1
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Delbreil P, Banquy X, Brambilla D. Template-Based Porous Hydrogel Microparticles as Carriers for Therapeutic Proteins. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:252-260. [PMID: 37363081 PMCID: PMC10288498 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been extensively researched for over 60 years for their limitless applications in biomedical research. In this study, porous hydrogel microparticles (PHMPs) made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylamide were investigated for their potential as a delivery platform for therapeutic proteins. These particles are made using hard calcium carbonate (CaCO3) templates, which can easily be dissolved under acidic conditions. After optimization of the synthesis processes, both CaCO3 templates and PHMPs were characterized using a wide range of techniques. Then, using an array of proteins with different physicochemical properties, the encapsulation efficiency of proteins in PHMPs was evaluated under different conditions. Strategies to enhance protein encapsulation via modulation of particle surface charge to increase electrostatic interactions and conjugation using EDC/NHS chemistry were also investigated. Conjugation of bovine serum albumin to PHMPs showed increased encapsulation and diminished release over time, highlighting the potential of PHMPs as a versatile delivery platform for therapeutic proteins such as enzymes or antibodies.
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2
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Riedl V, Portius M, Heiser L, Riedl P, Jakob T, Gehring R, Berg T, Pompe T. Development of a synthesis strategy for sulfamethoxazole derivatives and their coupling with hydrogel microparticles. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:4695-4702. [PMID: 37162199 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides were the first synthetic antibiotics broadly applied in veterinary and human medicine. Their increased use over the last few decades and limited technology to degrade them after entering the sewage system have led to their accumulation in the environment. A new hydrogel microparticle based biosensing application for sulfonamides is developed to overcome existing labour-intensive, and expensive detection methods to analyse and quantify their environmental distribution. This biosensing assay is based on the soft colloidal probe principle and requires microparticle functionalization strategies with target molecules. In this study, we developed a step-wise synthesis approach for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) derivatives in high yield, with SMX being one of the most ubiquitous sulfonamide antibiotics. After de novo synthesis of the SMX derivative, two coupling schemes to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microparticles bearing maleimide and thiol groups were investigated. In one approach, we coupled a cysteamine linker to a carboxyl group at the SMX derivative allowing for subsequent binding via the thiol-functionality to the maleimide groups of the microparticles in a mild, high-yielding thiol-ene "click" reaction. In a second approach, an additional 1,11-bis(maleimido)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane linker was coupled to the cysteamine to target the hydrolytically more stable thiol-groups of the microparticles. Successful PEG microparticle functionalization with the SMX derivatives was proven by IR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. SMX-functionalized microparticles will be used in future applications for sulfonamide detection as well as for pull-down assays and screenings for new sulfomethoxazole binding targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Riedl
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias Portius
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lara Heiser
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Philipp Riedl
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Torsten Jakob
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rosa Gehring
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Berg
- Leipzig University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Rettke D, Danneberg C, Neuendorf TA, Kühn S, Friedrich J, Hauck N, Werner C, Thiele J, Pompe T. Microfluidics-assisted synthesis and functionalization of monodisperse colloidal hydrogel particles for optomechanical biosensors. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1663-1674. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The soft colloidal probe (SCP) assay is a highly versatile sensing principle employing micrometer-sized hydrogel particles as optomechanical transducer elements. We report the synthesis, optimization, and conjugation of SCPs with...
