1
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Das S, Gupta I, Singh Bahga S. Universal correlation for the critical diameter of deterministic lateral displacement devices with polygonal posts. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:044104. [PMID: 39119590 PMCID: PMC11305815 DOI: 10.1063/5.0214178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a microfluidic technique that utilizes a specific array of micro-posts to separate cells or particles larger and smaller than a critical diameter. The critical diameter depends on the shape of the posts, the gap between the posts, and the relative shift between the adjacent rows of posts. Here, we present an experimental and numerical investigation to elucidate the functional dependence of the critical diameter of DLD arrays with polygonal posts on the geometric parameters. Based on simulations of fluid flow through DLD devices with varying geometric parameters, we first derived a correlation to predict the critical diameter of DLD arrays with polygonal post shapes having an arbitrary number of sides. We then used a novel experimental approach, wherein we coupled different DLD arrays with an upstream droplet generator to flow droplets of varying sizes and estimate the critical diameter. The critical diameter predicted by the correlation based on simulations compares well with our experimental data and with data available in the literature. The universal correlation for a critical diameter presented here can help design and optimize DLD devices with polygonal posts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ishaan Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Supreet Singh Bahga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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2
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Hogg J, Vandepoele ACW, Zaccheo N, Schulte J, Schulz I, Dubois J, Frank M, Marciano MA. Targeted recovery of male cells in a male and female same-cell mixture. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:1183-1197. [PMID: 38549494 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
DNA mixture deconvolution in the forensic DNA community has been addressed in a variety of ways. "Front-end" methods that separate the cellular components of mixtures can provide a significant benefit over computational methods as there is no need to rely on models with inherent uncertainty to generate conclusions. Historically, cell separation methods have been investigated but have been largely ineffective due to high cost, unreliability, and the lack of proper instrumentation. However, the last decade has given rise to more innovative technology that can target and recover cells more effectively. This study focuses on the development and optimization of a method to selectively label and recover male cells in a mixture of male and female epithelial cells using a Y-chromosome labeling kit with DEPArray™ technology, whereby male cells are labeled and recovered into a single extraction-ready tube. Labeling efficiency was tested using freshly collected and aged buccal swabs where 70%-75% and 38% of male cells were labeled, respectively, with less than 1% false positives. DEPArray™ detection was assessed using single buccal epithelial cells where approximately 80% of labeled cells were identified as male. Mixtures (1:1, 1:10, male to female) yielded profiles that were predominantly single source male or those in which the male component was more easily interpreted. The male-specific labeling method was demonstrated to be both robust and reliable when used on freshly collected cells. While the DEPArray™ meditated detection and recovery had notable limitations, it still improved the interpretation of the male component in same-cell mixtures in more recently collected samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hogg
- Forensic & National Security Sciences Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Amber C W Vandepoele
- Forensic & National Security Sciences Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Nori Zaccheo
- Forensic & National Security Sciences Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Janine Schulte
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris Schulz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Dubois
- Acadiana Criminalistics Laboratory, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Morgan Frank
- Forensic & National Security Sciences Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Marciano
- Forensic & National Security Sciences Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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3
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Ma XY, Coleman B, Prabhu P, Yang M, Wen F. Engineering Compositionally Uniform Yeast Whole-Cell Biocatalysts with Maximized Surface Enzyme Density for Cellulosic Biofuel Production. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1225-1236. [PMID: 38551819 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, whole-cell biocatalysis has played an increasingly important role in the food, pharmaceutical, and energy sector. One promising application is the use of ethanologenic yeast displaying minicellulosomes on the cell surface to combine cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation into a single step for consolidated bioprocessing. However, cellulosic ethanol production using existing yeast whole-cell biocatalysts (yWCBs) has not reached industrial feasibility due to their inefficient cellulose hydrolysis. As prior studies have demonstrated enzyme density on the yWCB surface to be one of the most important parameters for enhancing cellulose hydrolysis, we sought to maximize this parameter at both the population and single-cell levels in yWCBs displaying tetrafunctional minicellulosomes. At the population level, enzyme density is limited by the presence of a nondisplay population constituting 25-50% of all cells. In this study, we identified the cause to be plasmid loss and successfully eliminated the nondisplay population to generate compositionally uniform yWCBs. At the single-cell level, we demonstrate that enzyme density is limited by molecular crowding, which hinders minicellulosome assembly. By adjusting the integrated gene copy number, we obtained yWCBs of tunable enzyme display levels. This tunability allowed us to avoid the crowding-limited regime and achieve a maximum enzyme density per cell. As a result, the best strain showed a cellulose-to-ethanol yield of 4.92 g/g, corresponding to 96% of the theoretical maximum and near-complete conversion (∼96%) of the starting cellulose (1% PASC). Our holistic engineering strategy that combines a population and single-cell level approach is broadly applicable to enhance the WCB performance in other biocatalytic cascade schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yin Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Catalysis Science and Technology Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bryan Coleman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Catalysis Science and Technology Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ponnandy Prabhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Margaret Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Catalysis Science and Technology Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Lim J, Park C, Kim M, Kim H, Kim J, Lee DS. Advances in single-cell omics and multiomics for high-resolution molecular profiling. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:515-526. [PMID: 38443594 PMCID: PMC10984936 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell omics technologies have revolutionized molecular profiling by providing high-resolution insights into cellular heterogeneity and complexity. Traditional bulk omics approaches average signals from heterogeneous cell populations, thereby obscuring important cellular nuances. Single-cell omics studies enable the analysis of individual cells and reveal diverse cell types, dynamic cellular states, and rare cell populations. These techniques offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity, enabling researchers to unravel the molecular landscape of individual cells. Furthermore, the integration of multimodal omics data within a single cell provides a comprehensive and holistic view of cellular processes. By combining multiple omics dimensions, multimodal omics approaches can facilitate the elucidation of complex cellular interactions, regulatory networks, and molecular mechanisms. This integrative approach enhances our understanding of cellular systems, from development to disease. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in single-cell and multimodal omics for high-resolution molecular profiling. We discuss the principles and methodologies for representatives of each omics method, highlighting the strengths and limitations of the different techniques. In addition, we present case studies demonstrating the applications of single-cell and multimodal omics in various fields, including developmental biology, neurobiology, cancer research, immunology, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsu Lim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukhee Kim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Junil Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Soto JS, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Wohlschlegel JA, Khakh BS. In vivo identification of astrocyte and neuron subproteomes by proximity-dependent biotinylation. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:896-927. [PMID: 38062165 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises diverse and morphologically complex cells. To understand the molecular basis of their physiology, it is crucial to assess proteins expressed within intact cells. Commonly used methods utilize cell dissociation and sorting to isolate specific cell types such as neurons and astrocytes, the major CNS cells. Proteins purified from isolated cells are identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. However, dissociation and cell-sorting methods lead to near total loss of cellular morphology, thereby losing proteins from key relevant subcompartments such as processes, end feet, dendrites and axons. Here we provide a systematic protocol for cell- and subcompartment-specific labeling and identification of proteins found within intact astrocytes and neurons in vivo. This protocol utilizes the proximity-dependent biotinylation system BioID2, selectively expressed in either astrocytes or neurons, to label proximal proteins in a cell-specific manner. BioID2 is targeted genetically to assess the subproteomes of subcellular compartments such as the plasma membrane and sites of cell-cell contacts. We describe in detail the expression methods (variable timing), stereotaxic surgeries for expression (1-2 d and then 3 weeks), in vivo protein labeling (7 d), protein isolation (2-3 d), protein identification methods (2-3 d) and data analysis (1 week). The protocol can be applied to any area of the CNS in mouse models of physiological processes and for disease-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn S Soto
