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Edrosolan KA, Shlipak MG, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Gustafson D, Karim R, Fisher M, Cohen M, Kassaye S, Dumond J, Abraham A, McCulloch CE, Ascher SB. Mediation analysis of chronic kidney disease risk factors using kidney biomarkers in women living with HIV. AIDS 2024; 38:813-824. [PMID: 38224361 PMCID: PMC11025668 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Novel urinary biomarkers reflecting kidney tubule health are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in persons living with HIV. However, it is unknown whether these biomarkers provide mechanistic insight into the associations between clinical risk factors for CKD and subsequent CKD risk. METHODS Among 636 women living with HIV in the Women's Interagency HIV Study with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , we used a counterfactual approach to causal mediation analysis to evaluate the extent to which systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hemoglobin a1c (Hba1c) and serum albumin associations with incident CKD were mediated by eight urine proteins. These biomarkers reflect proximal tubular reabsorptive dysfunction (α1-microglobulin [a1m], β2-microglobulin, trefoil factor 3); tubular injury (interleukin 18 [IL-18], kidney injury molecule 1 [KIM-1]); kidney repair (epidermal growth factor); tubular reserve (uromodulin); and glomerular injury (urinary albumin). Incident CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 measured at two consecutive 6-month visits with an average annual eGFR decline ≥3% per year. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 7 years, 11% developed CKD. Urinary albumin and KIM-1 mediated 32% (95% CI: 13.4%, 76.6%) and 23% (6.9%, 60.7%) of the association between SBP and incident CKD, respectively; and 19% (5.1%, 42.3%) and 22% (8.1%, 45.7%) of the association between DBP and incident CKD, respectively. Urinary albumin, α1m, and IL-18 were significant mediators of the association between Hba1c and incident CKD. None of the eight biomarkers mediated the association between serum albumin and incident CKD. CONCLUSIONS Among women living with HIV, several urinary biomarkers reflecting distinct dimensions of kidney health may partially explain the associations between SBP, DBP, and Hba1c and subsequent CKD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristienne A Edrosolan
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and University of California, San Francisco
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Deborah Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY
| | - Roksana Karim
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Molly Fisher
- Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mardge Cohen
- Stroger Hospital of Cook County Health and Human Services, Chicago, IL
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - Julie Dumond
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alison Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, CO
| | - Charles E McCulloch
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Simon B Ascher
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and University of California, San Francisco
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Lai M, Madden E, Shlipak MG, Scherzer R, Post WS, Vittinghoff E, Haberlen S, Brown TT, Wolinsky SM, Witt MD, Ho K, Abraham AG, Parikh CR, Budoff M, Estrella MM. Association of urine biomarkers of kidney health with subclinical cardiovascular disease among men with and without HIV. AIDS 2024; 38:465-475. [PMID: 37861689 PMCID: PMC10922264 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether urine biomarkers of kidney health are associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease among men with and without HIV. DESIGN A cross-sectional study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) among 504 men with and without HIV infection who underwent cardiac computed tomography scans and had urine biomarkers measured within the preceding 2 years. METHODS Our primary predictors were four urine biomarkers of endothelial (albuminuria), proximal tubule dysfunction (alpha-1-microglobulin [A1 M] and injury (kidney injury molecule-1 [KIM-1]) and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (pro-collagen-III N-terminal peptide [PIIINP]). These were evaluated for association with coronary artery calcium (CAC) prevalence, CAC extent, total plaque score, and total segment stenosis using multivariable regression. RESULTS Of the 504 participants, 384 were men with HIV (MWH) and 120 were men without HIV. In models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, cardiovascular disease risk factors, eGFR, and HIV-related factors, each two-fold higher concentration of albuminuria was associated with a greater extent of CAC (1.35-fold higher, 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.65), and segment stenosis (1.08-fold greater, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.16). Associations were similar between MWH and men without HIV in stratified analyses. The third quartile of A1 M showed an association with greater CAC extent, total plaque score, and total segment stenosis, compared with the lowest quartile. CONCLUSION Worse endothelial and proximal tubule dysfunction, as reflected by higher urine albumin and A1 M, were associated with greater CAC extent and coronary artery stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Lai
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Erin Madden
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
- San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
- San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
- San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, California
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Sabina Haberlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Todd T Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mallory D Witt
- Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Ken Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