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4
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Schmidt M, Franken A, Wilms D, Fehm T, Neubauer HJ, Schmidt S. Selective Adhesion and Switchable Release of Breast Cancer Cells via Hyaluronic Acid Functionalized Dual Stimuli-Responsive Microgel Films. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6371-6380. [PMID: 35006876 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The detection of tumor cells from liquid biopsy samples is of critical importance for early cancer diagnosis, malignancy assessment, and treatment. In this work, coatings of hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized dual-stimuli responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels are used to study the specificity of breast cancer cell binding and to assess cell friendly release mechanisms for further diagnostic procedures. The microgels are established by straightforward precipitation polymerization with amine bearing comonomers and postfunctionalization with a UV-labile linker that covalently binds HA to the microgel network. Well-defined microgel coatings for cell binding are established via simple physisorption and annealing. The HA-presenting PNIPAM microgel films are shown to specifically adhere CD44 expressing breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), where an increase in adhesion correlates with higher CD44 expression and HA functionalization. Upon cooling below the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM microgels, the cells could be released; however, 10-30% of the cells still remained on the surface even after prolonged cooling and mild mechanical agitation. A complete cell release is achieved after applying the light stimulus by short UV treatment cleaving HA units from the microgels. Owing to the comparatively straightforward preparation procedures, such dual-responsive microgel films could be considered for the effective capture, release, and diagnostics of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - André Franken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dimitri Wilms
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans J Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Biomimetic estrogen sensor based on soft colloidal probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113506. [PMID: 34325320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of reports substantiate the link between emerging estrogenic pollutants and a variety of adverse effects including developmental disorders, infertility, cancer and neurological disorders, threatening public health as well as environment. The detection of the diverse classes of estrogenic and antiestrogenic substances is still challenging due to analytics which needs to cover the whole range of compounds acting on estrogen receptors and the complex estrogen pathways. In this proof-of-concept study, we report a novel biomimetic detection scheme based on the specific recognition of estrogenic ligands by estrogen sulfotransferase 1E1 (SULT1E1), which acts as one of the key enzymes in estrogen homeostasis. SULT1E1 was site-specifically immobilized on transparent glass slides via a hexahistidine-tag in a multi-step procedure. Soft colloidal probes (SCPs) covalently functionalized with ligands of SULT1E1, namely estrone and estradiol 17-(β-D-glucuronide), served as adhesion probes. The various functionalization steps were analyzed and optimized using epifluorescence, confocal laser scanning as well as reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM). A competitive SCP binding assay probing the elastic SCP deformation driven by the specific interaction between SCPs and the SULT1E1 decorated glass slides was employed in conjunction with an optical readout by RICM and automated image analysis to detect estrogenic compounds by their inhibition of SCP adhesion. This sensing concept has demonstrated exceptional specificity for estrogenic steroid compounds compared to structurally related substance classes and provides promising options for multiplexed assays and incorporation of other proteins of the endocrine system to fully capture the whole ensemble of hormonally active substances.
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6
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Nunes JK, Li J, Griffiths IM, Rallabandi B, Man J, Stone HA. Electrostatic wrapping of a microfiber around a curved particle. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3609-3618. [PMID: 33439210 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the wrapping of a charged flexible microfiber around an oppositely charged curved particle immersed in a viscous fluid is investigated. We observe that the wrapping behavior varies with the radius and Young's modulus of the fiber, the radius of the particle, and the ionic strength of the surrounding solution. We find that wrapping is primarily a function of the favorable interaction energy due to electrostatics and the unfavorable deformation energy needed to conform the fiber to the curvature of the particle. We perform an energy balance to predict the critical particle radius for wrapping, finding reasonably good agreement with experimental observations. In addition, we use mathematical modeling and observations of the deflected shape of the free end of the fiber during wrapping to extract a measurement of the Young's modulus of the fiber. We evaluate the accuracy and potential limitations of this in situ measurement when compared to independent mechanical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine K Nunes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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7
