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Quadt L, Csecs J, Bond R, Harrison NA, Critchley HD, Davies KA, Eccles J. Childhood neurodivergent traits, inflammation and chronic disabling fatigue in adolescence: a longitudinal case-control study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e084203. [PMID: 39038862 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test whether inflammatory processes link the expression of childhood neurodivergent traits to chronic disabling fatigue in adolescence. DESIGN Longitudinal case-control study. SETTING We analysed data from The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). PARTICIPANTS 8115 and 8036 children of the ALSPAC cohort at ages 7 and 9 years, respectively, 4563 of whom also completed self-report measures at age 18 years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed if children scoring above screening threshold for autism/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at ages 7 and 9 years had increased risk of chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years, computing ORs and CIs for effects using binary logistic regression. Mediation analyses were conducted to test if an inflammatory marker (interleukin 6 (IL-6)) at age 9 years linked neurodivergent traits to chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years. RESULTS Children with neurodivergent traits at ages 7 and 9 years were two times as likely to experience chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 years (likely ADHD OR=2.18 (95% CI=1.33 to 3.56); p=0.002; likely autism OR=1.78 (95% CI=1.17 to 2.72); p=0.004). Levels of IL-6 at age 9 were associated with chronic disabling fatigue at age 18 (OR=1.54 (95% CI=1.13 to 2.11); p=0.006). Inflammation at age 9 years mediated effects of neurodivergent traits on chronic disabling fatigue (indirect effect via IL-6: ADHD b=1.08 (95% CI=1.01 to 1.15); autism b=1.06; (95% CI=1.03 to 1.10)). All effects remained significant when controlling for the presence of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue for children with neurodivergent traits, likely linked to higher levels of inflammation. The implementation of transdiagnostic screening criteria to inform support strategies to counteract risk early in life is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Quadt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Jenny Csecs
- Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, Bracknell Forest, UK
| | - Rod Bond
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Neil A Harrison
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Kevin A Davies
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Jessica Eccles
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK
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Michielsen M, Böhmer MN, Vermeulen RCH, Vlaanderen JJ, Beekman ATF, Kooij JJS. ADHD, sleep, chronotype and health in a large cohort of Dutch nurses. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 174:159-164. [PMID: 38636152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- M Michielsen
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, 2593 HR, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - M N Böhmer
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, 2593 HR, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - R C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J J Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A T F Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/VUmc, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J S Kooij
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, Carel Reinierszkade 197, 2593 HR, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/VUmc, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Sánchez RM, Bermeo Losada JF, Marín Martínez JA. The research landscape concerning environmental factors in neurodevelopmental disorders: Endocrine disrupters and pesticides-A review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 73:101132. [PMID: 38561126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental epidemiology and toxicology have seen a growing interest in the environmental factors that contribute to the increased prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, with the purpose of establishing appropriate prevention strategies. A literature review was performed, and 192 articles covering the topic of endocrine disruptors and neurodevelopmental disorders were found, focusing on polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bisphenol A, and pesticides. This study contributes to analyzing their effect on the molecular mechanism in maternal and infant thyroid function, essential for infant neurodevelopment, and whose alteration has been associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders. The results provide scientific evidence of the association that exists between the environmental neurotoxins and various neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, other possible molecular mechanisms by which pesticides and endocrine disruptors may be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Mira Sánchez
- Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Medioambientales y Neurodesarrollo ICMYN, Murcia, Spain.
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Tobajas Y, Alemany-Fornés M, Samarra I, Romero-Giménez J, Tintoré M, Del Pino A, Canela N, Del Bas JM, Ortega-Olivé N, de Lecea C, Escoté X. Interaction of Diamine Oxidase with Psychostimulant Drugs for ADHD Management. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4666. [PMID: 37510782 PMCID: PMC10380856 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine intolerance occurs when there is an imbalance between histamine production and the capacity for histamine degradation. Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the main enzyme for the catabolism of ingested histamine degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and its deficiency has been linked to allergy-like symptoms. Psychostimulant drugs are commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but their interaction with DAO is not well characterized. In this work, we evaluated the effects of psychostimulant drugs (methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine) on in vitro DAO activity and in the human cell line of enterocytes (Caco-2), evaluating DAO expression (mRNA and protein) and DAO activity. Methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine did not repress the in vitro DAO activity. In addition, in Caco-2 cells, lisdexamfetamine promoted a strong upregulation of DAO mRNA levels, whereas methylphenidate tended to induce DAO activity. To sum up, methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine treatments do not reduce DAO activity. These findings could be useful for physicians prescribing these two drugs to ADHD patients affected by DAO deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Tobajas
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | | | - Iris Samarra
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Romero-Giménez
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Del Pino
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Núria Canela
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Josep M Del Bas
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Nàdia Ortega-Olivé
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
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Lauritano D, Mastrangelo F, D’Ovidio C, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Frydas I, Kritas SK, Trimarchi M, Carinci F, Conti P. Activation of Mast Cells by Neuropeptides: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054811. [PMID: 36902240 PMCID: PMC10002992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue cells that are derived from bone marrow stem cells that contribute to allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and mental disorders. MCs located near the meninges communicate with microglia through the production of mediators such as histamine and tryptase, but also through the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF, which can create pathological effects in the brain. Preformed chemical mediators of inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are rapidly released from the granules of MCs, the only immune cells capable of storing the cytokine TNF, although it can also be produced later through mRNA. The role of MCs in nervous system diseases has been extensively studied and reported in the scientific literature; it is of great clinical interest. However, many of the published articles concern studies on animals (mainly rats or mice) and not on humans. MCs are known to interact with neuropeptides that mediate endothelial cell activation, resulting in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders. In the brain, MCs interact with neurons causing neuronal excitation with the production of neuropeptides and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. This article explores the current understanding of MC activation by neuropeptide substance P (SP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and neurotensin, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a therapeutic effect of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Lauritano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filiberto Mastrangelo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Cristian D’Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carla E. Gallenga
