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Schröder E, Ingels A, Dumitrescu A, Kornreich C, Campanella S. Proactive and Reactive Inhibitory Control Strategies: Exploring the Impact of Interindividual Variables on an ERP Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:317-328. [PMID: 36562088 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221145905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
According to the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework, cognitive control can be divided into two strategies: proactive cognitive control, which relies mainly on the active maintenance of contextual information relevant to the ongoing task; and reactive cognitive control, which is a form of transient control triggered by an external cue. Although cognitive control has been studied extensively, little is known about the specificities of inhibition within the framework of the DMC model and the influence of interindividual variables on inhibitory control.Thanks to an inhibitory version of the continuous performance task (CPT), we studied behavioral performances and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) related to proactive and reactive inhibition, and their links to psychological profile and cognitive performances. One hundred and five young adults underwent the task, along with a short clinical and cognitive evaluation.We were able to observe ERPs related to proactive (cue-N1, cue-N2, cue-P3, and the contingent negative variation) and reactive inhibitory control (target-N2 and target-P3). Our results showed that proactive strategies appeared to be linked with impulsivity, working memory abilities, dominant response inhibition, gender, and the consumption pattern of nicotine. Reactive strategies appeared to be linked with attentional and working memories abilities.Overall, the inhibitory AX-CPT allowed a specific investigation of cognitive control within the framework of the DMC based on behavioral and ERP variables. This provided us an opportunity to investigate the principal ERP components related to proactive and reactive inhibitory control strategies as well as to link them with specific clinical and cognitive variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Schröder
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anais Ingels
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandru Dumitrescu
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau, Hôpital Erasme, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salvatore Campanella
- Laboratory of Medical Psychology and Addictology, CHU Brugmann, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Su B, Zheng M. Impaired proactive control in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: Evidence from ERPs. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:47-55. [PMID: 36774830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that methamphetamine use is associated with impaired cognitive control, which may contribute to impulsive drug use. Cognitive control is dynamically mediated by proactive and reactive control (reflecting various processing stages of cognitive control with different properties), and it is crucial to determine whether methamphetamine use impairs proactive and/or reactive control. To address this issue, we conducted an event-related potential (ERP) study to examine proactive and reactive control in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). METHODS Abstinent individuals with MUD (n = 25) and healthy controls (HC, n = 27) completed a cued task-switching task while brain electrical activity was recorded. Cue- and target-locked ERP components modulated by task switching were linked to proactive and reactive control, respectively. RESULTS No behavioral differences between the groups were found. However, the HC group showed cue-locked switch-positivity (i.e., more positive amplitudes for switch than repeat trials) in both the early and late time windows, although the MUD group only showed late switch-positivity, which was smaller than the HC group. Independent of switch or congruent condition, the MUD group had smaller target-locked positivity than the HC group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individuals with MUD exhibit reduced proactive control and mobilize extra reactive control efforts to compensate. Our study contributes to a better understanding of cognitive control impairment in individuals with MUD and has implications for potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Su
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Meihong Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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3
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Wenwen C, Yang Y, Cui L, Chen Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhou S. The Account of the Effect of Switch Probability on Switch and Mixing Costs: An ERP Study in a Cued Task-switching Paradigm. Cogn Behav Neurol 2022; 35:230-246. [PMID: 36136039 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether the effect of switch probability on switch and mixing costs is explained by an activation or preparation account is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the account of the effect of switch probability on switch and mixing costs. METHOD We used a cued task-switching paradigm with three switch probabilities (high, 75%; medium, 50%; and low, 25%) with 19 healthy young adults and recorded the cue- and target-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral performance. The task included switch and stay trials under high, medium, and low switch conditions, as well as pure trials. RESULTS There was no significant difference in reaction time (RT) in switch and mixing costs between the high and medium switch conditions. The RT in switch and mixing costs in the high and medium switch conditions was significantly less and more than in the low switch condition, respectively. The cue-locked ERPs revealed significant effects on mixing costs (stay - pure) that were cue early frontal positivity (260-300 ms) in the high and medium switch conditions, and on switch costs (switch - stay) that were cue early central positivity (240-260 ms) in the low switch condition. Moreover, the target-locked ERPs of the mixing costs revealed significant effects on mixing costs that were target P3b (440-540 ms) in all three switch conditions, and on switch costs that were target P3b in the medium and low switch conditions. CONCLUSION The effect of switch probability on switch and mixing costs is explained by the activation account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wenwen
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyan Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Ideological and Political Theory Teaching, Maoming Polytechnic, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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4