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Paul TJ, Strzelczyk AK, Schmidt S. Temperature-Controlled Adhesion to Carbohydrate Functionalized Microgel Films: An E. coli and Lectin Binding Study. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000386. [PMID: 33605076 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of thermoresponsive mannose functionalized monolayers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels and the analysis of the specific binding of concanavalin A (ConA) and E. coli above and below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) are shown. Via inhibition and direct binding assays it is found that ConA binding is time-dependent, where at short incubation times binding is stronger above the LCST. Given larger incubation times, the interaction of ConA to the microgel network is increased below the LCST when compared to temperatures above the LCST, possibly due to increased ConA diffusion and multivalent binding in the more open microgel network below the LCST. For E. coli, which presents only monovalent lectins and is too large to diffuse into the network, binding is always enhanced above the LCST. This is due to the larger mannose density of the microgel layer above the LCST increasing the interaction to E. coli. Once bound to the microgel layer above the LCST, E. coli cannot be released by cooling down below the LCST. Overall, this suggests that the carbohydrate presenting microgel layers enable specific binding where the temperature-induced transition between swollen and collapsed microgels may increase or decrease binding depending on the receptor size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja J Paul
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Alexander K Strzelczyk
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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8
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Wilms D, Schröer F, Paul TJ, Schmidt S. Switchable Adhesion of E. coli to Thermosensitive Carbohydrate-Presenting Microgel Layers: A Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12555-12562. [PMID: 32975417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion processes at the cellular scale are dominated by carbohydrate interactions, including the attachment and invasion of pathogens. Carbohydrate-presenting responsive polymers can bind pathogens and inhibit pathogen invasion by remote stimuli for the development of new antibiotic strategies. In this work, the adhesion forces of E. coli to monolayers composed of mannose-functionalized microgels with thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)) (PEG) networks are quantified using single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS). When exceeding the microgels' lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the adhesion increases up to 2.5-fold depending on the polymer backbone and the mannose density. For similar mannose densities, the softer PNIPAM microgels show a significantly stronger adhesion increase when crossing the LCST as compared to the stiffer PEG microgels. This is explained by a stronger shift in swelling, mannose density, and surface roughness of the softer gels when crossing the LCST. When using nonbinding galactose instead of mannose, or when inhibiting bacterial receptors, a certain level of adhesion remains, indicating that also polymer-fimbria entanglements contribute to adhesion. The presented quantitative analysis provides insights into carbohydrate-mediated bacterial adhesion and the relation to material properties and shows the prospects and limitations of interactive polymer materials to control the attachment of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Wilms
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Schröer
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja J Paul
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Jacobi F, Wilms D, Seiler T, Queckbörner T, Tabatabai M, Hartmann L, Schmidt S. Effect of PEGylation on Receptor Anchoring and Steric Shielding at Interfaces: An Adhesion and Surface Plasmon Resonance Study with Precision Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4850-4856. [PMID: 32986404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at quantifying the steric shielding effect of multivalent glycoconjugates targeting pathogens by blocking their carbohydrate binding sites. Specifically, PEGylated and non-PEGylated glycoconjugates are studied as inhibitors of lectins and bacterial adhesins evaluating the steric repulsion effect of the nonbinding PEG chains. We use the soft colloidal probe (SCP) adhesion assay to monitor the change in the adhesion energy of mannose (Man)-decorated hydrogel particles on a layer of concanavalin A (ConA) in the presence of sequence-defined multivalent glycoconjugate inhibitors over time. The results show that PEGylated glycoconjugates achieve a stronger adhesion inhibition when compared to non-PEGylated glycoconjugates although the dissociation constants (KD) of the PEGgylated compounds to ConA were larger. These results appear in line with Escherichia coli adhesion inhibition assays showing a small increase of bacteria detachment by PEGgylated glycoconjugates compared to non-PEGylated compounds. This suggests that an increase of sterical shielding via PEGylation may help reduce the invasiveness of pathogens even after they have adhered. Adhesion studies based on electrostatic interactions using amine-linked PEG of varying molecular weight confirm that such sterical shielding effect is not limited to carbohydrate-mediated adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Jacobi
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Dimitri Wilms
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Theresa Seiler
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Torben Queckbörner
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Monir Tabatabai
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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10