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilias Frydas
- Department of Parasitology, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Matteo Trimarchi
- Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Brishti A, Germundson-Hermanson DL, Smith NA, Kearney AE, Warda Y, Nagamoto-Combs K. Asymptomatic sensitization to a cow's milk protein induces sustained neuroinflammation and behavioral changes with chronic allergen exposure. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:870628. [PMID: 36157272 PMCID: PMC9490182 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.870628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of food allergy have contributed to our understanding of various aspects of the disease, including susceptibilities, symptom spectra, cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches. Previously, we used a mouse model of non-anaphylactic cow's milk allergy (CMA) and investigated sex- and strain-dependent differences in immunological, neurological, and behavioral sequelae. We showed that male C57BL/6J mice sensitized to a bovine whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (BLG; Bos d 5), exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behavior upon acute allergen challenge. Systemic levels of BLG-specific immunoglobulins, cytokines and chemokines were also elevated in the sensitized mice. Furthermore, neuroinflammation and intestinal dysbiosis were evident as the possible causes of the altered behavior. To assess whether frequent allergen exposure influences CMA-associated pathologies over an extended period in this subclinical model, we placed BLG-sensitized mice on a whey protein (WP)-containing or whey-free control (CTL) diet for 3 months. As expected, allergen-specific IgE was significantly elevated in the plasma after completing the 5-week sensitization phase. However, the IgE levels declined in both diet groups after 3 months. In contrast, allergen-specific IgG1 stayed elevated in sensitized mice with the CTL diet, and the WP diet to a lesser extent. Interestingly, BLG-sensitized mice on the WP diet exhibited anxiety-like behavior and a trend toward spatial memory decline compared to the sham or the sensitized mice on the CTL diet. Moreover, increased immunoreactivities for GFAP and Iba1 and elevated levels of CXCL13 and CCL12, the chemokines involved in central leukocyte recruitment and other neurological diseases, were also observed in the brain. We demonstrated that sensitization to the whey protein, particularly with continuous allergen exposure, resulted in persistent neuroinflammation and associated behavioral changes despite lowered allergen-specific immunoglobulin levels. These results suggested that continuous consumption of the offending allergen may lead to adverse consequences in the brain even after desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrina Brishti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Danielle L. Germundson-Hermanson
- Clinical and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Smith
- Clinical and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Angela E. Kearney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Yassmine Warda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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7
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Picrasma quassioides (D.DON) Benn. Ethanolic Extract Improves Atopic Dermatitis and Hyperactivity Disorder in DNCB-Treated BALB/c Mice. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that can be associated with psychiatric disorders. Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn (Gomokpi, GMP), a traditional medicinal herb, has been used to treat skin diseases, including AD. The current study examined the effects of an ethanolic extract of GMP on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mice. The severity of skin symptoms and behavioral changes in AD mice were evaluated. GMP alleviated the AD-like skin inflammation and hyperlocomotion activity in DNCB-treated BALB/c mice. The effects of GMP behavioral abnormalities might occur by inhibiting TNF-α production in the PFC. GMP suppressed the production of TARC (Th2 chemokine) in TI-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. Moreover, GMP also exerted immunosuppressive effects by reducing TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages, IL-17 expression in PI-stimulated EL4 cells, and VEGF secretion in SP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. These findings suggest that GMP could be useful for treating AD by modulating inflammatory responses and comorbid behavioral changes.
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Looman KIM, Cecil CAM, Grosserichter‐Wagener C, Kiefte‐de Jong JC, Zelm MC, Moll HA. Associations between T cells and attention problems in the general pediatric population: The Generation R study. JCPP ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I. M. Looman
- Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A. M. Cecil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Molecular Epidemiology Department of Biomedical Data Sciences Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Jessica C. Kiefte‐de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care/LUMC Campus The Hague Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Menno C. Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University and Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Henriëtte A. Moll
- Department of Pediatrics Sophia Children's Hospital Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Carthy E, Ellender T. Histamine, Neuroinflammation and Neurodevelopment: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680214. [PMID: 34335160 PMCID: PMC8317266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenic amine, histamine, has been shown to critically modulate inflammatory processes as well as the properties of neurons and synapses in the brain, and is also implicated in the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, a reduction in the synthesis of this neuromodulator has been associated with the disorders Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder, with evidence that this may be through the disruption of the corticostriatal circuitry during development. Furthermore, neuroinflammation has been associated with alterations in brain development, e.g., impacting synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, and there are suggestions that histamine deficiency may leave the developing brain more vulnerable to proinflammatory insults. While most studies have focused on neuronal sources of histamine it remains unclear to what extent other (non-neuronal) sources of histamine, e.g., from mast cells and other sources, can impact brain development. The few studies that have started exploring this in vitro, and more limited in vivo, would indicate that non-neuronal released histamine and other preformed mediators can influence microglial-mediated neuroinflammation which can impact brain development. In this Review we will summarize the state of the field with regard to non-neuronal sources of histamine and its impact on both neuroinflammation and brain development in key neural circuits that underpin neurodevelopmental disorders. We will also discuss whether histamine receptor modulators have been efficacious in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders in both preclinical and clinical studies. This could represent an important area of future research as early modulation of histamine from neuronal as well as non-neuronal sources may provide novel therapeutic targets in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Carthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Song Y, Yuan H, Chen T, Lu M, