1
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Jin Z, Yin J, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu X, Luo J. Teach a man to fish: Hyper-brain evidence on scaffolding strategy enhancing creativity acquisition and transfer. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120757. [PMID: 39067552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Creativity is an indispensable competency in today's innovation-driven society. Yet, the influences of instructional strategy, a key determinant of educational outcomes, on the creativity-fostering process remains an unresolved mystery. We proposed that instructional strategy affects creativity cultivation and further investigated the intricate neural mechanisms underlying this relationship. In a naturalistic laboratory setting, 66 instructor-learner dyads were randomized into three groups (scaffolding, explanation, and control), with divergent thinking instructions separately. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning simultaneously collected brain signals in the prefrontal cortex and temporal-parietal junction regions. Results indicated that learners instructed with a scaffolding strategy demonstrated superior creative performance both in acquisition (direct learning) and transfer (use in a novel context) of creativity skills, compared to pretest levels. In contrast, the control and explanation groups did not exhibit such effects. Notably, we also observed remarkable interbrain neural synchronization (INS) between instructors and learners in the left superior frontal cortex in the scaffolding group, but not in the explanation or control groups. Furthermore, INS positively predicted enhancements in creativity performance (acquisition and transfer), indicating that it is a crucial neural mechanism in the creativity-fostering process. These findings reveal that scaffolding facilitates the acquisition and transfer of creativity and deepen our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the process of creativity-fostering. The current study provides valuable insights for implementing teaching strategies to fostering creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Jin
- School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; School of Education Faculty Development Center, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Junting Yin
- School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yangzhuo Li
- School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Xiongwei Xu
- School of Education Faculty Development Center, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Junlong Luo
- School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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2
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Herault C, Ovando-Tellez M, Lebuda I, Kenett YN, Beranger B, Benedek M, Volle E. Creative connections: the neural correlates of semantic relatedness are associated with creativity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:810. [PMID: 38961130 PMCID: PMC11222432 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The associative theory of creativity proposes that creative ideas result from connecting remotely related concepts in memory. Previous research found that higher creative individuals exhibit a more flexible organization of semantic memory, generate more uncommon word associations, and judge remote concepts as more related. In this study (N = 93), we used fMRI to investigate brain regions involved in judging the relatedness of concepts that vary in their semantic distance, and how such neural involvement relates to individual differences in creativity. Brain regions where activity increased with semantic relatedness mainly overlapped with default, control, salience, semantic control, and multiple demand networks. The default and semantic control networks exhibited increased involvement when evaluating more remote associations. Finally, higher creative people, who provided higher relatedness judgements on average, exhibited lower activity in those regions, possibly reflecting higher neural efficiency. We discuss these findings in the context of the neurocognitive processing underlying creativity. Overall, our findings indicate that judging remote concepts as related reflects a cognitive mechanism underlying creativity and shed light on the neural correlates of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Herault
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Marcela Ovando-Tellez
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Izabela Lebuda
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yoed N Kenett
- The Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Benoit Beranger
- Sorbonne University, CENIR at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Volle
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France.
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3
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Koivisto M, Pallaris C. Cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between openness-to-experience and perceptual reversals of Necker cube. Conscious Cogn 2024; 122:103698. [PMID: 38781814 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
It is not clear whether personality is related to basic perceptual processes at the level of automatic bottom-up processes or controlled top-down processes. Two experiments examined how personality influences perceptual dynamics, focusing on how cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between personality and perceptual reversals of the Necker cube. The participants viewed stimuli either passively or with the intent to either hold or switch the orientation of the Necker cube. The influence of openness was predominantly evident in conditions necessitating intentional control over perceptual reversals. The link between openness and intentional perceptual reversals was always moderated by cognitive flexibility, which was measured in three different ways. No relationship was detected between personality traits and reversals in the passive viewing condition, suggesting that relatively spontaneous adaptation-inhibition processes may not be personality-dependent. Overall, our research sheds light on the nuanced influence of personality traits on perceptual experiences, mediated by cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Koivisto
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland.
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4
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Wang X, Chen Q, Zhuang K, Zhang J, Cortes RA, Holzman DD, Fan L, Liu C, Sun J, Li X, Li Y, Feng Q, Chen H, Feng T, Lei X, He Q, Green AE, Qiu J. Semantic associative abilities and executive control functions predict novelty and appropriateness of idea generation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:703. [PMID: 38849461 PMCID: PMC11161622 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Novelty and appropriateness are two fundamental components of creativity. However, the way in which novelty and appropriateness are separated at behavioral and neural levels remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aim to distinguish behavioral and neural bases of novelty and appropriateness of creative idea generation. In alignment with two established theories of creative thinking, which respectively, emphasize semantic association and executive control, behavioral results indicate that novelty relies more on associative abilities, while appropriateness relies more on executive functions. Next, employing a connectome predictive modeling (CPM) approach in resting-state fMRI data, we define two functional network-based models-dominated by interactions within the default network and by interactions within the limbic network-that respectively, predict novelty and appropriateness (i.e., cross-brain prediction). Furthermore, the generalizability and specificity of the two functional connectivity patterns are verified in additional resting-state fMRI and task fMRI. Finally, the two functional connectivity patterns, respectively mediate the relationship between semantic association/executive control and novelty/appropriateness. These findings provide global and predictive distinctions between novelty and appropriateness in creative idea generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Robert A Cortes
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel D Holzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangzhou Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Adam E Green
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Chongqing, China.
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5
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Mather KA, Weston SJ, Condon DM. Scaling a common assessment of associative ability: Development and validation of a multiple-choice compound remote associates task. Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02422-3. [PMID: 38839705 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The assessment of creativity as an individual difference has historically focused on divergent thinking, which is increasingly viewed as involving the associative processes that are also understood to be a key component of creative potential. Research on associative processes has proliferated in many sub-fields, often using Compound Remote Associates (CRA) tasks with an open response format and relatively small participant samples. In the present work, we introduce a new format that is more amenable to large-scale data collection in survey designs, and present evidence for the reliability and validity of CRA measures in general using multiple large samples. Study 1 uses a large, representative dataset (N = 1,323,480) to demonstrate strong unidimensionality and internal consistency (α = .97; ωt = .87), as well as links to individual differences in temperament, cognitive ability, occupation, and job characteristics. Study 2 uses an undergraduate sample (N = 685) to validate the use of a multiple-choice format relative to the traditional approach. Study 3 uses a crowdsourced sample (N = 357) to demonstrate high test-retest reliability of the items (r =.74). Finally, Study 4 uses a sample that overlaps with Study 1 (N = 1,502,922) to provide item response theory (IRT) parameters for a large set of high-quality CRA items that use a multiple-choice response mode, thus facilitating their use in future research on creativity, insight, and related topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall A Mather
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA.