- San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Cantres-Rosario YM, Wojna V, Ruiz R, Diaz B, Matos M, Rodriguez-Benitez RJ, Rodriguez E, Skolasky RL, Gerena Y. Soluble Insulin Receptor Levels in Plasma, Exosomes, and Urine and Its Association With HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:809956. [PMID: 35720083 PMCID: PMC9202317 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.809956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are one of the HIV-associated comorbidities affecting 20-50% of the people with HIV (PWH) infection. We found that the soluble insulin receptor (sIR) levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were significantly higher in HIV-infected women. The mechanism of sIR release into the plasma remains unknown, but the detection of the sIR in exosomes may uncover novel mechanisms of sIR secretion from HIV-infected cells and its contribution to HIV disease progression and HAND development. Quantification of sIR in urine may represent a less invasive and more accessible diagnostic tool. Our objective was to quantify sIR levels in plasma, plasma-derived exosomes, and urine, and evaluate their association with HAND and renal function. Methods We measured full-length sIR in the plasma and urine of 38 controls and 76 HIV-infected women by ELISA, and sIR, HIV-1 Tat, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exosomes by flow cytometry. Results Plasma and exosomes with sIR were significantly higher in HIV-infected women when compared with controls and HAND. Exosomal sIR positively correlated with exosomal ROS and exosomal HIV-1 Tat in HIV-infected women. Exosomal ROS was significantly higher in HIV-infected women with more symptomatic cognitive impairment. Plasma-derived exosomes exhibited significantly higher levels of astrocyte (GFAP) and neuronal (L1CAM) markers in HIV-infected women, confirming the presence of circulating CNS-derived exosomes in the blood of HIV-infected women. Urine sIR positively correlated with eGFR in controls, but not in HIV-infected women, regardless there was no significant difference in renal function as determined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, p = 0.762). In HIV-infected women, higher plasma sIR correlated with lower urine sIR that could suggest sIR retention in blood or decreased renal filtration. Discussion Higher plasma sIR levels and their correlation with ROS in plasma-derived exosomes with HAND suggest a combined role of metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, exosome release, and cognitive decline. Communication between CNS and periphery is compromised in PWH, thus plasma-derived exosomes may shed light on disrupted cellular mechanisms in the brain of PWH. High plasma and low urine sIR levels could suggest sIR retention in blood or decreased renal filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisel M. Cantres-Rosario
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Valerie Wojna
- Division of Neurology, Internal Medicine Department and NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Rafael Ruiz
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Bexaida Diaz
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Miriam Matos
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | | | - Elaine Rodriguez
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Richard L. Skolasky
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yamil Gerena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, NeuroHIV Research Program, Pharmacology Department, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
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Naicker S, Dix-Peek T, Klar RM, Kalunga G, Mosiane P, Dickens C, Duarte R. Profiling Biomarkers in HIV Glomerular Disease – Potential for the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of HIVAN? Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2021; 14:427-440. [PMID: 34916827 PMCID: PMC8668162 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s331484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a wide spectrum of kidney pathology in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, affecting all structures of the kidney. The histology of HIV chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diverse, ranging from HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) to focal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), HIV-immune complex disease (HIV-ICD), other glomerulopathies and tubulo-interstitial nephritis. Definitive diagnosis is by kidney biopsy, an invasive procedure. However, serum and urinary biomarkers may be useful in predicting the histological diagnosis of HIVAN. Purpose We wished to determine the utility of serum and urinary biomarkers in predicting the histological diagnosis of HIVAN. Patients and Methods We measured neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β isoforms and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 in the serum and urine in patients with different histological forms of HIV glomerular disease. Results In HIVAN, we demonstrated increased levels of serum cystatin C and increased levels of serum and urinary NGAL. Urinary TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels were elevated in HIV-positive patients with CKD but were not significantly different in the different HIV histologies, while urinary BMP-7 levels were elevated in minimal change disease. Conclusion This study confirmed the presence of increased serum and urinary biomarkers of tubular injury in patients with HIVAN, and increased urinary biomarkers of fibrosis in HIV CKD, and may indicate their value as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraladevi Naicker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Correspondence: Saraladevi Naicker Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaTel +27 83 6429575 Email
| | - Therese Dix-Peek
- Department of Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roland Manfred Klar
- Department of Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glendah Kalunga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pulane Mosiane
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline Dickens
- Department of Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Raquel Duarte
- Department of Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ascher SB, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Muiru AN, Jotwani VK, Grunfeld C, Shigenaga J, Spaulding KA, Ng DK, Gustafson D, Spence AB, Sharma A, Cohen MH, Parikh CR, Ix JH, Shlipak MG. Kidney tubule health scores and their associations with incident CKD in women living with HIV. HIV Med 2021; 22:527-537. [PMID: 33751761 PMCID: PMC8803539 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individual kidney tubule biomarkers are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in people living with HIV (PLWH). Whether a combination of kidney biomarkers can be integrated into informative summary scores for PLWH is unknown. METHODS We measured eight urine biomarkers of kidney tubule health at two visits over a 3-year period in 647 women living with HIV in the Women's Interagency Health Study. We integrated biomarkers into factor scores using exploratory factor analysis. We evaluated associations between CKD risk factors and factor scores, and used generalized estimating equations to determine associations between factor scores and risk of incident CKD. RESULTS Factor analysis identified two unique factor scores: a tubule reabsorption score comprising alpha-1-microglobulin, beta-2-microglobulin and trefoil factor-3; and a tubule injury score comprising interleukin-18 and kidney injury molecule-1. We modelled the two factor scores in combination with urine epidermal growth factor (EGF) and urine albumin. Predominantly HIV-related CKD risk factors were independently associated with worsening tubule reabsorption scores and tubule injury scores. During a median follow-up of 7 years, 9.7% (63/647) developed CKD. In multivariable time-updated models that adjusted for other factor scores and biomarkers simultaneously, higher tubule reabsorption scores [risk ratio (RR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.59 per 1 SD higher time-updated score], higher tubule injury scores (RR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.05-1.76), lower urine EGF (RR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64-0.87), and higher urine albumin (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.40) were jointly associated with risk of incident CKD. CONCLUSIONS We identified two novel and distinct dimensions of kidney tubule health that appear to quantify informative metrics of CKD risk in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Ascher
