogenesis of shock and, among them, nitric oxide (NO). The overproduction of NO during septic shock has been demonstrated to contribute to circulatory failure, myocardial dysfunction, organ injury and multiple organ failure. We have previously demonstrated with in vitro and in vivo studies that methylguanidine (MG), a guanidine compound deriving from protein catabolism, significantly inhibits iNOS activity, TNF-alpha release and carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory activity of MG in a model of septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. MG was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at the dose of 30 mg/kg 1 h before and at 1 and 6 h after LPS-induced shock. LPS injection (10 mg/kg in 0.9% NaCl; 0.1 ml/mouse; i.p.) in mouse developed a shock syndrome with enhanced NO release and liver, kidney and pancreatic damage 18 h later. NOx levels, evaluated as nitrite/nitrate serum levels, was significantly reduced in MG-treated rats (78.6%, p < 0.0001; n = 10). Immunohistochemistry revealed, in the lung tissue of LPS-treated group, a positive staining for nitrotyrosine and poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP] ribose) synthase, both of which were reduced in MG-treated mice. Furthermore, enzymatic evaluation revealed a significant reduction in liver, renal and pancreatic tissue damage and MG treatment also improved significantly the survival rate. This study provides evidence that MG attenuates the degree of inflammation and tissue damage associated with endotoxic shock in mice. The mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effect of MG is, at least in part, dependent on the inhibition of NO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 11/c, 84084 Fisciano-Salerno, Italy.
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Tong QY, Luo HS, Chen M. Changes of nitric oxide in colonic mucosa of rats submitted to chronic stress. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2345-2348. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i10.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the changes of nitric oxide (NO) in the colonic mucosa of rats submitted to chronic stress and to study the mechanism of chronic stress damage to colonic mucosa.
METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (n = 10), stress group (n = 10), stress and injection aminoguanidine group (n = 10). The latter two groups were submitted to immobilization stress 2 h/d for 14 days. The numbers of the inflammatory cells and ultrastructural damage of colon epithelial cells were observed under light and electron microscopes respectively. The concentration of NO and iNOS were measured by chemical methods.
RESULTS: The concentrations of NO and iNOS in colonic mucosa of stress group were higher than those in control group (NO: 47.5±7.9vs 32.3±4.7 mmol/g, P <0.01; iNOS: 6.7±1.0 vs 4.0±0.6 nkat/g, P <0.01). More neutrophils and mononuclear cells were observed in the stress groupthan in the control group (N: 70±12 vs 30±6 /mm2, P <0.01; M: 52±9 vs 26±8 /mm2, P <0.01). The damage of mitochondria and loosened tight junction were seen in stress group. have concentration of NO and iNOS concentrations were lower in Aminoguanidine group than those in stress group (NO: 27.7±12.4 vs 47.8±7.9 mmol/g, P <0.05; iNOS3.8±0.8 vs 6.7±1.0 nkat/g, P <0.01). Infiltration of inflammatory cells and ultrastructural damage of colon epithelial cells were slighter in aminoguanidine group than those in stress group.
CONCLUSION: Chronic stress brought damages to colonic mucosa and nitric oxide might play an important role in these damages while aminoguanidine protected stress-induced colonic mucosa damaged.
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Marzocco S, Di Paola R, Serraino I, Sorrentino R, Meli R, Mattaceraso G, Cuzzocrea S, Pinto A, Autore G. Effect of methylguanidine in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in the rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 484:341-50. [PMID: 14744621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that methylguanidine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is also able to reduce tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of methylguanidine treatment in two models of acute inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema and pleurisy) where oxyradical, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins play a crucial role in the inflammatory processes. Our data show that methylguanidine, given intraperitoneally at the dose of 30 mg/kg, inhibits the inflammatory response reducing significantly (P<0.05) paw swelling, pleural exudates formation, mononuclear cell infiltration and histological injury. Furthermore, our data suggests that there is a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the activity and expression both of the inducible NOS (iNOS) and of cyclooxygenase-2 in lung tissue of pleurisy model. Methylguanidine is also able to reduce the appearance of nitrotyrosine and of the nuclear enzyme poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) synthase immunoreactivity in the inflamed lung tissues. Treatment with aminoguanidine, the reference drug, significantly reduced all the evaluated pro-inflammatory parameters in carrageenan-treated rats. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that methylguanidine exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects that could be, in part, related to an inhibition of the expression/activity of the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 and, another part, may be related to a reduction of TNF-alpha release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 11/c, 84084 Fisciano-Salerno, Italy.
