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Clericuzio M, Serra S, Vidari G. No Evidence Was Found for the Presence of Terreolides, Terreumols or Saponaceolides H-S in the Fruiting Bodies of Tricholoma terreum (Basidiomycota, Agaricales). Molecules 2024; 29:1794. [PMID: 38675614 PMCID: PMC11052463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Two different collections of the gilled wild fungus Tricholoma terreum, collected in Italy, were subjected to phytochemical analysis. The fungal material was confidently identified by analysis of the ITS genomic sequences. Using both HR-LC-MS and NMR techniques, no evidence was found for the presence in the fruiting bodies of terreolides, terreumols or saponaceolides H-S, in striking contrast with the isolation of these terpenoids by Chinese authors from a mushroom collected in France and identified as T. terreum. The main cytotoxic terpenoid identified and isolated from the extracts of the specimens investigated in this work was the C30 derivative saponaceolide B, which had been previously isolated from T. saponaceum and other T. terreum collections. Although saponaceolide B is a rather labile molecule, easily degradable by heat or in acidic conditions, our study indicated that none of the extraction protocols used produced saponaceolide H-S or terreolide/terreumol derivatives, thus excluding the possibility that the latter compounds could be extraction artifacts. Considered together, these findings point to the need for the unambiguous identification of mushroom species belonging to the complex genus Tricholoma, characterized by high variability in the composition of metabolites. Moreover, based on our data, T. terreum must be considered an edible mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Clericuzio
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
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Gilardoni G, Negri F, Vita Finzi P, Hussain FHS, Vidari G. New Tricholomalides D-G from the Mushroom Tricholoma ustaloides Grown in an Italian Beech Wood. Molecules 2023; 28:7446. [PMID: 37959864 PMCID: PMC10650213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Four novel seconeodolastane diterpenoids, named tricholomalides D-G, were isolated, together with the known tricholomalide C, from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn., a species belonging to the large Tricholoma genus of higher mushrooms (Basidiomycota, family Tricholomataceae). They were isolated through multiple chromatographic separations, and the structures, including the absolute configuration, were established through a detailed analysis of MS, NMR, and CD spectral data and comparison with related compounds reported in the literature, which has been thoroughly revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 110107, Ecuador;
| | - Francesca Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.N.); (P.V.F.)
| | - Paola Vita Finzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.N.); (P.V.F.)
| | - Faiq H. S. Hussain
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.N.); (P.V.F.)
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
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Ichida H, Murata H, Hatakeyama S, Yamada A, Ohta A. Near-complete de novo assembly of Tricholoma bakamatsutake chromosomes revealed the structural divergence and differentiation of Tricholoma genomes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad198. [PMID: 37659058 PMCID: PMC10627285 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Tricholoma bakamatsutake, which is an edible ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with Fagaceae trees, may have diverged before the other species in Tricholoma section Caligata. We generated a highly contiguous whole-genome sequence for T. bakamatsutake SF-Tf05 isolated in an Oak (Quercus salicina) forest in Japan. The assembly of high-fidelity long reads, with a median read length of 12.3 kb, resulted in 13 chromosome-sized contigs comprising 142,068,211 bases with an average guanine and cytosine (GC) content of 43.94%. The 13 chromosomes were predicted to encode 11,060 genes. A contig (122,566 bases) presumably containing the whole circular mitochondrial genome was also recovered. The chromosome-wide comparison of T. bakamatsutake and Tricholoma matsutake (TMA_r1.0) indicated that the basic number of chromosomes (13) was conserved, but the structures of the corresponding chromosomes diverged, with multiple inversions and translocations. Gene conservation and cluster analyses revealed at least 3 phylogenetic clades in Tricholoma section Caligata. Specifically, all T. bakamatsutake strains belonged to the "bakamatsutake" clade, which is most proximal to the "caligatum" clade consisting of Tricholoma caligatum and Tricholoma fulvocastaneum. The constructed highly contiguous nearly telomere-to-telomere genome sequence of a T. bakamatsutake isolate will serve as a fundamental resource for future research on the evolution and differentiation of Tricholoma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ichida
- Ion Beam Breeding Group, RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Shin Hatakeyama
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Kansai Research Center, FFPRI, Kyoto, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