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - R Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A N Muiru
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V K Jotwani
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Grunfeld
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Shigenaga
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K A Spaulding
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D K Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, The State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - A B Spence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M H Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J H Ix
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Le XQ, Liu DP, Chen J, Gong ZY, Xun JN, Wang JR, Sun JJ, Steinhart C, Liu L, Shen YZ, Qi TK, Wang ZY, Zhang X, Tang Y, Song W, Lu HZ, Zhang RF. Urinary biomarkers of early renal injury in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive persons in Shanghai, China: comparison with the general population. HIV Med 2021; 22:750-758. [PMID: 34114323 PMCID: PMC8453740 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives People living with HIV (PLWH) have a high risk of kidney injury. Measurement of serum creatinine, along with proteinuria, is not sensitive to detect early kidney injury. Here, we investigated novel urinary biomarkers of early renal injury in PLWH. Methods We performed a cross‐sectional study of 166 antiretroviral‐naïve PLWH and 99 HIV‐negative persons who all had an estimated glomerular filtration rate > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. We compared the levels of seven urinary biomarkers between the two groups using the propensity score matching (PSM) approach and explored the risk factors associated with elevated urinary biomarkers in PLWH. Results Eighty‐three pairs were successfully matched based on PSM. Compared with the HIV‐negative group, the HIV‐positive group had higher ratios of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) to urine creatinine (UCr), alpha1‐microglobulin (α1‐M) to UCr, kidney injury marker‐1 (KIM‐1) to UCr, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin to UCr, and epidermal growth factor to UCr, whereas the Tamm–Horsfall protein to UCr ratio and the abnormal albumin to UCr ratio were not significantly different. Positive correlations were observed between HIV RNA level and NAG: UCr (rs = 0.32; P < 0.001) and α1‐M:UCr (rs = 0.24; P = 0.002) ratios, and negative correlations were observed between CD4 cell count and NAG:UCr (rs = –0.34; P < 0.001), KIM‐1:UCr (rs = –0.16; P = 0.042) and α1‐M:UCr (rs = –0.36; P < 0.001) ratios. In multivariate linear regression analyses, older age, lower total cholesterol and higher HIV RNA were independently associated with higher NAG:UCr; older age, lower total cholesterol and lower CD4 cell count were independently associated with higher α1‐M:UCr. Conclusions In comparioson with HIV‐negative participants, PLWH were more likely to have tubular injury. Early antiretroviral treatment might mitigate the development of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Le
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - D P Liu
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Y Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jamusi, China
| | - J N Xun
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J R Wang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J J Sun
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Steinhart
- CAN Community Health, Sarasota, FL, USA.,University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - L Liu
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Z Shen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - T K Qi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Y Wang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Tang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Song
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Z Lu
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R F Zhang
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Szymańska B, Marchewka Z, Knysz B, Piwowar A. Selected biochemical parameters in the urine of HIV-infected patients in monitoring of kidney function. Arch Med Sci 2021; 19:1289-1302. [PMID: 37732028 PMCID: PMC10507753 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction For years, there has been an increase in the number of cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Renal dysfunction can be caused by direct effects of HIV on the kidneys but also of applied combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Therefore there is a need of renal function diagnosis to monitor the development of kidney disturbances. In this study the urinary levels of selected low molecular weight proteins (LMWP) in HIV-infected patients were measured and related to current CD4+ T lymphocyte (LT CD4+) count, the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value and the applied cART. Material and methods The levels of 5 LMWP - kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), glutathione S-transferase α (GST-α) and π (GST-π) isoenzymes and neopterin (NPT) - in urine were measured in HIV-infected patients and healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Taking into account the current LT CD4+ count, KIM-1, NGAL and GST-α showed statistically significant differences between groups with the CD4+ count < 500 and ≥ 500 cells (< 0.001). Depending on the eGFR, apart from KIM-1 and NGAL, NPT showed statistically significant differences in the investigated groups with normal and lower eGFR values (< 0.001). In terms of applied cART, the best parameters in the assessment of kidney damage were NGAL, GST-π and NPT (< 0.001). Conclusions This research shows that the analyzed LMWP parameters are useful in the assessment of kidney damage in HIV patients during cART, especially NPT, NGAL and GST-π. However, future studies should be conducted on larger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szymańska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Marchewka