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Marzocco S, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Sorrentino R, Britti D, Scollo G, Pinto A, Cuzzocrea S, Autore G. Methylguanidine reduces the development of non septic shock induced by zymosan in mice. Life Sci 2004; 75:1417-33. [PMID: 15240178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluate the effect of methylguanidine (MG), a product of protein catabolism, in a model of acute inflammation (zymosan induced inflammation) in mice where oxyradical and nitric oxide (NO) play a crucial role. Our data show that MG, given intraperitoneally at the dose of 30 mg/Kg, inhibits the inflammatory response reducing significantly (P < 0.05) peritoneal exudates formation, mononuclear cell infiltration and histological injury in mice. Furthermore, our data suggests that there is a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in kidney, liver and pancreas injury as demonstrated by the reduction in amylase, lipase, creatinine, AST, ALT, bilirubine and alkaline phosfatase levels. MG is also able to reduce the appearance of nitrotyrosine and of the nuclear enzyme poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) synthase (PARS) immunoreactivity in the inflamed intestinal and lung tissues. The histological examination revealed a significant reduction in zymosan-induced intestinal and lung damage in MG-treated mice. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that MG exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects on zymosan-induced shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 11/c, 84084, Fisciano--Salerno, Italy.
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Xue YZ, Zhang GL, Bu XY, Wang X, Li D. Effect of inducible nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor on CYP1A2 protein expression in BCG-immune liver damage in mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1849-1852. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of nitric oxide production on CYP1A2 protein expression in immune liver damage induced by Mycobacterium Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in mice.
METHODS: Immune liver damage was induced by intravenous injection of BCG (125 mg/kg) for 2 weeks in vivo. The hepatic tissues injury was estimated by histopathological H-E staining. The protein expression of CYP2E1 and iNOS in hepatic tissues was determined by the method of immunohistochemistry. The correlation between iNOS inducing and liver injury degree was observered by the method of demi-quantification image analysis.
RESULTS: Two weeks after of BCG injection, granuloma was easily observed, and over-expression of iNOS protein was detected in the granulomas. The decrease of CYP1A2 protein expression was observed in mice hepatic tissues. Aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, significantly inhibited iNOS protein expression, and reversed down-regulation of CYP1A2 protein induced by BCG-immune liver damage in mice.
CONCLUSION: Under the BCG-stimulated condition, nitric oxide production participates in the down-regulation of CYP1A2 protein expression induced by immune hepatic injury in mice.
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1973-1976. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Priego T, Ibáñez de Cáceres I, Martín AI, Villanúa MA, López-Calderón A. NO plays a role in LPS-induced decreases in circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and their gene expression in the liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E50-6. [PMID: 13129855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00149.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we administered aminoguanidine, a relatively selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, to study the role of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced decrease in IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Adult male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (100 microg/kg), aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg), LPS plus aminoguanidine, or saline. Rats were injected at 1730 and 0830 the next day and killed 4 h after the last injection. LPS administration induced an increase in serum concentrations of nitrite/nitrate (P < 0.01) and a decrease in serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH; P < 0.05) and IGF-I (P < 0.01) as well as in liver IGF-I mRNA levels (P < 0.05). The LPS-induced decrease in serum concentrations of IGF-I and liver IGF-I gene expression seems to be secondary to iNOS activation, since aminoguanidine administration prevented the effect of LPS on circulating IGF-I and its gene expression in the liver. In contrast, LPS-induced decrease in serum GH was not prevented by aminoguanidine administration. LPS injection decreased IGFBP-3 circulating levels (P < 0.05) and its hepatic gene expression (P < 0.01), but endotoxin did not modify the serum IGFBP-3 proteolysis rate. Aminoguanidine administration blocked the inhibitory effect of LPS on both IGFBP-3 serum levels and its hepatic mRNA levels. When aminoguanidine was administered alone, IGFBP-3 serum levels were increased (P < 0.05), whereas its hepatic mRNA levels were decreased. This contrast can be explained by the decrease (P < 0.05) in serum proteolysis of this binding protein caused by aminoguanidine. These data suggest that iNOS plays an important role in LPS-induced decrease in circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 by reducing IGF-I and IGFBP-3 gene expression in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Priego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kuttler B, Steveling A, Klöting N, Morgenstern O, Wanka H. Aminoguanidine downregulates expression of