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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YE XING, TUO ZHOUTING, CHEN KAI, WU RUICHENG, WANG JIE, YU QINGXIN, YE LUXIA, MIYAMOTO AKIRA, YOO KOOHAN, ZHANG CHI, WEI WURAN, LI DENGXIONG, FENG DECHAO. Pan-cancer analysis of RNA 5-methylcytosine reader (ALYREF). Oncol Res 2024; 32:503-515. [PMID: 38361753 PMCID: PMC10865740 DOI: 10.32604/or.2024.045050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in RNA modifications has significantly advanced epigenomic and epitranscriptomic technologies. This study focuses on the immuno-oncological impact of ALYREF in human cancer through a pan-cancer analysis, enhancing understanding of this gene's role in cancer. We observed differential ALYREF expression between tumor and normal samples, correlating strongly with prognosis in various cancers, particularly kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP) and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). ALYREF showed a negative correlation with most tumor-infiltrating cells in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lymphoid neoplasm diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBC), while positive correlations were noted in LIHC, kidney chromophobe (KICH), mesothelioma (MESO), KIRP, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PARD), and glioma (GBMLGG). Additionally, ALYREF expression was closely associated with tumor heterogeneity, stemness indices, and a high mutation rate in TP53 across these cancers. In conclusion, ALYREF may serve as an oncogenic biomarker in numerous cancers, meriting further research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- XING YE
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - ZHOUTING TUO
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - KAI CHEN
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - RUICHENG WU
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - JIE WANG
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - QINGXIN YU
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, 315021, China
| | - LUXIA YE
- Department of Public Research Platform, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, China
| | - AKIRA MIYAMOTO
- Department of Rehabilitation, West Kyushu University, Kanzaki-shi, 842-8585, Japan
| | - KOO HAN YOO
- Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 446 701, South Korea
| | - CHI ZHANG
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - WURAN WEI
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - DENGXIONG LI
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - DECHAO FENG
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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7
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Sridhara Setty PB, SM G. Tumor regression efficacy of Punica granatum L leaf extract against K562 leukemia cancer cells. Bioinformation 2023; 19:536-539. [PMID: 37886154 PMCID: PMC10599682 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of interest to describe the extraction and isolation of ethyl heneicosanoate (EHO) from Punica granatum. L plant leaves. Further, the structure of isolated molecule, EHO was confirmed through various spectroscopic tools viz., infrared (FT-IR), proton NMR and mass spectroscopy. The tumor regression potential of EHO was evaluated against K562 leukemia cancer cells. A significant reduction in the viability and metabolic activity was obtained in vitro for K562 cell lines when treated with EHO molecule. Further, the results depicted that the activities of EHO is directly related to the alkyl chain length. The xenograft model of mice illustrated a lower propensity of tumor growth in the group receiving EHO molecule, compared with the group receiving Bortezomib (positive control). The obtained results suggest that the animals treated with Bortezomib showed a tumor growth inhibition up to 77.51 ± 3.74 whereas, the EHO showed the inhibition up to 23.37 ± 25.44 and 40.64 ± 16.45 % at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively. Moreover, the results indicate that the activity of EHO in the induction of apoptosis in induced leukemia cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopinath SM
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Davangere - 577 007, Karnataka, India
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8
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Khatib TO, Amanso AM, Pedro B, Knippler CM, Summerbell ER, Zohbi NM, Konen JM, Mouw JK, Marcus AI. A live-cell platform to isolate phenotypically defined subpopulations for spatial multi-omic profiling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.28.530493. [PMID: 36909653 PMCID: PMC10002729 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous techniques have been employed to deconstruct the heterogeneity observed in normal and diseased cellular populations, including single cell RNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, and flow cytometry. While these approaches have revolutionized our understanding of heterogeneity, in isolation they cannot correlate phenotypic information within a physiologically relevant live-cell state, with molecular profiles. This inability to integrate a historical live-cell phenotype, such as invasiveness, cell:cell interactions, and changes in spatial positioning, with multi-omic data, creates a gap in understanding cellular heterogeneity. We sought to address this gap by employing lab technologies to design a detailed protocol, termed Spatiotemporal Genomics and Cellular Analysis (SaGA), for the precise imaging-based selection, isolation, and expansion of phenotypically distinct live-cells. We begin with cells stably expressing a photoconvertible fluorescent protein and employ live cell confocal microscopy to photoconvert a user-defined single cell or set of cells displaying a phenotype of interest. The total population is then extracted from its microenvironment, and the optically highlighted cells are isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting. SaGA-isolated cells can then be subjected to multi-omics analysis or cellular propagation for in vitro or in vivo studies. This protocol can be applied to a variety of conditions, creating protocol flexibility for user-specific research interests. The SaGA technique can be accomplished in one workday by non-specialists and results in a phenotypically defined cellular subpopulation for integration with multi-omics techniques. We envision this approach providing multi-dimensional datasets exploring the relationship between live-cell phenotype and multi-omic heterogeneity within normal and diseased cellular populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tala O Khatib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Angelica M Amanso
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Brian Pedro
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina M Knippler
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily R Summerbell
- Office of Intratumoral Training and Education, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Najdat M Zohbi
- Graduate Medical Education, Piedmont Macon Medical, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica M Konen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janna K Mouw
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adam I Marcus
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Ganther S, Fenno CJ, Kapila YL. Stimulation of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Using Purified Dentilisin Extracted from Treponema denticola. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4571. [PMID: 36618097 PMCID: PMC9797361 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic multifactorial disease triggered by a complex of bacterial species. These interact with host tissues to cause the release of a broad array of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and tissue remodelers, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which lead to the destruction of periodontal tissues. Patients with severe forms of periodontitis are left with a persistent pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile throughout the periodontium, even after clinical intervention, leading to the destruction of teeth-supporting tissues. The oral spirochete, Treponema denticola , is consistently found at significantly elevated levels at sites with advanced periodontal disease. Of all T. denticola virulence factors that have been described, its chymotrypsin-like protease complex, also called dentilisin, has demonstrated a multitude of cytopathic effects consistent with periodontal disease pathogenesis, including alterations in cellular adhesion activity, degradation of various endogenous extracellular matrix-substrates, degradation of host chemokines and cytokines, and ectopic activation of host MMPs. Thus, the following model of T. denticola -human periodontal ligament cell interactions may provide new knowledge about the mechanisms that drive the chronicity of periodontal disease at the protein, transcriptional, and epigenetic levels, which could afford new putative therapeutic targets. This protocol was validated in: PLOS Pathog (2021), DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Machlin JH, Shikanov A. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of retrieved human oocytes and eggs in clinical practice and for human ovarian cell atlasing. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:597-607. [PMID: 36264989 PMCID: PMC9805491 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of single-cell separation techniques and high-throughput sequencing platforms, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a vital technology for understanding tissue and organ systems at cellular resolution. Through transcriptional analysis, it is possible to characterize unique or rare cell types, interpret their interactions, and reveal novel functional states or shifts in developmental stages. As such, this technology is uniquely suited for studying the cells within the human ovary. The ovary is a cellularly heterogeneous organ that houses follicles, the reproductive and endocrine unit that consists of an oocyte surrounded by hormone-producing support cells, as well as many other cell populations constituting stroma, vasculature, lymphatic, and immune components. Here we review studies that have utilized scRNA-seq technology to analyze cells from healthy human ovaries and discuss the single-cell isolation techniques used. We identified two overarching applications for scRNA-seq in the human ovary. The first applies this technology to investigate transcriptional differences in oocytes/eggs from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization treatments to ultimately improve clinical outcomes. The second utilizes scRNA-seq for the pursuit of creating a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the human ovary. The knowledge gained from these studies underscores the importance of scRNA-seq technologies in unlocking a new biological understanding of the human ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H. Machlin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Program in Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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11