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Rettke D, Döring J, Martin S, Venus T, Estrela-Lopis I, Schmidt S, Ostermann K, Pompe T. Picomolar glyphosate sensitivity of an optical particle-based sensor utilizing biomimetic interaction principles. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112262. [PMID: 32510337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The continually growing use of glyphosate and its critically discussed health and biodiversity risks ask for fast, low cost, on-site sensing technologies for food and water. To address this problem, we designed a highly sensitive sensor built on the remarkably specific recognition of glyphosate by its physiological target enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs). This principle is implemented in an interferometric sensor by using the recently established soft colloidal probe (SCP) technique. EPSPs was site-specifically immobilized on a transparent surface utilizing the self-assembling properties of circadian clock gene 2 hydrophobin chimera and homogeneity of the layer was evidenced by atomic force microscopy. Exposure of the enzyme decorated biochip to glyphosate containing samples causes formation of enzyme-analyte complexes and a competitive loss of available binding sites for glyphosate-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) SCPs. Functionalization of the SCPs with different types of linker molecules and glyphosate was assessed employing confocal laser scanning microscopy as well as confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Overall, reflection interference contrast microscopy analysis of SCP-biochip interactions revealed a strong influence of linker length and glyphosate coupling position on the sensitivity of the sensor. In employing a combination of pentaglycine linker and tethering glyphosate via its secondary amino group, concentrations in aqueous solutions down to 100 pM could be measured by the differential adhesion between SCP and biochip surface, supported by automated image analysis algorithms. This sensing concept could even prove its exceptional pM sensitivity in combination with a superior discrimination against structurally related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rettke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Döring
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steve Martin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Venus
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Ostermann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Strzelczyk AK, Paul TJ, Schmidt S. Quantifying Thermoswitchable Carbohydrate‐Mediated Interactions via Soft Colloidal Probe Adhesion Studies. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000186. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klaus Strzelczyk
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitatsstraße 1 Dusseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Tanja Janine Paul
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitatsstraße 1 Dusseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitatsstraße 1 Dusseldorf 40225 Germany
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12
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Schmidt S, Paul TJ, Strzelczyk AK. Interactive Polymer Gels as Biomimetic Sensors for Carbohydrate Interactions and Capture–Release Devices for Pathogens. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Tanja Janine Paul
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Alexander Klaus Strzelczyk
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
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13
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Camaleño de la Calle A, Gerke C, Chang XJ, Grafmüller A, Hartmann L, Schmidt S. Multivalent Interactions of Polyamide Based Sequence‐Controlled Glycomacromolecules with Concanavalin A. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900033. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Camaleño de la Calle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Christoph Gerke
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Xi Jeffrey Chang
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14478 Potsdam Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
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14
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Radial profile detection of multiple spherical particles in contact with interacting surfaces. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214815. [PMID: 30939163 PMCID: PMC6445513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesive interactions of soft materials play an important role in nature and technology. Interaction energies can be quantified by determining contact areas of deformable microparticles with the help of reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM). For high throughput screening of adhesive interactions, a method to automatically evaluate large amounts of interacting microparticles was developed. An image is taken which contains circular interference patterns with visual characteristics that depend on the probe’s shape due to its surface interaction. We propose to automatically detect radial profiles in images, and to measure the contact radius and size of the spherical probe, allowing the determination of particle-surface interaction energy in a simple and fast imaging and image analysis setup. To achieve this, we analyze the image gradient and we perform template matching that utilizes the physical foundations of reflection interference contrast microscopy.
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15
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Gerke C, Jacobi F, Goodwin LE, Pieper F, Schmidt S, Hartmann L. Sequence-Controlled High Molecular Weight Glyco(oligoamide)–PEG Multiblock Copolymers as Ligands and Inhibitors in Lectin Binding. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fawad Jacobi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E. Goodwin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Pieper
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Jacobi F, Camaleño de la Calle A, Boden S, Grafmüller A, Hartmann L, Schmidt S. Multivalent Binding of Precision Glycooligomers on Soft Glycocalyx Mimicking Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3479-3488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Jacobi
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Alberto Camaleño de la Calle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sophia Boden