cytokine-induced Fas and inducible nitric oxide synthase but not cytokine-enhanced surface antigens of rat islet cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:2437-48. [PMID: 14637201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune beta-cell destruction occurs directly by cell-mediated cytotoxicity or indirectly by cytokines released from infiltrating lymphocytes. Cytokines (IL-1beta/IFN-gamma) modify or induce expression of MHC antigens and ICAM-1 on beta-cells which can lead to an improved binding of T-lymphocytes to beta-cells and finally to an enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cytokines also induce Fas-expression and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) causing generation of nitric oxide (NO) which is toxic for beta-cells. The iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) delays diabetes onset, but does not reduce diabetes incidence. We wanted to know whether AG inhibits cytokine-induced expression of Fas, MHC antigens and ICAM-1 on beta-cells of LEW.1W and BB/OK rat islets after culture with IL-1beta/IFN-gamma. NO was completely inhibited by 5.0 mmol/L AG while 0.5 mmol/L had no inhibitory effect. AG downregulated Fas-expression on the surface of beta-cells. Cytokine-induced/enhanced expression of MHC class-II and ICAM-1 was not affected by any AG concentration. AG syngergistically increased cytokine-induced enhancement of MHC class-I antigen density. AG possibly blocks the indirect pathway of beta-cell damage in vivo due to inhibition of Fas and iNOS and improves direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity due to drastic increased MHC class-I expression. Inhibition of only one pathway of beta-cell destruction is not sufficient to prevent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Kuttler
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Greifswalder Str. 11c, D-17495 Karlsburg, Germany.
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Yu WK, Li WQ, Li N, Li JS. Influence of acute hyperglycemia in human sepsis on inflammatory cytokine and counterregulatory hormone concentrations. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1824-7. [PMID: 12918129 PMCID: PMC4611552 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i8.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: In human sepsis, a prominent component of the hypermetabolite is impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and hyperglycemia. Elevations in plasma glucose concentration impair immune function by altering cytokine production from macrophages. We assessed the role of glucose in the regulation of circulating levels of insulin, glucagon, cortisol, IL-6 and TNF-α in human sepsis with normal or impaired glucose tolerance.
METHODS: According to the results of intravenous glucose tolerance test, forty patients were classified into two groups: control group (n = 20) and IGT group (n = 20). Plasma glucose levels were acutely raised in two groups and maintained at 15 mmol/L for 3 hours. Plasma insulin, glucagon and cortisol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by ELISA.
RESULTS: In IGT group, the fasting concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). During clamp, the control group had a higher average amount of dextrose infusion than the IGT group (P < 0.01). In control group, plasma insulin levels rose from a basal value to a peak at an hour (P < 0.05) and maintained at high levels. Plasma glucagon levels descended from a basal value to the lowest level within an hour (P < 0.01) and low levels were maintained throughout the clamp. In IGT group, plasma insulin was more significantly elevated (P < 0.01), and plasma glucagon levels were not significantly declined. Plasma cortisol levels were not significantly changed in two groups. In control group, plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels rose (P < 0.01) within 2 hours of the clamp and returned to basal values at 3 hours. In IGT group, increased levels of plasma cytokine lasted longer than in control group (3 hours vs. 2 hours, P < 0.05), and the cytokine peaks of IGT group were higher (P < 0.05) than those of control group.
CONCLUSION: Acute hyperglycemia pricks up hyperinsulinemia and increases circulating cytokine concentrations and these effects are more pronounced in sepsis with IGT. This suggests a potential modulation of immunoinflammatory responses in human sepsis by hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kui Yu
- Medical College of Nanjing University, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zhou JL, Jin GH, Yi YL, Zhang JL, Huang XL. Role of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite anion in lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1318-22. [PMID: 12800248 PMCID: PMC4611808 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i6.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate effects of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) on lung injury following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats.
METHODS: A rat model of intestinal ischemia was made by clamping superior mesenteric artery and lung injury was resulted from reperfusion. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation (Sham), 2 h ischemia followed by 2 h reperfusion (IR) and IR pretreated with aminoguanidine (AG) - an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) 15 min before reperfusion (IR + AG). The lung malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrate/nitrite (NO2-/NO3-) contents and morphological changes were examined. Western blot was used to detect the iNOS protein expression. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the change of nitrotyrosine (NT)- a specific "footprint" of ONOO-.
