1
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Wang CM, Chan HS, Liao CL, Chang CW, Liao WS. Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:34-44. [PMID: 36703907 PMCID: PMC9830500 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a unique soft lithographic operation that exploits stamp roof collapse-induced gaps to selectively remove an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au to generate surface patterns that are orders of magnitude smaller than structures on the original elastomer stamp. The smallest achieved feature dimension is 5 nm using a micrometer-scale structured stamp in a chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) process. Molecular patterns retained in the gaps between stamp features and their circumscribed or inscribed circles follow mathematical predictions, and their sizes can be tuned by altering the stamp structure dimensions, including height, pitch, and shape. These generated surface molecular patterns can function as biorecognition arrays or be transferred to the underneath Au layer for metallic structure creation. By combining CLL process with this gap phenomenon, soft material properties that are previously thought as demerits can be used to achieve sub-10 nm features in a straightforward sketch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Lim J, Ham J, Lee W, Hwang E, Lee WC, Hong S. A Transformative Gold Patterning through Selective Laser Refining of Cyanide. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081921. [PMID: 34443754 PMCID: PMC8400824 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gold is an essential noble metal for electronics, and its application area is increasing continuously through the introduction of gold nanoparticle ink that enables rapid prototyping and direct writing of gold electrodes on versatile substrates at a low temperature. However, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles has certain limitations involving high cost, long synthesis time, large waste of material, and frequent use of chemicals. In this study, we suggest simultaneous laser refining of gold cyanide and selective fabrication of gold electrodes directly on the substrate without a separate synthesis step. Gold cyanide is commonly the first product of gold from the primitive ore, and the gold can be extracted directly from the rapid photothermal decomposition of gold cyanide by the laser. It was confirmed that laser-induced thermocapillary force plays an important role in creating the continuous gold patterns by aligning the refined gold. The resultant gold electrodes exhibited a low resistivity analogous to the conventional direct writing method using nanoparticles, and the facile repair process of a damaged electrode was demonstrated as the proof-of-concept. The proposed transformative approach for gold patterning, distinguished from the previous top-down and bottom-up approaches, has the potential to replace the well-known techniques and provide a new branch of electrode manufacturing scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Won Chul Lee
- Correspondence: (W.C.L.); (S.H.); Tel.: +82-31-400-5257 (W.C.L.); +82-31-400-5249 (S.H.)
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Correspondence: (W.C.L.); (S.H.); Tel.: +82-31-400-5257 (W.C.L.); +82-31-400-5249 (S.H.)
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3
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Zhao C, Liu Q, Cheung KM, Liu W, Yang Q, Xu X, Man T, Weiss PS, Zhou C, Andrews AM. Narrower Nanoribbon Biosensors Fabricated by Chemical Lift-off Lithography Show Higher Sensitivity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:904-915. [PMID: 33337135 PMCID: PMC7855841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wafer-scale nanoribbon field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors fabricated by straightforward top-down processes are demonstrated as sensing platforms with high sensitivity to a broad range of biological targets. Nanoribbons with 350 nm widths (700 nm pitch) were patterned by chemical lift-off lithography using high-throughput, low-cost commercial digital versatile disks (DVDs) as masters. Lift-off lithography was also used to pattern ribbons with 2 μm or 20 μm widths (4 or 40 μm pitches, respectively) using masters fabricated by photolithography. For all widths, highly aligned, quasi-one-dimensional (1D) ribbon arrays were produced over centimeter length scales by sputtering to deposit 20 nm thin-film In2O3 as the semiconductor. Compared to 20 μm wide microribbons, FET sensors with 350 nm wide nanoribbons showed higher sensitivity to pH over a broad range (pH 5 to 10). Nanoribbon FETs functionalized with a serotonin-specific aptamer demonstrated larger responses to equimolar serotonin in high ionic strength buffer than those of microribbon FETs. Field-effect transistors with 350 nm wide nanoribbons functionalized with single-stranded DNA showed greater sensitivity to detecting complementary DNA hybridization vs 20 μm microribbon FETs. In all, we illustrate facile fabrication and use of large-area, uniform In2O3 nanoribbon FETs for ion, small-molecule, and oligonucleotide detection where higher surface-to-volume ratios translate to better detection sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qingzhou Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Kevin M. Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wenfei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianxing Man