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Brygida Knysz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ascher SB, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Jotwani VK, Shigenaga J, Spaulding KA, Ng DK, Gustafson D, Spence AB, Sharma A, Cohen MH, Parikh CR, Ix JH, Shlipak MG. Urine Biomarkers of Kidney Tubule Health and Incident CKD Stage 3 in Women Living With HIV: A Repeated Measures Study. Kidney Med 2021; 3:395-404.e1. [PMID: 34136786 PMCID: PMC8178470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Single measurements of urinary biomarkers reflecting kidney tubule health are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in HIV infection, but the prognostic value of repeat measurements over time is unknown. Study Design Cohort study. Setting & Participants 647 women living with HIV infection enrolled in the Women’s Interagency Health Study. Exposures 14 urinary biomarkers of kidney tubule health measured at 2 visits over a 3-year period. Outcome Incident CKD, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at two 6-month visits and an average eGFR decline ≥ 3% per year. Analytical Approach We used multivariable generalized estimating equations adjusting for CKD risk factors to evaluate baseline, time-updated, and change-over-time biomarker associations with incident CKD. We compared CKD discrimination between models with and without a parsimoniously selected set of biomarkers. Results During a median 7 years of follow-up, 9.7% (63/647) developed CKD. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, 3 of 14 baseline biomarkers associated with incident CKD. In contrast, 10 of 14 time-updated biomarkers and 9 of 14 biomarkers modeled as change over time associated with incident CKD. Urinary epidermal growth factor (EGF), α1-microglobulin (A1M), and albumin were selected using penalized regression methods. In the time-updated model, lower urinary EGF (risk ratio [RR] per 2-fold higher time-updated biomarker levels, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58-0.81), higher urinary A1M (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.25-1.73), and higher urinary albumin excretion (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.42) were jointly associated with increased risk for CKD. Compared with a base model (C statistic, 0.75), CKD discrimination improved after adding urinary EGF, A1M, and albumin values across baseline (C = 0.81), time-updated (C = 0.83), and change-over-time (C = 0.83) models (P < 0.01 for all). Limitations Observational design, incident CKD definition limited to eGFR. Conclusions Repeat urinary biomarker measurements for kidney tubule health have stronger associations with incident CKD compared with baseline measurements and moderately improve CKD discrimination in women living with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Ascher
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vasantha K Jotwani
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Judy Shigenaga
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kimberly A Spaulding
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Derek K Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Deborah Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, The State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Amanda B Spence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Abstract
The current unidimensional paradigm of kidney disease detection is incompatible with the complexity and heterogeneity of renal pathology. The diagnosis of kidney disease has largely focused on glomerular filtration, while assessment of kidney tubular health has notably been absent. Following insult, the kidney tubular cells undergo a cascade of cellular responses that result in the production and accumulation of low-molecular-weight proteins in the urine and systemic circulation. Modern advancements in molecular analysis and proteomics have allowed the identification and quantification of these proteins as biomarkers for assessing and characterizing kidney diseases. In this review, we highlight promising biomarkers of kidney tubular health that have strong underpinnings in the pathophysiology of kidney disease. These biomarkers have been applied to various specific clinical settings from the spectrum of acute to chronic kidney diseases, demonstrating the potential to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Zhang
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA;
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10
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Ascher SB, Scherzer R, Nishtala A, Jotwani V, Grunfeld C, Parikh CR, Ng D, Wang R, Palella FJ, Shlipak MG, Estrella MM. Association of Statin Use With Kidney Damage and Function Among HIV-Infected Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 82:202-210. [PMID: 31356467 PMCID: PMC6742526 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs commonly among HIV-infected persons. Statins may delay CKD onset and progression through their cholesterol-lowering and pleiotropic effects. METHODS Among 850 HIV-infected men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study with stored urine samples (2009-2011), we evaluated cross-sectional associations of statin use with urine biomarkers of kidney damage [albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), alpha-1-microglobulin, interleukin-18, kidney injury molecule-1, and procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide] using multivariable linear regression. We evaluated the longitudinal associations of statin use with annual change in estimated glomerular filtration rate by creatinine (eGFR) using linear mixed models, and with incident proteinuria and incident CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m) using Cox proportional hazards regression. We used inverse probability weighting to address potential confounding related to statin use. RESULTS Statin users comprised 30% of participants. In adjusted analyses, each year of cumulative statin use was associated with 4.0% higher baseline ACR levels (P = 0.05), but there was no association with baseline levels of other urine biomarkers. Statin use had no overall association with annual eGFR decline. Among participants with baseline proteinuria, statin use was modestly associated with slower annual eGFR decline compared to non-use (adjusted difference: 1.33 mL/min/1.73 m per year; 95% confidence interval: -0.07 to 2.70). Statin use was not associated with risk of incident proteinuria or incident CKD. CONCLUSIONS Statin use was associated with higher baseline ACR, but not with biomarkers of tubulointerstitial injury. Statin use was associated with modestly slower eGFR decline only among participants with baseline proteinuria. Although these findings may be susceptible to confounding by indication, they suggest a limited effect of statins on CKD risk among HIV-infected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B. Ascher
