1
|
Gulati M, Muralikrishnan R, Choudhary KK. An ERP Study on the Processing of Subject-Verb and Object-Verb Gender Agreement in Punjabi. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2024; 53:59. [PMID: 38967726 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-024-10095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim of exploring the general parsing mechanisms involved in processing different kinds of dependency relations, namely verb agreement with subjects versus objects in Punjabi, an SOV Indo-Aryan language. Event related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded as twenty-five native Punjabi speakers read transitive sentences. Critical stimuli were either fully acceptable as regards verb agreement, or alternatively violated gender agreement with the subject or object. A linear mixed-models analysis confirmed a P600 effect at the position of the verb for all violations, regardless of whether subject or object agreement was violated. These results thus suggest that an identical mechanism is involved in gender agreement computation in Punjabi regardless of whether the agreement is with the subject or the object argument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Gulati
- Department of Corporate Skill Development, New Delhi Institute of Management, Delhi, India
| | - R Muralikrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Contier F, Wartenburger I, Weymar M, Rabovsky M. Are the P600 and P3 ERP components linked to the task-evoked pupillary response as a correlate of norepinephrine activity? Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14565. [PMID: 38469647 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
During language comprehension, anomalies and ambiguities in the input typically elicit the P600 event-related potential component. Although traditionally interpreted as a specific signal of combinatorial operations in sentence processing, the component has alternatively been proposed to be a variant of the oddball-sensitive, domain-general P3 component. In particular, both components might reflect phasic norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus (LC/NE) to motivationally significant stimuli. In this preregistered study, we tested this hypothesis by relating both components to the task-evoked pupillary response, a putative biomarker of LC/NE activity. 36 participants completed a sentence comprehension task (containing 25% morphosyntactic violations) and a non-linguistic oddball task (containing 20% oddballs), while the EEG and pupil size were co-registered. Our results showed that the task-evoked pupillary response and the ERP amplitudes of both components were similarly affected by both experimental tasks. In the oddball task, there was also a temporally specific relationship between the P3 and the pupillary response beyond the shared oddball effect, thereby further linking the P3 to NE. Because this link was less reliable in the linguistic context, we did not find conclusive evidence for or against a relationship between the P600 and the pupillary response. Still, our findings further stimulate the debate on whether language-related ERPs are indeed specific to linguistic processes or shared across cognitive domains. However, further research is required to verify a potential link between the two ERP positivities and the LC/NE system as the common neural generator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Contier
- Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Isabell Wartenburger
- Cognitive Sciences, Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Milena Rabovsky
- Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dwivedi VD, Selvanayagam J. An electrophysiological investigation of referential communication. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2024; 254:105438. [PMID: 38943944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
A key aspect of linguistic communication involves semantic reference to objects. Presently, we investigate neural responses at objects when reference is disrupted, e.g., "The connoisseur tasted *that wine"… vs. "…*that roof…" Without any previous linguistic context or visual gesture, use of the demonstrative determiner "that" renders interpretation at the noun as incoherent. This incoherence is not based on knowledge of how the world plausibly works but instead is based on grammatical rules of reference. Whereas Event-Related Potential (ERP) responses to sentences such as "The connoisseur tasted the wine …" vs. "the roof" would result in an N400 effect, it is unclear what to expect for doubly incoherent "…*that roof…". Results revealed an N400 effect, as expected, preceded by a P200 component (instead of predicted P600 effect). These independent ERP components at the doubly violated condition support the notion that semantic interpretation can be partitioned into grammatical vs. contextual constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veena D Dwivedi
- Department of Psychology/Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Janahan Selvanayagam
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weissman B, Cohn N, Tanner D. The electrophysiology of lexical prediction of emoji and text. Neuropsychologia 2024; 198:108881. [PMID: 38579906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
As emoji often appear naturally alongside text in utterances, they provide a way to study how prediction unfolds in multimodal sentences in direct comparison to unimodal sentences. In this experiment, participants (N = 40) read sentences in which the sentence-final noun appeared in either word form or emoji form, a between-subjects manipulation. The experiment featured both high constraint sentences and low constraint sentences to examine how the lexical processing of emoji interacts with prediction processes in sentence comprehension. Two well-established ERP components linked to lexical processing and prediction - the N400 and the Late Frontal Positivity - are investigated for sentence-final words and emoji to assess whether, to what extent, and in what linguistic contexts emoji are processed like words. Results indicate that the expected effects, namely an N400 effect to an implausible lexical item compared to a plausible one and an LFP effect to an unexpected lexical item compared to an expected one, emerged for both words and emoji. This paper discusses the similarities and differences between the stimulus types and constraint conditions, contextualized within theories of linguistic prediction, ERP components, and a multimodal lexicon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weissman
- Department of Cognitive Science Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Linguistics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 707 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Neil Cohn
- Department of Communication and Cognition Tilburg University PO Box 90153, 5000, LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Darren Tanner
- Department of Linguistics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 707 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; AI For Good Lab Microsoft 1 Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Forgács B. Meaning as mentalization. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1384116. [PMID: 38855407 PMCID: PMC11158629 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1384116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The way we establish meaning has been a profound question not only in language research but in developmental science as well. The relation between linguistic form and content has been loosened up in recent pragmatic approaches to communication, showing that code-based models of language comprehension must be augmented by context-sensitive, pragmatic-inferential mechanisms to recover the speaker's intended meaning. Language acquisition has traditionally been thought to involve building a mental lexicon and extracting syntactic rules from noisy linguistic input, while communicative-pragmatic inferences have also been argued to be indispensable. Recent research findings exploring the electrophysiological indicator of semantic processing, the N400, have raised serious questions about the traditional separation between semantic decoding and pragmatic inferential processes. The N400 appears to be sensitive to mentalization-the ability to attribute beliefs to social partners-already from its developmental onset. This finding raises the possibility that mentalization may not simply contribute to pragmatic inferences that enrich linguistic decoding processes but that the semantic system may be functioning in a fundamentally mentalistic manner. The present review first summarizes the key contributions of pragmatic models of communication to language comprehension. Then, it provides an overview of how communicative intentions are interpreted in developmental theories of communication, with a special emphasis on mentalization. Next, it discusses the sensitivity of infants to the information-transmitting potential of language, their ability to pick up its code-like features, and their capacity to track language comprehension of social partners using mentalization. In conclusion, I argue that the recovery of meaning during linguistic communication is not adequately modeled as a process of code-based semantic retrieval complemented by pragmatic inferences. Instead, the semantic system may establish meaning, as intended, during language comprehension and acquisition through mentalistic attribution of content to communicative partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Forgács
- Department of Experimental and Neurocognitive Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim SG, De Martino F, Overath T. Linguistic modulation of the neural encoding of phonemes. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae155. [PMID: 38687241 PMCID: PMC11059272 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Speech comprehension entails the neural mapping of the acoustic speech signal onto learned linguistic units. This acousto-linguistic transformation is bi-directional, whereby higher-level linguistic processes (e.g. semantics) modulate the acoustic analysis of individual linguistic units. Here, we investigated the cortical topography and linguistic modulation of the most fundamental linguistic unit, the phoneme. We presented natural speech and "phoneme quilts" (pseudo-randomly shuffled phonemes) in either a familiar (English) or unfamiliar (Korean) language to native English speakers while recording functional magnetic resonance imaging. This allowed us to dissociate the contribution of acoustic vs. linguistic processes toward phoneme analysis. We show that (i) the acoustic analysis of phonemes is modulated by linguistic analysis and (ii) that for this modulation, both of acoustic and phonetic information need to be incorporated. These results suggest that the linguistic modulation of cortical sensitivity to phoneme classes minimizes prediction error during natural speech perception, thereby aiding speech comprehension in challenging listening situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Goo Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 308 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27708, United States
- Research Group Neurocognition of Music and Language, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Grüneburgweg 14, Frankfurt am Main 60322, Germany