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Dao L, Zhao Q, Hu J, Xia X, Yang Q, Li S. A microfluidics-based method for isolation and visualization of cells based on receptor-ligand interactions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274601. [PMID: 36201506 PMCID: PMC9536614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-ligand binding has been analyzed at the protein level using isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance and at the cellular level using interaction-associated downstream gene induction/suppression. However, no currently available technique can characterize this interaction directly through visualization. In addition, all available assays require a large pool of cells; no assay capable of analyzing receptor-ligand interactions at the single-cell level is publicly available. Here, we describe a new microfluidic chip-based technique for analyzing and visualizing these interactions at the single-cell level. First, a protein is immobilized on a glass slide and a low-flow-rate pump is used to isolate cells that express receptors that bind to the immobilized ligand. Specifically, we demonstrate the efficacy of this technique by immobilizing biotin-conjugated FGL2 on an avidin-coated slide chip and passing a mixture of GFP-labeled wild-type T cells and RFP-labeled FcγRIIB-knockout T cells through the chip. Using automated scanning and counting, we found a large number of GFP+ T cells with binding activity but significantly fewer RFP+ FcγRIIB-knockout T cells. We further isolated T cells expressing a membrane-anchored, tumor-targeted IL-12 based on the receptor's affinity to vimentin to confirm the versatility of our technique. This protocol allows researchers to isolate receptor-expressing cells in about 4 hours for further downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Dao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qingnan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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12
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Zhang P, Li X, Chen JY, Abate A. Controlled fabrication of functional liver spheroids with microfluidic flow cytometric printing. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35917810 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac8622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular liver spheroids are 3D culture models useful in the development of therapies for liver fibrosis. While these models can recapitulate fibrotic disease, current methods for generating them via random aggregation are uncontrolled, yielding spheroids of variable size, function, and utility. Here, we report fabrication of precision liver spheroids with microfluidic flow cytometric printing. Our approach fabricates spheroids cell-by-cell, yielding structures with exact numbers of different cell types. Because spheroid function depends on composition, our precision spheroids have superior functional uniformity, allowing more accurate and statistically significant screens compared to randomly generated spheroids. The approach produces thousands of spheroids per hour, and thus affords a scalable platform by which to manufacture single-cell precision spheroids for disease modeling and high throughput drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California, 94143, UNITED STATES
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, 94143, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd South, San Francisco, 94143, UNITED STATES
| | - Adam Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, UNITED STATES
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Roh J, Kim S, Cheong JW, Jeon SH, Kim HK, Kim MJ, Kim HO. Erythroid Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Co-cultured with OP9 Cells for Diagnostic Purposes. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42:457-466. [PMID: 35177566 PMCID: PMC8859560 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reagent red blood cells (RBCs) are prepared from donated whole blood, resulting in various combinations of blood group antigens. This inconsistency can be resolved by producing RBCs with uniform antigen expression. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated directly from mature cells constitute an unlimited source for RBC production. We aimed to produce erythroid cells from iPSCs for diagnostic purposes. We hypothesized that cultured erythroid cells express surface antigens that can be recognized by blood group antibodies. Methods iPSCs were co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells to stimulate differentiation into the erythroid lineage. Cell differentiation was examined using microscopy and flow cytometry. Hemoglobin electrophoresis and oxygen-binding capacity testing were performed to verify that the cultured erythroid cells functioned normally. The agglutination reactions of the cultured erythroid cells to antibodies were investigated to confirm that the cells expressed blood group antigens. Results The generated iPSCs showed stemness characteristics and could differentiate into the erythroid lineage. As differentiation progressed, the proportion of nucleated RBCs increased. Hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed a sharp peak in the hemoglobin F region. The oxygen-binding capacity test results were similar between normal RBCs and cultured nucleated RBCs. ABO and Rh-Hr blood grouping confirmed similar antigen expression between the donor RBCs and cultured nucleated RBCs. Conclusions We generated blood group antigen-expressing nucleated RBCs from iPSCs co-cultured with OP9 cells that can be used for diagnostic purposes. iPSCs from rare blood group donors could serve as an unlimited source for reagent production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhye Roh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sinyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Won Cheong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hee Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Jung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Development of Cancer Immunotherapies. Cancer Treat Res 2022; 183:1-48. [PMID: 35551655 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96376-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, or the utilization of components of the immune system to target and eliminate cancer, has become a highly active area of research in the past several decades and a common treatment strategy for several cancer types. The concept of harnessing the immune system for this purpose originated over 100 years ago when a physician by the name of William Coley successfully treated several of his cancer patients with a combination of live and attenuated bacteria, later known as "Coley's Toxins", after observing a subset of prior patients enter remission following their diagnosis with the common bacterial infection, erysipelas. However, it was not until late in the twentieth century that cancer immunotherapies were developed for widespread use, thereby transforming the treatment landscape of numerous cancer types. Pivotal studies elucidating molecular and cellular functions of immune cells, such as the discovery of IL-2 and production of monoclonal antibodies, fostered the development of novel techniques for studying the immune system and ultimately the development and approval of several cancer immunotherapies by the United States Food and Drug Association in the 1980s and 1990s, including the tuberculosis vaccine-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, IL-2, and the CD20-targeting monoclonal antibody. Approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T, for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and the groundbreaking success and approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in the last decade, have driven an explosion of interest in and pursuit of novel cancer immunotherapy strategies. A broad range of modalities ranging from antibodies to adoptive T cell therapies is under investigation for the generalized treatment of a broad spectrum of cancers as well as personalized medicine. This chapter will focus on the recent advances, current strategies, and future outlook of immunotherapy development for the treatment of cancer.
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15
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Li Y, Cai S, Shen H, Chen Y, Ge Z, Yang W. Recent advances in acoustic microfluidics and its exemplary applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:031502. [PMID: 35712527 PMCID: PMC9197543 DOI: 10.1063/5.0089051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic-based microfluidics has been widely used in recent years for fundamental research due to its simple device design, biocompatibility, and contactless operation. In this article, the basic theory, typical devices, and technical applications of acoustic microfluidics technology are summarized. First, the theory of acoustic microfluidics is introduced from the classification of acoustic waves, acoustic radiation force, and streaming flow. Then, various applications of acoustic microfluidics including sorting, mixing, atomization, trapping, patterning, and acoustothermal heating are reviewed. Finally, the development trends of acoustic microfluidics in the future were summarized and looked forward to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Honglin Shen
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yibao Chen
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhixing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Tejon G, Valdivieso N, Flores-Santibañez F, Barra-Valdebenito V, Martínez V, Rosemblatt M, Sauma D, Bono MR. Phenotypic and functional alterations of peritoneal macrophages in lupus-prone mice. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4193-4204. [PMID: 35211864 PMCID: PMC9262788 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Several studies have demonstrated the contribution of innate immune cells, including macrophages, in promoting systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Macrophages, one of the most abundant cell populations in the peritoneal cavity, are considered multifunctional cells with phenotypic plasticity. However, the functional properties of peritoneal macrophages in steady-state and during the progression of SLE remain poorly defined. Methods and results Using the [NZB × NZW]F1 (BWF1) murine model of SLE, we analyzed the phenotype and function of peritoneal macrophages during the disease’s onset. We found a higher frequency of peritoneal macrophages and B1a cells in BWF1-diseased mice than age-matched controls. Additionally, macrophages from diseased animals expressed lower levels of CD206, MHC-II, and Sirpα. RNAseq analysis identified 286 differentially expressed genes in peritoneal macrophages from diseased-BWF1 mice compared to control mice. Functional experiments demonstrate that peritoneal macrophages from diseased-BWF1 mice secrete higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines when activated with TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, and they were less efficient in suppressing the activation and proliferation of peritoneal LPS-activated B cells. These data demonstrate that peritoneal macrophages from BWF1-diseased mice present phenotypic and functional alterations shifting to a more pro-inflammatory state. Conclusions The increase of macrophages with an altered phenotype and function together with the accumulation of B1a cells in the peritoneal cavity of diseased-BWF1 mice may promote the progression of the disease. Advancing awareness of the role and phenotype of peritoneal macrophages in SLE may contribute to a better understanding of these types of diseases and the development of novel therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-022-07252-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tejon
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Valdivieso
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Víctor Martínez
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rosemblatt
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.