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Arvind Nishtala
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Vasantha Jotwani
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carl Grunfeld
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Derek Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ruibin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Frank J. Palella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael G. Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michelle M. Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
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11
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Pontes PS, Melo ES, Costa CRB, Antonini M, Sousa LRM, Gir E, Reis RK. Estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular em pessoas vivendo com HIV. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0194201900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados à estimativa da Taxa de Filtração Glomerular (eTFG) em pessoas vivendo com HIV. Métodos Estudo transversal e analítico, com avaliação de 340 pessoas em atendimento ambulatorial no município de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Calculou-se a eTFG através da fórmula Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). Foi realizado análise univariada com os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, com p<0,05. Resultados Identificou que 114 (34,1%) dos participantes apresentaram alterações na Filtração Glomerular, dos quais (90) 27,5% foram classificadas em estágio 2, 15 (4,5%) em estágio 3A e 07 (2,1%) em estágio 3B. Conclusão O estudo evidenciou que as variáveis sexo, idade, hipertensão, diabetes, IMC e tempo de diagnóstico apresentaram associação com a Taxa de Filtração Glomerular. Ressalta-se a importância do acompanhamento integral de PVHIV para a tomada de decisões de modo a prevenir a ocorrência de disfunções renais.
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12
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Ascher SB, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Shlipak MG, Ng DK, Palella FJ, Witt MD, Ho K, Bennett MR, Parikh CR, Ix JH, Jotwani V. Associations of Urine Biomarkers with Kidney Function Decline in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Men. Am J Nephrol 2019; 50:401-410. [PMID: 31553981 DOI: 10.1159/000502898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected (HIV+) persons are at increased risk of chronic kidney disease, but serum creatinine does not detect early losses in kidney function. We hypothesized that urine biomarkers of kidney damage would be associated with subsequent changes in kidney function in a contemporary cohort of HIV+ and HIV-uninfected (HIV-) men. METHODS In the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, we measured baseline urine concentrations of 5 biomarkers from 2009 to 2011 in 860 HIV+ and 337 HIV- men: albumin, alpha-1-microglobulin (α1m), interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP). We evaluated associations of urine biomarker concentrations with annual changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using multivariable linear mixed models adjusted for demographics, traditional kidney disease risk factors, HIV-related risk factors, and baseline eGFR. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 4.8 years, the average annual eGFR decline was 1.42 mL/min/1.73 m2/year in HIV+ men and 1.22 mL/min/1.73 m2/year in HIV- men. Among HIV+ men, the highest vs. lowest tertiles of albumin (-1.78 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, 95% CI -3.47 to -0.09) and α1m (-2.43 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, 95% CI -4.14 to -0.73) were each associated with faster annual eGFR declines after multivariable adjustment. Among HIV- men, the highest vs. lowest tertile of α1m (-2.49 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, 95% CI -4.48 to -0.50) was independently associated with faster annual eGFR decline. Urine IL-18, KIM-1, and PIIINP showed no independent associations with eGFR decline, regardless of HIV serostatus. CONCLUSIONS Among HIV+ men, higher urine albumin and α1m are associated with subsequent declines in kidney function, independent of eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Ascher
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Derek K Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank J Palella
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mallory D Witt
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Ken Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Bennett
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vasantha Jotwani
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,
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13
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Muiru AN, Shlipak MG, Scherzer R, Zhang WR, Ascher SB, Jotwani V, Grunfeld C, Parikh CR, Ng D, Palella FJ, Ho K, Kassaye S, Sharma A, Cohen M, Wang R, Qi Q, Estrella MM. Kidney disease risk factors associate with urine biomarkers concentrations in HIV-positive persons; a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:4. [PMID: 30606136 PMCID: PMC6318986 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-1192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-positive persons bear an excess burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, conventional methods to assess kidney health are insensitive and non-specific for detecting early kidney injury. Urinary biomarkers can detect early kidney injury, and may help mitigate the risk of overt CKD. Methods Cross-sectional study of HIV-positive persons in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. We measured levels of 14 biomarkers, capturing multiple dimensions of kidney injury. We then evaluated associations of known CKD risk factors with urine biomarkers using separate multivariable adjusted models for each biomarker. Results Of the 198 participants, one third were on HAART and virally suppressed. The vast majority (95%) had preserved kidney function as assessed by serum creatinine, with a median eGFR of 103 ml/min/1.73 m2 (interquartile range (IQR): 88, 116). In our multivariable analyses, the associations of each CKD risk factor with urinary biomarker levels varied in magnitude. For example, HIV viral load was predominantly associated with elevations in interleukin(IL)-18, and albuminuria, while higher CD4 levels were associated with lower monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and β2-microglobulin. In contrast, older age was significantly associated with elevations in α1-microglobulin, kidney injury marker-1, clusterin, MCP-1, and chitinase-3-like protein-1 levels, as well as lower epidermal growth factor, and uromodulin levels. Conclusions Among HIV-positive persons, CKD risk factors are associated with unique and heterogeneous patterns of changes in urine biomarkers levels. Additional work is needed to develop parsimonious algorithms that integrate multiple biomarkers and clinical data to discern the risk of overt CKD and its progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-018-1192-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Muiru