| | - Sara J Weston
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA
| | - David M Condon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx Street, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA
- Midjourney, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Hyusein G, Göksun T. Give your ideas a hand: the role of iconic hand gestures in enhancing divergent creative thinking. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1298-1313. [PMID: 38538819 PMCID: PMC11142943 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Hand gestures play an integral role in multimodal language and communication. Even though the self-oriented functions of gestures, such as activating a speaker's lexicon and maintaining visuospatial imagery, have been emphasized, gestures' functions in creative thinking are not well-established. In the current study, we investigated the role of iconic gestures in verbal divergent thinking-a creative thinking process related to generating many novel ideas. Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that iconic gesture use would facilitate divergent thinking in young adults, especially those with high mental imagery skills. Participants performed Guildford's Alternative Uses Task in a gesture-spontaneous and in a gesture-encouraged condition. We measured fluency (number of ideas), originality (uniqueness of ideas), flexibility (number of idea categories), and elaboration (number of details) in divergent thinking. The results showed that producing iconic gestures in the gesture-encouraged condition positively predicted fluency, originality, and elaboration. In the gesture-spontaneous condition, producing iconic gestures also positively predicted elaboration but negatively predicted flexibility. Mental imagery skills did not interact with the effects of gestures on divergent thinking. These results suggest that iconic gestures are a promising candidate for enhancing almost all aspects of divergent thinking. Overall, the current study adds a new dimension to the self-oriented function of iconic gestures, that is, their contribution to creative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilbe Göksun
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Ramey MM, Zabelina DL. Divergent thinking modulates interactions between episodic memory and schema knowledge: Controlled and spontaneous episodic retrieval processes. Mem Cognit 2024; 52:663-679. [PMID: 38228995 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The ability to generate novel ideas, known as divergent thinking, depends on both semantic knowledge and episodic memory. Semantic knowledge and episodic memory are known to interact to support memory decisions, but how they may interact to support divergent thinking is unknown. Moreover, it is debated whether divergent thinking relies on spontaneous or controlled retrieval processes. We addressed these questions by examining whether divergent thinking ability relates to interactions between semantic knowledge and different episodic memory processes. Participants completed the alternate uses task of divergent thinking, and completed a memory task in which they searched for target objects in schema-congruent or schema-incongruent locations within scenes. In a subsequent test, participants indicated where in each scene the target object had been located previously (i.e., spatial accuracy test), and provided confidence-based recognition memory judgments that indexed distinct episodic memory processes (i.e., recollection, familiarity, and unconscious memory) for the scenes. We found that higher divergent thinking ability-specifically in terms of the number of ideas generated-was related to (1) more of a benefit from recollection (a controlled process) and unconscious memory (a spontaneous process) on spatial accuracy and (2) beneficial differences in how semantic knowledge was combined with recollection and unconscious memory to influence spatial accuracy. In contrast, there were no effects with respect to familiarity (a spontaneous process). These findings indicate that divergent thinking is related to both controlled and spontaneous memory processes, and suggest that divergent thinking is related to the ability to flexibly combine semantic knowledge with episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Ramey
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 203A Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Darya L Zabelina
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, 203A Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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8
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Khalil R, Demarin V. Creative therapy in health and disease: Inner vision. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14266. [PMID: 37305955 PMCID: PMC10915997 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Can we better understand the unique mechanisms of de novo abilities in light of our current knowledge of the psychological and neuroscientific literature on creativity? This review outlines the state-of-the-art in the neuroscience of creativity and points out crucial aspects that still demand further exploration, such as brain plasticity. The progressive development of current neuroscience research on creativity presents a multitude of prospects and potentials for furnishing efficacious therapy in the context of health and illness. Therefore, we discuss directions for future studies, identifying a focus on pinpointing the neglected beneficial practices for creative therapy. We emphasize the neglected neuroscience perspective of creativity on health and disease and how creative therapy could offer limitless possibilities to improve our well-being and give hope to patients with neurodegenerative diseases to compensate for their brain injuries and cognitive impairments by expressing their hidden creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Khalil
- School of Business, Social and Decision SciencesConstructor UniversityBremenGermany
| | - Vida Demarin
- International Institute for Brain HealthZagrebCroatia
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9
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Constant A, Friston KJ, Clark A. Cultivating creativity: predictive brains and the enlightened room problem. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220415. [PMID: 38104605 PMCID: PMC10725762 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How can one conciliate the claim that humans are uncertainty minimizing systems that seek to navigate predictable and familiar environments with the claim that humans can be creative? We call this the Enlightened Room Problem (ERP). The solution, we suggest, lies not (or not only) in the error-minimizing brain but in the environment itself. Creativity emerges from various degrees of interplay between predictive brains and changing environments: ones that repeatedly move the goalposts for our own error-minimizing machinery. By (co)constructing these challenging worlds, we effectively alter and expand the space within which our own prediction engines operate, and that function as 'exploration bubbles' that enable information seeking, uncertainty minimizing minds to penetrate deeper and deeper into artistic, scientific and engineering space. In what follows, we offer a proof of principle for this kind of environmentally led cognitive expansion. This article is part of the theme issue 'Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Constant
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Karl John Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Andy Clark
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
- Department of Philosophy, and Dept of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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10
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Gerver CR, Griffin JW, Dennis NA, Beaty RE. Memory and creativity: A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between memory systems and creative cognition. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:2116-2154. [PMID: 37231179 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that specific memory systems (e.g., semantic vs. episodic) may support specific creative thought processes. However, there are a number of inconsistencies in the literature regarding the strength, direction, and influence of different memory (semantic, episodic, working, and short-term) and creativity (divergent and convergent thinking) types, as well as the influence of external factors (age, stimuli modality) on this purported relationship. In this meta-analysis, we examined 525 correlations from 79 published studies and unpublished datasets, representing data from 12,846 individual participants. We found a small but significant (r = .19) correlation between memory and creative cognition. Among semantic, episodic, working, and short-term memory, all correlations were significant, but semantic memory - particularly verbal fluency, the ability to strategically retrieve information from long-term memory - was found to drive this relationship. Further, working memory capacity was found to be more strongly related to convergent than divergent creative thinking. We also found that within visual creativity, the relationship with visual memory was greater than that of verbal memory, but within verbal creativity, the relationship with verbal memory was greater than that of visual memory. Finally, the memory-creativity correlation was larger for children compared to young adults despite no impact of age on the overall effect size. These results yield three key conclusions: (1) semantic memory supports both verbal and nonverbal creative thinking, (2) working memory supports convergent creative thinking, and (3) the cognitive control of memory is central to performance on creative thinking tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Gerver
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jason W Griffin
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nancy A Dennis
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Roger E Beaty
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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11
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Koivisto M, Grassini S. Best humans still outperform artificial intelligence in a creative divergent thinking task. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13601. [PMID: 37709769 PMCID: PMC10502005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Creativity has traditionally been considered an ability exclusive to human beings. However, the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has resulted in generative AI chatbots that can produce high-quality artworks, raising questions about the differences between human and machine creativity. In this study, we compared the creativity of humans (n = 256) with that of three current AI chatbots using the alternate uses task (AUT), which is the most used divergent thinking task. Participants were asked to generate uncommon and creative uses for everyday objects. On average, the AI chatbots outperformed human participants. While human responses included poor-quality ideas, the chatbots generally produced more creative responses. However, the best human ideas still matched or exceed those of the chatbots. While this study highlights the potential of AI as a tool to enhance creativity, it also underscores the unique and complex nature of human creativity that may be difficult to fully replicate or surpass with AI technology. The study provides insights into the relationship between human and machine creativity, which is related to important questions about the future of creative work in the age of AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Koivisto