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Corresponding Authors (AMA), (CZ), and (PSW)
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Corresponding Authors (AMA), (CZ), and (PSW)
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Corresponding Authors (AMA), (CZ), and (PSW)
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4
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Vinnacombe-Willson GA, Chiang N, Scarabelli L, Hu Y, Heidenreich LK, Li X, Gong Y, Inouye DT, Fisher TS, Weiss PS, Jonas SJ. In Situ Shape Control of Thermoplasmonic Gold Nanostars on Oxide Substrates for Hyperthermia-Mediated Cell Detachment. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2105-2116. [PMID: 33274287 PMCID: PMC7706095 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostars (AuNSTs) are biocompatible, have large surface areas, and are characterized by high near-infrared extinction, making them ideal for integration with technologies targeting biological applications. We have developed a robust and simple microfluidic method for the direct growth of anisotropic AuNSTs on oxide substrates including indium tin oxide and glass. The synthesis was optimized to yield AuNSTs with high anisotropy, branching, uniformity, and density in batch and microfluidic systems for optimal light-to-heat conversion upon laser irradiation. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra and mesoscale temperature measurements were combined with spatially correlated scanning electron microscopy to monitor nanostar and ligand stability and microbubble formation at different laser fluences. The capability of the platform for generating controlled localized heating was used to explore hyperthermia-assisted detachment of adherent glioblastoma cells (U87-GFP) grafted to the capillary walls. Both flow and laser fluence can be tuned to induce different biological responses, such as ablation, cell deformation, release of intracellular components, and the removal of intact cells. Ultimately, this platform has potential applications in biological and chemical sensing, hyperthermia-mediated drug delivery, and microfluidic soft-release of grafted cells with single-cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Vinnacombe-Willson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Naihao Chiang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Leonardo Scarabelli
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yuan Hu
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering Department, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Liv K. Heidenreich
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xi Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yao Gong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Derek T. Inouye
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Timothy S. Fisher
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering Department, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Children’s
Discovery and Innovation Institute, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli
& Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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Sakunkaewkasem S, Gonzalez MA, Marquez MD, Lee TR. Olefin-Bridged Bidentate Adsorbates for Generating Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10699-10707. [PMID: 32803985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of custom-designed olefin-bridged bidentate adsorbates composed of an olefin group linking symmetrical hydrocarbon moieties of varying chain lengths was synthesized and used for the preparation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. The structures of the adsorbates are in the form Z-[CH3(CH2)m]2(C═C)[CH2SH]2 (OBCnSH) where m = 12-15 and n = m + 3 (OBC15SH, OBC16SH, OBC17SH, and OBC18SH). The influence of the olefin linker on the structural and interfacial properties of the SAMs was investigated and compared to SAMs formed from analogous n-alkanethiols. Characterization techniques included ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), polarization modulation-infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and contact angle measurements. The OBCnSH SAMs exhibited ellipsometric thicknesses that were similar to their monodentate counterparts, suggesting that the new olefin-bridged adsorbates pack similarly to the monodentate analogs. Characterization by PM-IRRAS revealed that the OBCnSH SAMs were as conformationally ordered as those derived from the reference n-alkanethiols with the exception