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - William R Zhang
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Simon B Ascher
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vasantha Jotwani
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Carl Grunfeld
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Derek Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank J Palella
- Division of Infectious Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ken Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mardge Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruibin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U404, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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14
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Changes in Urinary Biomarkers Over 10 Years Is Associated With Viral Suppression in a Prospective Cohort of Women Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:e138-e145. [PMID: 27759575 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine biomarkers have helped identify persons at risk for progressing to kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection. We explored factors associated with changes in 3 urine biomarkers over 10 years among women living with HIV. METHODS Prospective cohort of 294 HIV-infected women from the multicenter Women's Interagency HIV Study. Predictors included HIV viral and immunological parameters, comorbid conditions, and health-related behaviors. Outcomes were patterns of changes of urine interleukin-18 (IL-18), albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and alpha-1-microglobulin (α1m) over 10 years. We used quantile regression to examine patterns of change in each urine biomarker during follow-up and multivariable analysis of variance regression to identify predictors of biomarker changes. RESULTS Over 10 years, the median concentrations of IL-18 declined from 120 to 64 pg/mL, α1m rose from 0.7 to 1.5 ng/mL, and ACR remained stable (9-8 mg/g). In multivariate analyses, the strongest predictors of increases in IL-18 were higher baseline body mass index, increase in waist circumference, higher follow-up HIV viral load, lower follow-up CD4 cell count, hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection, and higher follow-up high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Predictors of increasing concentration of α1m were lower CD4 cell counts, higher diastolic blood pressure, HCV coinfection, and smoking. Finally, determinants of ACR increases during follow-up were higher follow-up diastolic blood pressure, HCV coinfection, higher follow-up HIV viral load, and triglyceride concentration. CONCLUSIONS Over 10 years, HIV disease status had different associations with each urine biomarker under study. Overall, the associations with changes in each biomarker support research into their use for longitudinal monitoring of kidney health.
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15
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Jotwani V, Scherzer R, Estrella MM, Jacobson LP, Witt MD, Palella F, Ho K, Bennett M, Parikh CR, Ix JH, Shlipak M. Association of HIV infection with biomarkers of kidney injury and fibrosis in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Antivir Ther 2017; 22:421-429. [PMID: 28054933 PMCID: PMC5498264 DOI: 10.3851/imp3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common among HIV-infected individuals but serum creatinine is insensitive for detecting kidney damage at early stages. We hypothesized that HIV infection would be associated with elevations in subclinical markers of kidney injury and fibrosis in a contemporary cohort of men. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we measured urine levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), pro-collagen type III N-terminal pro-peptide (PIIINP) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in 813 HIV-infected and 331 uninfected men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. RESULTS Median eGFR was 95 ml/min/1.73 m2 among African-Americans (n=376) and 87 ml/min/1.73 m2 among Caucasians (n=768). Among HIV-infected men, the median CD4 lymphocyte count was 572 cells/mm3 and 76% of men had undetectable HIV RNA levels. After multivariable adjustment for traditional CKD risk factors including eGFR, HIV infection was associated with 52% higher urine IL-18 (95% CI, 33%, 73%), 44% higher KIM-1 (27%, 64%), 30% higher PIIINP (15%, 47%) and 84% higher ACR (54%, 120%), with similar effect sizes among African-Americans and Caucasians (P>0.2 for tests of interaction by race). These associations remained statistically significant in analyses that excluded persons with detectable HIV RNA levels and in models that adjusted for cumulative exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. CONCLUSIONS Compared with uninfected men, HIV-infected men had more extensive glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage, as assessed by urine biomarkers. Future studies should evaluate whether combinations of biomarkers can be used to monitor stages of kidney injury and to predict CKD risk in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasantha Jotwani
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mallory D Witt
- Division of HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Frank Palella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ken Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Bennett
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Shlipak