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Grassini
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
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12
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Matheson HE, Kenett YN, Gerver C, Beaty RE. Representing creative thought: A representational similarity analysis of creative idea generation and evaluation. Neuropsychologia 2023; 187:108587. [PMID: 37268289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dual process theories of creativity suggest that creative thought is supported by both a generation phase, where unconstrained ideas are generated and combined in novel ways, and an evaluation phase, where those ideas are filtered for usefulness in context. Neurocognitively, both the default mode network (DMN) and the executive control network (ECN) have been implicated in generation and evaluation, respectively. Importantly, generating and evaluating ideas implies that the same information, reflected in patterns of neural activity, must be present in both phases, suggesting that information should be 'reinstated' (i.e. multidimensional patterns must reappear) within and/or between network nodes. In the present study, we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to investigate the extent to which nodes of the DMN and ECN reinstate information between a generation phase, in which participants generated novel or appropriate word associations to single nouns, and an evaluation phase, where we presented the associations back to participants to evaluate them. We showed strong evidence for reinstatement within the ECN dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex during the novel association task, and within the DMN medial prefrontal cortex during the appropriate association task. We additionally showed between network reinstatement between the ECN dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and the DMN posterior parietal cortex during the novelty task. These results demonstrate the importance of both within- and between-informational reinstatement for generating and evaluating ideas, and implicate both the DMN and ECN in dual process models of creativity.
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13
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Jiang L, Yang C, Pi Z, Li Y, Liu S, Yi X. Individuals with High Metacognitive Ability Are Better at Divergent and Convergent Thinking. J Intell 2023; 11:162. [PMID: 37623545 PMCID: PMC10455872 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11080162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Is metacognitive ability a predictor of creative performance? Previous studies have produced conflicting findings. To clarify whether this relationship exists, the current study used eye tracking techniques and vocal thinking reports to explore creativity differences in individuals with different levels of metacognitive ability. One hundred and twelve participants completed the Metacognitive Ability scale, and were divided into two groups (with thirty participants in each group) based on their metacognition scores (the highest and lowest 27% of metacognitive ability scores). Then, participants in both groups completed two creative thinking tasks (AUT and CCRAT) while their eye behaviors were recorded by eye tracking. The results showed that participants with high metacognitive ability were better at divergent thinking, as evidenced by greater fixation and saccade counts, as well as smaller saccade amplitudes in the AUT task. In addition, Bayesian analyses provide anecdotal evidence that participants with high metacognitive ability tended to be better at convergent thinking. Furthermore, eye tracking results demonstrated that they exhibited longer fixation duration and more fixation count on the materials in the CCRAT task. These findings reflect an important role of metacognition in creative thinking, especially in divergent thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Normal University, No. 199 Chang’an Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710062, China; (L.J.); (Z.P.)
| | - Chunliang Yang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China; (C.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhongling Pi
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Normal University, No. 199 Chang’an Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710062, China; (L.J.); (Z.P.)
| | - Yangping Li
- School of Foreign Studies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Shaohang Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China; (C.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xinfa Yi
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Normal University, No. 199 Chang’an Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710062, China; (L.J.); (Z.P.)
- The Branch Center of National Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 199 Chang’an Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710062, China
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14
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Beaty RE, Kenett YN. Associative thinking at the core of creativity. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:671-683. [PMID: 37246025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Creativity has long been thought to involve associative processes in memory: connecting concepts to form ideas, inventions, and artworks. However, associative thinking has been difficult to study due to limitations in modeling memory structure and retrieval processes. Recent advances in computational models of semantic memory allow researchers to examine how people navigate a semantic space of concepts when forming associations, revealing key search strategies associated with creativity. Here, we synthesize cognitive, computational, and neuroscience research on creativity and associative thinking. This Review highlights distinctions between free- and goal-directed association, illustrates the role of associative thinking in the arts, and links associative thinking to brain systems supporting both semantic and episodic memory - offering a new perspective on a longstanding creativity theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Beaty
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Yoed N Kenett
- Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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15
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Pasarín-Lavín T, Abín A, García T, Rodríguez C. Relationship between Executive Functions and Creativity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1002. [PMID: 37371234 DOI: 10.3390/children10061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Executive functions and creativity could play an important role in children's education. To date, research on the relationship between these constructs has focused on adults. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the relationship between executive functions (EFs) and creativity in children to provide teachers with tools to improve students' abilities. (2) Methods: A total of 12 studies were identified using WOS, SCOPUS and PsycINFO, which matched the following criteria: (i) empirical studies with measures of executive functions and creativity; (ii) a sample of children or adolescents (3 to 18 years old); and (iii) in the previous decade (2012-2021). (3) Results: The results indicated a clear relationship between flexibility and creativity. Flexibility is positively correlated and inhibition is negatively correlated with creativity. There is no clear evidence that the remaining EFs, such as working memory, correlate with creativity. There was insufficient evidence on the relationship between intelligence, executive functions and creativity in a sample of children for the results to be generalized. (4) Conclusion: Future studies should consider the variability of standardized tests that measure these two constructs in order to be able to compare measurements and obtain generalizable results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Abín
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Trinidad García
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
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16
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Samuel G, Stella M, Beaty RE, Kenett YN. Predicting openness to experience via a multiplex cognitive network approach. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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17
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Miroshnik KG, Forthmann B, Karwowski M, Benedek M. The relationship of divergent thinking with broad retrieval ability and processing speed: A meta-analysis. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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18
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Ovando-Tellez M, Kenett YN, Benedek M, Bernard M, Belo J, Beranger B, Bieth T, Volle E. Brain Connectivity-Based Prediction of Combining Remote Semantic Associates for Creative Thinking. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2023.2192563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ovando-Tellez
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Yoed N. Kenett
- Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology,Haifa Israel
| | | | - Matthieu Bernard
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Joan Belo
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Beranger
- Sorbonne University, CENIR at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Theophile Bieth
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Neurology department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Volle
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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19
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Heo J, Yi K, Hong J, Kim C. The role of the prefrontal cortex in semantic control for selecting weakly associated meanings in creative idea generation. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137177. [PMID: 36907264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Although semantic control is known to play a critical role in selecting weakly associated representations for creative idea generation, direct evidence for this is still lacking. The current study aimed to reveal the role of brain regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), medial frontal gyrus (MFG), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL), previously reported to be associated with creative idea generation. For this purpose, a functional MRI experiment with a newly developed category judgment task was conducted, which required participants to judge whether two words belonged to the same category. Importantly, weakly associated meanings were manipulated by the task condition, which required selecting an unused meaning of the homonym in a preceding semantic context. The results showed that the selection of a weakly associated meaning for a homonym was associated with an increased activation of the IFG and MFG and a decreased activation of the IPL. These results suggest that IFG and MFG contribute to semantic control processes recruited for the selection of weakly associated meanings and self-guided retrieval, whereas IPL appears to be unrelated to the control demand for creative idea generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Heo
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Kyongmyon Yi
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Chobok Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea.