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Ding X, Xu X, Cui Y, Kost G, Wang P, Yang Z. A fifty-locus phylogenetic analysis provides deep insights into the phylogeny of Tricholoma ( Tricholomataceae, Agaricales). PERSOONIA 2023; 50:1-26. [PMID: 38567264 PMCID: PMC10983840 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As an ectomycorrhizal fungal genus that contains matsutake and other edible mushrooms, Tricholoma has great economic and ecological significance. However, the phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain unsettled. To clarify the infrageneric relationships of Tricholoma, including the identification of monophyletic subgenera and sections, three phylogenetic analyses were conducted employing single-locus (ITS), five-locus (ITS/ RPB2/EF-1α/MCM7/mtSSU) and 50-locus (45 single-copy orthologous genes plus the aforementioned ones) DNA nucleotide sequences. Our data indicated that ITS sequences could serve the species delimitation of Tricholoma in most cases and monophyletic groups recognition in some cases, and the five-locus dataset could resolve a section-level phylogeny of this genus, while the 50-locus dataset could clarify the delimitation of subgenera and settle the relationships among sections within this genus. A fifty-locus dataset was firstly employed to construct a robust phylogeny of Tricholoma. Based on this, a new infrageneric arrangement for the genus Tricholoma, with four subgenera, of which two are in accordance with the previous subgenera Pardinicutis and Sericeicutis, and eleven sections, is suggested. Subgenus Pardinicutis, occupying the basal position, only harbors sect. Pardinicutis, while the subg. Sericeicutis comprises sects. Lasciva and Sericella located at the sub-basal position with good support. Subgenus Terrea is newly erected here and consists of sect. Terrea, sect. Atrosquamosa and two as yet unnamed phylogenetic lineages. Besides an unnamed section-level lineage, subg. Tricholoma consists of sects. Genuina, Muscaria, Rigida, Tricholoma, Fucata and Matsutake, of which the two latter are newly proposed. The previously defined subg. Contextocutis is clustered within subg. Tricholoma and is a synonym of the latter. Tricholoma colossus, T. acerbum and their allies, which used to be allocated in sect. Megatricholoma (or genus Megatricholoma), are relocated to sect. Genuina since they form a strongly supported monophyletic group and share rusty or black spots on lamellae with other species in this section. Taxonomic descriptions of the new infrageneric taxa and a key to subgenera and sections of the genus Tricholoma are presented. Citation: Ding XX, Xu X, Cui YY, et al. 2023. A fifty-locus phylogenetic analysis provides deep insights into the phylogeny of Tricholoma (Tricholomataceae, Agaricales). Persoonia 50: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.X. Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X. Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y.Y. Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - G. Kost
- Department for Systematic Botany and Mycology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - P.M. Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z.L. Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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Gilardoni G, Negri F, Vita Finzi P, Hussain FHS, Vidari G. New Tricholidic Acid Triterpenoids from the Mushroom Tricholoma ustaloides Collected in an Italian Beech Wood. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093864. [PMID: 37175274 PMCID: PMC10180436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites produced by Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn., a mushroom species belonging to the large Tricholoma genus (Basidiomycota, Tricholomataceae), are unknown. Therefore, encouraged by the interesting results obtained in our previous chemical analyses of a few Tricholoma species collected in Italian woods, we aimed to investigate the secondary metabolites of Tricholoma ustaloides. The chemical analysis involved the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites through an extensive chromatographic study. The structures of isolated metabolites, including the absolute configuration, were established based on a detailed analysis of MS, NMR spectroscopic, optical rotation, and circular dicroism data, and on comparison with those of related compounds reported in the literature. Two novel lanostane triterpenoids, named tricholidic acids B and C, together with triglycerides, a mixture of free fatty acids, five unidentified metabolites, and the known rare saponaceolides F and J, tricholidic acid, and tricholomenyn C, were isolated from an EtOAc extract of fruiting bodies of Tricholoma ustaloides that were collected in an Italian beech wood. This is the second example of isolation of tricholidic acid derivatives from a natural source. Saponaceolides F and J exhibited high cytotoxicity (IC50 values ≤ 10 μM) against a panel of five human cancer cell lines. The toxicity against myeloid leukemia (HL-60), lung cancer (A-549), hepatocellular cancer (HepG2), renal cancer (Caki-1), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells was higher than that shown by the very well-known cytotoxic drug cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Francesca Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Vita Finzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Faiq H S Hussain
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