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Ascher SB, Scherzer R, Peralta CA, Tien PC, Grunfeld C, Estrella MM, Abraham A, Gustafson DR, Nowicki M, Sharma A, Cohen MH, Butch AW, Young MA, Bennett MR, Shlipak MG. Association of Kidney Function and Early Kidney Injury With Incident Hypertension in HIV-Infected Women. Hypertension 2016; 69:304-313. [PMID: 27993956 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical kidney disease is associated with developing hypertension in the general population, but data are lacking among HIV-infected people. We examined associations of kidney function and injury with incident hypertension in 823 HIV-infected and 267 HIV-uninfected women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a multicenter, prospective cohort of HIV-infected and uninfected women in the United States. Baseline kidney biomarkers included estimated glomerular filtration rate using cystatin C, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and 7 urine biomarkers of tubular injury: α-1-microglobulin, interleukin-18, kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, liver fatty acid-binding protein, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, and α1-acid-glycoprotein. We used multivariable Poisson regression to evaluate associations of kidney biomarkers with incident hypertension, defined as 2 consecutive visits of antihypertensive medication use. During a median follow-up of 9.6 years, 288 HIV-infected women (35%) developed hypertension. Among the HIV-infected women, higher urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was independently associated with incident hypertension (relative risk =1.13 per urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio doubling, 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.20), as was lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (relative risk =1.10 per 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.17). No tubular injury and dysfunction biomarkers were independently associated with incident hypertension in HIV-infected women. In contrast, among the HIV-uninfected women, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was not associated with incident hypertension, whereas higher urine interleukin-18, α1-acid-glycoprotein, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase levels were significantly associated with incident hypertension. These findings suggest that early glomerular injury and kidney dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in HIV-infected people. The associations of tubular markers with hypertension in HIV-uninfected women should be validated in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Ascher
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Carmen A Peralta
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Carl Grunfeld
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Alison Abraham
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Deborah R Gustafson
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Marek Nowicki
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Anjali Sharma
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Anthony W Butch
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Mary A Young
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Michael R Bennett
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.)
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- From the Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center (S.B.A., R.S., C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.A.P., P.C.T., C.G., M.G.S.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.M.E., A.A.); Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (D.R.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.N.); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (A.S.); Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL (M.H.C.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA (A.W.B.); Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (M.A.Y.); and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (M.R.B.).
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Urinary Markers of Tubular Injury in HIV-Infected Patients. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016:1501785. [PMID: 27493802 PMCID: PMC4967446 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1501785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal disease is a common complication of HIV-infected patients, associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, progression to AIDS, AIDS-defining illness, and mortality. Early and accurate identification of renal disease is therefore crucial to improve patient outcomes. The use of serum creatinine, along with proteinuria, to detect renal involvement is essentially to screen for markers of glomerular disease and may not be effective in detecting earlier stages of renal injury. Therefore, more sensitive and specific markers are needed in order to early identify HIV-infected patients at risk of renal disease. This review article summarizes some new and important urinary markers of tubular injury in HIV-infected patients and their clinical usefulness in the renal safety follow-up of TDF-treated patients.
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Wensink GE, Schoffelen AF, Tempelman HA, Rookmaaker MB, Hoepelman AIM, Barth RE. Albuminuria Is Associated with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Viral Load in HIV-Infected Patients in Rural South Africa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136529. [PMID: 26309226 PMCID: PMC4550462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Context As life expectancy improves among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients, renal and cardiovascular diseases are increasingly prevalent in this population. Renal and cardiovascular disease are mutual risk factors and are characterized by albuminuria. Understanding the interactions between HIV, cardiovascular risk factors and renal disease is the first step in tackling this new therapeutic frontier in HIV. Methods In a rural primary health care centre, 903 HIV-infected adult patients were randomly selected and data on HIV-infection and cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated. Albuminuria was defined as an Albumin-Creatinine-Ratio above 30 mg/g. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyse albuminuria and demographic, clinical and HIV-associated variables. Results The study population consisted of 903 HIV-infected patients, with a median age of 40 years (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) 34–48 years), and included 625 (69%) women. The median duration since HIV diagnosis was 26 months (IQR 12–58 months) and 787 (87%) received antiretroviral therapy. Thirty-six (4%) of the subjects were shown to have diabetes and 205 (23%) hypertension. In the cohort, 21% had albuminuria and 2% an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2. Albuminuria was associated with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–2.41; p<0.05), total cholesterol (aOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.11–1.54; p<0.05), eGFR (aOR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97–0.99; p<0.001) and detectable viral load (aOR 2.74; 95% CI 1.56–4.79; p<0.001). Hypertension was undertreated: 78% were not receiving treatment, while another 11% were inadequately treated. No patients were receiving lipid-lowering medication. Conclusion Glomerular filtration rate was well conserved, while albuminuria was common amongst HIV-infected patients in rural South Africa. Both cardiovascular and HIV-specific variables were associated with albuminuria. Improved cardiovascular risk prevention as well as adequate virus suppression might be the key to escape the vicious circle of renal failure and cardiovascular disease and improve the long-term prognosis of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Emerens Wensink