of the adsorbate with the shortest chain length OBC15SH, which exhibited low coverage and a liquid-like structure. Unlike the SAMs derived from the n-alkanethiols, the OBCnSH SAMs failed to exhibit "odd-even" effects. However, the OBCnSH SAMs displayed similar hexadecane contact angles as their n-alkanethiol counterparts with the exception of OBC15SH, which exhibited markedly diminished hexadecane contact angles. The similar structural and interfacial properties of the OBCnSH SAMs, when compared to analogous n-alkanethiol SAMs, render the molecular architecture of the olefin-bridged dithiol as a robust platform for the synthesis of adsorbates with two chemically distinct tailgroups for use in the preparation and study of phase-incompatible "conflicted" interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwakorn Sakunkaewkasem
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Mario A Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Maria D Marquez
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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6
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Cheung KM, Abendroth JM, Nakatsuka N, Zhu B, Yang Y, Andrews AM, Weiss PS. Detecting DNA and RNA and Differentiating Single-Nucleotide Variations via Field-Effect Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5982-5990. [PMID: 32706969 PMCID: PMC7439785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We detect short oligonucleotides and distinguish between sequences that differ by a single base, using label-free, electronic field-effect transistors (FETs). Our sensing platform utilizes ultrathin-film indium oxide FETs chemically functionalized with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The ssDNA-functionalized semiconducting channels in FETs detect fully complementary DNA sequences and differentiate these sequences from those having different types and locations of single base-pair mismatches. Changes in charge associated with surface-bound ssDNA vs double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) alter FET channel conductance to enable detection due to differences in DNA duplex stability. We illustrate the capability of ssDNA-FETs to detect complementary RNA sequences and to distinguish from RNA sequences with single nucleotide variations. The development and implementation of electronic biosensors that rapidly and sensitively detect and differentiate oligonucleotides present new opportunities in the fields of disease diagnostics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bowen Zhu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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He S, Yuan Y, Nag A, Feng S, Afsarimanesh N, Han T, Mukhopadhyay SC, Organ DR. A Review on the Use of Impedimetric Sensors for the Inspection of Food Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5220. [PMID: 32698330 PMCID: PMC7400391 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper exhibits a thorough review of the use of impedimetric sensors for the analysis of food quality. It helps to understand the contribution of some of the major types of impedimetric sensors that are used for this application. The deployment of impedimetric sensing prototypes has been advantageous due to their wide linear range of responses, detection of the target analyte at low concentrations, good stability, high accuracy and high reproducibility in the results. The choice of these sensors was classified on the basis of structure and the conductive material used to develop them. The first category included the use of nanomaterials such as graphene and metallic nanowires used to form the sensing devices. Different forms of graphene nanoparticles, such as nano-hybrids, nanosheets, and nano-powders, have been largely used to sense biomolecules in the micro-molar range. The use of conductive materials such as gold, copper, tungsten and tin to develop nanowire-based prototypes for the inspection of food quality has also been shown. The second category was based on conventional electromechanical circuits such as electronic noses and other smart systems. Within this sector, the standardized systems, such as electronic noses, and LC circuit -based systems have been explained. Finally, some of the challenges posed by the existing sensors have been listed out, along with an estimate of the increase in the number of sensors employed to assess food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.H.); (Y.Y.)
- Flinders Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Yang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Anindya Nag
- DGUT-CNAM Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523000, China; (N.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nasrin Afsarimanesh
- DGUT-CNAM Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523000, China; (N.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Tao Han
- DGUT-CNAM Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523000, China; (N.A.); (T.H.)