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Aging and goal-directed cognition: Cognitive control, inhibition, and motivated cognition. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Richardson DP, Foxe JJ, Mazurek KA, Abraham N, Freedman EG. Neural markers of proactive and reactive cognitive control are altered during walking: A Mobile Brain-Body Imaging (MoBI) study. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118853. [PMID: 34954331 PMCID: PMC8822329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of sensory information and the generation of motor commands needed to produce coordinated actions can interfere with ongoing cognitive tasks. Even simple motor behaviors like walking can alter cognitive task performance. This cognitive-motor interference (CMI) could arise from disruption of planning in anticipation of carrying out the task (proactive control) and/or from disruption of the execution of the task (reactive control). In young healthy adults, walking-induced interference with behavioral performance may not be readily observable because flexibility in neural circuits can compensate for the added demands of simultaneous loads. In this study, cognitive-motor loads were systematically increased during cued task-switching while underlying neurophysiologic changes in proactive and reactive mechanisms were measured. Brain activity was recorded from 22 healthy young adults using 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) based Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) as they alternately sat or walked during performance of cued task-switching. Walking altered neurophysiological indices of both proactive and reactive control. Walking amplified cue-evoked late fontal slow waves, and reduced the amplitude of target-evoked fronto-central N2 and parietal P3. The effects of walking on evoked neural responses systematically increased as the task became increasingly difficult. This may provide an objective brain marker of increasing cognitive load, and may prove to be useful in identifying seemingly healthy individuals who are currently able to disguise ongoing degenerative processes through active compensation. If, however, degeneration continues unabated these people may reach a compensatory limit at which point both cognitive performance and control of coordinated actions may decline rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Richardson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kevin A Mazurek
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Abraham
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward G Freedman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick A. and Marion J. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Quantifying mechanisms of cognition with an experiment and modeling ecosystem. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:1833-1856. [PMID: 33604839 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been major strides toward uncovering the neurobehavioral mechanisms involved in cognitive functions like memory and decision making, methods for measuring behavior and accessing latent processes through computational means remain limited. To this end, we have created SUPREME (Sensing to Understanding and Prediction Realized via an Experiment and Modeling Ecosystem): a toolbox for comprehensive cognitive assessment, provided by a combination of construct-targeted tasks and corresponding computational models. SUPREME includes four tasks, each developed symbiotically with a mechanistic model, which together provide quantified assessments of perception, cognitive control, declarative memory, reward valuation, and frustrative nonreward. In this study, we provide validation analyses for each task using two sessions of data from a cohort of cognitively normal participants (N = 65). Measures of test-retest reliability (r: 0.58-0.75), stability of individual differences (ρ: 0.56-0.70), and internal consistency (α: 0.80-0.86) support the validity of our tasks. After fitting the models to data from individual subjects, we demonstrate each model's ability to capture observed patterns of behavioral results across task conditions. Our computational approaches allow us to decompose behavior into cognitively interpretable subprocesses, which we can compare both within and between participants. We discuss potential future applications of SUPREME, including clinical assessments, longitudinal tracking of cognitive functions, and insight into compensatory mechanisms.
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Chevalier N, Meaney JA, Traut HJ, Munakata Y. Adaptiveness in proactive control engagement in children and adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 46:100870. [PMID: 33120165 PMCID: PMC7591345 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related progress in cognitive control reflects more frequent engagement of proactive control during childhood. As proactive preparation for an upcoming task is adaptive only when the task can be reliably predicted, progress in proactive control engagement may rely on more efficient use of contextual cue reliability. Developmental progress may also reflect increasing efficiency in how proactive control is engaged, making this control mode more advantageous with age. To address these possibilities, 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and adults completed three versions of a cued task-switching paradigm in which contextual cue reliability was manipulated. When contextual cues were reliable (but not unreliable or uninformative), all age groups showed greater pupil dilation and a more pronounced (pre)cue-locked posterior positivity associated with faster response times, suggesting adaptive engagement of proactive task selection. However, adults additionally showed a larger contingent negative variation (CNV) predicting a further reduction in response times with reliable cues, suggesting motor preparation in adults but not children. Thus, early developing use of contextual cue reliability promotes adaptiveness in proactive control engagement from early childhood; yet, less efficient motor preparation in children makes this control mode overall less advantageous in childhood than adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hilary Joy Traut
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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8
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Individual differences in attention allocation during a two-dimensional inhibitory control task. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:676-684. [PMID: 33083991 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visual attention is often through to take the form of a spotlight or zoom lens that gradually focuses on goal-relevant features of a stimulus over the course of a trial. Several lines of evidence suggest that for spatially contiguous stimuli, the spotlight naturally takes on the shape of a horizontally biased ellipse. Analyses of group-level behavior in the presence of horizontally versus vertically configured stimuli, however, potentially obfuscate an important source of between-subject variability in the early stages of attentional processing. In the current study, we used a two-dimensional flanker task paradigm and nested variants of a model of within-trial attention and decision mechanisms to investigate individual differences in spotlight shapes. To account for the influence of distractor stimuli in both horizontal and vertical positions relative to the target, we operationalized the attentional spotlight as the density function for a bivariate normal distribution within our models. Horizontal and vertical shape parameters governing the spotlight were constrained to be equal in one model variant, and were allowed to vary in the other. Within-subject comparisons of Bayesian goodness-of-fit statistics revealed a general preference for an elliptical rather than a circular spotlight. Follow-up analyses, however, demonstrated substantial variability in spotlight shapes across subjects. Although data from most subjects were best captured by a horizontally biased elliptical spotlight, we observed individual differences in the extent of the bias, with some subjects even demonstrating a circular or vertically biased elliptical spotlight.