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Annelot F. Schoffelen
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I. M. Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roos E. Barth
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases at the University Medical Centre in Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jotwani V, Shlipak MG, Scherzer R, Parekh RS, Kao WHL, Bennett M, Cohen MH, Nowicki M, Sharma A, Young M, Tien PC, Parikh CR, Estrella MM. APOL1 Genotype and Glomerular and Tubular Kidney Injury in Women With HIV. Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 65:889-98. [PMID: 25921719 PMCID: PMC4615696 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.02.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOL1 genotype is associated with advanced kidney disease in African Americans, but the pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. Here, associations of APOL1 genotype with urine biomarkers of glomerular and tubular injury and kidney function decline were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 431 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected African American women enrolled in Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). PREDICTOR APOL1 genotype. OUTCOMES Albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), 4 tubular injury biomarkers (interleukin 18 [IL-18], kidney injury molecule 1 [KIM-1], neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL], and α1-microglobulin [A1M]), and kidney function estimated using the CKD-EPI cystatin C equation. MEASUREMENTS Participants were genotyped for APOL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs73885319 (G1 allele) and rs71785313 (G2 allele). Urine biomarkers were measured using stored samples from 1999-2000. Cystatin C was measured using serum collected at baseline and 4- and 8-year follow-ups. RESULTS At baseline, ACRs were higher among 47 women with 2 APOL1 risk alleles versus 384 women with 0/1 risk allele (median, 24 vs 11mg/g; P<0.001). Compared with women with 0/1 risk allele, women with 2 risk alleles had 104% higher ACRs (95% CI, 29-223mg/g) and 2-fold greater risk of ACR>30 (95% CI, 1.17-3.44) mg/g after multivariable adjustment. APOL1 genotype showed little association with urine IL-18:Cr ratio, KIM-1:Cr ratio, and NGAL:Cr ratio (estimates of -5% [95% CI, -24% to 18%], -20% [95% CI, -36% to -1%], and 10% [95% CI, -26% to 64%], respectively) or detectable urine A1M (prevalence ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.65-1.97) in adjusted analyses. Compared with women with 0/1 allele, women with 2 risk alleles had faster eGFR decline, by 1.2 (95% CI, 0.2 to 2.2) mL/min/1.73m(2) per year, and 1.7- and 3.4-fold greater rates of incident chronic kidney disease (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.5) and 10% annual eGFR decline (95% CI, 1.7 to 6.7), respectively, with minimal attenuation after adjustment for glomerular and tubular injury biomarker levels. LIMITATIONS Results may not be generalizable to men. CONCLUSIONS Among HIV-infected African American women, APOL1-associated kidney injury appears to localize to the glomerulus, rather than the tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasantha Jotwani
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rulan S Parekh
- Hospital for Sick Children, University Healthy Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - W H Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael Bennett
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital, Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL
| | - Marek Nowicki
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Mary Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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Jotwani V, Scherzer R, Abraham A, Estrella MM, Bennett M, Cohen MH, Nowicki M, Sharma A, Young M, Tien PC, Ix JH, Sarnak MJ, Parikh CR, Shlipak MG. Association of urine α1-microglobulin with kidney function decline and mortality in HIV-infected women. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 10:63-73. [PMID: 25370597 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03220314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite advances in therapy, HIV-infected individuals remain at higher risk for kidney dysfunction than uninfected individuals. It was hypothesized that urine levels of α1-microglobulin, a biomarker of proximal tubular dysfunction, would predict kidney function decline and mortality risk in HIV-infected and uninfected women. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS In the Women's Interagency HIV Study, urine α1-microglobulin and creatinine concentrations were measured in 903 HIV-infected and 287 uninfected women using stored urine from 1999 to 2000, when prevalence of tenofovir use was <1%. Participants were categorized into three categories by level of α1-microglobulin-to-creatinine ratio, and associations with kidney decline and all-cause mortality over 8 years were evaluated. RESULTS Urine α1-microglobulin was detectable in 60% of HIV-infected and 40% of uninfected women (P<0.001). Among HIV-infected women, there were 177 (22%), 61 (7%), and 128 (14%) patients with incident CKD, with 10% annual eGFR decline, and who died, respectively. Compared with HIV-infected women in the lowest α1-microglobulin category, HIV-infected women in the highest α1-microglobulin category had a 2.1-fold risk of incident CKD (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.4), 2.7-fold risk of 10% annual eGFR decline (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.9), and 1.6-fold mortality risk (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.6) in models adjusting for kidney risk factors, baseline eGFR, and albuminuria. Among uninfected women, the highest α1-microglobulin category was associated with 3% (relative risk, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.5) and 5% (relative risk, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.3) annual eGFR decline relative to the lowest α1-microglobulin category. CONCLUSIONS Proximal tubular dysfunction, indicated by urine α1-microglobulin, was independently associated with kidney function decline in HIV-infected and uninfected women and mortality risk among HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasantha Jotwani
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Alison Abraham
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Michael Bennett
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Marek Nowicki
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Mary Young
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Mark J Sarnak
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Due to the number of contributing authors, the affiliations are provided in the Supplemental Material.
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