| | - Federico De Martino
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Overath
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 308 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27708, United States
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, 308 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27708, United States
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, 308 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kovács P, Szalárdy O, Winkler I, Tóth B. Two effects of perceived speaker similarity in resolving the cocktail party situation - ERPs and functional connectivity. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108651. [PMID: 37517603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Following a speaker in multi-talker environments requires the listener to separate the speakers' voices and continuously focus attention on one speech stream. While the dissimilarity of voices may make speaker separation easier, it may also affect maintaining the focus of attention. To assess these effects, electrophysiological (EEG) and behavioral data were collected from healthy young adults while they listened to two concurrent speech streams performing an online lexical detection task and an offline recognition memory task. Perceptual speaker similarity was manipulated on four levels: identical, similar, dissimilar, and opposite-gender speakers. Behavioral and electrophysiological data suggested that, while speaker similarity hinders auditory stream segregation, dissimilarity hinders maintaining the focus of attention by making the to-be-ignored speech stream more distracting. Thus, resolving the cocktail party situation poses different problems at different levels of perceived speaker similarity, resulting in different listening strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kovács
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szalárdy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Winkler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Repp M, Schumacher PB. What naturalistic stimuli tell us about pronoun resolution in real-time processing. Front Artif Intell 2023; 6:1058554. [PMID: 37009201 PMCID: PMC10060885 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1058554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on pronoun resolution have mostly utilized short texts consisting of a context and a target sentence. In the current study we presented participants with nine chapters of an audio book while recording their EEG to investigate the real-time resolution of personal and demonstrative pronouns in a more naturalistic setting. The annotation of the features of the pronouns and their antecedents registered a surprising pattern: demonstrative pronouns showed an interpretive preference for subject/agent antecedents, although they are described to have an anti-subject or anti-agent preference. Given the presence of perspectival centers in the audio book, this however confirmed proposals that demonstrative pronouns are sensitive to perspectival centers. The ERP results revealed a biphasic N400–Late Positivity pattern at posterior electrodes for the demonstrative pronoun relative to the personal pronoun, thereby confirming previous findings with highly controlled stimuli. We take the observed N400 for the demonstrative pronoun as an indication for more demanding processing costs that occur due to the relative unexpectedness of this referential expression. The Late Positivity is taken to reflect the consequences of attentional reorientation: since the demonstrative pronoun indicates a possible shift in the discourse structure, it induces updating of the discourse structure. In addition to the biphasic pattern, the data showed an enhanced positivity at frontal electrode sites for the demonstrative pronoun relative to the personal pronoun. We suggest that this frontal positivity reflects self-relevant engagement and identification with the perspective holder. Our study suggests that by using naturalistic stimuli, we get one step closer to understanding the implementation of language processing in the brain during real life language processing.
Collapse
|
9
|
Snell J, Yeaton J, Mirault J, Grainger J. Parallel word reading revealed by fixation-related brain potentials. Cortex 2023; 162:1-11. [PMID: 36948090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
During reading, the brain is confronted with many relevant objects at once. But does lexical processing occur for multiple words simultaneously? Cognitive science has yet to answer this prominent question. Recently it has been argued that the issue warrants supplementing the field's traditional toolbox (response times, eye-tracking) with neuroscientific techniques (EEG, fMRI). Indeed, according to the OB1-reader model, upcoming words need not impact oculomotor behavior per se, but parallel processing of these words must nonetheless be reflected in neural activity. Here we combined eye-tracking with EEG, time-locking the neural window of interest to the fixation on target words in sentence reading. During these fixations, we manipulated the identity of the subsequent word so that it posed either a syntactically legal or illegal continuation of the sentence. In line with previous research, oculomotor measures were unaffected. Yet, syntax impacted brain potentials as early as 100 ms after the target fixation onset. Given the EEG literature on syntax processing, the presently observed timings suggest parallel word reading. We reckon that parallel word processing typifies reading, and that OB1-reader offers a good platform for theorizing about the reading brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Mirault
- Aix-Marseille University & Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, France
| | - Jonathan Grainger
- Aix-Marseille University & Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, France; Institute of Language Communication and the Brain, Aix-Marseille University, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen L, Yang M, Gao F, Fang Z, Wang P, Feng L. Mandarin Chinese L1 and L2 complex sentence reading reveals a consistent electrophysiological pattern of highly interactive syntactic and semantic processing: An ERP study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1143062. [PMID: 37151349 PMCID: PMC10155869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1143062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A hallmark of the human language faculty is processing complex hierarchical syntactic structures across languages. However, for Mandarin Chinese, a language typically dependent on semantic combinations and free of morphosyntactic information, the relationship between syntactic and semantic processing during Chinese complex sentence reading is unclear. From the neuropsychological perspective of bilingual studies, whether second language (L2) learners can develop a consistent pattern of target language (i.e., L2) comprehension regarding the interplay of syntactic and semantic processing, especially when their first language (L1) and L2 are typologically distinct, remains to be determined. In this study, Chinese complex sentences with center-embedded relative clauses were generated. By utilizing the high-time-resolution technique of event-related potentials (ERPs), this study aimed to investigate the processing relationships between syntactic and semantic information during Chinese complex sentence reading in both Chinese L1 speakers and highly proficient L2 learners from South Korea. Methods Normal, semantically violated (SEM), and double-violated (containing both semantic and syntactic violations, SEM + SYN) conditions were set with regard to the nonadjacent dependencies of the Chinese complex sentence, and participants were required to judge whether the sentences they read were acceptable. Results The ERP results showed that sentences with "SEM + SYN" did not elicit early left anterior negativity (ELAN), a component assumed to signal initial syntactic processing, but evoked larger components in the N400 and P600 windows than those of the "SEM" condition, thus exhibiting a biphasic waveform pattern consistent for both groups and in line with previous studies using simpler Chinese syntactic structures. The only difference between the L1 and L2 groups was that L2 learners presented later latencies of the corresponding ERP components. Discussion Taken together, these results do not support the temporal and functional priorities of syntactic processing as identified in morphologically rich languages (e.g., German) and converge on the notion that even for Chinese complex sentence reading, syntactic and semantic processing are highly interactive. This is consistent across L1 speakers and high-proficiency L2 learners with typologically different language backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Chen
- Max Planck Partner Group, School of International Chinese Language Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Luyao Chen,
| | - Mingchuan Yang
- Max Planck Partner Group, School of International Chinese Language Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhengyuan Fang
- Max Planck Partner Group, School of International Chinese Language Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Methods and Development Group (MEG and Cortical Networks), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Liping Feng
- Max Planck Partner Group, School of International Chinese Language Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Liping Feng,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Düzenli-Öztürk S, Hünerli-Gündüz D, Emek-Savaş DD, Olichney J, Yener GG, Ergenç Hİ. Taxonomically-related Word Pairs Evoke both N400 and LPC at Long SOA in Turkish. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2022; 51:1431-1451. [PMID: 35945467 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semantic priming in Turkish was examined in 36 right-handed healthy participants in a delayed lexical decision task via taxonomic relations using EEG. Prime-target relations included related- unrelated- and pseudo-words. Taxonomically related words at long stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) were shown to modulate N400 and late positive component (LPC) amplitudes. N400 semantic priming effect in the time window of 300-500 ms was the largest for pseudo-words, intermediate for semantically-unrelated targets, and smallest for semantically-related targets as a reflection of lexical-semantic retrieval. This finding contributes to the ERP literature showing how remarkably universal the N400 brain potential is, with similar effects across languages and orthography. The ERP data also revealed different influences of related, unrelated, and pseudo-word conditions on the amplitude of the LPC. Attention scores and mean LPC amplitudes of related words in parietal region showed a moderate correlation, indicating LPC may be related to "relationship-detection process".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seren Düzenli-Öztürk
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Bakırçay University, 35660, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Hünerli-Gündüz
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - John Olichney
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, 95618, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Görsev G Yener
- Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, 35330, Izmir, Turkey.