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20
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Kenett YN, Gooz N, Ackerman R. The Role of Semantic Associations as a Metacognitive Cue in Creative Idea Generation. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11040059. [PMID: 37103244 PMCID: PMC10141130 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Is my idea creative? This question directs investing in companies and choosing a research agenda. Following previous research, we focus on the originality of ideas and consider their association with self-assessments of idea generators regarding their own originality. We operationalize the originality score as the frequency (%) of each idea within a sample of participants and originality judgment as the self-assessment of this frequency. Initial evidence suggests that originality scores and originality judgments are produced by separate processes. As a result, originality judgments are prone to biases. So far, heuristic cues that lead to such biases are hardly known. We used methods from computational linguistics to examine the semantic distance as a potential heuristic cue underlying originality judgments. We examined the extent to which the semantic distance would contribute additional explanatory value in predicting originality scores and originality judgments, above and beyond cues known from previous research. In Experiment 1, we re-analyzed previous data that compared originality scores and originality judgments after adding the semantic distance of the generated ideas from the stimuli. We found that the semantic distance contributed to the gap between originality scores and originality judgments. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the examples given in task instructions to prime participants with two levels of idea originality and two levels of semantic distance. We replicated Experiment 1 in finding the semantic distance as a biasing factor for originality judgments. In addition, we found differences among the conditions in the extent of the bias. This study highlights the semantic distance as an unacknowledged metacognitive cue and demonstrates its biasing power for originality judgments.
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21
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Li W, Zhang S, Lin H, Zhang K, Zhang X, Chen J, Xu F, Liu C. Childhood Maltreatment and Creativity among Chinese College Students: A Serial Mediation Model. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11040058. [PMID: 37103243 PMCID: PMC10147018 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Creativity plays a very crucial impact on our cultural life and has also been important to the improvement of human civilization. Numerous studies have indicated that family circumstance plays an important role in the development of individual creativity. However, little is known about the mediating mechanisms underlying the association between childhood maltreatment and creativity. This study intended to explore the serial multiple mediation model in which undergraduates' cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy were proposed to mediate the potential influence of childhood maltreatment on their creativity. Participants were 1069 undergraduates (573 males and 496 females, mean age was 20.57 ± 1.24 years ranging from 17 to 24) from a university in Shandong Province, China. Participants were required to complete an internet survey including the Short Form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and Williams Creativity Aptitude Test (WCAT). Serial multiple mediation analysis and the bootstrap method were used to investigate the mediation effects of cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy. The results showed that childhood maltreatment indirectly influenced undergraduates' creativity through three indirect paths: childhood maltreatment→cognitive flexibility→creativity, childhood maltreatment→self-efficacy→creativity, and childhood maltreatment→cognitive flexibility→self-efficacy→creativity. The ratios of the total indirect effects and branch-indirect effects to the total effects were 92.73%, 34.61%, 35.68%, and 22.44%, respectively. These results indicated that cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy could completely mediate the potential impact of childhood maltreatment on individuals creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Li
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Hao Lin
- College of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Jingting Chen
- Labor Union, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
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22
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Park HS, Kang S, Kim S. A longitudinal study of the effect of individual and socio-cultural factors on students’ creativity. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1068554. [PMID: 37020908 PMCID: PMC10067621 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1068554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This longitudinal study investigated how characteristics of individual and social relationships affect Korean students’ creativity development. Fifth graders (male: 3,623, female: 3,701) from 242 schools in Korea were followed annually from their 5th to 9th grades (indicating from the 5th elementary school grade to the 3rd middle school grade in the Korean school system). Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency reliability (coefficient alpha), confirmatory factor analysis, and two-level growth model methods were performed. We investigated all nine constructs and their related items by checking metric and scalar invariance assumptions. When the measurement invariance assumptions were satisfied, we used the mean of items that constitute respective factors. We checked growth trajectories of creativity and tapped the possibility of the existence of subgroups based on the growth/change pattern using latent class growth modeling. The results showed that no subgroups existed. Thus, we constructed a two-level growth model to investigate the overall growth pattern of the students. Regarding level 1, we included time-varying variables such as peer attachment, self-regulation habits (self-management), parents’ academy-oriented involvement, parent affective support, individualized, interactive teaching methods, teachers’ academic pressure, and academic achievement. At level 2, we used gender and parenting style that was obtained at time point 1. The final combined model incorporating level 1 and 2 variables showed that students’ self-regulation had the most association with the student’s creativity followed by peer attachment, parents’ academic support, interaction with parents, interaction with teachers, academic pressure from teachers, and relationships with teachers. Methods for enhancing students’ creativity were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-sook Park
- Graduate School of Education, Honam University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
- The Institute for Educational Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmin Kang
- College of Education and P-16 Integration, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Sungyeun Kim
- Graduate School of Education, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Sungyeun Kim,
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23
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Sargent M, LePage A, Kenett YN, Matheson HE. The Effects of Environmental Scene and Body Posture on Embodied Strategies in Creative Thinking. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2022.2160563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sargent
- Psychology Department, University of Northern British Columbia
| | - Alex LePage
- Psychology Department, University of Northern British Columbia
| | - Yoed N. Kenett
- The Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
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24
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Agnoli S, Mastria S, Mancini G, Corazza GE, Franchin L, Pozzoli T. The Dynamic Interplay of Affective, Cognitive and Contextual Resources on Children's Creative Potential: The Modulatory Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11010011. [PMID: 36662141 PMCID: PMC9861371 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work we explored in two separate studies the modulatory role of trait emotional intelligence (EI) over the effect exerted on children's creative potential by two other key elements defining creativity, namely cognitive resources (here explored through basic executive functions, Study 1) and contextual-environmental factors (that is, teachers' implicit conceptions of the factors influencing children's creativity, Study 2). Confirming previous research, executive functions (particularly interference control and working memory) emerged as main predictors of children's creative performance; however, their positive effect arose especially when associated with a high trait EI level. In the same vein, teachers' implicit conception about children's creative potential and about their efficacy in teaching creativity emerged to exert a facilitatory effect on children' creative potential. This effect occurred particularly when associated with low trait EI levels, affecting differently girls and boys. Trait EI emerged from these studies as an important individual resource to consider in order to understand the potential benefit of other (cognitive and contextual-environmental) resources on children's creative potential. The implications on the role of trait EI as a constitutional element of children's creativity, capable of promoting the expression of their creative potential, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Agnoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
- Marconi Institute for Creativity, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Mastria
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mancini
- Department of Science Education, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emanuele Corazza