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Aoki W, Bergius N, Kozlan S, Fukuzawa F, Okuda H, Murata H, Ishida TA, Vaario LM, Kobayashi H, Kalmiş E, Fukiharu T, Gisusi S, Matsushima KI, Terashima Y, Narimatsu M, Matsushita N, Ka KH, Yu F, Yamanaka T, Fukuda M, Yamada A. New findings on the fungal species <i>Tricholoma matsutake</i> from Ukraine, and revision of its taxonomy and biogeography based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:197-214. [PMID: 37090201 PMCID: PMC10033251 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matsutake mushrooms are among the best-known edible wild mushroom taxa worldwide. The representative Tricholoma matsutake is from East Asia and the northern and central regions of Europe. Here, we report the existence of T. matsutake under fir trees in Eastern Europe (i.e., Ukraine), as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of nine loci on the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. All specimens from Japan, Bhutan, China, North Korea, South Korea, Sweden, Finland, and Ukraine formed a T. matsutake clade according to the phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer region. The European population of T. matsutake was clustered based on the β2 tubulin gene, with a moderate bootstrap value. In contrast, based on analyses of three loci, i.e., rpb2, tef1, and the β2 tubulin gene, T. matsutake specimens sampled from Bhutan and China belonged to a clade independent of the other specimens of this species, implying a genetically isolated population. As biologically available type specimens of T. matsutake have not been designated since its description as a new species from Japan in 1925, we established an epitype of this fungus, sampled in a Pinus densiflora forest in Nagano, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoki
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu-Min Vaario
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki
| | | | - Erbil Kalmiş
- Ministry of Industry and Technology, Izmir Branch
| | | | - Seiki Gisusi
- Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization
| | - Ken-ichi Matsushima
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | | | | | | | | | - Fuqiang Yu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Tohoku Research Center, Forest Research and Management Organization
| | - Masaki Fukuda
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
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Širić I, Kumar P, Eid EM, Bachheti A, Kos I, Bedeković D, Mioč B, Humar M. Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium Accumulation in Three Tricholoma Mushroom Species Collected from Wild Habitats of Central and Coastal Croatia. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070685. [PMID: 35887441 PMCID: PMC9317900 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the biomonitoring of cadmium (Cd) heavy metal in the three selected Tricholoma mushroom species collected from wild habitats of central and coastal Croatia. For this, mushroom (T. columbetta: n = 38, T. portentosum: n = 35, and T. terreum: n = 34) and surface soil samples were collected from nine forest localities of Croatia and analyzed for Cd concentration using inductively coupled plasma−optical emission spectrometry (ICP−OES) through the acid digestion method. The findings revealed that Cd was present in Tricholoma spp. and surface soil. However, the maximum mean Cd concentration (mg/kg dry weight) was recorded in T. portentosum (cap: 0.98; stipe: 0.72), followed by T. columbetta (cap: 0.96; stipe: 0.73) and T. terreum (cap: 0.81; stipe: 0.63). The bioconcentration factor (BCF) value (>1) revealed that the selected Tricholoma spp. had the potential for Cd accumulation. Moreover, the principal component (PC) and hierarchical cluster (HC) analyses were used to derive the interactions and similarities between Cd levels Tricholoma spp. and sampling localities. The multivariate analysis suggested that central sampling localities had higher Cd levels as compared to coastal localities. However, the daily intake of metals (DIM < 0.426) and health risk index (HRI < 1) showed that there was no potential health risk associated with the consumption of selected Tricholoma spp. The findings of this study are helpful to understand the Cd accumulation behavior of wild edible Tricholoma spp. collected from Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Širić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (I.K.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Ebrahem M. Eid
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Ivica Kos
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (I.K.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Dalibor Bedeković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (I.K.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Boro Mioč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (I.K.); (D.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Miha Humar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Cui YY, Ding XX, Kost G, Yang ZL. Tricholoma sect. Tricholoma (Tricholomataceae) from China: molecular phylogeny and taxonomy. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ding XX, Cui YY, Yang ZL. Two new species of Tricholoma sect. Genuina (Agaricales) from China based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Herrera M, Wang R, Zhang P, Yu FQ. The ectomycorrhizal association of Tricholoma matsutake and two allied species, T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum, with native hosts in subtropical China. Mycologia 2022; 114:303-318. [PMID: 35358019 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2025563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Accurate identification of edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms and their host trees in nature is key to commercial production for consumption. For the first time we describe the ectomycorrhizal association of the three most common species of edible matsutake mushrooms with their native host trees in Yunnan Province in China. We collected ECM samples from three different localities in subtropical forests known to be highly productive areas of Tricholoma. Additionally, we collected basidiomata of Tricholoma from the field and markets in Yunnan. ECM samples were analyzed using morphological and molecular methods. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and analyzed the intergenic spacer of cpDNA psbA-trnH to identify basidiomata and plant hosts, respectively. Three species of Tricholoma were identified: T. bakamatsutake, T. fulvocastaneum, and T. matsutake. Four ECM associations in the study area were detected: Tricholoma bakamatsutake + Castanopsis tibetana, T. fulvocastaneum + C. tibetana, T. fulvocastaneum + Pinus yunnanensis, and T. matsutake + P. yunnanensis. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the ECM associations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Herrera