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9
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Xu M, Li Z, Qi S, Fan L, Zhou X, Yang D. Social exclusion modulates dual mechanisms of cognitive control: Evidence from ERPs. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2669-2685. [PMID: 32491264 PMCID: PMC7294065 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated how social exclusion influences cognitive control but reported inconsistent findings. Based on the dual mechanisms of control framework, this study investigated how social exclusion influences proactive and reactive modes of control (Experiment 1) and the underlying mechanisms (Experiment 2). The Cyberball game was used to manipulate social exclusion. Eighty-six female participants (about 40 for each experiment) performed cognitive control tasks while event-related potentials were recorded. In Experiment 1, an AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) was adopted to differentiate between proactive and reactive control. Results showed that social exclusion weakened proactive control but enhanced reactive control, as reflected by the weaker proactive control indicators (i.e., P3b and CNV), but strengthened reactive control indicators (accuracy and N2) in excluded individuals. More importantly, in Experiment 2, through varying in whether task cues were available before or after target onset in a cued-flanker task, we further manipulated the possibility of engaging proactive control, and found the weakened proactive control could be attributed to both impaired cognitive ability and lowered motivation to engage proactive control in excluded individuals. Together, these results provide insight on how social exclusion influences cognitive control and suggest promising implications for designing effective interventions to relieve the negative impact of social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Xu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiai Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Senqing Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingxia Fan
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Sidlauskaite J, Dhar M, Sonuga-Barke E, Wiersema JR. Altered proactive control in adults with ADHD: Evidence from event-related potentials during cued task switching. Neuropsychologia 2019; 138:107330. [PMID: 31887312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control has two distinct modes - proactive and reactive (Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 105-112). ADHD has been associated with cognitive control impairments. However, studies have mainly focused on reactive control and not proactive control. Here we investigated neural correlates of proactive and reactive cognitive control in a group of adults with ADHD versus healthy controls by employing a cued switching task while cue informativeness was manipulated and EEG recorded. On the performance level, only a trend to generally slower responding was found in the ADHD group. Cue-locked analyses revealed an attenuated informative-positivity - a differential component appearing when contrasting informative with non-informative alerting cues - and potentially altered lateralisation of the switch-positivity - evident in the contrast between switch and repeat trials for informative cues - in ADHD. No difference in target-locked activity was found. Our results indicate altered proactive rather than reactive control in adults with ADHD, evidenced by less use of cued advance information and abnormal preparatory processes for upcoming tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Sidlauskaite
- Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Leuven University, Belgium.