| | | | - Dominic Rowan Organ
- Department of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh SC000278, UK;
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8
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Belling JN, Cheung KM, Jackman JA, Sut TN, Allen M, Park JH, Jonas SJ, Cho NJ, Weiss PS. Lipid Bicelle Micropatterning Using Chemical Lift-Off Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13447-13455. [PMID: 32092250 PMCID: PMC7092747 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid membranes are versatile biomimetic coatings for the chemical functionalization of inorganic surfaces. Developing simple and effective fabrication strategies to form supported lipid membranes with micropatterned geometries is a long-standing challenge. Herein, we demonstrate how the combination of chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) and easily prepared lipid bicelle nanostructures can yield micropatterned, supported lipid membranes on gold surfaces with high pattern resolution, conformal character, and biofunctionality. Using CLL, we functionalized gold surfaces with patterned arrays of hydrophilic and hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy imaging revealed that lipid bicelles adsorbed preferentially onto the hydrophilic SAM regions, while there was negligible lipid adsorption onto the hydrophobic SAM regions. Functional receptors could be embedded within the lipid bicelles, which facilitated selective detection of receptor-ligand binding interactions in a model streptavidin-biotin system. Quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation measurements further identified that lipid bicelles adsorb irreversibly and remain intact on top of the hydrophilic SAM regions. Taken together, our findings indicate that lipid bicelles are useful lipid nanostructures for reproducibly assembling micropatterned, supported lipid membranes with precise pattern fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N. Belling
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kevin M. Cheung
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU-UCLA-NTU Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tun Naw Sut
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Matthew Allen
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- SKKU-UCLA-NTU Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- SKKU-UCLA-NTU Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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9
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Cheung KM, Stemer DM, Zhao C, Young TD, Belling JN, Andrews AM, Weiss PS. Chemical Lift-Off Lithography of Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 2:76-83. [PMID: 32405626 PMCID: PMC7220117 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is a subtractive soft-lithographic technique that uses polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps to pattern self-assembled monolayers of functional molecules for applications ranging from biomolecule patterning to transistor fabrication. A hallmark of CLL is preferential cleavage of Au-Au bonds, as opposed to bonds connecting the molecular layer to the substrate, i.e., Au-S bonds. Herein, we show that CLL can be used more broadly as a technique to pattern a variety of substrates composed of coinage metals (Pt, Pd, Ag, Cu), transition and reactive metals (Ni, Ti, Al), and a semiconductor (Ge) using straightforward alkanethiolate self-assembly chemistry. We demonstrate high-fidelity patterning in terms of precise features over large areas on all surfaces investigated. We use patterned monolayers as chemical resists for wet etching to generate metal microstructures. Substrate atoms, along with alkanethiolates, were removed as a result of lift-off, as previously observed for Au. We demonstrate the formation of PDMS-stamp-supported bimetallic monolayers by performing CLL on two different metal surfaces using the same PDMS stamp. By expanding the scope of the surfaces compatible with CLL, we advance and generalize CLL as a method to pattern a wide range of substrates, as well as to produce supported metal monolayers, both with broad applications in surface and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dominik M. Stemer
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thomas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jason N. Belling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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10
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Cheung KM, Yang KA, Nakatsuka N, Zhao C, Ye M, Jung ME, Yang H, Weiss PS, Stojanović MN, Andrews AM. Phenylalanine Monitoring via Aptamer-Field-Effect Transistor Sensors. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3308-3317. [PMID: 31631652 PMCID: PMC6957227 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the amino acid phenylalanine is important for lifelong disease management in patients with phenylketonuria, a genetic disorder in which phenylalanine accumulates and persists at levels that alter brain development and cause permanent neurological damage and cognitive dysfunction. Recent approaches for treating phenylketonuria focus on injectable medications that efficiently break down phenylalanine but sometimes result in detrimentally low phenylalanine levels. We have identified new DNA aptamers for phenylalanine in two formats, initially as fluorescent sensors and then, incorporated with field-effect transistors (FETs). Aptamer-FET sensors detected phenylalanine over a wide range of concentrations (fM to mM). para-Chlorophenylalanine, which inhibits the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, was used to induce hyperphenylalaninemia during brain development in mice. Aptamer-FET sensors were specific for phenylalanine versus para-chlorophenylalanine and differentiated changes in mouse serum phenylalanine at levels expected in patients. Aptamer-FETs can be used to investigate models of hyperphenylalanemia in the presence of structurally related enzyme inhibitors, as well as naturally occurring amino acids. Nucleic acid-based receptors that discriminate phenylalanine analogs, some that differ by a single substituent, indicate a refined ability to identify aptamers with binding pockets tailored for high affinity and specificity. Aptamers of this type integrated into FETs enable rapid, electronic, label-free phenylalanine sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kyung-Ae Yang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mao Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Milan N. Stojanović