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022
| | - Ran Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Yu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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11
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Aoki W, Archambault R, Bérubé J, Lamoureux Y, Fukuda M, Yamada A. Tricholoma alpinum, sp. nov., under five-needle pines in alpine and subalpine zones in Japan. Mycologia 2022; 114:190-202. [PMID: 35138981 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.2018889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alpine regions in Japan are characterized by the Siberian dwarf pine, Pinus pumila. Although these regions are conserved as national parks due to their unique biome, few reports of the fungal biota are available. We examined mushroom fungi under such vegetation and found a unique yellowish-capped Tricholoma species. Multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological observation of specimens showed that the Tricholoma species is very similar to T. fumosoluteum known in North America. The Japanese yellowish-capped T. aff. fumosoluteum had larger basidiospores and basidia and shorter pileipellis hyphae compared with T. fumosoluteum. Therefore, we describe the Japanese entity as a new species, T. alpinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoki
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | | | - Jean Bérubé
- Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Yves Lamoureux
- Jardin botanique de Montréal (CMMF), Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Masaki Fukuda
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.,Institute for Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
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13
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Cao B, Haelewaters D, Schoutteten N, Begerow D, Boekhout T, Giachini AJ, Gorjón SP, Gunde-Cimerman N, Hyde KD, Kemler M, Li GJ, Liu DM, Liu XZ, Nuytinck J, Papp V, Savchenko A, Savchenko K, Tedersoo L, Theelen B, Thines M, Tomšovský M, Toome-Heller M, Urón JP, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Yurkov AM, Zamora JC, Zhao RL. Delimiting species in Basidiomycota: a review. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Aoki W, Endo N, Ushijima S, Nagai H, Ito T, Fukuda M, Yamada A. Taxonomic revision of the Japanese Tricholoma ustale and closely related species based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological data. MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:307-321. [PMID: 37089467 PMCID: PMC9721522 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
"Kakishimeji" identified as Tricholoma ustale and belonging to Tricholoma sect. Genuina is a common poisonous mushroom in Japan. Kakishimeji contains the toxic compound ustalic acid and causes digestive trouble. However, this fungus is consumed in some regions of Japan without any digestive issues. We clarified the probable species complex of Kakishimeji based on a phylogenetic analysis. We collected 89 basidioma specimens of Kakishimeji and related species from various forest sites in Japan and conducted phylogenetic analyses using 7 nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Kakishimeji was found to consist of four distinct phylogenetic clades based on all DNA regions tested. Of these, two clades included European T. stans and T. albobrunneum type specimens. Another two clades consisted of sister clades to T. pessundatum and T. ustaloides. In addition, all four phylogenetic clades of Kakishimeji had different spore and basidium sizes. Therefore, we regarded the latter two clades as two new Tricholoma species: T. kakishimeji and T. kakishimejioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Aoki
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | - Naoki Endo
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | | | | | - Tetsuro Ito
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science
| | - Masaki Fukuda
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
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15
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Ushijima S, Nagasawa E, Endo N, Yamada A. Tricholoma olivaceonigrum, a new species of the section Tricholoma ( Agaricales) from Japan. MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:233-238. [PMID: 37092167 PMCID: PMC9721503 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel species of Tricholoma section Tricholoma, namely, T. olivaceonigrum, is described and illustrated based on samples found in an oak woods dominated by Quercus myrsinifolia, an evergreen oak, in Tottori Prefecture, western Japan. It is characterized by a conic-umbonate, dark-greenish olivaceous pileus with blackish innate fibrils; a whitish silky-fibrillose stipe, often faintly tinted pale yellow and with a narrowed subpointed base; subglobose to broadly elliptic spores; and fruiting in early winter. Phylogenetic analysis targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene revealed that T. olivaceonigrum forms a well-supported clade sister to T. portentosum. Other morphologically and phylogenetically closely related species of the section Tricholoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naoki Endo
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture
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16