RESULTS: The morphology revealed evidence for lung edema, hemorrhage and polymorphonuclear sequestration after intestinal IR. Compared with sham group, lung contents of MDA and NO2-/NO3- in IR group were significantly increased (12.00 ± 2.18 vs 23.44 ± 1.25 and 76.39 ± 6.08 vs 140.40 ± 4.34, P < 0.01) and the positive signals of iNOS and NT were also increased in the lung. Compared with IR group, the contents of MDA and NO2-/NO3- in IR+AG group were significantly decreased (23.44 ± 1.25 vs 14.66 ± 1.66 and 140.40 ± 4.34 vs 80.00 ± 8.56, P < 0.01) and NT staining was also decreased.
CONCLUSION: Intestinal IR increases NO and ONOO- production in the lung, which may be involved in intestinal IR-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Lin Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China.
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Wang XZ, Chen ZX, Zhang LJ, Chen YX, Li D, Chen FL, Huang YH. Expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and its intervention by interleukin-10 in experimental hepatic fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1287-91. [PMID: 12800242 PMCID: PMC4611802 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i6.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2002] [Revised: 02/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/11/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R and its intervention by interleukin-10 in the course of experimental hepatic fibrosis. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride intoxication and liver specimens were taken from the rats administered CCl4 with or without IL-10 treatment and the animals of the control group. Immunoreactivities for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor(IGF-1R) were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, and their intensities were evaluated in different animal groups. RESULTS The positive levels for IGF-1 and IGF-1R were increased with the development of hepatic fibrosis, with the positive signals localized in cytoplasm and/or at the plasmic membrane of hepatocytes. The positive signals of IGF-1 and IGF-1R were observed more frequently (P<0.01) in the CCl4-treated group (92.0 % and 90.0 %) compared to those in the control group. The positive signals decreased significantly (P<0.05) in IL-10-treated group. The responses in IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression correlated with the time of IL-10 treatment. CONCLUSION The expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R immunoreactivities in liver tissue seems to be up-regulated during development of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl(4), and exogenic IL-10 inhibits the responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, China.
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Wang F, Zhou HY, Cheng L, Zhao G, Zhou J, Fu LY, Yao WX. Effects of palmatine on potassium and calcium currents in isolated rat hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:329-33. [PMID: 12532460 PMCID: PMC4611340 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of palmatine, a known inhibitor on delayed rectifier potassium current and L-type calcium current (ICa,L) in guinea pig ventricular myocytes, on the potassium and calcium currents in isolated rat hepatocytes.
METHODS: Tight-seal whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were performed to investigate the effects of palmatine on the delayed outward potassium currents (IK), inward rectifier potassium current (IK1) and Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current (ICRAC) in enzymatically isolated rat hepatocytes.
RESULTS: Palmatine 0.3-100 μM reduced IK in a concentration-dependent manner with EC50 of 41.62 ± 10.11 μM and nH, 0.48 ± 0.07 (n = 8). The effect of the drug was poorly reversible after washout. When the bath solution was changed to tetraethylammonium (TEA) 8 mM, IK was inhibited. Palmatine 10 μM and 100 μM shifted the I-V curves of IK downward, and the block of IK was voltage-independent. Palmatine 0.3-100 μM also inhibited ICRAC in a concentration-dependent manner. The fitting parameters were as follows: EC50 = 51.19 ± 15.18 mM, and nH = 0.46 ± 0.07 (n = 8). The peak value of ICRAC in the I-V relationship was decreased by palmatine 10 μM and 100 μM. But the reverse potential of ICRAC occurred at Voltage = 0 mV in all cells. Palmatine 0.3-100 μM failed to have any significant effect on either inward or outward components of IK1 at any membrane potential examined.
CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effects on IK and ICRAC could be one of the mechanisms that palmatine exerts protective effect on hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province China.