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Melliou S, Sangster KT, Djuric U, Diamandis P. The promise of organoids for unraveling the proteomic landscape of the developing human brain. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:73-80. [PMID: 34703024 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral organoids offer an opportunity to bioengineer experimental avatars of the developing human brain and have already begun garnering relevant insights into complex neurobiological processes and disease. Thus far, investigations into their heterogeneous cellular composition and developmental trajectories have been largely limited to transcriptional readouts. Recent advances in global proteomic technologies have enabled a new range of techniques to explore dynamic and non-overlapping spatiotemporal protein-level programs operational in these humanoid neural structures. Here we discuss these early protein-based studies and their potentially essential role for unraveling critical secreted paracrine signals, processes with poor proteogenomic correlations, or neurodevelopmental proteins requiring post-translational modification for biological activity. Integrating emerging proteomic tools with these faithful human-derived neurodevelopmental models could transform our understanding of complex neural cell phenotypes and neurobiological processes, not exclusively driven by transcriptional regulation. These insights, less accessible by exclusive RNA-based approaches, could reveal new knowledge into human brain development and guide improvements in neural regenerative medicine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Melliou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kevin T Sangster
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ugljesa Djuric
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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18
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Yang J, Wang J, Tian S, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Wang B, Cao L, Liang Z, Zhao H, Lian H, Ma J. An Integrated Analysis of Tumor Purity of Common Central Nervous System Tumors in Children Based on Machine Learning Methods. Front Genet 2021; 12:707802. [PMID: 34925437 PMCID: PMC8678112 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.707802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor purity is defined as the proportion of cancer cells in the tumor tissue, and its effects on molecular genetics, the immune microenvironment, and the prognosis of children’s central nervous system (CNS) tumors are under-researched. Methods: We applied random forest machine learning, the InfiniumPurify algorithm, and the ESTIMATE algorithm to estimate the tumor purity of every child’s CNS tumor sample in several published pediatric CNS tumor sample datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), aiming to perform an integrated analysis on the tumor purity of children’s CNS tumors. Results: Only the purity of CNS tumors in children based on the random forest (RF) machine learning method was normally distributed. In addition, the children’s CNS tumor purity was associated with primary clinical pathological and molecular indicators. Enrichment analysis of biological pathways related to the purity of medulloblastoma (MB) revealed some classical signaling pathways associated with MB biology and development-related pathways. According to the correlation analysis between MB purity and the immune microenvironment, three immune-related genes, namely, CD8A, CXCR2, and TNFRSF14, were negatively related to MB purity. In contrast, no significant correlation was detected between immunotherapy-associated markers, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4; most infiltrating immune cells; and MB purity. In the tumor purity–related survival analysis of MB, ependymoma (EPN), and children’s high-grade glioma, we discovered a minor effect of tumor purity on the survival of the aforementioned pediatric patients with CNS tumors. Conclusion: Our purity pediatric pan-CNS tumor analysis provides a deeper understanding and helps with the clinical management of pediatric CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaiwei Tian
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Cao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lian
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Volovetskiy AB, Malinina PA, Kapitannikova AY, Smetanina SV, Kruglova IA, Maslennikova AV. Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells from Peripheral Blood Samples of Cancer Patients Using Microfluidic Technology. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:62-68. [PMID: 34796020 PMCID: PMC8596232 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.6.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the investigation was to study the potential of an innovative microfluidic technology for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the peripheral blood samples of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Volovetskiy
- Researcher, Laboratory of Nanotheranostics, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Science and Technology Park; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Malaya Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P A Malinina
- Clinical Resident, Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy and Radiation Diagnostics; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - A Y Kapitannikova
- Researcher, Laboratory of Nanoteranology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Science and Technology Park; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Malaya Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - S V Smetanina
- Head of the Сytological Laboratory; Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncologic Dispensary, 11/1 Delovaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603163, Russia
| | - I A Kruglova
- Physician of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; City Hospital No.35, 47 Respublikanskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603089, Russia
| | - A V Maslennikova
- Head of the Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy and Radiation Diagnostics; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Professor, Department of Biophysics National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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Abstract
Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology generating a scattered and a fluorescent light signal that enables rapid analysis of the size and granularity of a particle or single cell. In addition, it offers the opportunity to phenotypically characterize and collect the cell with the use of a variety of fluorescent reagents. These reagents include but are not limited to fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, fluorescent expressing protein-, viability-, and DNA-binding dyes. Major developments in reagents, electronics, and software within the last 30 years have greatly expanded the ability to combine up to 50 antibodies in one single tube. However, these advances also harbor technical risks and interpretation issues in the identification of certain cell populations which will be summarized in this viewpoint article. It will further provide an overview of different potential applications of flow cytometry in research and its possibilities to be used in the clinic.
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21
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Natali EN, Babrak LM, Miho E. Prospective Artificial Intelligence to Dissect the Dengue Immune Response and Discover Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:574411. [PMID: 34211454 PMCID: PMC8239437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.574411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) poses a serious threat to global health as the causative agent of dengue fever. The virus is endemic in more than 128 countries resulting in approximately 390 million infection cases each year. Currently, there is no approved therapeutic for treatment nor a fully efficacious vaccine. The development of therapeutics is confounded and hampered by the complexity of the immune response to DENV, in particular to sequential infection with different DENV serotypes (DENV1-5). Researchers have shown that the DENV envelope (E) antigen is primarily responsible for the interaction and subsequent invasion of host cells for all serotypes and can elicit neutralizing antibodies in humans. The advent of high-throughput sequencing and the rapid advancements in computational analysis of complex data, has provided tools for the deconvolution of the DENV immune response. Several types of complex statistical analyses, machine learning models and complex visualizations can be applied to begin answering questions about the B- and T-cell immune responses to multiple infections, antibody-dependent enhancement, identification of novel therapeutics and advance vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriberto N. Natali
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Lmar M. Babrak
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Enkelejda Miho
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- aiNET GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Bartley AF, Fischer M, Bagley ME, Barnes JA, Burdette MK, Cannon KE, Bolding MS, Foulger SH, McMahon LL, Weick JP, Dobrunz LE. Feasibility of cerium-doped LSO particles as a scintillator for x-ray induced optogenetics. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/abef89. [PMID: 33730704 PMCID: PMC8656171 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abef89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Non-invasive light delivery into the brain is needed forin vivooptogenetics to avoid physical damage. An innovative strategy could employ x-ray activation of radioluminescent particles (RLPs) to emit localized light. However, modulation of neuronal or synaptic function by x-ray induced radioluminescence from RLPs has not yet been demonstrated.Approach.Molecular and electrophysiological approaches were used to determine if x-ray dependent radioluminescence emitted from RLPs can activate light sensitive proteins. RLPs composed of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO:Ce), an inorganic scintillator that emits blue light, were used as they are biocompatible with neuronal function and synaptic transmission.Main results.We show that 30 min of x-ray exposure at a rate of 0.042 Gy s-1caused no change in the strength of basal glutamatergic transmission during extracellular field recordings in mouse hippocampal slices. Additionally, long-term potentiation, a robust measure of synaptic integrity, was induced after x-ray exposure and expressed at a magnitude not different from control conditions (absence of x-rays). We found that x-ray stimulation of RLPs elevated cAMP levels in HEK293T cells expressing OptoXR, a chimeric opsin receptor that combines the extracellular light-sensitive domain of rhodopsin with an intracellular second messenger signaling cascade. This demonstrates that x-ray radioluminescence from LSO:Ce particles can activate OptoXR. Next, we tested whether x-ray activation of the RLPs can enhance synaptic activity in whole-cell recordings from hippocampal neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2, both in cell culture and acute hippocampal slices. Importantly, x-ray radioluminescence caused an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in both systems, indicating activation of channelrhodopsin-2 and excitation of neurons.Significance.Together, our results show that x-ray activation of LSO:Ce particles can heighten cellular and synaptic function. The combination of LSO:Ce inorganic scintillators and x-rays is therefore a viable method for optogenetics as an alternative to more invasive light delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aundrea F Bartley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Máté Fischer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Micah E Bagley
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Justin A Barnes
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Mary K Burdette
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, United States of America
| | - Kelli E Cannon
- Department of Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Mark S Bolding
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Stephen H Foulger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, United States of America
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Lori L McMahon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Jason P Weick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
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Ye M, Wilhelm M, Gentschev I, Szalay A. A Modified Limiting Dilution Method for Monoclonal Stable Cell Line Selection Using a Real-Time Fluorescence Imaging System: A Practical Workflow and Advanced Applications. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:16. [PMID: 33672596 PMCID: PMC7931037 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable cell lines are widely used in laboratory research and pharmaceutical industry. They are mainly applied in recombinant protein and antibody productions, gene function studies, drug screens, toxicity assessments, and for cancer therapy investigation. There are two types of cell lines, polyclonal and monoclonal origin, that differ regarding their homogeneity and heterogeneity. Generating a high-quality stable cell line, which can grow continuously and carry a stable genetic modification without alteration is very important for most studies, because polyclonal cell lines of multicellular origin can be highly variable and unstable and lead to inconclusive experimental results. The most commonly used technologies of single cell originate monoclonal stable cell isolation in laboratory are fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) sorting and limiting dilution cloning. Here, we describe a modified limiting dilution method of monoclonal stable cell line selection using the real-time fluorescence imaging system IncuCyte®S3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Theodor-Boveri-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.Y.); (M.W.); (I.G.)