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - H İclal Ergenç
- Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University, 06340, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Auditory dominance in processing Chinese semantic abnormalities in response to competing audio-visual stimuli. Neuroscience 2022; 502:1-9. [PMID: 36031089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Language is a remarkable cognitive ability that can be expressed through visual (written language) or auditory (spoken language) modalities. When visual characters and auditory speech convey conflicting information, individuals may selectively attend to either one of them. However, the dominant modality in such a competing situation and the neural mechanism underlying it are still unclear. Here, we presented participants with Chinese sentences in which the visual characters and auditory speech convey conflicting information, while behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses were recorded. Results showed a prominent auditory dominance when audio-visual competition occurred. Specifically, higher accuracy (ACC), larger N400 amplitudes and more linkages in the posterior occipital-parietal areas were demonstrated in the auditory mismatch condition compared to that in the visual mismatch condition. O0ur research illustrates the superiority of the auditory speech over the visual characters, extending our understanding of the neural mechanisms of audio-visual competition in Chinese.
Collapse
|
13
|
Almeida VN, Radanovic M. Semantic processing and neurobiology in Alzheimer's disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Li C, Midgley KJ, Holcomb PJ. ERPs Reveal How Semantic and Syntactic Processing Unfold across Parafoveal and Foveal Vision during Sentence Comprehension. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 38:88-104. [PMID: 36776698 PMCID: PMC9916175 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2022.2091150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined how readers process content and function words in sentence comprehension with ERPs. Participants read simple declarative sentences using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) with flankers paradigm. Sentences contained either an unexpected semantically anomalous content word, an unexpected syntactically anomalous function word or were well formed with no anomalies. ERPs were examined when target words were in the parafoveal or foveal vision. Unexpected content words elicited a typically distributed N400 when displayed in the parafovea, followed by a longer-lasting, widely distributed positivity starting around 300 ms once foveated. Unexpected function words elicited a left lateralized LAN-like component when presented in the parafovea, followed by a left lateralized, posteriorly distributed P600 when foveated. These results suggested that both semantic and syntactic processing involve two stages-the initial, fast process that can be completed in parafovea, followed by a more in depth attentionally mediated assessment that occurs with direct attention.
Collapse
|
15
|
Soman A, Ramachandran P, Ganapathy S. ERP Evidences of Rapid Semantic Learning in Foreign Language Word Comprehension. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:763324. [PMID: 35310089 PMCID: PMC8927935 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.763324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The event-related potential (ERP) of electroencephalography (EEG) signals has been well studied in the case of native language speech comprehension using semantically matched and mis-matched end-words. The presence of semantic incongruity in the audio stimulus elicits a N400 component in the ERP waveform. However, it is unclear whether the semantic dissimilarity effects in ERP also appear for foreign language words that were learned in a rapid language learning task. In this study, we introduced the semantics of Japanese words to subjects who had no prior exposure to Japanese language. Following this language learning task, we performed ERP analysis using English sentences of semantically matched and mis-matched nature where the end-words were replaced with their Japanese counterparts. The ERP analysis revealed that, even with a short learning cycle, the semantically matched and mis-matched end-words elicited different EEG patterns (similar to the native language case). However, the patterns seen for the newly learnt word stimuli showed the presence of P600 component (delayed and opposite in polarity to those seen in the known language). A topographical analysis revealed that P600 responses were pre-dominantly observed in the parietal region and in the left hemisphere. The absence of N400 component in this rapid learning task can be considered as evidence for its association with long-term memory processing. Further, the ERP waveform for the Japanese end-words, prior to semantic learning, showed a P3a component owing to the subject's reaction to a novel stimulus. These differences were more pronounced in the centro-parietal scalp electrodes.
Collapse
|
16
|
He T, Boudewyn MA, Kiat JE, Sagae K, Luck SJ. Neural correlates of word representation vectors in natural language processing models: Evidence from representational similarity analysis of event-related brain potentials. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e13976. [PMID: 34817867 PMCID: PMC8810574 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural language processing models based on machine learning (ML-NLP models) have been developed to solve practical problems, such as interpreting an Internet search query. These models are not intended to reflect human language comprehension mechanisms, and the word representations used by ML-NLP models and human brains might therefore be quite different. However, because ML-NLP models are trained with the same kinds of inputs that humans must process, and they must solve many of the same computational problems as the human brain, ML-NLP models and human brains may end up with similar word representations. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we used representational similarity analysis to compare the representational geometry of word representations in two ML-NLP models with the representational geometry of the human brain, as indexed with event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants listened to stories while the electroencephalogram was recorded. We extracted averaged ERPs for each of the 100 words that occurred most frequently in the stories, and we calculated the similarity of the neural response for each pair of words. We compared this 100 × 100 similarity matrix to the 100 × 100 similarity matrix for the word pairs according to two ML-NLP models. We found significant representational similarity between the neural data and each ML-NLP model, beginning within 250 ms of word onset. These results indicate that ML-NLP systems that are designed to solve practical technology problems have a representational geometry that is correlated with that of the human brain, presumably because both are influenced by the structural properties and statistics of language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiqi He
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, USA,Department of Linguistics, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - John E. Kiat
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Kenji Sagae
- Department of Linguistics, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Steven J. Luck
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA,Corresponding Author:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Johnson LP, Fridriksson J. Electrophysiologic evidence of reorganization in poststroke aphasia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 185:167-174. [PMID: 35078597 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823384-9.00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiologic methods have been used to investigate neural changes in individuals with poststroke aphasia. The major types of electrophysiologic measures include the event-related potential (ERP) and spectral power, and aspects of both (including amplitude, topography, and power) have been shown to differ in people with aphasia. Not only that, these measures are sensitive to spontaneous and treatment-induced language change. The purpose of this chapter is to review evidence of poststroke reorganization in the language network that has been identified in the acute and chronic phases of poststroke aphasia. The chapter will begin with a brief introduction to electrophysiologic methods and then focus on evidence from the most commonly studied ERPs and spectral bands in aphasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei Phillip Johnson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gerwin KL, Brosseau-Lapré F, Weber C. Event-Related Potentials Elicited by Phonetic Errors Differentiate Children With Speech Sound Disorder and Typically Developing Peers. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:4614-4630. [PMID: 34735291 PMCID: PMC9150672 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A growing body of research suggests that a deficit in speech perception abilities contributes to the development of speech sound disorder (SSD). However, little work has been done to characterize the neurophysiological processes indexing speech perception deficits in this population. The primary aim of this study was to compare the neural activity underlying speech perception in young children with SSD and with typical development (TD). METHOD Twenty-eight children ages 4;1-6;0 (years;months) participated in this study. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while children completed a speech perception task that included phonetic (speech sound) and lexical (meaning) matches and mismatches. Groups were compared on their judgment accuracy for matches and mismatches as well as the mean amplitude of the phonological mapping negativity (PMN) and N400 ERP components. RESULTS Children with SSD demonstrated lower judgment accuracy across the phonetic and lexical conditions compared to peers with TD. The ERPs elicited by lexical matches and mismatches did not distinguish the groups. However, in the phonetic condition, the SSD group exhibited a more consistent left-lateralized PMN effect and a delayed N400 effect over frontal sites compared to the TD group. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide some of the first evidence of a delay in the neurophysiological processing of phonological information for young children with SSD compared to their peers with TD. This delay was not present for the processing of lexical information, indicating a unique difference between children with SSD and with TD related to speech perception of phonetic errors. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16915579.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn L. Gerwin
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | | | - Christine Weber