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Yao YQ, Zhang DF, Huang AL, Luo Y, Zhang DZ, Wang B, Zhou WP, Ren H, Guo SH. Effects of electroporation on primary rat hepatocytes in vitro. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:893-6. [PMID: 12378637 PMCID: PMC4656582 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2001] [Revised: 05/10/2002] [Accepted: 05/15/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of electroporation on primary rat hepatocyte and to optimize the electroporation conditions introducing foreign genes into primary hepatocytes. METHODS A single-pulse procedure was performed at low voltage (220-400 V) but with high capacitance (500-950 microF). Hepatocytes were divided into 4 groups according to the electroporation conditions: group I, 220 V and 500 microF; group II, 220 V and 950 microF; group III, 400 V and 950 microF,and group IV. The control group was freshly isolated hepatocytes and directly cultured under the same conditions as those of electroporation groups. The effects of electroporation on primary rat hepatocytes were detected by trypan blue exclusion (TBE) and MTT analysis. Besides, albumin (Alb), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatants of cultured hepatocytes were measured by biochemical assay. RESULTS Between day 1 and day 15 after incubation, primary rat hepatocytes of each electroporation group appeared normal, being the same with those of control group. TBE staining showed that slight hepatocyte damage and high survival rate were found in the electroporation groups and the control group. Cultured for 3, 7, 11 and 15 days, hepatocyte viability was approximately 92.6+/-2.5 %, 89.5+/-3.3 %, 82.0+/-3.5 % and 74.3+/-1.2 %, respectively. MTT analysis indicated that the viabilities of hepatocytes had no significant difference between each electroporation group, and those were similar to that of control group. At the 36th hour after electroporation, Alb, ALT and LDH in the supernatants of control group were 5.3+/-0.1 g x L(-1), 183.7+/-8.4 nkat x L(-1) and 896.8+/-58.5 nkat x L(-1); those of group II were 5.7+/-0.1 g x L(-1), 215.4+/-16.7 nkat x L(-1) and 1063.8+/-51.8 nkat x L(-1); and those of group III were 5.8+/-0.2 g x L(-1), 217.1+/-8.4 nkat x L(-1) and 1063.8+/-10.0 nkat x L(-1). Statistically, the proteins of group II and group III were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05), whereas the protein production of group I, Alb, ALT and LDH were 5.3+/-0.2 g x L(-1), 205.4+/-3.3 nkat x L(-1) and 1035.4+/-116.9 nkat x L(-1), were similar to those of control group. At the same time, TBE and MTT analysis indicated that there was no significant cell viability difference between electroporation groups and control group. CONCLUSION This single-pulse electroporation procedure performed at low voltage (220-400 V) but with high capacitance (950 microF) is one of the optimal choices to introduce foreign genes into primary rat hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qing Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Meng AH, Ling YL, Zhang XP, Zhang JL. Anti-inflammatory effect of cholecystokinin and its signal transduction mechanism in endotoxic shock rat. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:712-7. [PMID: 12174384 PMCID: PMC4656326 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i4.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the anti-inflammatory effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxic shock (ES) and further investigate its signal transduction pathways involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB-α.
METHODS: Eighty-four rats were divided randomly into four groups: LPS (8 mg·kg-1, iv) induced ES; CCK-8 (40 μg·kg-1, iv) pretreatment 10 min before LPS (8 mg·kg-1); CCK-8 (40 μg·kg-1, iv) or normal saline (control) groups. The inflammatory changes of lung and spleen, phagocytic function of alveolar macrophage, quantification of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were investigated in rats by using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and differential cell counting. Nitric oxide (NO) production in serum, lung and spleen was measured with the Griess reaction. The mechanism involving p38 MAPK and IκB-α signal pathways was investigated by Western blot.
RESULTS: Inflammatory changes of lung and spleen induced by LPS were alleviated by CCK-8, the increase of NO induced by LPS in serum, lung and spleen was significantly inhibited and the neutrophil infiltration in BAL was significantly reduced by CCK-8. The number of neutrophils was (52 ± 10) × 106 cells•L-1 in LPS group, while it decreased to (18 ± 4) × 106 cells•L-1 in CCK-8+LPS (P < 0.01). The phagocytic rate of CCK-8 group increased to (62.49 ± 9.49)%, compared with control group (48.16 ± 14.20)%, P < 0.05. The phagocytosis rate was (85.14 ± 4.64)% in LPS group, which reduced to (59.33 ± 3.14)% in CCK-8+LPS group (P < 0.01). The results of phagocytosis indexes showed similar changes. CCK-8 may play an important role in increasing the expression of p38 MAPK and decreasing the degradation of IκB-α in lung and spleen of ES rats.
CONCLUSION: CCK-8 can result in anti-inflammatory effects, which may be related to activation of p38 MAPK and inhibition on the degradation of IκB-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hong Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
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Zhang GL, Wang YH, Ni W, Teng HL, Lin ZB. Hepatoprotective role of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide against BCG-induced immune liver injury in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:728-33. [PMID: 12174387 PMCID: PMC4656329 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i4.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) on the immune liver injury induced by BCG infection, and investigate the relationship between degrees of hepatic damage and NO production in mice.