| | - Martina Wilhelm
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Theodor-Boveri-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.Y.); (M.W.); (I.G.)
| | - Ivaylo Gentschev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Theodor-Boveri-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.Y.); (M.W.); (I.G.)
| | - Aladár Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Therapy Research Center (CTRC), Theodor-Boveri-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.Y.); (M.W.); (I.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Rambault M, Borkute R, Doz-Deblauwe E, Le-Vern Y, Winter N, Dorhoi A, Remot A. Isolation of Bovine Neutrophils by Fluorescence- and Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2236:203-217. [PMID: 33237550 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1060-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry and magnetic bead technology enable the separation of cell populations with the highest degree of purity. Here, we describe protocols to sort bovine neutrophils from blood, the labeling and sorting, including gating strategies. We also provide advice to preserve neutrophil viability and detail a protocol to measure phagocytosis and oxidative species production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachana Borkute
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Aude Remot
- INRAE, Univ Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France.
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25
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Macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability during skeletal muscle injury. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1235-1244. [PMID: 32909096 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inflammatory response and the presence of macrophages are reported to be necessary for proper muscle regeneration. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing how macrophages signal to promote muscle regeneration is incomplete. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we conditionally deleted Wls, which is required for Wnt secretion, from macrophages and examined the impact on endothelial permeability following muscle injury. The expression of Wnt ligands and Wls was increased in the tibialis anterior (TA) of mice 2 days following BaCl2 injury. Loss of macrophage Wls inhibited the loss of endothelial barrier function, as measured by transendothelial resistance and Evans blue dye permeability assays. Interestingly, the blockade in endothelial permeability correlated with reduced VEGF levels and pretreatment of wild type endothelial cells with a VEGFR2 blocking antibody was sufficient to reduce endothelial permeability induced by stimulated macrophage supernatant. We also found that macrophage Wls-null TAs had myocytes with reduced cross-sectional area 7 day post-injury suggesting a delay in muscle regeneration. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability in a VEGF-dependent fashion following muscle injury. Our findings implicate macrophages as a primary source of Wnt ligands following muscle injury and highlight the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target following injury.
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26
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Hernandez JD, Tew BY, Li T, Gooden GC, Ghannam H, Masuda M, Madura J, Salhia B, Jacobsen EA, De Filippis E. A FACS-based approach to obtain viable eosinophils from human adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13210. [PMID: 32764552 PMCID: PMC7413382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have been widely investigated in asthma and allergic diseases. More recently, new insights into the biology of these cells has illustrated eosinophils contribute to homeostatic functions in health such as regulation of adipose tissue glucose metabolism. Human translational studies are limited by the difficulty of obtaining cells taken directly from their tissue environment, relying instead on eosinophils isolated from peripheral blood. Isolation techniques for tissue-derived eosinophils can result in unwanted cell or ribonuclease activation, leading to poor cell viability or RNA quality, which may impair analysis of effector activities of these cells. Here we demonstrate a technique to obtain eosinophils from human adipose tissue samples for the purpose of downstream molecular analysis. From as little as 2 g of intact human adipose tissue, greater than 104 eosinophils were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) protocol resulting in ≥ 99% purity and ≥ 95% viable eosinophils. We demonstrated that the isolated eosinophils could undergo epigenetic analysis to determine differences in DNA methylation in various settings. Here we focused on comparing eosinophils isolated from human peripheral blood vs human adipose tissue. Our results open the door to future mechanistic investigations to better understand the role of tissue resident eosinophils in different context.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Hernandez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Ben Yi Tew
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ting Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Gerald C Gooden
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hamza Ghannam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Mia Masuda
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - James Madura
- Division of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Eleanna De Filippis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
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27
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Han P, Yosinski S, Kobos ZA, Chaudhury R, Lee JS, Fahmy TM, Reed MA. Continuous Label-Free Electronic Discrimination of T Cells by Activation State. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8646-8657. [PMID: 32530598 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and speed with which the immune system reacts to host disruption is unrivaled by any detection method for pathogenic biomarkers or infectious signatures. Engagement of cellular immunity in response to infections or cancer is contingent upon activation and subsequent cytotoxic activity by T cells. Thus, monitoring T cell activation can reliably serve as a metric for disease diagnosis as well as therapeutic prognosis. Rapid and direct quantification of T cell activation states, however, has been hindered by challenges associated with antigen target identification, labeling requirements, and assay duration. Here we present an electronic, label-free method for simultaneous separation and evaluation of T cell activation states. Our device utilizes a microfluidic design integrated with nanolayered electrode structures for dielectrophoresis (DEP)-driven discrimination of activated vs naïve T cells at single-cell resolution and demonstrates rapid (<2 min) separation of T cells at high single-pass efficiency as quantified by an on-chip Coulter counter module. Our device represents a microfluidic tool for electronic assessment of immune activation states and, hence, a portable diagnostic for quantitative evaluation of immunity and disease state. Further, its ability to achieve label-free enrichment of activated immune cells promises clinical utility in cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Zachary A Kobos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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28
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Li Z, Wu Z, Jin P, Wu H. Dissecting differential signals in high-throughput data from complex tissues. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:3898-3905. [PMID: 30903684 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Samples from clinical practices are often mixtures of different cell types. The high-throughput data obtained from these samples are thus mixed signals. The cell mixture brings complications to data analysis, and will lead to biased results if not properly accounted for. RESULTS We develop a method to model the high-throughput data from mixed, heterogeneous samples, and to detect differential signals. Our method allows flexible statistical inference for detecting a variety of cell-type specific changes. Extensive simulation studies and analyses of two real datasets demonstrate the favorable performance of our proposed method compared with existing ones serving similar purpose. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The proposed method is implemented as an R package and is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/ziyili20/TOAST). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhijin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Khalil MI, Gurski CJ, Dittel LJ, Neu SD, Dittel BN. Discovery and Function of B-Cell IgD Low (BD L) B Cells in Immune Tolerance. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166584. [PMID: 32615130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that in addition to their role in humoral immunity, B cells also exert regulatory mechanisms that lead to attenuation of inflammatory responses. The concept of B-cell regulation became well recognized when mice deficient in B cells due to genetic disruption were shown to be refractory to recovery from the signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of multiple sclerosis. This seminal study spurred the search for B-cell regulatory phenotypes and mechanisms of action. Our approach was to utilize differential B-cell depletion with anti-CD20 to retain B cells whose presence were required to achieve EAE recovery. Utilizing flow cytometry, adoptive cell therapy and genetic approaches, we discovered a new B-cell subset that, upon adoptive transfer into B cell-deficient mice, was sufficient to promote EAE recovery. This B-cell subset is IgM+, but due to low/negative IgD cell surface expression, it was named B-cell IgD low (BDL). Mechanistically, we found that in the absence of BDL, the absolute cell number of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Treg), essential for immune tolerance, was significantly reduced. Furthermore, we found that BDL expression of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor ligand (GITRL) was essential for induction of Treg proliferation and maintenance of their homeostasis. Thus, we have identified a new B-cell subset that is critical for immunological tolerance through interactions with Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Khalil
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Doki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cody J Gurski
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Landon J Dittel
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Savannah D Neu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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30
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Guzniczak E, Otto O, Whyte G, Willoughby N, Jimenez M, Bridle H. Deformability-induced lift force in spiral microchannels for cell separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:614-625. [PMID: 31915780 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell sorting and isolation from a heterogeneous mixture is a crucial task in many aspects of cell biology, biotechnology and medicine. Recently, there has been an interest in methods allowing cell separation upon their intrinsic properties such as cell size and deformability, without the need for use of biochemical labels. Inertial focusing in spiral microchannels has been recognised as an attractive approach for high-throughput cell sorting for myriad point of care and clinical diagnostics. Particles of different sizes interact to a different degree with the fluid flow pattern generated within the spiral microchannel and that leads to particles ordering and separation based on size. However, the deformable nature of cells adds complexity to their ordering within the spiral channels. Herein, an additional force, deformability-induced lift force (FD), involved in the cell focusing mechanism within spiral microchannels has been identified, investigated and reported for the first time, using a cellular deformability model (where the deformability of cells is gradually altered using chemical treatments). Using this model, we demonstrated that spiral microchannels are capable of separating cells of the same size but different deformability properties, extending the capability of the previous method. We have developed a unique label-free approach for deformability-based purification through coupling the effect of FD with inertial focusing in spiral microchannels. This microfluidic-based purification strategy, free of the modifying immuno-labels, allowing cell processing at a large scale (millions of cells per min and mls of medium per minute), up to high purities and separation efficiency and without compromising cell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Guzniczak