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lauer T, Schmidt F, Võ MLH. The role of contextual materials in object recognition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21988. [PMID: 34753999 PMCID: PMC8578445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While scene context is known to facilitate object recognition, little is known about which contextual "ingredients" are at the heart of this phenomenon. Here, we address the question of whether the materials that frequently occur in scenes (e.g., tiles in a bathroom) associated with specific objects (e.g., a perfume) are relevant for the processing of that object. To this end, we presented photographs of consistent and inconsistent objects (e.g., perfume vs. pinecone) superimposed on scenes (e.g., a bathroom) and close-ups of materials (e.g., tiles). In Experiment 1, consistent objects on scenes were named more accurately than inconsistent ones, while there was only a marginal consistency effect for objects on materials. Also, we did not find any consistency effect for scrambled materials that served as color control condition. In Experiment 2, we recorded event-related potentials and found N300/N400 responses-markers of semantic violations-for objects on inconsistent relative to consistent scenes. Critically, objects on materials triggered N300/N400 responses of similar magnitudes. Our findings show that contextual materials indeed affect object processing-even in the absence of spatial scene structure and object content-suggesting that material is one of the contextual "ingredients" driving scene context effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lauer
- Scene Grammar Lab, Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 6, PEG 5.G144, 60323, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Filipp Schmidt
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Melissa L-H Võ
- Scene Grammar Lab, Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 6, PEG 5.G144, 60323, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Galli G, Angelucci D, Bode S, De Giorgi C, De Sio L, Paparo A, Di Lorenzo G, Betti V. Early EEG responses to pre-electoral survey items reflect political attitudes and predict voting behavior. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18692. [PMID: 34548511 PMCID: PMC8455561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-reports are conventionally used to measure political preferences, yet individuals may be unable or unwilling to report their political attitudes. Here, in 69 participants we compared implicit and explicit methods of political attitude assessment and focused our investigation on populist attitudes. Ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from future voters while they completed a survey that measured levels of agreement on different political issues. An Implicit Association Test (IAT) was administered at the end of the recording session. Neural signals differed as a function of future vote for a populist or mainstream party and of whether survey items expressed populist or non-populist views. The combination of EEG responses and self-reported preferences predicted electoral choice better than traditional socio-demographic and ideological variables, while IAT scores were not a significant predictor. These findings suggest that measurements of brain activity can refine the assessment of socio-political attitudes, even when those attitudes are not based on traditional ideological divides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- grid.15538.3a0000 0001 0536 3773Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston, UK
| | - Davide Angelucci
- grid.18038.320000 0001 2180 8787Department of Political Science, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan Bode
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara De Giorgi
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo De Sio
- grid.18038.320000 0001 2180 8787Department of Political Science, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Paparo
- grid.18038.320000 0001 2180 8787Department of Political Science, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meade G, Declerck M, Holcomb PJ, Grainger J. Parallel semantic processing in the flankers task: Evidence from the N400. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 219:104965. [PMID: 33975227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which higher-order representations can be extracted from more than one word in parallel remains an unresolved issue with theoretical import. Here, we used ERPs to investigate the timing with which semantic information is extracted from parafoveal words. Participants saw animal and non-animal targets paired with response congruent or incongruent flankers in a semantic categorization task. Animal targets elicited smaller amplitude negativities when they were paired with semantically related and response congruent animal flankers (e.g., wolf coyote wolf) compared to unrelated and response incongruent flankers (e.g., sock coyote sock) in the N400 window and a post-N400 window. We interpret the N400 effect in terms of facilitated processing from the joint activation of shared semantic features (e.g., animal, furry) across target and flanker words and the later effect in terms of post-lexical decision-making. Thus, semantic information can be extracted from flankers in parallel and impacts various stages of processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Meade
- Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University & University of California, San Diego, United States.
| | - Mathieu Declerck
- Linguistics and Literary Studies Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - Jonathan Grainger
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Neurophysiological basis of the N400 deflection, from Mismatch Negativity to Semantic Prediction Potentials and late positive components. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:134-150. [PMID: 34097935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first theoretical model on the neurophysiological basis of the N400: the deflection reflects layer I dendritic plateaus on a preparatory state of synaptic integration that precedes layer V somatic burst firing for conscious identification of the higher-order features of the stimulus (a late positive shift). Plateaus ensue from apical disinhibition by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive interneurons (VIPs) through suppression of Martinotti cells, opening the gates for glutamatergic feedback to trigger dendritic regenerative potentials. Cholinergic transients contribute to these dynamics directly, holding a central role in the N400 deflection. The stereotypical timing of the (frontal) glutamatergic feedback and the accompanying cholinergic transients account for the enigmatic "invariability" of the peak latency in the face of a gamut of different stimuli and paradigms. The theoretical postulations presented here may bring about unprecedented level of detail for the N400 deflection to be used in the study of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and other higher-order pathologies. The substrates of a late positive component, the Mismatch Negativity and the Semantic Prediction Potentials are also surveyed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Muralikrishnan R, Idrissi A. Salience-weighted agreement feature hierarchy modulates language comprehension. Cortex 2021; 141:168-189. [PMID: 34058618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain establishes relations between elements of an unfolding sentence in order to incrementally build a representation of who is doing what based on various linguistic cues. Many languages systematically mark the verb and/or its arguments to imply the manner in which they are related. A common mechanism to this end is subject-verb agreement, whereby the marking on the verb covaries with one or more of the features such as person, number and gender of the subject argument in a sentence. The cross-linguistic variability of these features would suggest that they may modulate language comprehension differentially based on their relative weightings in a given language. To test this, we investigated the processing of subject-verb agreement in simple intransitive Arabic sentences in a visual event-related brain potential (ERP) study. Specifically, we examined the differences, if any, that ensue in the processing of person, number and gender features during online comprehension, employing sentences in which the verb either showed full agreement with the subject noun (singular or plural) or did not agree in one of the features. ERP responses were measured at the post-nominal verb. Results showed a biphasic negativity-late-positivity effect when the verb did not agree with its subject noun in either of the features, in line with similar findings from other languages. Crucially however, the biphasic effect for agreement violations was systematically graded based on the feature that was violated, which is a novel finding in view of results from other languages. Furthermore, this graded effect was qualitatively different for singular and plural subjects based on the differing salience of the features for each subject-type. These results suggest that agreement features, varying in their salience due to their language-specific weightings, differentially modulate language comprehension. We postulate a Salience-weighted Feature Hierarchy based on our findings and argue that this parsimoniously accounts for the diversity of existing cross-linguistic neurophysiological results on verb agreement processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Muralikrishnan
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tokimoto S, Miyaoka Y, Tokimoto N. An EEG Analysis of Honorification in Japanese: Human Hierarchical Relationships Coded in Language. Front Psychol 2021; 12:549839. [PMID: 33762986 PMCID: PMC7982684 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.549839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the neural substrate of the understanding of human relationships in verbal communication with Japanese honorific sentences as experimental materials. We manipulated two types of Japanese verbs specifically used to represent respect for others, i.e., exalted and humble verbs, which represent respect for the person in the subject and the person in the object, respectively. We visually presented appropriate and anomalous sentences containing the two types of verbs and analyzed the electroencephalogram elicited by the verbs. We observed significant parietal negativity at a latency of approximately 400 ms for anomalous verbs compared with appropriate verbs. This parietal negativity could be a manifestation of the pragmatic process used to integrate the linguistic forms with the human relationships represented in the sentences. The topographies of these event-related potentials (ERPs) corresponded well with those of ERPs for two second-person pronouns in Chinese (plain ni and respectful nin). This correspondence suggests that the pragmatic integration process in honorific expressions is cross-linguistically common in part. Furthermore, we assessed the source localization by means of independent component (IC) analysis and dipole fitting and observed a significant difference in ERP between the honorific and control sentences in the IC cluster centered in the precentral gyrus and in the cluster centered in the medial part of the occipital lobe, which corresponded well with the functional magnetic resonance imaging findings for Japanese honorification. We also found several significant differences in the time-frequency analyses for the medial occipital cluster. These significant differences in the medial occipital cluster suggested that the circuit of the theory of mind was involved in the processing of Japanese honorification. Our results suggest that pragmatic and syntactic processing are performed in parallel because the person to be respected must fulfill the grammatical function appropriate for the honorific verb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tokimoto
- Department of English Language Studies, Mejiro University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Miyaoka