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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Chen CY, Wang CM, Liao WS. A Special Connection between Nanofabrication and Analytical Devices: Chemical Lift-Off Lithography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-You Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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12
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Chen CY, Li HH, Chu HY, Wang CM, Chang CW, Lin LE, Hsu CC, Liao WS. Finely Tunable Surface Wettability by Two-Dimensional Molecular Manipulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41814-41823. [PMID: 30412374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Local molecular environment governs material interface properties, especially the substrate's exposing behavior and overall functionality expression. Although current techniques can provide efficient surface property modification, challenges in molecule spatial distribution and composition controls limited the generation of homogeneous and finely tunable molecular environment. In this study, Au-thiolate rupturing operation in chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is used to manipulate the substrate interface molecular environment. The creation of randomly distributed artificial self-assembled monolayer defects generates vacancies for substrate property modification through back-insertion of molecules with opposite functionalities. Surface wettability adjustment is utilized as an example, where well-controllable molecule distribution provides finely tunable substrate affinity toward liquids with different physical properties. The distinct property difference between two surface regions assists microdroplet formation when liquids flow through, not only water solution but also low-surface-tension organic liquids. These microdroplet arrays become a template to guide material assembly in its formation process and act as pH-sensitive platforms for high-throughput detection. Furthermore, the tunability of the molecular pattern in this approach helps minimize the coffee-ring effect and the sweet-spot issue in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional molecular manipulation in the CLL operation, therefore, holds the capability toward controlling homogeneous material surface property and toward exhibiting behavior adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-You Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yuan Chu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Li-En Lin
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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13
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Zhao C, Xu X, Bae SH, Yang Q, Liu W, Belling JN, Cheung KM, Rim YS, Yang Y, Andrews AM, Weiss PS. Large-Area, Ultrathin Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Nanoribbon Arrays Fabricated by Chemical Lift-Off Lithography. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5590-5595. [PMID: 30060654 PMCID: PMC6363913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoribbon- and nanowire-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have attracted significant attention due to their high surface-to-volume ratios, which make them effective as chemical and biological sensors. However, the conventional nanofabrication of these devices is challenging and costly, posing a major barrier to widespread use. We report a high-throughput approach for producing arrays of ultrathin (∼3 nm) In2O3 nanoribbon FETs at the wafer scale. Uniform films of semiconducting In2O3 were prepared on Si/SiO2 surfaces via a sol-gel process prior to depositing Au/Ti metal layers. Commercially available high-definition digital versatile discs were employed as low-cost, large-area templates to prepare polymeric stamps for chemical lift-off lithography, which selectively removed molecules from self-assembled monolayers functionalizing the outermost Au surfaces. Nanoscale chemical patterns, consisting of one-dimensional lines (200 nm wide and 400 nm pitch) extending over centimeter length scales, were etched into the metal layers using the remaining monolayer regions as resists. Subsequent etch processes transferred the patterns into the underlying In2O3 films before the removal of the protective organic and metal coatings, revealing large-area nanoribbon arrays. We employed nanoribbons in semiconducting FET channels, achieving current on-to-off ratios over 107 and carrier mobilities up to 13.7 cm2 V-1 s-1. Nanofabricated structures, such as In2O3 nanoribbons and others, will be useful in nanoelectronics and biosensors. The technique demonstrated here will enable these applications and expand low-cost, large-area patterning strategies to enable a variety of materials and design geometries in nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhen Zhao
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sang-Hoon Bae
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qing Yang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wenfei Liu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jason N. Belling
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kevin M. Cheung
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - You Seung Rim
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Yang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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14