- Marconi Institute for Creativity, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Franchin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pozzoli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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25
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Ling Y, Tan L, Zhang L, Cao G. Unconscious processing of prototype heuristics in scientific innovation problem-solving. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1056045. [PMID: 36910757 PMCID: PMC9996053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1056045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously published studies on the effect of how different levels of unconsciousness (UC) and different loads of executive functions (EFs) affect insight problem solving are inconsistent. In a set of three experiments, we used scientific innovation problems (SIP) as insight metrics and distractor tasks to induce UC. Experiment 1 confirmed that, compared with conscious processing, unconscious processing is more conducive to obtaining prototype heuristics for correctly solving scientific innovation problems creatively. Furthermore, Experiment 2 found that different levels of unconscious processing, which were induced by different distractor tasks, made a different impact on high or low difficulty creative problem solving. Experiment 3 indicated that unconscious processing could improve prototype activation and the ability to use key heuristics information in prototype heuristics processing by improving working memory, inhibitory control, and shifting ability of EFs. Overall, the present results provide additional evidence for the role of consciousness levels in insight problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Ling
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Tan
- The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University-Meixihu High School, Changsha, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Institute of Marxism, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Guikang Cao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Becker M, Cabeza R. Assessing creativity independently of language: A language-independent remote associate task (LI-RAT). Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:85-102. [PMID: 35274196 PMCID: PMC9918581 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most creativity measures are either complex or language-dependent, hindering cross-cultural creativity assessment. We have therefore developed and tested a simple, language-independent insight task based on pictures in the style of the widely used verbal remote associate task (RAT). We demonstrate that the language-independent RAT (LI-RAT) allows assessment of different aspects of insight across large samples with different languages. It also correlates with other creativity and general problem-solving tasks. The entire stimulus set, including its preliminary normative data, is made freely available. This information can be used to select items based on accuracy, mean solution time, likelihood to produce an insight, or conceptual and perceptual similarity between the pictures per item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi Becker
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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27
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Zhan Z, Yao X, Li T. Effects of association interventions on students' creative thinking, aptitude, empathy, and design scheme in a STEAM course: considering remote and close association. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN EDUCATION 2022; 33:1-23. [PMID: 36531976 PMCID: PMC9743117 DOI: 10.1007/s10798-022-09801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary goals of STEAM education is to equip students with the capability of creativity to solve problems. Creativity is believed to be closely related to the ability of making remote associations and combining unrelated concepts. This article explored the effects of three kinds of association interventions (i.e., remote association, close association, free association) on students' creative thinking, creative aptitude, empathy, and design scheme. A total of 94 middle school students participated in the study and were assigned to three groups: the experiment group 1 (n = 30) used remote association and experiment group 2 (n = 32) used close association, the control group (n = 32) used free association (brainstorming) to complete the STEAM integration design projects respectively. Creative Thinking Test, Williams Creativity Aptitude Test (WCAT), Basic Empathy Scale (BES), design ideas, and interviews of students become source data for analysis. Results indicated that both remote and close association were effective strategies in promoting creativity in the STEAM course. However, students in the remote association group achieved a significantly higher degree of creative thinking. While students in the close association group significantly outperformed the remote association group on creativity aptitude and quality of design ideas. No significant difference was found among the three association conditions in students' degree of empathy. The findings highlight the different effects of remote and close association for creativity cultivation in STEAM education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Zhan
- School of Information Technology in Education, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, P.R. of China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, 510631 Guangzhou, P.R. of China
| | - Xiao Yao
- School of Information Technology in Education, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, P.R. of China
- Shenzhen Fuyuan School, 510970 Shenzhen, P.R. of China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Information Technology in Education, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, P.R. of China
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28
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Rastelli C, Greco A, De Pisapia N, Finocchiaro C. Balancing novelty and appropriateness leads to creative associations in children. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac273. [PMID: 36712330 PMCID: PMC9802071 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Creative problem solving is a fundamental skill of human cognition and is conceived as a search process whereby a novel and appropriate solution is generated. However, it is unclear whether children are able to balance novelty and appropriateness to generate creative solutions and what are the underlying computational mechanisms. Here, we asked children, ranging from 10 to 11 years old, to perform a word association task according to three instructions, which triggered a more appropriate (ordinary), novel (random), or balanced (creative) response. Results revealed that children exhibited greater cognitive flexibility in the creative condition compared to the control conditions, as revealed by the structure and resiliency of the semantic networks. Moreover, responses' word embeddings extracted from pretrained deep neural networks showed that semantic distance and category switching index increased in the creative condition with respect to the ordinary condition and decreased compared to the random condition. Critically, we showed how children efficiently solved the exploration/exploitation trade-off to generate creative associations by fitting a computational reinforcement learning (RL) model that simulates semantic search strategies. Our findings provide compelling evidence that children balance novelty and appropriateness to generate creative associations by optimally regulating the level of exploration in the semantic search. This corroborates previous findings on the adult population and highlights the crucial contribution of both components to the overall creative process. In conclusion, these results shed light on the connections between theoretical concepts such as bottom-up/top-down modes of thinking in creativity research and the exploration/exploitation trade-off in human RL research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Greco
- MEG Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicola De Pisapia
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Chiara Finocchiaro
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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29
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He R, Zhuang K, Liu L, Ding K, Wang X, Fu L, Qiu J, Chen Q. The impact of knowledge on poetry composition: An fMRI investigation. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2022; 235:105202. [PMID: 36399814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poetry composition is an ecologically valid approach for investigating creative processes. However, little is known about how the brain creates poetry and about the role of knowledge during poetry composition. Here, we identified patterns of task-based functional connectivity during poetry composition by experts and novices under two experimental conditions (familiar vs unfamiliar themes) and one control condition. Poetry composition was related to large-scale network connectivity between the language network (LN) and the right executive control network (RECN), precuneus, and higher visual network. Under familiar themes, poetry composition recruited more functional connections between the RECN and default mode network, whereas using unfamiliar themes elicited more functional connections between sensorimotor and visual networks. Moreover, the strength of LN-RECN is positively correlated with originality in the familiar condition, while negatively correlated with originality in the unfamiliar condition. These results reveal the brain connectivity patterns and highlight the importance of knowledge underlying poetry composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi He
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University, China; Key Laboratory Of Child Cognition & Behavior Development Of Hainan Province, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou 571127, China.
| | - Qunlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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30
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Li Y, Xie C, Yang Y, Liu C, Du Y, Hu W. The role of daydreaming and creative thinking in the relationship between inattention and real-life creativity: A test of multiple mediation model. THINKING SKILLS AND CREATIVITY 2022; 46:101181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
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31
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Yin Y, Wang P, Childs PRN. Understanding creativity process through electroencephalography measurement on creativity-related cognitive factors. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951272. [PMID: 36532268 PMCID: PMC9748076 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurotechnology approaches, such as electroencephalography (EEG), can aid understanding of the cognitive processes behind creativity. Methods To identify and compare the EEG characteristics of creativity-related cognitive factors (remote association, common association, combination, recall, and retrieval), 30 participants were recruited to conduct an EEG induction study. Results From the event-related potential (ERP) results and spectral analysis, the study supports that creativity is related to the frontal lobe areas of the brain and common association is an unconscious process. Discussion The results help explain why some creativity-related cognitive factors are involved either more or less readily than others in the creative design process from workload aspects. This study identifies the part of the brain that is involved in the combination cognitive factor and detects the ERP results on cognitive factors. This study can be used by designers and researchers to further understand the cognitive processes of creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Design, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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32
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Sun C, Wang M, Zhou X, Liu G, Zhou Z. Dynamic cognitive processes of humor generation: activation and inhibition of information. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1607-1615. [PMID: 36301345 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humor is a lubricant of interpersonal relationships and is regarded as an important quality of individual creativity. Previous studies have mainly focused on passive humor appreciation and comprehension but ignored active humor generation, especially the cognitive process of humor generation. Based on the hypothesis that humor generation is similar to creative cognition, this study used humorous two-part allegorical sayings to explore whether humor generation involves the cognitive processes of the activation and inhibition of information. The experiment manipulated the duration (5/10 s) of the presentation of the first part of humorous two-part allegorical sayings, which are called "yinyu," and the type of subthreshold probe words (humorous probe words/usual probe words). The results showed that the interaction between the duration of the presentation of yinyu and the type of subthreshold probe words was significant; the correct number of humorous probe words reported was significantly lower than that of usual probe words when the yinyu was presented for 5 s, which reflected the widespread activation of information. The correct number of humorous probe words reported was significantly higher than that of usual probe words when the yinyu was presented for 10 s, which suggested the inhibition of non-humorous information. This study revealed the dynamic cognitive processes of humor generation and verified possible cognitive similarities between humor generation and creative cognition.
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33
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Atakaya MA, Sak U, Ayas MB. A Study on Psychometric Properties of Creativity Indices. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2022.2134550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugur Sak
- Anadolu University
- Western University
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34
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Zhang J, Zhuang K, Sun J, Liu C, Fan L, Wang X, Gu J, Qiu J. Retrieval flexibility links to creativity: evidence from computational linguistic measure. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4964-4976. [PMID: 36218835 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creativity, the ability to generate original and valuable products, has long been linked to semantic retrieval processes. The associative theory of creativity posits flexible retrieval ability as an important basis for creative idea generation. However, there is insufficient research on how flexible memory retrieval acts on creative activities. This study aimed to capture different dynamic aspects of retrieval processes and examine the behavioral and neural associations between retrieval flexibility and creativity. We developed 5 metrics to quantify retrieval flexibility based on previous studies, which confirmed the important role of creativity. Our findings showed that retrieval flexibility was positively correlated with multiple creativity-related behavior constructs and can promote distinct search patterns in different creative groups. Moreover, high flexibility was associated with the lifetime of a specific brain state during rest, characterized by interactions among large-scale cognitive brain systems. The flexible functional connectivity within and between default mode, executive control, and salience provides further evidence on brain dynamics of creativity. Retrieval flexibility mediated the links between the lifetime of the related brain state and creativity. This new approach is expected to enhance our knowledge of the role of retrieval flexibility in creativity from a dynamic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiangzhou Sun
- College of International Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xueyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University, Chongqing 400715 , China
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35
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Berzenski SR, LaSalle-Castro R, Marcelo AK, Yates TM. The development of divergent thinking despite poverty: Moderating factors. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Li H, Du X, Ma H, Wang Z, Li Y, Wu J. The Effect of Virtual-Reality-Based Restorative Environments on Creativity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12083. [PMID: 36231385 PMCID: PMC9565044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study, based on the theory of restorative environmental, uses virtual reality (VR) technology to construct interactive restorative environments and discusses the influence of the experience of virtual restorative environment on individual creativity. A total of 72 college students were selected as participants in the study. Through psychological scales, three creativity tests, and EEG feedback data, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The VR restorative environment experience improves individual creativity, especially the creative quality of cohesion; (2) the experience of the VR restorative environment enables participants to experience a desirable sense of presence. Compared with the restorative scene experience without interactive activities, the addition of interactive activities improves the individual sensory fidelity to a greater extent. (3) We cannot simply assume that the experience of the VR restorative environment with interactive activities will make individual creative performance better than non-interactive experience. Interaction with certain difficulty will increase cognitive load, thus disrupting individual creative performance. Garden scenes that can be explored freely and have no interaction can better promote individual creativity. (4) In the environmental experience, participants paid greater attention to natural elements, and the restorative environment they described was very similar to the environment they believed could foster creativity. This study's results provide evidence for the positive effects of the VR restorative environment experience on individuals and contributes to the cognitive exploration of the interaction between restorative environments and individuals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqidi Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueyan Du
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huirui Ma
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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37