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Hiroshima University of Economics, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoko Tokimoto
- Department of Policy Management, Shobi University, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Szalárdy O, Tóth B, Farkas D, Hajdu B, Orosz G, Winkler I. Who said what? The effects of speech tempo on target detection and information extraction in a multi-talker situation: An ERP and functional connectivity study. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13747. [PMID: 33314262 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
People with normal hearing can usually follow one of the several concurrent speakers. Speech tempo affects both the separation of concurrent speech streams and information extraction from them. The current study varied the tempo of two concurrent speech streams to investigate these processes in a multi-talker situation. Listeners performed a target-detection and a content-tracking task, while target-related ERPs and functional brain networks sensitive to speech tempo were extracted from the EEG signal. At slower than normal speech tempo, building the two streams required longer processing times, and possibly the utilization of higher-order, for example, syntactic and semantic cues. The observed longer reaction times and higher connectivity strength in a theta band network associated with frontal control over auditory/speech processing are compatible with this notion. With increasing tempo, target detection performance decreased and the N2b and the P3b amplitudes increased. These data suggest an increased need for strictly allocating target-detection-related resources at higher tempo. This was also reflected by the observed increase in the strength of gamma-band networks within and between frontal, temporal, and cingular areas. At the fastest tested speech tempo, there was a sharp drop in recognition memory performance, while target detection performance increased compared to the normal speech tempo. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the strength of a low alpha network associated with the suppression of task-irrelevant speech. These results suggest that participants prioritized the immediate target detection task over the continuous content tracking, likely due to some capacity limit reached the fastest speech tempo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Szalárdy
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Farkas
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Hajdu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Universite Artois, Universite Lille, Universite Littoral Côte d'Opale, Liévin, France
| | - István Winkler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shirai M, Soshi T. Neurophysiological foundations of loss and failure sadness differently modulate emotional conceptual processing. The Journal of General Psychology 2020; 149:29-56. [PMID: 32643582 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2020.1789053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sadness is divided into two subtypes, namely loss and failure sadness, which are encoded by different concepts of one's mind. However, it is unclear how such a conceptual difference is supported by neurophysiological foundations. In the present study, we conducted an electroencephalogram experiment for processing congruency between loss- and failure-sadness contexts and emotional words. Electroencephalogram recordings were performed for 23 participants, using a picture-word priming paradigm without explicit congruency judgment. One of the three types of emotional pictures (loss, failure, or neutral picture as the baseline) preceded emotional target words with high, middle, or low fitting properties for sadness contexts in each trial. No significant word-onset event-related potential effects were observed. Upon word-offset event-related potential effects, middle-phase negative potentials around 400 ms for high-fitting words, increased in the failure prime-target context but not in the loss context, compared to the neutral context. Additionally, the negative potentials increased as the failure-sadness intensity decreased, which indicated contextual conflict between prime pictures and target words. In contrast, the corresponding negative potentials for the loss context increased as the loss-sadness intensity increased, which indicated congruency effects under sadness bias. In later latency, after around 400 ms, the slow negative event-related potential effects appeared similar for both the loss and failure contexts. These results suggest that loss and failure sadness are differently represented in the mind, and are founded on the middle-phase neurophysiological processing.
Collapse
|
27
|
Shayesteh S, Pishghadam R, Khodaverdi A. FN400 and LPC Responses to Different Degrees of Sensory Involvement: A Study of Sentence Comprehension. Adv Cogn Psychol 2020; 16:45-58. [PMID: 32566053 PMCID: PMC7293998 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study tested the likely effect of sensory involvement on the FN400 and late positive complex (LPC) responses to semantic and pragmatic comprehension of English sentences. Fifteen English language learners took part in the event-related potential (ERP) experiment and determined the acceptability of 432 sentences under congruent, semantically incongruent, and pragmatically incongruent conditions. Prior to the ERP recording, the subjects received different sensory instructions for six vocabulary items about which they had no previous knowledge. No sensory instruction was given for three extra words, and these served as the control group. The behavioral data corroborated that integration of more senses in instruction improved learners' pragmatic comprehension. The ERP data revealed that full sensory involvement (involvement) reduced the FN400 amplitude, facilitating real world knowledge retrieval and pragmatic comprehension. The LPC responses to semantic comprehension showed that learners reanalyzed the sentences instructed through limited sensory involvement (exvolvement) more deeply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Pishghadam
- Cognition and Sensory Emotion Lab, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azin Khodaverdi
- Cognition and Sensory Emotion Lab, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Savage SW, Potter DD, Tatler BW. The effects of cognitive distraction on behavioural, oculomotor and electrophysiological metrics during a driving hazard perception task. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 138:105469. [PMID: 32113007 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that the distraction caused by holding a mobile telephone conversation is not limited to the period of the actual conversation (Haigney, 1995; Redelmeier & Tibshirani, 1997; Savage et al., 2013). In a prior study we identified potential eye movement and EEG markers of cognitive distraction during driving hazard perception. However the extent to which these markers are affected by the demands of the hazard perception task are unclear. Therefore in the current study we assessed the effects of secondary cognitive task demand on eye movement and EEG metrics separately for periods prior to, during and after the hazard was visible. We found that when no hazard was present (prior and post hazard windows), distraction resulted in changes to various elements of saccadic eye movements. However, when the target was present, distraction did not affect eye movements. We have previously found evidence that distraction resulted in an overall decrease in theta band output at occipital sites of the brain. This was interpreted as evidence that distraction results in a reduction in visual processing. The current study confirmed this by examining the effects of distraction on the lambda response component of subjects eye fixation related potentials (EFRPs). Furthermore, we demonstrated that although detections of hazards were not affected by distraction, both eye movement and EEG metrics prior to the onset of the hazard were sensitive to changes in cognitive workload. This suggests that changes to specific aspects of the saccadic eye movement system could act as unobtrusive markers of distraction even prior to a breakdown in driving performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Savage
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, 02114, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goregliad Fjaellingsdal T, Schwenke D, Scherbaum S, Kuhlen AK, Bögels S, Meekes J, Bleichner MG. Expectancy effects in the EEG during joint and spontaneous word-by-word sentence production in German. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5460. [PMID: 32214133 PMCID: PMC7096441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim in the present study is to measure neural correlates during spontaneous interactive sentence production. We present a novel approach using the word-by-word technique from improvisational theatre, in which two speakers jointly produce one sentence. This paradigm allows the assessment of behavioural aspects, such as turn-times, and electrophysiological responses, such as event-related-potentials (ERPs). Twenty-five participants constructed a cued but spontaneous four-word German sentence together with a confederate, taking turns for each word of the sentence. In 30% of the trials, the confederate uttered an unexpected gender-marked article. To complete the sentence in a meaningful way, the participant had to detect the violation and retrieve and utter a new fitting response. We found significant increases in response times after unexpected words and - despite allowing unscripted language production and naturally varying speech material - successfully detected significant N400 and P600 ERP effects for the unexpected word. The N400 EEG activity further significantly predicted the response time of the subsequent turn. Our results show that combining behavioural and neuroscientific measures of verbal interactions while retaining sufficient experimental control is possible, and that this combination provides promising insights into the mechanisms of spontaneous spoken dialogue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Schwenke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Scherbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna K Kuhlen
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Bögels
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Meekes
- Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin G Bleichner
- Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goregliad Fjaellingsdal T, Schwenke D, Ruigendijk E, Scherbaum S, Bleichner MG. Studying brain activity during word-by-word interactions using wireless EEG. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230280. [PMID: 32208429 PMCID: PMC7092963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce here the word-by-word paradigm, a dynamic setting, in which two people take turns in producing a single sentence. This task requires a high degree of coordination between the partners and the simplicity of the task allows us to study with sufficient experimental control behavioral and neural processes that underlie this controlled interaction. For this study, 13 pairs of individuals engaged in a scripted word-by-word interaction, while we recorded the neural activity of both participants simultaneously using wireless EEG. To study expectation building, different semantic contexts were primed for each participant. Semantically unexpected continuations were introduced in 25% of all sentences. In line with the hypothesis, we observed amplitude differences for the P200-N400-P600 ERPs for unexpected compared to expected words. Moreover, we could successfully assess speech and reaction times. Our results show that it is possible to measure ERPs and RTs to semantically unexpected words in a dyadic interactive scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Schwenke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Esther Ruigendijk