METHODS: Immune hepatic injury was markedly induced by BCG-pretreatment (125 mg·kg-1, 2-week, iv) or by BCG-pretreatment plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 125 μg·kg-1, 12-hour, iv) in mice in vivo. Hepatocellular damage induced by BCG-pretreated plus inflammatory cytokines mixture (CM), which was included TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ and LPS in culture medium in vitro. Administration of GLP was performed by oral or incubating with culture medium at immune stimuli simultaneity. Liver damage was determined by activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and in hepatocytes cultured supernatant, by liver weight changes and histopathological examination. NO production in the cultured supernatant was determined by the Griess reaction. Moreover, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression was also examinated by immunohistochemical method.
RESULTS: Immune hepatic injury was markedly induced by BCG or BCG plus inflammatory cytokines in BALB/c mice in vivo and in vitro. Under BCG-stimulated condition, augment of the liver weight and increase of the serum/supernatant ALT level were observed, as well as granuloma forming and inflammatory cells soakage were observed by microscopic analysis within liver tissues. Moreover, NO production was also increased by BCG or/and CM stimuli in the culture supernatant, and a lot of iNOS positive staining was observed in BCG-prestimulated hepatic sections. Application of GLP significantly mitigated hepatic tumefaction, decreased ALT enzyme release and NO production in serum/supernatant, improved the pathological changes of chronic and acute inflammation induced by BCG-stimuli in mice. Moreover, the immunohistochemical result showed that GLP inhibited iNOS protein expression in BCG-immune hepatic damage model.
CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that NO participates in immune liver injury induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. The mechanisms of protective roles by GLP for BCG-induced immune liver injury may be due to influence NO production in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of endotoxin on portal hemodynamic of normal and noncirrhotic portal hypertensive rats.
METHODS: Normal rats were intraperitonealy injected with 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg·kg-1 of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) respectively, portal vein ligation (PVL) and intrahepatic portal occlusion (IPO) rats as well as sham-operated rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 mg·kg-1 of LPS, the portal vein pressure (PVP), portal venous flow (PVF), inferior vena cava pressure (IVCP) and portal vein resistance (PVR) were detected 4 hours after injection.
RESULTS: PVF of the 5 groups of rats accepting intraperitoneal injection of LPS were increased from 14.0 to 18.0, 22.2, 26.2, 34.8, 39.6, 38.8 mL·min-1 4 hours after injection of LPS (P < 0.01). PVP of the 4 groups of rats accepting more than 0.1 mg/kg·b.w of LPS was increased from 1.04 to1.25, 1.50, 1.80, 1.95, 2.05 kPa (P < 0.01). The increments of PVF and PVP were in a dose-dependent manner of LPS. PVR of the 5 groups of rats was decreased from 51 to 42, 44, 48, 45, 44, 47 kPa·min·L-1 (P < 0.05) and no dose-dependent manner was observed. PVF of PVL, IPO and sham-operated rats increased from 22.6 to 32.8, 22.0 to 28.0, 14.0 to 34.8 mL·min-1 (P < 0.01), and PVP increased from 1.86 to 2.24, 1.74 to 1.95, 1.04 to 1.80 kPa (P < 0.01), PVR decreased from 71 to 61, 67 to 61, 52 to 44 kPa·min·L-1 after intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg·kg-1 of LPS. The increments of PVF and PVP of PVL and IPO rats were significantly less than the sham-operated rats (P < 0.01), There was no significant difference between the amounts of PVR decreased in the two groups of PHT model rats and sham-operated rats (P > 0.05) after intraperitoneal injection 1 mg·kg-1 of LPS.
CONCLUSION: Endotoxin could prompt portal hypertension of the normal and noncirrhotic portal hypertensive rats by increasing portal blood flow mainly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Bi
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510089, GuangDong Province, China.
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Xia PY, Zheng J, Zhou H, Pan WD, Qin XJ, Xiao GX. Relationship between lymphocyte apoptosis and endotoxin translocation after thermal injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:546-50. [PMID: 12046089 PMCID: PMC4656440 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i3.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between lymphocyte apoptosis in peripheral blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and endotoxin translocation after thermal injury in rats.