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Huang W, Feng H, Tu W, Xiong C, Jin X, Li P, Wang X, Li Q. Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis Reveals Dynamics of Intron Within and Between Tricholoma Species and Phylogeny of Basidiomycota. Front Genet 2021; 12:534871. [PMID: 33659021 PMCID: PMC7917209 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.534871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus of Tricholoma is a group of important ectomycorrhizal fungi. The overlapping of morphological characteristics often leads to the confusion of Tricholoma species classification. In this study, the mitogenomes of five Tricholoma species were sequenced based on the next-generation sequencing technology, including T. matsutake SCYJ1, T. bakamatsutake, T. terreum, T. flavovirens, and T. saponaceum. These five mitogenomes were all composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes ranging from 49,480 to 103,090 bp. Intergenic sequences were considered to be the main factor contributing to size variations of Tricholoma mitogenomes. Comparative mitogenomic analysis showed that the introns of the Agaricales mitogenome experienced frequent loss/gain events. In addition, potential gene transfer was detected between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the five species of Tricholoma. Evolutionary analysis showed that the rps3 gene of the Tricholoma species was under positive selection or relaxed selection in the evolutionary process. In addition, large-scale gene rearrangements were detected between some Tricholoma species. Phylogenetic analysis using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods based on a combined mitochondrial gene set yielded identical and well-supported tree topologies. This study promoted the understanding of the genetics, evolution, and phylogeny of the Tricholoma genus and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenying Tu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Vizzini A, Consiglio G, Setti L. Testing spore amyloidity in Agaricales under light microscope: the case study of Tricholoma. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:24. [PMID: 33292837 PMCID: PMC7656700 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although species of the genus Tricholoma are currently considered to produce inamyloid spores, a novel standardized method to test sporal amyloidity (which involves heating the sample in Melzer's reagent) showed evidence that in the tested species of this genus, which belong in all 10 sections currently recognized from Europe, the spores are amyloid. In two species, T. josserandii and T. terreum, the spores are also partly dextrinoid. This result provides strong indication that a positive reaction of the spores in Melzer's reagent could be a character shared by all genera in Tricholomataceae s. str.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Vizzini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-SS Turin), C.N.R, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy.
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18
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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19
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Comment on "Mushroom poisoning: A proposed new clinical classification". Toxicon 2019; 159:63-64. [PMID: 30682376 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. The Yellow Knight Fights Back: Toxicological, Epidemiological, and Survey Studies Defend Edibility of Tricholoma equestre. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E468. [PMID: 30428584 PMCID: PMC6267205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis, a condition associated with the consumption of Yellow Knight mushrooms (Tricholoma equestre), was first reported in 2001. In response, some countries began to consider the mushroom as poisonous, whereas in others it is still consumed. In the present study, a nationwide survey of Polish mushroom foragers (n = 1545) was conducted to estimate the frequency of T. equestre consumption. The epidemiological database on mushroom poisonings in Poland was analyzed from the year 2008. Hematological and biochemical parameters were followed for a week in 10 volunteers consuming 300 g of molecularly identified T. equestre. More than half the foragers had consumed T. equestre at least once in their lifetime and a quarter had consumed it consecutively. The frequency of adverse events was low and no rhabdomyolysis was reported. The toxicological database indicated that mushrooms from the Tricholoma genus caused poisonings less frequently than mushrooms with well-established edibility and not a single case of rhabdomyolysis has been reported within the last decade. The volunteers consuming T. equestre revealed no hematological or biochemical alterations and no adverse effects were observed. The findings of this study support the view that T. equestre is edible if consumed in rational amounts by healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Klimaszyk
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
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21
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Reschke K, Popa F, Yang ZL, Kost G. Diversity and taxonomy of Tricholoma species from Yunnan, China, and notes on species from Europe and North America. Mycologia 2018; 110:1081-1109. [PMID: 30383484 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1512295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although taxonomic knowledge on Tricholoma (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) is fairly comprehensive in northwest Europe, knowledge of the global diversity and distribution of Tricholoma spp. is still sparse. In this study, the diversity and distribution of some Tricholoma spp. are analyzed by morphological and molecular methods based on 70 collections from Yunnan, China, 45 from central Europe, 32 from Colorado, USA, 9 from Japan, and 3 from Ukraine. A Holarctic distribution is suggested for several species, based on collections and nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) sequences. Six species new to science are formally described from Yunnan: five in existing sections, Tricholoma forteflavescens, T. olivaceoluteolum, T. melleum, T. olivaceum, and T. sinoportentosum, and one, T. muscarioides, in the newly described section Muscaria alongside several previously described species. Additional putatively new species cannot be formally described because they lack sufficient material. Tricholoma foliicola is recognized as a species of the genus Gerhardtia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Reschke