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Dutch, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scherbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Georg Bleichner
- Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fromont LA, Steinhauer K, Royle P. Verbing nouns and nouning verbs: Using a balanced design provides ERP evidence against "syntax-first" approaches to sentence processing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229169. [PMID: 32168357 PMCID: PMC7069651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this event-related potential (ERP) study we reevaluate syntax-first approaches to sentence processing by implementing a novel paradigm in French that includes correct sentences, pure syntactic category violations, lexical-semantic anomalies, and combined anomalies. Our balanced design systematically controlled for target word (noun vs. verb) and the context immediately preceding it. Group results from 36 native speakers of Quebec French revealed that, up to 300 ms, ERPs elicited by syntactic category violations were comparable with ERP responses to correct sentences, showing that there is no early activation reflecting syntactic category identification. Instead, in response to all anomalous conditions, we observed an N400 followed by a P600. Combined anomalies yielded additive effects of syntactic category and lexical-semantic anomalies on the N400, and a large P600 effect similar to the one observed in the pure syntactic condition. These results provide strong evidence against the hypothesis that (i) syntactic categories are processed first, and (ii) that syntactic category errors "block" lexical-semantic processing. Further, the N400 effect in response to pure syntactic category violations reflects a mismatch detection between a predicted word-stem and the actual target. This mechanism takes place simultaneously (and potentially in parallel) with lexical-semantic processing. In contrast, an interaction of syntax and semantics for the P600 reveals that the same neurocognitive resources are recruited for syntactic and semantic integration, both promoted by the implementation of an acceptability judgement task in our design. Additional analyses of individual data complemented these observations: during sentence processing, participants did not rely on one single cognitive mechanism reflected by either the N400 or the P600 effect but on both, suggesting that the biphasic N400-P600 ERP wave can indeed be considered to be an index of phrase-structure violations in most individuals, at least if they are realized on content words.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Fromont
- École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, Canada
| | - Karsten Steinhauer
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, Canada
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Phaedra Royle
- École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
López Zunini RA, Baart M, Samuel AG, Armstrong BC. Lexical access versus lexical decision processes for auditory, visual, and audiovisual items: Insights from behavioral and neural measures. Neuropsychologia 2020; 137:107305. [PMID: 31838100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we investigated the relationship between lexical access processes, and processes that are specifically related to making lexical decisions. In Experiment 1, participants performed a standard lexical decision task in which they had to respond as quickly and as accurately as possible to visual (written), auditory (spoken) and audiovisual (written + spoken) items. In Experiment 2, a different group of participants performed the same task but were required to make responses after a delay. Linear mixed effect models on reaction times and single trial Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) revealed that ERP lexicality effects started earlier in the visual than auditory modality, and that effects were driven by the written input in the audiovisual modality. More negative ERP amplitudes predicted slower reaction times in all modalities in both experiments. However, these predictive amplitudes were mainly observed within the window of the lexicality effect in Experiment 1 (the speeded task), and shifted to post-response-probe time windows in Experiment 2 (the delayed task). The lexicality effects lasted longer in Experiment 1 than in Experiment 2, and in the delayed task, we additionally observed a "re-instantiation" of the lexicality effect related to the delayed response. Delaying the response in an otherwise identical lexical decision task thus allowed us to separate lexical access processes from processes specific to lexical decision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martijn Baart
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain; Tilburg University, Dept. of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur G Samuel
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain; Stony Brook University, Dept. of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Blair C Armstrong
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain; University of Toronto, Dept. of Psychology and Centre for French & Linguistics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Degno F, Liversedge SP. Eye Movements and Fixation-Related Potentials in Reading: A Review. Vision (Basel) 2020; 4:E11. [PMID: 32028566 PMCID: PMC7157570 DOI: 10.3390/vision4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review is addressed to researchers in the field of reading and psycholinguistics who are both familiar with and new to co-registration research of eye movements (EMs) and fixation related-potentials (FRPs) in reading. At the outset, we consider a conundrum relating to timing discrepancies between EM and event related potential (ERP) effects. We then consider the extent to which the co-registration approach might allow us to overcome this and thereby discriminate between formal theoretical and computational accounts of reading. We then describe three phases of co-registration research before evaluating the existing body of such research in reading. The current, ongoing phase of co-registration research is presented in comprehensive tables which provide a detailed summary of the existing findings. The thorough appraisal of the published studies allows us to engage with issues such as the reliability of FRP components as correlates of cognitive processing in reading and the advantages of analysing both data streams (i.e., EMs and FRPs) simultaneously relative to each alone, as well as the current, and limited, understanding of the relationship between EM and FRP measures. Finally, we consider future directions and in particular the potential of analytical methods involving deconvolution and the potential of measurement of brain oscillatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Degno
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Marsh Ln, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brothers T, Wlotko EW, Warnke L, Kuperberg GR. Going the Extra Mile: Effects of Discourse Context on Two Late Positivities During Language Comprehension. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2020; 1:135-160. [PMID: 32582884 PMCID: PMC7313229 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During language comprehension, online neural processing is strongly influenced by the constraints of the prior context. While the N400 ERP response (300-500ms) is known to be sensitive to a word's semantic predictability, less is known about a set of late positive-going ERP responses (600-1000ms) that can be elicited when an incoming word violates strong predictions about upcoming content (late frontal positivity) or about what is possible given the prior context (late posterior positivity/P600). Across three experiments, we systematically manipulated the length of the prior context and the source of lexical constraint to determine their influence on comprehenders' online neural responses to these two types of prediction violations. In Experiment 1, within minimal contexts, both lexical prediction violations and semantically anomalous words produced a larger N400 than expected continuations (James unlocked the door/laptop/gardener), but no late positive effects were observed. Critically, the late posterior positivity/P600 to semantic anomalies appeared when these same sentences were embedded within longer discourse contexts (Experiment 2a), and the late frontal positivity appeared to lexical prediction violations when the preceding context was rich and globally constraining (Experiment 2b). We interpret these findings within a hierarchical generative framework of language comprehension. This framework highlights the role of comprehension goals and broader linguistic context, and how these factors influence both top-down prediction and the decision to update or reanalyze the prior context when these predictions are violated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eddie W. Wlotko
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania 19027
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pitt KM, Brumberg JS, Burnison JD, Mehta J, Kidwai J. Behind the Scenes of Noninvasive Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Review of Electroencephalography Signals, How They Are Recorded, and Why They Matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:1622-1636. [PMID: 32529035 DOI: 10.1044/2019_pers-19-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Brain-computer interface (BCI) techniques may provide computer access for individuals with severe physical impairments. However, the relatively hidden nature of BCI control obscures how BCI systems work behind the scenes, making it difficult to understand how electroencephalography (EEG) records the BCI related brain signals, what brain signals are recorded by EEG, and why these signals are targeted for BCI control. Furthermore, in the field of speech-language-hearing, signals targeted for BCI application have been of primary interest to clinicians and researchers in the area of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). However, signals utilized for BCI control reflect sensory, cognitive and motor processes, which are of interest to a range of related disciplines including speech science. Method This tutorial was developed by a multidisciplinary team emphasizing primary and secondary BCI-AAC related signals of interest to speech-language-hearing. Results An overview of BCI-AAC related signals are provided discussing 1) how BCI signals are recorded via EEG, 2) what signals are targeted for non-invasive BCI control, including the P300, sensorimotor rhythms, steady state evoked potentials, contingent negative variation, and the N400, and 3) why these signals are targeted. During tutorial creation, attention was given to help support EEG and BCI understanding for those without an engineering background. Conclusion Tutorials highlighting how BCI-AAC signals are elicited and recorded can help increase interest and familiarity with EEG and BCI techniques and provide a framework for understanding key principles behind BCI-AAC design and implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Pitt
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jonathan S Brumberg
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences & Disorders, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | | | - Jyutika Mehta