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The time course of creativity: multivariate classification of default and executive network contributions to creative cognition over time. Cortex 2022; 156:90-105. [PMID: 36240723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that creative cognition depends on both associative and controlled processes, corresponding to the brain's default mode network (DMN) and executive control network (ECN) networks. However, outstanding questions include how the DMN and ECN operate over time during creative task performance, and whether creative cognition involves distinct generative and evaluative stages. To address these questions, we used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to assess how the DMN and ECN contribute to creative cognition over three successive time phases during the production of a single creative idea. Training classifiers to predict trial condition (creative vs non-creative), we used classification accuracy as a measure of the extent of creative activity in each brain network and time phase. Across both networks, classification accuracy was highest in early phases, decreased in mid phases, and increased again in later phases, following a U-shaped curve. Notably, classification accuracy was significantly greater in the ECN than the DMN during early phases, while differences between networks at later time phases were non-significant. We also computed correlations between classification accuracy and human-rated creative performance, to assess how relevant the creative activity in each network was to the creative quality of ideas. In line with expectations, classification accuracy in the DMN was most related to creative quality in early phases, decreasing in later phases, while classification accuracy in the ECN was least related to creative quality in early phases, increasing in later phases. Given the theorized roles of the DMN in generation and the ECN in evaluation, we interpret these results as tentative evidence for the existence of separate generative and evaluative stages in creative cognition that depend on distinct neural substrates.
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38
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Xie C, Luchini S, Beaty RE, Du Y, Liu C, Li Y. Automated Creativity Prediction Using Natural Language Processing And Resting-State Functional Connectivity: An Fnirs Study. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2022.2108265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yadan Li
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Shaanxi Normal University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University
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39
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Li Y, Beaty RE, Luchini S, Dai DY, Xiang S, Qi S, Li Y, Zhao R, Wang X, Hu W. Accelerating Creativity: Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Temporal Dynamics of Divergent Thinking. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2022.2068297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Yun Dai
- Shaanxi Normal University
- State University of New York at Albany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiping Hu
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Shaanxi Normal University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University
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40
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Costa MÂ. A Dose of Creativity: An Integrative Review of the Effects of Serotonergic Psychedelics on Creativity. J Psychoactive Drugs 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35895868 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This integrative review was conducted to summarize the knowledge pertaining to the effects that serotonergic psychedelics can have on creativity, a multi-dimensional construct referring to the ability to produce original and valuable artifacts. Psychedelics, which have long been hailed as substances that can enhance the creative process in their users, have experienced a recent resurgence in research, allowing the opportunity to better understand this relationship. To this end, I reviewed literature which attempted to study the effects of serotonergic psychedelics on creativity through psychometric methods. A total of eleven studies were reviewed, with four psychedelic compounds represented. Every study assessed components and subcomponents of divergent and convergent thinking, with only one instance of product assessment. Results suggest that convergent thinking may increase during the post-acute phases of the drugs' intake, fostering the capacity for development of previously generated ideas. However, this evidence may be circumstantial based on the low number of studies available, small sample sizes, overall lack of randomized controlled trials, and significant methodological limitations throughout most studies. Potential mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed, along with the current state of the research and implications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ângelo Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
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41
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Fradkin I, Eldar E. If you don’t let it in, you don’t have to get it out: Thought preemption as a method to control unwanted thoughts. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010285. [PMID: 35834438 PMCID: PMC9282588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To attain goals, people must proactively prevent interferences and react to interferences once they occur. Whereas most research focuses on how people deal with external interferences, here we investigate the use of proactive and reactive control in dealing with unwanted thoughts. To examine this question, we asked people to generate an association to each of several repeating cue words, while forbidding the repetition of associations. Reactively rejecting and replacing unwanted repeated associations after they occur entails slower response times. Conversely, proactive control entails constricting the search space and thus faster response times. To gain further insight into different potential proactive thought control mechanisms, we augmented the analysis of raw response times with a novel, hypothesis-based, tractable computational model describing how people serially sample associations. Our results indicate that people primarily react to unwanted thoughts after they occur. Yet, we found evidence for two latent proactive control mechanisms: one that allows people to mitigate the episodic strengthening of repeated thoughts, and another that helps avoid looping in a repetitive thought. Exploratory analysis showed a relationship between model parameters and self-reported individual differences in the control over unwanted thoughts in daily life. The findings indicate the novel task and model can advance our understanding of how people can and cannot control their thoughts and memories, and benefit future research on the mechanisms responsible for unwanted thought in different psychiatric conditions. Finally, we discuss implications concerning the involvement of associative thinking and various control processes in semantic fluency, decision-making and creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Fradkin
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Eran Eldar
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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42
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How associative thinking influences scene perception. Conscious Cogn 2022; 103:103377. [PMID: 35841841 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perception of our external environment is not isolated from the influence of our internal thoughts, and past evidence points to a possible common associative mechanism underlying both the perception of scenes and our internal thought. Here, we investigated the nature of the interaction between an associative mindset and scene perception, hypothesizing a functional advantage to an associative thought pattern in the perception of scenes. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that associative thinking facilitates scene perception, which evolved over the course of the experiments. In contrast to scene perception, Experiment 3 showed that associative thinking hinders the perception of mundane objects, in which associative information is minimized. Nevertheless, object perception was facilitated when associative thinking was reduced. This double dissociation suggests that an associative mind is more receptive of externally perceived associative information, and that a match between the orientation of internal and external processing may be key for perception.