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Oliver Otto
- Centre for Innovation Competence-Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany & Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung, Partner Site Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Nicholas Willoughby
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Melanie Jimenez
- Biomedical Engineering Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
| | - Helen Bridle
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
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31
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Li Z, Wu H. TOAST: improving reference-free cell composition estimation by cross-cell type differential analysis. Genome Biol 2019; 20:190. [PMID: 31484546 PMCID: PMC6727351 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the analysis of high-throughput data from complex samples, cell composition is an important factor that needs to be accounted for. Except for a limited number of tissues with known pure cell type profiles, a majority of genomics and epigenetics data relies on the "reference-free deconvolution" methods to estimate cell composition. We develop a novel computational method to improve reference-free deconvolution, which iteratively searches for cell type-specific features and performs composition estimation. Simulation studies and applications to six real datasets including both DNA methylation and gene expression data demonstrate favorable performance of the proposed method. TOAST is available at https://bioconductor.org/packages/TOAST .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA.
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32
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Identification of different gene expressions between diffuse- and intestinal-type spheroid-forming gastric cancer cells. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:967-979. [PMID: 30726523 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-00935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional in vitro spheroid models are unique because they are considered for enrichment of specific cell populations with self-renewal ability. In this study, we explored the different mechanisms of gastric cancer spheroid-forming cells according to the Lauren classification. METHODS We isolated and enriched cells with self-renewal ability using spheroid-forming methods from gastric cancer cell lines. The expression of candidate target genes was investigated using western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of target gene expression was performed and the effects on spheroid, colony forming, and tumorigenic ability were analyzed. RESULTS The SNU-638, SNU-484, MKN-28, and NCI-N87 successfully formed spheroid from single cell and enriched for self-renewal ability from 11 gastric cancer cell lines, including diffuse and intestinal types. The expression of SOX2 and E-cadherin increased in spheroid-forming cells in a diffuse-type cell line (SNU-638 and SNU-484), but not in the intestinal type (MKN-28 and NCI-N87). In contrast, ERBB3 expression was only increased in intestinal-type spheroid cells. The depletion of each candidate target gene expression suppressed self-renewal ability to grow as spheroids and colonies in a soft agar assay. In particular, down-regulated ERBB3 in the intestinal-type cell lines inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. We found that high ERBB3 gene expression correlates with decreased survival in the intestinal type of gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that diffuse- and intestinal-type spheroid-forming cells express genes differently. Our data suggest that these candidate genes from spheroid-forming cells can be used in applications in targeted therapy.
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Abstract
Ferrets are an ideal animal model in which to study the transmission of respiratory viruses as well as disease progression and vaccine efficacy because of their close anatomical and physiological resemblances to humans. However, a paucity of reagents and standardized procedures has hampered research progress, especially for studying cell-mediated immunity. The approaches described here-leukocyte isolation from whole blood and secondary lymphoid tissues-are generalizable, highly reproducible, and deliver single cell suspensions with excellent cell viability. Importantly, we have now developed assays to quantify key cellular components and antigen-specific T cell responses at the single cell level from multiple tissue compartments following influenza infection in ferrets. Collectively, these methods were instrumental in flow cytometry studies that revealed alterations in immune cell composition and distribution across lymphoid tissues following viral infection. Furthermore, sorting of T cell populations and peptide restimulation ex vivo in cytokine ELISpot assays has provided novel insight into the influenza-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell repertoire. The detailed procedures for these techniques are described in this chapter and can likely be adapted for the analyses of responses to many respiratory pathogens.
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Xavier M, Holm SH, Beech JP, Spencer D, Tegenfeldt JO, Oreffo ROC, Morgan H. Label-free enrichment of primary human skeletal progenitor cells using deterministic lateral displacement. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:513-523. [PMID: 30632599 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are present in bone marrow (BM) and offer great potential for bone regenerative therapies. However, in the absence of a unique marker, current sorting approaches remain challenging in the quest for simple strategies to deliver SSCs with consistent regeneration and differentiation capacities. Microfluidics offers the possibility to sort cells marker-free, based on intrinsic biophysical properties. Recent studies indicate that SSCs are stiffer than leukocytes and are contained within the larger cell fraction in BM. This paper describes the use of deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) to sort SSCs based on cell size and stiffness. DLD is a technology that uses arrays of micropillars to sort cells based on their diameter. Cell deformation within the device can change the cell size and affect sorting - here evidenced using human cell lines and by fractionation of expanded SSCs. Following sorting, SSCs remained viable and retained their capacity to form clonogenic cultures (CFU-F), indicative of stem cell potential. Additionally, larger BM cells showed enhanced capacity to form CFU-F. These findings support the theory that SSCs are more abundant within the larger BM cell fraction and that DLD, or other size-based approaches, could be used to provide enriched SSC populations with significant implications for stem cell research and translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Xavier
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Abstract
Flow cytometry is one of the most suitable techniques for analyzing and classifying different cell suspensions derived from blood or others compartments. The characterization of all different cellular subtypes is made with different antibodies that detect surface or intracytoplasmic antigens. Here we describe the technique to thoroughly characterize immune cells from tumor infiltrates and proceed to isolation using single-cell sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Brusa
- Flow Cytometry Platform, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Jung S, Kim JH, Yim C, Lee M, Kang HJ, Choi D. Therapeutic effects of a mesenchymal stem cell‑based insulin‑like growth factor‑1/enhanced green fluorescent protein dual gene sorting system in a myocardial infarction rat model. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5563-5571. [PMID: 30365087 PMCID: PMC6236284 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted in order to improve gene expression efficiency of insulin‑like growth factor‑1 (IGF‑1)‑transfected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using a non‑viral carrier and a simplified method of dual gene selection. The therapeutic efficacy of this MSC‑based IGF‑1/enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) dual gene sorting system was evaluated in a rat myocardial infarction (MI) model. IGF‑1 and EGFP genes were expressed in MSCs in vitro. The purity of dual gene‑expressing MSCs was 95.1% by fluorescence‑activated cell sorting. Transfected MSCs injected into rats were identified based on green fluorescence, with an increased signal intensity observed in rats injected with sorted cells, compared with unsorted cells. IGF‑1 expression levels were additionally increased in the sorted group, and decreases in infarct size, fibrotic area and fraction of apoptotic cells were observed. These results demonstrated that IGF‑1 overexpression protects against fibrosis and apoptosis in the myocardium and reduces infarct size following MI. Additionally, the present vector sorting system may potentially be applied to other types of stem cell‑based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Jung
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwhi Yim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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37
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Lin X, Tan JYL, Teh AL, Lim IY, Liew SJ, MacIsaac JL, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Kobor MS, Cheong CY, Karnani N. Cell type-specific DNA methylation in neonatal cord tissue and cord blood: a 850K-reference panel and comparison of cell types. Epigenetics 2018; 13:941-958. [PMID: 30232931 PMCID: PMC6284779 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1522929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accounting for cellular heterogeneity is essential in neonatal epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) performed on heterogeneous tissues, such as umbilical cord tissue (CT) or cord blood (CB). Using a reference-panel-based statistical approach, the cell type composition of heterogeneous tissues can be estimated by comparison of whole tissue DNA methylation profiles with cell type-specific DNA methylation signatures. Currently, there is no adequate DNA methylation reference panel for CT, and existing CB panels have been generated on lower coverage Infinium HumanMethylation450 arrays. In this study, we generate a reference panel for CT and improve available CB panels by using the higher coverage Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays. We performed DNA methylation profiling of 9 cell types isolated from CT and CB samples from 14 neonates. In addition to these cell types, we profiled DNA methylation of unfractionated CT and CB. Cell type composition of these unfractionated tissue samples, as estimated by our reference panels, was in agreement with that obtained by flow cytometry. Expectedly, DNA methylation profiles from CT and CB were distinct, reflecting their mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cell origins. Variable CpGs from both unfractionated CT and its isolated cell types were more likely to be located in open seas and intronic regions than those in CB. Cell type specific CpGs in CT were enriched in intercellular matrix pathways, while those from CB were enriched in immune-related pathways. This study provides an open source reference panel for estimation and adjustment of cellular heterogeneity in CT and CB, and broadens the scope of tissue utilization assessed in future neonatal EWAS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore.,b Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Jane Yi Lin Tan