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX
| | - Juhi Kidwai
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences & Disorders, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Courteau É, Martignetti L, Royle P, Steinhauer K. Eliciting ERP Components for Morphosyntactic Agreement Mismatches in Perfectly Grammatical Sentences. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1152. [PMID: 31312150 PMCID: PMC6613437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present event-related brain potential (ERP) study investigates mechanisms underlying the processing of morphosyntactic information during real-time auditory sentence comprehension in French. Employing an auditory-visual sentence-picture matching paradigm, we investigated two types of anomalies using entirely grammatical auditory stimuli: (i) semantic mismatches between visually presented actions and spoken verbs, and (ii) number mismatches between visually presented agents and corresponding morphosyntactic number markers in the spoken sentences (determiners, pronouns in liaison contexts, and verb-final “inflection”). We varied the type and amount of number cues available in each sentence using two manipulations. First, we manipulated the verb type, by using verbs whose number cue was audible through subject (clitic) pronoun liaison (liaison verbs) as well as verbs whose number cue was audible on the verb ending (consonant-final verbs). Second, we manipulated the pre-verbal context: each sentence was preceded either by a neutral context providing no number cue, or by a subject noun phrase containing a subject number cue on the determiner. Twenty-two French-speaking adults participated in the experiment. While sentence judgment accuracy was high, participants' ERP responses were modulated by the type of mismatch encountered. Lexico-semantic mismatches on the verb elicited the expected N400 and additional negativities. Determiner number mismatches elicited early anterior negativities, N400s and P600s. Verb number mismatches elicited biphasic N400-P600 patterns. However, pronoun + verb liaison mismatches yielded this pattern only in the plural, while consonant-final changes did so in the singular and the plural. Furthermore, an additional sustained frontal negativity was observed in two of the four verb mismatch conditions: plural liaison and singular consonant-final forms. This study highlights the different contributions of number cues in oral language processing and is the first to investigate whether auditory-visual mismatches can elicit errors reminiscent of outright grammatical errors. Our results emphasize that neurocognitive mechanisms underlying number agreement in French are modulated by the type of cue that is used to identify auditory-visual mismatches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Courteau
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Martignetti
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Phaedra Royle
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karsten Steinhauer
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bekemeier N, Brenner D, Klepp A, Biermann-Ruben K, Indefrey P. Electrophysiological correlates of concept type shifts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212624. [PMID: 30835763 PMCID: PMC6400391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent semantic theory of nominal concepts by Löbner [1] posits that–due to their inherent uniqueness and relationality properties–noun concepts can be classified into four concept types (CTs): sortal, individual, relational, functional. For sortal nouns the default determination is indefinite (a stone), for individual nouns it is definite (the sun), for relational and functional nouns it is possessive (his ear, his father). Incongruent determination leads to a concept type shift: his father (functional concept: unique, relational)–a father (sortal concept: non-unique, non-relational). Behavioral studies on CT shifts have demonstrated a CT congruence effect, with congruent determiners triggering faster lexical decision times on the subsequent noun than incongruent ones [2, 3]. The present ERP study investigated electrophysiological correlates of congruent and incongruent determination in German noun phrases, and specifically, whether the CT congruence effect could be indexed by such classic ERP components as N400, LAN or P600. If incongruent determination affects the lexical retrieval or semantic integration of the noun, it should be reflected in the amplitude of the N400 component. If, however, CT congruence is processed by the same neuronal mechanisms that underlie morphosyntactic processing, incongruent determination should trigger LAN or/and P600. These predictions were tested in two ERP studies. In Experiment 1, participants just listened to noun phrases. In Experiment 2, they performed a wellformedness judgment task. The processing of (in)congruent CTs (his sun vs. the sun) was compared to the processing of morphosyntactic and semantic violations in control conditions. Whereas the control conditions elicited classic electrophysiological violation responses (N400, LAN, & P600), CT-incongruences did not. Instead they showed novel concept-type specific response patterns. The absence of the classic ERP components suggests that CT-incongruent determination is not perceived as a violation of the semantic or morphosyntactic structure of the noun phrase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bekemeier
- Department of Linguistics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dorothea Brenner
- Department of Linguistics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Klepp
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Biermann-Ruben
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Indefrey
- Department of Linguistics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Leckey M, Federmeier KD. The P3b and P600(s): Positive contributions to language comprehension. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13351. [PMID: 30802979 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the 1960s, the P300 has been contributing both directly and indirectly to language research. Perhaps most notably, it has been suggested that the P600, an ERP component that was first characterized in the context of syntactic processing, could be a variant of the P3b subcomponent of the P300. Here, we review studies on both sides of the debate. We also review the "semantic P600," a positivity with a similar time course and distribution to the P600 seen for syntactic manipulations but that is obtained in response to some types of semantic anomalies. Because most current theories of the P600 try to account for both the syntactic and the semantic variant, linking the syntactic P600 to the P3b might also imply a similar link for the semantic P600. However, we describe emerging research in our lab that casts doubt on the idea that the syntactic P600 and the semantic P600 are the same effect. We argue that grouping ERP responses primarily by domain (language vs. nonlanguage) is likely to be misleading and suggest alternative ways of determining whether ERP effects reflect similar or different processing mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Leckey
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Kara D Federmeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Matchin W, Brodbeck C, Hammerly C, Lau E. The temporal dynamics of structure and content in sentence comprehension: Evidence from fMRI-constrained MEG. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:663-678. [PMID: 30259599 PMCID: PMC6865621 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have a striking capacity to combine words into sentences that express new meanings. Previous research has identified key brain regions involved in this capacity, but little is known about the time course of activity in these regions, as hemodynamic methods such as fMRI provide little insight into temporal dynamics of neural activation. We performed an MEG experiment to elucidate the temporal dynamics of structure and content processing within four brain regions implicated by fMRI data from the same experiment: the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), the posterior temporal lobe (PTL), the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), and the anterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The TPJ showed increased activity for both structure and content near the end of the sentence, consistent with a role in incremental interpretation of event semantics. The PTL, a region not often associated with core aspects of syntax, showed a strong early effect of structure, consistent with predictive parsing models, and both structural and semantic context effects on function words. These results provide converging evidence that the PTL plays an important role in lexicalized syntactic processing. The ATL and IFG, regions traditionally associated with syntax, showed minimal effects of sentence structure. The ATL, PTL and IFG all showed effects of semantic content: increased activation for real words relative to nonwords. Our fMRI-guided MEG investigation therefore helps identify syntactic and semantic aspects of sentence comprehension in the brain in both spatial and temporal dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Matchin
- Department of Communication Sciences and DisordersUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth Carolina
| | - Christian Brodbeck
- Institute for Systems ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | | | - Ellen Lau
- Department of LinguisticsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bechtold L, Bellebaum C, Egan S, Tettamanti M, Ghio M. The role of experience for abstract concepts: Expertise modulates the electrophysiological correlates of mathematical word processing. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 188:1-10. [PMID: 30428400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Embodied theories assign experience a crucial role in shaping conceptual representations. Supporting evidence comes mostly from studies on concrete concepts, where e.g., motor expertise facilitated action concept processing. This study examined experience-dependent effects on abstract concept processing. We asked participants with high and low mathematical expertise to perform a lexical decision task on mathematical and nonmathematical abstract words, while acquiring event-related potentials. Analyses revealed an interaction of expertise and word type on the amplitude of a fronto-central N400 and a centro-parietal late positive component (LPC). For mathematical words, we found a trend for a lower N400 and a significantly higher LPC amplitude in experts compared to nonexperts. No differences between groups were found for nonmathematical words. The results suggest that expertise affects the processing stages of semantic integration and memory retrieval specifically for expertise-related concepts. This study supports the generalization of experience-dependent conceptual processing mechanisms to the abstract domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bechtold
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sophie Egan
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Tettamanti
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Ghio