- a Department for Systematic Botany and Mycology , Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg , Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg , Germany.,b Department of Mycology , Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main , Max-von-Laue Straße 13, 60439 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Flavius Popa
- a Department for Systematic Botany and Mycology , Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg , Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg , Germany.,c Department for Ecosystem Monitoring , Research & Wildlife Conservation , National Park Schwarzwald, Kniebisstraße 67, 72250 Freudenstadt Kniebis , Germany
| | - Zhu L Yang
- d Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650201 Kunming , China
| | - Gerhard Kost
- a Department for Systematic Botany and Mycology , Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg , Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg , Germany
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Gozzini D, Mellerio GG, Gilardoni G, Clericuzio M, Vidari G. New Terpenoids from Tricholoma saponaceum. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new terpenoids, saponaceolide T (7), and lanostane triterpenoid saponaceol D (11), were isolated from an EtOAc extract of Tricoloma saponaceum fruiting bodies and their structures have been established by spectroscopic analysis. In addition, known saponaceolides A (1), C (3), F (5), H (6), together with cerevisterol and fasciculol B depsipeptides pardinol B (9) and D (10), were isolated. Representative saponaceolides exhibited high antiproliferative activities against A549 and HEP G2 human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gozzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giacomo Mellerio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Clericuzio
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica – Università del Piemonte Orientale - Via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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23
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Clericuzio M, Mellerio GG, Finzi PV, Vidari G. Secondary Metabolites Isolated from TricholomaSpecies (Basidiomycota, Tricholomatacee): A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The large mushroom genus Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude comprises hundreds of species growing worldwide. Phytochemical studies on the contents of these mushrooms have been increasing steadily in the last decades; this review is the first complete report about the secondary metabolites isolated to date (January 2018) from the fruiting bodies, with the exclusion of most volatile constituents. The structures, presumed biogenesis, and bioactivities of identified compounds, divided in families according to their biogenesis, are critically discussed. A brief chemotaxonomic discussion of the genus Tricholoma is included in the final part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Clericuzio
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica – Università del Piemonte Orientale - Via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giacomo Mellerio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Vita Finzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CEMEC, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Rzymski P, Klimaszyk P. Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1309-1324. [PMID: 33350153 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is no scientific consensus regarding the safety of the Yellow Knight mushroom Tricholoma equestre (L.) P.Kumm. Following reports of cases of intoxication involving effects such as rhabdomyolysis, and supportive observations from in vivo experimental models, T. equestre is considered as a poisonous mushroom in some countries while in others it is still widely collected from the wild and consumed every year. In this paper, we review all the available information on T. equestre including its morphological and molecular characterization, nutritional value, levels of contaminants observed in fruiting bodies, the possibility of mistake with species that are morphologically similar, and the in vivo data on safety and cases of human intoxication. Based on available data, it is suggested that T. equestre cannot be considered as a toxic species and does not appear to exhibit any greater health threat than other mushroom species currently considered as edible. More care should be taken when reporting cases of human poisoning to fully identify T. equestre as the causative agent and to exclude a number of interfering factors. Specific guidelines for reporting future cases of poisoning with T. equestre are outlined in this paper. Any future research involving T. equestre should present the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Poznan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Klimaszyk
- Dept. of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ., Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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