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14478 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitatsstraße 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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17
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Ma W, Yang L, He L. Overview of the detection methods for equilibrium dissociation constant KD of drug-receptor interaction. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:147-152. [PMID: 29922482 PMCID: PMC6004624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-receptor interaction plays an important role in a series of biological effects, such as cell proliferation, immune response, tumor metastasis, and drug delivery. Therefore, the research on drug-receptor interaction is growing rapidly. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is the basic parameter to evaluate the binding property of the drug-receptor. Thus, a variety of analytical methods have been established to determine the KD values, including radioligand binding assay, surface plasmon resonance method, fluorescence energy resonance transfer method, affinity chromatography, and isothermal titration calorimetry. With the invention and innovation of new technology and analysis method, there is a deep exploration and comprehension about drug-receptor interaction. This review discusses the different methods of determining the KD values, and analyzes the applicability and the characteristic of each analytical method. Conclusively, the aim is to provide the guidance for researchers to utilize the most appropriate analytical tool to determine the KD values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76, Yanta West Street, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710061, PR China
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18
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Boden S, Wagner KG, Karg M, Hartmann L. Presenting Precision Glycomacromolecules on Gold Nanoparticles for Increased Lectin Binding. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E716. [PMID: 30966014 PMCID: PMC6418785 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyco-functionalized gold nanoparticles have great potential as biosensors and as inhibitors due to their increased binding to carbohydrate-recognizing receptors such as the lectins. Here we apply previously developed solid phase polymer synthesis to obtain a series of precision glycomacromolecules that allows for straightforward variation of their chemical structure as well as functionalization of gold nanoparticles by ligand exchange. A novel building block is introduced allowing for the change of spacer building blocks within the macromolecular scaffold going from an ethylene glycol unit to an aliphatic spacer. Furthermore, the valency and overall length of the glycomacromolecule is varied. All glyco-functionalized gold nanoparticles show high degree of functionalization along with high stability in buffer solution. Therefore, a series of measurements applying UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were performed studying the aggregation behavior of the glyco-functionalized gold nanoparticles in presence of model lectin Concanavalin A. While the multivalent presentation of glycomacromolecules on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) showed a strong increase in binding compared to the free ligands, we also observed an influence of the chemical structure of the ligand such as its valency or hydrophobicity on the resulting lectin interactions. The straightforward variation of the chemical structure of the precision glycomacromolecule thus gives access to tailor-made glyco-gold nanoparticles (glyco-AuNPs) and fine-tuning of their lectin binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Boden
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Kristina G Wagner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Pohlit H, Worm M, Langhanki J, Berger-Nicoletti E, Opatz T, Frey H. Silver Oxide Mediated Monotosylation of Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG): Heterobifunctional PEG via Polymer Desymmetrization. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pohlit
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr.
1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger
Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Worm
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Langhanki
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Berger-Nicoletti
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Hydrogel Microparticles as Sensors for Specific Adhesion: Case Studies on Antibody Detection and Soil Release Polymers. Gels 2017; 3:gels3030031. [PMID: 30920527 PMCID: PMC6318626 DOI: 10.3390/gels3030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesive processes in aqueous media play a crucial role in nature and are important for many technological processes. However, direct quantification of adhesion still requires expensive instrumentation while their sample throughput is rather small. Here we present a fast, and easily applicable method on quantifying adhesion energy in water based on interferometric measurement of polymer microgel contact areas with functionalized glass slides and evaluation via the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model. The advantage of the method is that the microgel matrix can be easily adapted to reconstruct various biological or technological adhesion processes. Here we study the suitability of the new adhesion method with two relevant examples: (1) antibody detection and (2) soil release polymers. The measurement of adhesion energy provides direct insights on the presence of antibodies showing that the method can be generally used for biomolecule detection. As a relevant example of adhesion in technology, the antiadhesive properties of soil release polymers used in today’s laundry products are investigated. Here the measurement of adhesion energy provides direct insights into the relation between polymer composition and soil release activity. Overall, the work shows that polymer hydrogel particles can be used as versatile adhesion sensors to investigate a broad range of adhesion processes in aqueous media.