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Arcara G, Franzon F, Gastaldon S, Brotto S, Semenza C, Peressotti F, Zanini C. One can be some but some cannot be one: ERP correlates of numerosity incongruence are different for singular and plural. Cortex 2018; 116:104-121. [PMID: 30545602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Humans can communicate information on numerosity by means of number words (e.g., one hundred, a couple), but also through Number morphology (e.g., through the singular vs the plural forms of a noun). Agreement violations involving Number morphology (e.g., *one apples) are well known to elicit specific ERP components such as the Left Anterior Negativity (LAN); yet, the relationship between a morphological Number value (e.g., singular vs plural) and its referential numerosity has rarely been considered in the literature. Moreover, even if agreement violations have been proven to be very useful, they do not typically characterise everyday language usage, thus narrowing the scope of the results. In this study we investigated Number morphology from a different perspective, by focusing on the ERP correlates of congruence and incongruence between a depicted numerosity and noun phrases. To this aim we designed a picture-phrase matching paradigm in Italian. In each trial, a picture depicting one or four objects was followed by a grammatically well-formed phrase made up of a quantifier and a content noun inflected either in the singular or in the plural. When analysing ERP time-locked to the content noun, plural phrases after pictures presenting one object elicited a larger negativity, similar to a LAN effect. No significant congruence effect was found in the case of the phrases whose morphological Number value conveyed a numerosity of one. Our results suggest that: 1) incongruence elicits a LAN-like negativity independently from the grammaticality of the utterances and irrespectively of the P600 component; 2) the reference to a numerosity can be partially encoded in an incremental way when processing Number morphology; and, most importantly, 3) the processing of the morphological Number value of plural is different from that of singular as the former shows a narrower interpretability than the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Franzon
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italia; Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italia
| | - Simone Gastaldon
- Department of Devolopmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - Silvia Brotto
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - Carlo Semenza
- Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS, Venezia, Italia; Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italia; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - Francesca Peressotti
- Department of Devolopmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italia; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italia
| | - Chiara Zanini
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italia; Romanisches Seminar, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Calvo H, Paredes JL, Figueroa-Nazuno J. Measuring concept semantic relatedness through common spatial pattern feature extraction on EEG signals. COGN SYST RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
43
|
The sentence wrap-up dogma. Cognition 2018; 176:232-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Beres AM. Time is of the Essence: A Review of Electroencephalography (EEG) and Event-Related Brain Potentials (ERPs) in Language Research. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2018; 42:247-255. [PMID: 28698970 PMCID: PMC5693972 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-017-9371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of electroencephalography (EEG) over a century ago has changed the way we understand brain structure and function, in terms of both clinical and research applications. This paper starts with a short description of EEG and then focuses on the event-related brain potentials (ERPs), and their use in experimental settings. It describes the typical set-up of an ERP experiment. A description of a number of ERP components typically involved in language research is presented. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of using ERPs in language research are discussed. EEG has an extensive use in today’s world, including medical, psychology, or linguistic research. The excellent temporal resolution of EEG information allows one to track a brain response in milliseconds and therefore makes it uniquely suited to research concerning language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Beres
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 4, 30-348, Kraków, Poland. .,Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, ul. Chodakowska 19/31, 03-815, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The effects of attention and task-relevance on the processing of syntactic violations during listening to two concurrent speech streams. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:932-948. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
46
|
Chow WY, Nevins A, Carreiras M. Effects of subject-case marking on agreement processing: ERP evidence from Basque. Cortex 2018; 99:319-329. [PMID: 29331824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous cross-linguistic research has found that comprehenders are immediately sensitive to various kinds of agreement violations across languages. We focused on Basque, a verb-final ergative language with both subject-verb (SV) and object-verb (OV) agreement. We compared the effects of SV agreement violations on comprehenders' event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in transitive sentences (where OV agreement is present, and the subject is ergative) and intransitive sentences (where OV agreement is absent, and the subject is absolutive). We observed a P600 effect in both cases, but only violations with intransitive subjects elicited an early posterior negativity. Such a qualitative difference suggests that distinct neurocognitive mechanisms are involved in processing agreement with transitive subjects (which are marked with ergative case) versus intransitive subjects (which bear absolutive case). Building on theoretical proposals that in languages such as Basque, true agreement occurs with absolutive subjects but not with ergative subjects, we submit that the early posterior negativity may be an electrophysiological signature for true agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yee Chow
- Research Department of Linguistics, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK; BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Andrew Nevins
- Research Department of Linguistics, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Santesteban M, Zawiszewski A, Erdocia K, Laka I. On the Nature of Clitics and Their Sensitivity to Number Attraction Effects. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1470. [PMID: 28928686 PMCID: PMC5591828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pronominal dependencies have been shown to be more resilient to attraction effects than subject-verb agreement. We use this phenomenon to investigate whether antecedent-clitic dependencies in Spanish are computed like agreement or like pronominal dependencies. In Experiment 1, an acceptability judgment self-paced reading task was used. Accuracy data yielded reliable attraction effects in both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences, only in singular (but not plural) clitics. Reading times did not show reliable attraction effects. In Experiment 2, we measured electrophysiological responses to violations, which elicited a biphasic frontal negativity-P600 pattern. Number attraction modulated the frontal negativity but not the amplitude of the P600 component. This differs from ERP findings on subject-verb agreement, since when the baseline matching condition obtained a biphasic pattern, attraction effects only modulated the P600, not the preceding negativity. We argue that these findings support cue-retrieval accounts of dependency resolution and further suggest that the sensitivity to attraction effects shown by clitics resembles more the computation of pronominal dependencies than that of agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Santesteban
- Department of Linguistics and Basque Studies, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
You are fair, but I expect you to also behave unfairly: Positive asymmetry in trait-behavior relations for moderate morality information. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180686. [PMID: 28700702 PMCID: PMC5507453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait inference in person perception is based on observers’ implicit assumptions about the relations between trait adjectives (e.g., fair) and the either consistent or inconsistent behaviors (e.g., having double standards) that an actor can manifest. This article presents new empirical data and theoretical interpretations on people’ behavioral expectations, that is, people’s perceived trait-behavior relations along the morality (versus competence) dimension. We specifically address the issue of the moderate levels of both traits and behaviors almost neglected by prior research by using a measure of the perceived general frequency of behaviors. A preliminary study identifies a set of competence- and morality-related traits and a subset of traits balanced for valence. Studies 1–2 show that moral target persons are associated with greater behavioral flexibility than immoral ones where abstract categories of behaviors are concerned. For example, participants judge it more likely that a fair person would behave unfairly than an unfair person would behave fairly. Study 3 replicates the results of the first 2 studies using concrete categories of behaviors (e.g., telling the truth/omitting some information). Study 4 shows that the positive asymmetry in morality-related trait-behavior relations holds for both North-American and European (i.e., Italian) individuals. A small-scale meta-analysis confirms the existence of a positive asymmetry in trait-behavior relations along both morality and competence dimensions for moderate levels of both traits and behaviors. We discuss these findings in relation to prior models and results on trait-behavior relations and we advance a motivational explanation based on self-protection.
Collapse
|
49
|
Gamma-band neural synchrony due to autobiographical fact violation in a self-referential question. Brain Res 2017; 1662:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
50
|
Ivanova I, Branigan HP, McLean JF, Costa A, Pickering MJ. Do you what I say? People reconstruct the syntax of anomalous utterances. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 32:175-189. [PMID: 29152525 PMCID: PMC5685527 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2016.1236976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We frequently experience and successfully process anomalous utterances. Here we examine whether people do this by 'correcting' syntactic anomalies to yield well-formed representations. In two structural priming experiments, participants' syntactic choices in picture description were influenced as strongly by previously comprehended anomalous (missing-verb) prime sentences as by well-formed prime sentences. Our results suggest that comprehenders can reconstruct the constituent structure of anomalous utterances - even when such utterances lack a major structural component such as the verb. These results also imply that structural alignment in dialogue is unaffected if one interlocutor produces anomalous utterances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Ivanova
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Janet F. McLean
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Costa
- Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|