| | - Monica Dhar
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Ghent University, Belgium
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11
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Branzi FM, Martin CD, Carreiras M, Paz-Alonso PM. Functional connectivity reveals dissociable ventrolateral prefrontal mechanisms for the control of multilingual word retrieval. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:80-94. [PMID: 31515906 PMCID: PMC7268045 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This functional magnetic resonance imaging study established that different portions of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) support reactive and proactive language control processes during multilingual word retrieval. The study also examined whether proactive language control consists in the suppression of the nontarget lexicon. Healthy multilingual volunteers participated in a task that required them to name pictures alternately in their dominant and less‐dominant languages. Two crucial variables were manipulated: the cue‐target interval (CTI) to either engage (long CTI) or prevent (short CTI) proactive control processes, and the cognate status of the to‐be‐named pictures (noncognates vs. cognates) to capture selective pre‐activation of the target language. The results of the functional connectivity analysis showed a clear segregation between functional networks related to mid‐vlPFC and anterior vlPFC during multilingual language production. Furthermore, the results revealed that multilinguals engage in proactive control to prepare the target language. This proactive modulation, enacted by anterior vlPFC, is achieved by boosting the activation of lexical representations in the target language. Finally, control processes supported by both mid‐vlPFC and the left inferior parietal lobe, were similarly engaged by reactive and proactive control, possibly exerted on phonological representations to reduce cross‐language interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Branzi
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clara D Martin
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M Paz-Alonso
- BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
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12
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Dysfunctional Neural Processes Underlying Context Processing Deficits in Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:644-654. [PMID: 31147272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with schizophrenia (PSZ) have profound deficits in context processing, an executive process that guides adaptive behaviors according to goals and stored contextual information. Although various neural processes are involved in context processing and are affected in PSZ, the core underlying neural dysfunction is unclear. METHODS To determine the relative importance of neural dysfunctions within prefrontal cognitive control, sensory activity, and motor activity to context processing deficits in PSZ, we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) in 60 PSZ and 51 healthy control subjects during an optimal context processing task. We also analyzed the Ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution to examine abnormalities in motor control variability in PSZ. RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, PSZ had lower response accuracy and greater variability in their normal reaction times during high context processing demands. Latencies of normal and slow responses were generally increased in PSZ. High context processing-related reductions in frontal ERPs were indicative of specific deficits in proactive and reactive cognitive controls in PSZ, while ERPs associated with visual and motor processes were reduced regardless of context processing demands, indicating generalized visuomotor deficits. In contrast to previous studies, we found that diminished frontal responses reflective of proactive control of the contextual cue, rather than visual responses of cue encoding, predicted response accuracy deficits in PSZ. In addition, probe-related ERP components of motor preparation, prefrontal reactive control, and frontomotor interaction predicted Ex-Gaussian indices of reaction time instability in PSZ. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal proactive and reactive control deficits associated with failures in using mental representation likely underlie context processing deficits in PSZ.
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13
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Ocular signatures of proactive versus reactive cognitive control in young adults. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1049-1063. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Ferdinand NK, Czernochowski D. Motivational Influences on Performance Monitoring and Cognitive Control Across the Adult Lifespan. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1018. [PMID: 29997541 PMCID: PMC6028708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control refers to the ability to regulate cognitive processing according to the tasks at hand, especially when these are demanding. It includes maintaining and updating relevant information in working memory, inhibiting irrelevant information, and flexibly switching between tasks. Performance monitoring denotes the processing of feedback from the environment and the detection of errors or other unexpected events and signals when cognitive control needs to be exerted. These two aspects of behavioral adaptation critically rely on the integrity of the frontal lobes, which are known to show pronounced age-related performance decrements. By contrast, there is evidence that processing of rewards remains relatively intact across the adult lifespan. Hence, motivation may play an important role in modulating or even counteracting age-related changes in cognitive control functions. To answer this question, neuroscientific data can be particularly useful to uncover potential underlying mechanisms beyond behavioral outcome. The aims of this article are twofold: First, to review and systematize the extant literature on how motivational incentives can modulate performance monitoring and cognitive control in young and older adults. Second, to demonstrate that important pieces of empirical data are currently missing for the evaluation of this central question, specifically in old age. Hence, we would like to stimulate further research uncovering potential mechanisms underlying motivation-cognition interactions in young and in particular in older adults and investigating whether or not those can help to ameliorate age-related impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Czernochowski
- Center for Cognitive Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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15