METHODS: In a Wistar rat model inflicted with 30% TBSA III degree scalding, serum LPS levels in portal vein and vena cava were quantified by tachypleus amebocyte lysate (TAL) technique. The analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte was employed in in situ Cell Death Detection Kit and evaluated by flow cytometry. Apoptotic lymphocytes in paraffin-embedded spleen and MLN sections were examined by histologic analysis, in situ deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and peroxidase (POD) staining. The imagines were taken by Cooldccd camera system, and the count and optical density value (transmission light) of apoptotic lymphocytes were analyzed with software Spot and Imagine proplus 4.10a (IPP4.10a).
RESULTS: In the period of 3 to 48 postburn hours (PBHs) serum LPS level (× 103 EU·L-1) in portal vein (2.11 ± 0.02, 5.66 ± 0.20, 3.70 ± 0.22, 2.56 ± 0.28, 0.90 ± 0.11) was higher than that in vena cava (0.63 ± 0.01, 1.53 ± 0.18, 0.83 ± 0.32, 0.52 ± 0.12, 0.23 ± 0.02, P < 0.01), but both increased sharply in postburn rats (P < 0.01) and reached a peak at 6 PBH. Analysis of apoptotic lymphocytes showed that the proportion (%) of postburn apoptotic cells was much higher than that in healthy rats (8.34 ± 1.53, 8.13 ± 1.81, 20.77 ± 3.94, 23.90 ± 3.92, 11.23 ± 1.35 and 13.26 ± 2.09 at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 PBH, respectively, vs 3.99 ± 1.72, P < 0.01), especially after 6 PBH. The concentrations of lymphocytic apoptosis at 12 and 24 PBH were markedly higher than that at other time points. Meantime, few apoptotic lymphocytes were found in normal MLN, but increased postburn obviously (3 ± 1 vs 546 ± 83, 285 ± 39, 149 ± 30, 58 ± 10, 36 ± 11 and 33 ± 9 in turn, P < 0.01), especially at 3 PBH, whereas apoptotic lymphocytes were concentrated in splenic cortex before the burn and decreased obviously during 72 PBHs (499 ± 186 vs 12 ± 8, 19 ± 15, 12 ± 7, 100 ± 15, 123 ± 25 and 226 ± 26 in turn, P < 0.01) though a slight rise was found in the medulla after 24 PBH. Optical density of apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly reduced in spleen in the 24 PBHs and raised in MLN during 48 PBHs than that prior to the burn, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Gut-origin LPS is a major cause of endotoxemia taken place early in rats following severe thermal injury and could induce extensive lymphocyte apoptosis in blood and MLN, which suggests an immunosuppression state could follow the initial injury and favores a septic state based on apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Zuo GQ, Gong JP, Liu CA, Li SW, Wu XC, Yang K, Li Y. Expression of lipopolysaccharide binding protein and its receptor CD14 in experimental alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:836-40. [PMID: 11854912 PMCID: PMC4695605 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i6.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the relationship between the expression of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) binding protein (LBP) and CD14 mRNA and the severity of liver injury in alcohol-fed rats.
METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups: ethanol-fed group (group E) and control group (group C). Group E was fed with ethanol (5-12 g·kg¯¹·d¯¹) and group C received dextrose instead of ethanol. Rats of the two groups were sacrificed at 4 wk and 8 wk. Levels of endotoxin and alanine transaminase (ALT) in blood were measured, and liver pathology was observed under light and electronic microscopy. Expressions of LBP and CD14 mRNA in liver tissues were determined by RT-PCR analysis.
RESULTS: Plasma endotoxin levels were increased more significantly in group E (129 ± 21) ng·L¯¹ and (187 ± 35) ng·L¯¹ at 4 and 8 wk than in control rats (48 ± 9) ng·L¯¹ and (53 ± 11) ng·L¯¹, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean values of plasma ALT levels were (1867 ± 250) nkat·L¯¹ and (2450 ± 367) nkat·L¯¹ in Group E. The values were increased more dramatically in ethanol-fed rats than in Group C after 4 and 8 wk. In liver section from ethanol-fed rats, there were marked pathological changes (steatosis, cell infiltration and necrosis). In ethanol-fed rats, ethanol administration led to a significant increase in LBP and CD14 mRNA levels compared with the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Ethanol administration led to a significant increase in endotoxin levels in serum and LBP and CD14 mRNA expressions in liver tissues. The increase of LBP and CD14 mRNA expression might wake the liver more sensitive to endotoxin and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Q Zuo
- Department of Digestive Disease, Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 400010, China.
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