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Cao HH, Nakatsuka N, Deshayes S, Abendroth JM, Yang H, Weiss PS, Kasko AM, Andrews AM. Small-Molecule Patterning via Prefunctionalized Alkanethiols. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:4017-4030. [PMID: 30828130 PMCID: PMC6393937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between small molecules and biomolecules are important physiologically and for biosensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. To investigate these interactions, small molecules can be tethered to substrates through standard coupling chemistries. While convenient, these approaches co-opt one or more of the few small-molecule functional groups needed for biorecognition. Moreover, for multiplexing, individual probes require different surface functionalization chemistries, conditions, and/or protection/deprotection strategies. Thus, when placing multiple small-molecules on surfaces, orthogonal chemistries are needed that preserve all functional groups and are sequentially compatible. Here, we approach high-fidelity small-molecule patterning by coupling small-molecule neurotransmitter precursors, as examples, to monodisperse asymmetric oligo(ethylene glycol)alkanethiols during synthesis and prior to self-assembly on Au substrates. We use chemical lift-off lithography to singly and doubly pattern substrates. Selective antibody recognition of pre-functionalized thiols was comparable to or better than recognition of small molecules functionalized to alkanethiols after surface assembly. These findings demonstrate that synthesis and patterning approaches that circumvent sequential surface conjugation chemistries enable biomolecule recognition and afford gateways to multiplexed small-molecule functionalized substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan H. Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Stephanie Deshayes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - John M. Abendroth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel
Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for
Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Corresponding Authors, , or
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Corresponding Authors, , or
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel
Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for
Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Corresponding Authors, , or
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15
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Thomas JC, Goronzy DP, Serino AC, Auluck HS, Irving OR, Jimenez-Izal E, Deirmenjian JM, Macháček J, Sautet P, Alexandrova AN, Baše T, Weiss PS. Acid-Base Control of Valency within Carboranedithiol Self-Assembled Monolayers: Molecules Do the Can-Can. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2211-2221. [PMID: 29393628 PMCID: PMC6350814 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b09011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We use simple acid-base chemistry to control the valency in self-assembled monolayers of two different carboranedithiol isomers on Au{111}. Monolayer formation proceeds via Au-S bonding, where manipulation of pH prior to or during deposition enables the assembly of dithiolate species, monothiol/monothiolate species, or combination. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images identify two distinct binding modes in each unmodified monolayer, where simultaneous spectroscopic imaging confirms different dipole offsets for each binding mode. Density functional theory calculations and STM image simulations yield detailed understanding of molecular chemisorption modes and their relation with the STM images, including inverted contrast with respect to the geometric differences found for one isomer. Deposition conditions are modified with controlled equivalents of either acid or base, where the coordination of the molecules in the monolayers is controlled by protonating or deprotonating the second thiol/thiolate on each molecule. This control can be exercised during deposition to change the valency of the molecules in the monolayers, a process that we affectionately refer to as the "can-can." This control enables us to vary the density of molecule-substrate bonds by a factor of 2 without changing the molecular density of the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Dominic P. Goronzy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Andrew C. Serino
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Harsharn S. Auluck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Olivia R. Irving
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Elisa Jimenez-Izal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Kimika fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Jacqueline M. Deirmenjian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jan Macháček
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 250 68 Husinec-Řež, č.p. 1001, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Anastassia N. Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tomáš Baše
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 250 68 Husinec-Řež, č.p. 1001, Czech Republic
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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16
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Chen CY, Chang CH, Wang CM, Li YJ, Chu HY, Chan HH, Huang YW, Liao WS. Large Area Nanoparticle Alignment by Chemical Lift-Off Lithography. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8020071. [PMID: 29382044 PMCID: PMC5853703 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle alignment on the substrate attracts considerable attention due to its wide application in different fields, such as mechanical control, small size electronics, bio/chemical sensing, molecular manipulation, and energy harvesting. However, precise nanoparticle positioning and deposition control with high fidelity are still challenging. Herein, a straightforward strategy for high quality nanoparticle-alignment by chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is demonstrated. This technique creates high resolution self-assembled monolayer (SAM) chemical patterns on gold substrates, enabling nanoparticle-selective deposition and precise alignment. The fabricated nanoparticle arrangement geometries and dimensions are well-controllable in a large area. With proper nanoparticle surface functionality control and adequate substrate molecular manipulation, well-defined nanoparticle arrays with single-particle-wide alignment resolution are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yuan Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Hseng Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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