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Teh
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore
| | - Ives Yubin Lim
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore
| | - Samantha J Liew
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- c Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore.,d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore.,e Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Michael S Kobor
- c Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | | | - Neerja Karnani
- a Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , A*STAR , Singapore.,f Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Zeng Z, Miao N, Sun T. Revealing cellular and molecular complexity of the central nervous system using single cell sequencing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:234. [PMID: 30213269 PMCID: PMC6137869 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is one of the most complex systems, with thousands of cell types and subtypes with distinct and unique morphology and gene expression profiles. Based on classic histological methods and conventional cellular and molecular approaches, single cell sequencing is becoming a powerful tool to uncover the complexity of the CNS. In this review, we summarize the principle of single cell sequencing and highlight its use for studying the development of neural stem cells, neural progenitors, and distinct neurons. By revealing transcriptomes in each individual cell using single cell sequencing, we are now able to dissect the cellular heterogeneity of a hundred billion cells in the CNS and comprehensively investigate mechanisms of brain development and function at the cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Wacht G, Poirot A, Charles AL, Radosavljevic M, Uring-Lambert B, de Blay F, Geny B, Bahram S, Barnig C. FACS - based isolation of human eosinophils allows purification of high quality RNA. J Immunol Methods 2018; 463:47-53. [PMID: 30217720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we extensively describe a FACS-based protocol for isolating intact non-stained human eosinophils from peripheral blood; a stop forward from our recently published initial study. This method of purification could be accomplished in <3 h with only small volumes of whole blood necessary, even in healthy subjects generally exhibiting low levels of circulating eosinophils. Eosinophil activation during the isolation steps appeared to be minimal and this purification procedure yielded high quality RNA. Moreover, these FACS-isolated eosinophils had prolonged viability in culture and were suitable for further activation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wacht
- Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France; EA 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anh Poirot
- Pulmonology Unit, Department of Chest Disease, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- EA 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mirjana Radosavljevic
- Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France; INSERM UMR S_1109, ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Labex Transplantex, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Uring-Lambert
- Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric de Blay
- EA 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France; Pulmonology Unit, Department of Chest Disease, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- EA 3072, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France; Physiology Unit, Department of Chest Disease, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France; INSERM UMR S_1109, ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Labex Transplantex, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cindy Barnig
- Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France; Pulmonology Unit, Department of Chest Disease, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France; INSERM UMR S_1109, ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Labex Transplantex, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France.
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40
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Lee DJ, Mai J, Huang TJ. Microfluidic approaches for cell-based molecular diagnosis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:051501. [PMID: 30271515 PMCID: PMC6138474 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for next-generation biomarkers has enabled cell-based diagnostics in a number of disciplines ranging from oncology to pharmacogenetics. However, cell-based diagnostics are still far from clinical reality due to the complex assays and associated protocols which typically require cell isolation, lysis, DNA extraction, amplification, and detection steps. Leveraging recent advances in microfluidics, many biochemical assays have been translated onto microfluidic platforms. We have compared and summarized recent advances in modular approaches toward the realization of fully-integrated, cell-based molecular diagnostics for clinical and point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - John Mai
- Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Veevers J, Farah EN, Corselli M, Witty AD, Palomares K, Vidal JG, Emre N, Carson CT, Ouyang K, Liu C, van Vliet P, Zhu M, Hegarty JM, Deacon DC, Grinstein JD, Dirschinger RJ, Frazer KA, Adler ED, Knowlton KU, Chi NC, Martin JC, Chen J, Evans SM. Cell-Surface Marker Signature for Enrichment of Ventricular Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:828-841. [PMID: 30122443 PMCID: PMC6135222 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate understanding of human cardiomyocyte (CM) subtype specification, and the study of ventricular CM biology in particular, we developed a broadly applicable strategy for enrichment of ventricular cardiomyocytes (VCMs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). A bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic H9 hESC line in which GFP expression was driven by the human ventricular-specific myosin light chain 2 (MYL2) promoter was generated, and screened to identify cell-surface markers specific for MYL2-GFP-expressing VCMs. A CD77+/CD200- cell-surface signature facilitated isolation of >97% cardiac troponin I-positive cells from H9 hESC differentiation cultures, with 65% expressing MYL2-GFP. This study provides a tool for VCM enrichment when using some, but not all, human pluripotent stem cell lines. Tools generated in this study can be utilized toward understanding CM subtype specification, and enriching for VCMs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Veevers
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elie N Farah
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mirko Corselli
- BD Biosciences, 11077 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alec D Witty
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karina Palomares
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason G Vidal
- BD Biosciences, 11077 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nil Emre
- BD Biosciences, 11077 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Kunfu Ouyang
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Canzhao Liu
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrick van Vliet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maggie Zhu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Hegarty
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dekker C Deacon
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan D Grinstein
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ralf J Dirschinger
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric D Adler
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kirk U Knowlton
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil C Chi
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jody C Martin
- BD Biosciences, 11077 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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42
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Benitez JA, Zanca C, Ma J, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB. Fluorescence Molecular Tomography for In Vivo Imaging of Glioblastoma Xenografts. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29757276 DOI: 10.3791/57448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenicity is the capability of cancer cells to form a tumor mass. A widely used approach to determine if the cells are tumorigenic is by injecting immunodeficient mice subcutaneously with cancer cells and measuring the tumor mass after it becomes visible and palpable. Orthotopic injections of cancer cells aim to introduce the xenograft in the microenvironment that most closely resembles the tissue of origin of the tumor being studied. Brain cancer research requires intracranial injection of cancer cells to allow the tumor formation and analysis in the unique microenvironment of the brain. The in vivo imaging of intracranial xenografts monitors instantaneously the tumor mass of orthotopically engrafted mice. Here we report the use of fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) of brain tumor xenografts. The cancer cells are first transduced with near infrared fluorescent proteins and then injected in the brain of immunocompromised mice. The animals are then scanned to obtain quantitative information about the tumor mass over an extended period of time. Cell pre-labeling allows for cost effective, reproducible, and reliable quantification of the tumor burden within each mouse. We eliminated the need for injecting imaging substrates, and thus reduced the stress on the animals. A limitation of this approach is represented by the inability to detect very small masses; however, it has better resolution for larger masses than other techniques. It can be applied to evaluate the efficacy of a drug treatment or genetic alterations of glioma cell lines and patient-derived samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
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Feng J, Feng T, Yang C, Wang W, Sa Y, Feng Y. Feasibility study of stain-free classification of cell apoptosis based on diffraction imaging flow cytometry and supervised machine learning techniques. Apoptosis 2018; 23:290-298. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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44
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Live-cell measurements of kinase activity in single cells using translocation reporters. Nat Protoc 2017; 13:155-169. [PMID: 29266096 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although kinases are important regulators of many cellular processes, measuring their activity in live cells remains challenging. We have developed kinase translocation reporters (KTRs), which enable multiplexed measurements of the dynamics of kinase activity at a single-cell level. These KTRs are composed of an engineered construct in which a kinase substrate is fused to a bipartite nuclear localization signal (bNLS) and nuclear export signal (NES), as well as to a fluorescent protein for microscopy-based detection of its localization. The negative charge introduced by phosphorylation of the substrate is used to directly modulate nuclear import and export, thereby regulating the reporter's distribution between the cytoplasm and nucleus. The relative cytoplasmic versus nuclear fluorescence of the KTR construct (the C/N ratio) is used as a proxy for the kinase activity in living, single cells. Multiple KTRs can be studied in the same cell by fusing them to different fluorescent proteins. Here, we present a protocol to execute and analyze live-cell microscopy experiments using KTRs. We describe strategies for development of new KTRs and procedures for lentiviral expression of KTRs in a cell line of choice. Cells are then plated in a 96-well plate, from which multichannel fluorescent images are acquired with automated time-lapse microscopy. We provide detailed guidance for a computational analysis and parameterization pipeline. The entire procedure, from virus production to data analysis, can be completed in ∼10 d.