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21
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Stassi S, Fantino E, Calmo R, Chiappone A, Gillono M, Scaiola D, Pirri CF, Ricciardi C, Chiadò A, Roppolo I. Polymeric 3D Printed Functional Microcantilevers for Biosensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19193-19201. [PMID: 28530385 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show for the first time the production of mass-sensitive polymeric biosensors by 3D printing technology with intrinsic functionalities. We also demonstrate the feasibility of mass-sensitive biosensors in the form of microcantilever in a one-step printing process, using acrylic acid as functional comonomer for introducing a controlled amount of functional groups that can covalently immobilize the biomolecules onto the polymer. The effectiveness of the application of 3D printed microcantilevers as biosensors is then demonstrated with their implementation in a standard immunoassay protocol. This study shows how 3D microfabrication techniques, material characterization, and biosensor development could be combined to obtain an engineered polymeric microcantilever with intrinsic functionalities. The possibility of tuning the composition of the starting photocurable resin with the addition of functional agents, and consequently controlling the functionalities of the 3D printed devices, paves the way to a new class of mass-sensing microelectromechanical system devices with intrinsic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stassi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Erika Fantino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Roberta Calmo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Trento 21, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Matteo Gillono
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Trento 21, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Davide Scaiola
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Trento 21, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Carlo Ricciardi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiadò
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Trento 21, Torino 10129, Italy
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22
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhou X. Recent advances in hybrid measurement methods based on atomic force microscopy and surface sensitive measurement techniques. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summaries the recent progress of the combination of optical and non-optical surface sensitive techniques with the atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
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23
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Dormán G, Nakamura H, Pulsipher A, Prestwich GD. The Life of Pi Star: Exploring the Exciting and Forbidden Worlds of the Benzophenone Photophore. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15284-15398. [PMID: 27983805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread applications of benzophenone (BP) photochemistry in biological chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, and material science have been prominent in both academic and industrial research. BP photophores have unique photochemical properties: upon n-π* excitation at 365 nm, a biradicaloid triplet state is formed reversibly, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from accessible C-H bonds; the radicals subsequently recombine, creating a stable covalent C-C bond. This light-directed covalent attachment process is exploited in many different ways: (i) binding/contact site mapping of ligand (or protein)-protein interactions; (ii) identification of molecular targets and interactome mapping; (iii) proteome profiling; (iv) bioconjugation and site-directed modification of biopolymers; (v) surface grafting and immobilization. BP photochemistry also has many practical advantages, including low reactivity toward water, stability in ambient light, and the convenient excitation at 365 nm. In addition, several BP-containing building blocks and reagents are commercially available. In this review, we explore the "forbidden" (transitions) and excitation-activated world of photoinduced covalent attachment of BP photophores by touring a colorful palette of recent examples. In this exploration, we will see the pros and cons of using BP photophores, and we hope that both novice and expert photolabelers will enjoy and be inspired by the breadth and depth of possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Dormán
- Targetex llc , Dunakeszi H-2120, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged , Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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24
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Martin S, Wang H, Rathke T, Anderegg U, Möller S, Schnabelrauch M, Pompe T, Schmidt S. Polymer hydrogel particles as biocompatible AFM probes to study CD44/hyaluronic acid interactions on cells. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Mauro N, Ferruti P, Ranucci E, Manfredi A, Berzi A, Clerici M, Cagno V, Lembo D, Palmioli A, Sattin S. Linear biocompatible glyco-polyamidoamines as dual action mode virus infection inhibitors with potential as broad-spectrum microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33393. [PMID: 27641362 PMCID: PMC5027566 DOI: 10.1038/srep33393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial steps of viral infections are mediated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular receptors. Blocking the latter with high-affinity ligands may inhibit infection. DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin receptor expressed by immature dendritic cells and macrophages, mediates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by recognizing mannose clusters on the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein. Mannosylated glycodendrimers act as HIV entry inhibitors thanks to their ability to block this receptor. Previously, an amphoteric, but prevailingly cationic polyamidoamine named AGMA1 proved effective as infection inhibitor for several heparan sulfate proteoglycan-dependent viruses, such as human papilloma virus HPV-16 and herpes simplex virus HSV-2. An amphoteric, but prevailingly anionic PAA named ISA23 proved inactive. It was speculated that the substitution of mannosylated units for a limited percentage of AGMA1 repeating units, while imparting anti-HIV activity, would preserve the fundamentals of its HPV-16 and HSV-2 infection inhibitory activity. In this work, four biocompatible linear PAAs carrying different amounts of mannosyl-triazolyl pendants, Man-ISA7, Man-ISA14, Man-AGMA6.5 and Man-AGMA14.5, were prepared by reaction of 2-(azidoethyl)-α-D-mannopyranoside and differently propargyl-substituted AGMA1 and ISA23. All mannosylated PAAs inhibited HIV infection. Both Man-AGMA6.5 and Man-AGMA14.5 maintained the HPV-16 and HSV-2 activity of the parent polymer, proving broad-spectrum, dual action mode virus infection inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, via G. Giusti 9, 56121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Berzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Sacco”, University of Milan, via G. B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Transplants Physiopathology, University of Milan, via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, and Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S. Luigi Gonzaga, via Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S. Luigi Gonzaga, via Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sattin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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26
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Haag R. Multivalency as a chemical organization and action principle. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:848-9. [PMID: 26124885 PMCID: PMC4464320 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Haag
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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