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Wong ASW, Cooper PS, Conley AC, McKewen M, Fulham WR, Michie PT, Karayanidis F. Event-Related Potential Responses to Task Switching Are Sensitive to Choice of Spatial Filter. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:143. [PMID: 29568260 PMCID: PMC5852402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies using the task-switching paradigm show that multiple ERP components are modulated by activation of proactive control processes involved in preparing to repeat or switch task and reactive control processes involved in implementation of the current or new task. Our understanding of the functional significance of these ERP components has been hampered by variability in their robustness, as well as their temporal and scalp distribution across studies. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of choice of reference electrode or spatial filter on the number, timing and scalp distribution of ERP elicited during task-switching. We compared four configurations, including the two most common (i.e., average mastoid reference and common average reference) and two novel ones that aim to reduce volume conduction (i.e., reference electrode standardization technique (REST) and surface Laplacian) on mixing cost and switch cost effects in cue-locked and target-locked ERP waveforms in 201 healthy participants. All four spatial filters showed the same well-characterized ERP components that are typically seen in task-switching paradigms: the cue-locked switch positivity and target-locked N2/P3 effect. However, both the number of ERP effects associated with mixing and switch cost, and their temporal and spatial resolution were greater with the surface Laplacian transformation which revealed rapid temporal adjustments that were not identifiable with other spatial filters. We conclude that the surface Laplacian transformation may be more suited to characterize EEG signatures of complex spatiotemporal networks involved in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S W Wong
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick S Cooper
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander C Conley
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Montana McKewen
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - W Ross Fulham
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Xiang L, Chen Y, Chen A, Zhang F, Xu F, Wang B. The effects of trait impulsivity on proactive and reactive interference control. Brain Res 2018; 1680:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Electrophysiological correlates of the cognitive control processes underpinning mixing and switching costs. Brain Res 2016; 1646:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Chiew KS, Braver TS. Reward favors the prepared: Incentive and task-informative cues interact to enhance attentional control. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2015; 42:52-66. [PMID: 26322689 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The dual mechanisms of control account suggests that cognitive control may be implemented through relatively proactive mechanisms in anticipation of stimulus onset, or through reactive mechanisms, triggered in response to changing stimulus demands. Reward incentives and task-informative cues (signaling the presence/absence of upcoming cognitive demand) have both been found to influence cognitive control in a proactive or preparatory fashion; yet, it is currently unclear whether and how such cue effects interact. We investigated this in 2 experiments using an adapted flanker paradigm, where task-informative and reward incentive cues were orthogonally manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis. In Experiment 1, results indicated that incentives not only speed reaction times, but specifically reduce both interference and facilitation effects when combined with task-informative cues, suggesting enhanced proactive attentional control. Experiment 2 manipulated the timing of incentive cue information, demonstrating that such proactive control effects were only replicated with sufficient time to process the incentive cue (early incentive); when incentive signals were presented close to target onset (late incentive) the primary effect was a speed-accuracy trade-off. Together, results suggest that advance cueing may trigger differing control strategies, and that these strategies may critically depend on both the timing-and the motivational incentive-to use such cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd S Braver
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
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19
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Chevalier N, Martis SB, Curran T, Munakata Y. Metacognitive processes in executive control development: the case of reactive and proactive control. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1125-36. [PMID: 25603026 PMCID: PMC4510990 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Young children engage cognitive control reactively in response to events, rather than proactively preparing for events. Such limitations in executive control have been explained in terms of fundamental constraints on children's cognitive capacities. Alternatively, young children might be capable of proactive control but differ from older children in their metacognitive decisions regarding when to engage proactive control. We examined these possibilities in three conditions of a task-switching paradigm, varying in whether task cues were available before or after target onset. RTs, ERPs, and pupil dilation showed that 5-year-olds did engage in advance preparation, a critical aspect of proactive control, but only when reactive control was made more difficult, whereas 10-year-olds engaged in proactive control whenever possible. These findings highlight metacognitive processes in children's cognitive control, an understudied aspect of executive control development.
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Abstract
Errors can play a major role for optimizing subsequent performance: Response conflict associated with (near) errors signals the need to recruit additional control resources to minimize future conflict. However, so far it remains open whether children and older adults also adjust their performance as a function of preceding response conflict. To examine the life span development of conflict detection and resolution, response conflict was elicited during a task-switching paradigm. Electrophysiological correlates of conflict detection for correct and incorrect responses and behavioral indices of post-error adjustments were assessed while participants in four age groups were asked to focus on either speed or accuracy. Despite difficulties in resolving response conflict, the ability to detect response conflict as indexed by the Ne/ERN component was expected to mature early and be preserved in older adults. As predicted, reliable Ne/ERN peaks were detected across age groups. However, only for adults Ne/ERN amplitudes associated with errors were larger compared to Nc/CRN amplitudes for correct trials under accuracy instructions, suggesting an ongoing maturation in the ability to differentiate levels of response conflict. Behavioral interference costs were considerable in both children and older adults. Performance for children and older adults deteriorated rather than improved following errors, in line with intact conflict detection, but impaired conflict resolution. Thus, participants in all age groups were able to detect response conflict, but only young adults successfully avoided subsequent conflict by up-regulating control.
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