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Lorzadeh A, Lopez Gutierrez R, Jackson L, Moksa M, Hirst M. Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286469 PMCID: PMC5755553 DOI: 10.3791/56085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a modified native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experimental protocol compatible with a Gaussian mixture distribution based analysis methodology (nucleosome density ChIP-seq; ndChIP-seq) that enables the generation of combined measurements of micrococcal nuclease (MNase) accessibility with histone modification genome-wide. Nucleosome position and local density, and the posttranslational modification of their histone subunits, act in concert to regulate local transcription states. Combinatorial measurements of nucleosome accessibility with histone modification generated by ndChIP-seq allows for the simultaneous interrogation of these features. The ndChIP-seq methodology is applicable to small numbers of primary cells inaccessible to cross-linking based ChIP-seq protocols. Taken together, ndChIP-seq enables the measurement of histone modification in combination with local nucleosome density to obtain new insights into shared mechanisms that regulate RNA transcription within rare primary cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Lorzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia
| | - Rodrigo Lopez Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia
| | - Linda Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Science Center, BC Cancer Agency;
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Highly efficient cellular cloning using Ferro-core Micropallet Arrays. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13081. [PMID: 29026113 PMCID: PMC5638909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing knowledge of biological mechanisms has come to depend upon genetic manipulation of cells and organisms, relying upon cellular cloning methods that remain unchanged for decades, are labor and time intensive, often taking many months to come to fruition. Thus, there is a pressing need for more efficient processes. We have adapted a newly developed micropallet array platform, termed the “ferro-core micropallet array”, to dramatically improve and accelerate the process of isolating clonal populations of adherent cells from heterogeneous mixtures retaining the flexibility of employing a wide range of cytometric parameters for identifying colonies and cells of interest. Using transfected (retroviral oncogene or fluorescent reporter construct) rat 208 F cells, we demonstrated the capacity to isolate and expand pure populations of genetically manipulated cells via laser release and magnetic recovery of single micropallets carrying adherent microcolonies derived from single cells. This platform can be broadly applied to biological research, across the spectrum of molecular biology to cellular biology, involving fields such as cancer, developmental, and stem cell biology. The ferro-core micropallet array platform provides significant advantages over alternative sorting and cloning methods by eliminating the necessity for repetitive purification steps and increasing throughput by dramatically shortening the time to obtain clonally expanded cell colonies.
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Long noncoding RNA CRNDE stabilized by hnRNPUL2 accelerates cell proliferation and migration in colorectal carcinoma via activating Ras/MAPK signaling pathways. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2862. [PMID: 28594403 PMCID: PMC5520914 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have furthered our understanding of the function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in numerous biological processes, including cancer. This study investigated the expression of a novel lncRNA, colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE), in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tissues and cells by real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, and its biological function using a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments to determine its potential as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target. CRNDE was found to be upregulated in primary CRC tissues and cells (P<0.05), and the upregulation of CRNDE expression is a powerful predictor of advanced TNM stage (P<0.05) and poor prognosis for CRC patients (P=0.002). The promoting effects of CRNDE on the cell proliferation, cell cycling and metastasis of CRC cells were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo by gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Mechanistically, it was demonstrated that CRNDE could form a functional complex with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like 2 protein (hnRNPUL2) and direct the transport of hnRNPUL2 between the nucleus and cytoplasm. hnRNPUL2 that was accumulated in the cytoplasm could interact with CRNDE both physically and functionally, increasing the stability of CRNDE RNA. Moreover, gene expression profile data showed that CRNDE depletion in cells downregulated a series of genes involved in the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the function and mechanism of lncRNA CRNDE in the pathogenesis of CRC and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for CRC intervention.
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Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, Wei H, Wu JQ. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of the brain. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:20. [PMID: 28597408 PMCID: PMC5465230 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is revolutionizing our understanding of the genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic landscapes of cells within organs. The mammalian brain is composed of a complex network of millions to billions of diverse cells with either highly specialized functions or support functions. With scRNA-seq it is possible to comprehensively dissect the cellular heterogeneity of brain cells, and elucidate their specific functions and state. In this review, we describe the current experimental methods used for scRNA-seq. We also review bioinformatic tools and algorithms for data analyses and discuss critical challenges. Additionally, we summarized recent mouse brain scRNA-seq studies and systematically compared their main experimental approaches, computational tools implemented, and important findings. scRNA-seq has allowed researchers to identify diverse cell subpopulations within many brain regions, pinpointing gene signatures and novel cell markers, as well as addressing functional differences. Due to the complexity of the brain, a great deal of work remains to be accomplished. Defining specific brain cell types and functions is critical for understanding brain function as a whole in development, health, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haichao Wei
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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49
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Furtado FM, Scheucher PS, Santana BA, Zanette DL, Calado RDT, Rego EM, Matos DM, Falcão RP. Comparison of microRNA expression in high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and Binet A chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2017; 39:237-243. [PMID: 28830603 PMCID: PMC5568587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis precedes all chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases, although the molecular mechanisms responsible for disease progression are not understood. Aberrant miRNA expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The objective of this study was to compare miRNA expression profiles of patients with Binet A chronic lymphocytic leukemia with those of subjects with high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and healthy volunteers (controls). Methods Twenty-one chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, 12 subjects with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Flow cytometry CD19+CD5+-based cell sorting was performed for the chronic lymphocytic leukemia and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis groups and CD19+ cells were sorted to analyze the control group. The expressions of miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-29b, miR-34a, miR-181a, miR-181b and miR-155) were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Significant differences between the expressions in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis groups were restricted to the expression of miR-155, which was higher in the former group. A comparison between healthy controls and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis/chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients revealed higher miR-155 and miR-34a levels and lower miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-181a and miR-181b in the latter group. Conclusions Our results show a progressive increase of miR-155 expression from controls to monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The role of miR-155 in the development of overt chronic lymphocytic leukemia in individuals with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis must be further analyzed.
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50
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Allen JN, Dey A, Nissly R, Fraser J, Yu S, Balandaram G, Peters JM, Hankey-Giblin PA. Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation. J Vis Exp 2017:55445. [PMID: 28447981 PMCID: PMC5564464 DOI: 10.3791/55445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn N Allen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University;
| | - Adwitia Dey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Ruth Nissly
- Microscopy and Cytometry Facility, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
| | - James Fraser
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Gayathri Balandaram
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
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