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43
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Ovando-Tellez M, Benedek M, Kenett YN, Hills T, Bouanane S, Bernard M, Belo J, Bieth T, Volle E. An investigation of the cognitive and neural correlates of semantic memory search related to creative ability. Commun Biol 2022; 5:604. [PMID: 35710948 PMCID: PMC9203494 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creative ideas likely result from searching and combining semantic memory knowledge, yet the mechanisms acting on memory to yield creative ideas remain unclear. Here, we identified the neurocognitive correlates of semantic search components related to creative abilities. We designed an associative fluency task based on polysemous words and distinguished two search components related to clustering and switching between the different meanings of the polysemous words. Clustering correlated with divergent thinking, while switching correlated with the ability to combine remote associates. Furthermore, switching correlated with semantic memory structure and executive abilities, and was predicted by connectivity between the default, control, and salience neural networks. In contrast, clustering relied on interactions between control, salience, and attentional neural networks. Our results suggest that switching captures interactions between memory structure and control processes guiding the search whereas clustering may capture attentional controlled processes for persistent search, and that alternations between exploratory search and focused attention support creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ovando-Tellez
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France.
| | | | - Yoed N Kenett
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Hills
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, University Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sarah Bouanane
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Bernard
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Joan Belo
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Theophile Bieth
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France.,Neurology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, AP-HP, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Volle
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013, Paris, France.
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44
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Gillier T, Bayus BL. Group creativity in the wild: When building on ideas enhances the generation and selection of creative ideas. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/caim.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry L. Bayus
- Kenan‐Flagler Business School University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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45
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Beaty RE, Kenett YN, Hass RW, Schacter DL. Semantic Memory and Creativity: The Costs and Benefits of Semantic Memory Structure in Generating Original Ideas. THINKING & REASONING 2022; 29:305-339. [PMID: 37113618 PMCID: PMC10128864 DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2022.2076742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite its theoretical importance, little is known about how semantic memory structure facilitates and constrains creative idea production. We examine whether the semantic richness of a concept has both benefits and costs to creative idea production. Specifically, we tested whether cue set-size-an index of semantic richness reflecting the average number of elements associated with a given concept-impacts the quantity (fluency) and quality (originality) of responses generated during the alternate uses task (AUT). Across four studies, we show that low-association, sparse, AUT cues benefit originality at the cost of fluency compared to high-association, rich, AUT cues. Furthermore, we found an interaction with individual differences in fluid intelligence in the low-association AUT cues, suggesting that constraints of sparse semantic knowledge can be overcome with top-down intervention. The findings indicate that semantic richness differentially impacts the quality and quantity of generated ideas, and that cognitive control processes can facilitate idea production when conceptual knowledge is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Beaty
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Yoed N Kenett
- William Davidson Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
| | - Richard W Hass
- Jefferson Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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46
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Palmiero M, Fusi G, Crepaldi M, Borsa VM, Rusconi ML. Divergent thinking and the core executive functions: a state-of-the-art review. Cogn Process 2022; 23:341-366. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-022-01091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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Yi K, Heo J, Hong J, Kim C. The role of the right prefrontal cortex in the retrieval of weak representations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4537. [PMID: 35296732 PMCID: PMC8927597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies have shown the importance of control in creative problem solving, the neural mechanisms of control processes engaged in retrieval of weak representations, which is closely linked to creative problem solving, remain unclear. The current study aimed to examine the neural mechanisms associated with retrieval of weak representations using functional magnetic resonance imaging and their potential relationships with creativity task performance. For this purpose, participants performed an experimental task that enabled us to directly compare between retrieval of previously unattended-and-weak representations and attended-and-strong representations. Imaging results indicated that the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (aDLPFC) was selectively engaged in retrieval of weak representations. Moreover, the right aDLPFC activations were positively correlated with individuals’ creativity task performance but independent of attention-demanding task performance. We therefore suggest that the right aDLPFC plays a key role in retrieval of weak representations and may support creative problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyongmyon Yi
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Juyeon Heo
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Chobok Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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48
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Amir O, Utterback KJ, Lee J, Lee KS, Kwon S, Carroll DM, Papoutsaki A. The elephant in the room: attention to salient scene features increases with comedic expertise. Cogn Process 2022; 23:203-215. [PMID: 35267116 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-022-01079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
What differentiates the joke writing strategy employed by professional comedians from non-comedians? Previous MRI work found that professional comedians relied to a greater extent on "bottom-up processes," i.e., associations driven by the prompt stimuli themselves, while controls relied more on prefrontal lobe directed, "top-down" processes. In the present work, professional improv comedians and controls generated humorous captions to cartoons while their eye movements were tracked. Participants' visual fixation patterns were compared to predictions of the saliency model (Harel et al. in Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 19:545-552, 2007)-a computer model for identifying the most salient locations in an image based on visual features. Captions generated by the participants were rated for funniness by independent raters. Relative to controls, professional comedians' gaze was driven to a greater extent by the cartoons' salient visual features. For all participants, captions' funniness positively correlated with visual attention to salient cartoon features. Results suggest that comedic expertise is associated with increased reliance on bottom-up, stimulus-driven creativity, and that a bottom-up strategy results, on average, in funnier captions whether employed by comedians or controls. The cognitive processes underlying successful comedic creativity appear to adhere to the old comedians' adage "pay attention to the elephant in the room."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Amir
- Psychological Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA.
| | | | - Justin Lee
- Psychological Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Kevin S Lee
- Computer Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Suehyun Kwon
- Psychological Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
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Johnson DR, Hass RW. Semantic Context Search in Creative Idea Generation. JOURNAL OF CREATIVE BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jocb.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ovando-Tellez M, Kenett YN, Benedek M, Bernard M, Belo J, Beranger B, Bieth T, Volle E. Brain connectivity-based prediction of real-life creativity is mediated by semantic memory structure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl4294. [PMID: 35119928 PMCID: PMC8816337 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Associative theories of creativity argue that creative cognition involves the abilities to generate remote associations and make useful connections between unrelated concepts in one's semantic memory. Yet, whether and how real-life creative behavior relies on semantic memory structure and its neural substrates remains unclear. We acquired multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging data while participants underwent a semantic relatedness judgment task. These ratings were used to estimate their individual semantic memory networks, whose properties significantly predicted their real-life creativity. Using a connectome predictive modeling approach, we identified patterns of task-based functional connectivity that predicted creativity-related semantic memory network properties. Furthermore, these properties mediated the relationship between functional connectivity and real-life creativity. These results provide new insights into how brain connectivity patterns support real-life creative behavior via the structure of semantic memory. We also show how computational network science can be used to couple behavioral, cognitive, and neural levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ovando-Tellez
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yoed N. Kenett
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | | | - Matthieu Bernard
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Joan Belo
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Beranger
- Sorbonne University, CENIR at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Theophile Bieth
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
- Neurology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Volle
- Sorbonne University, FrontLab at Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
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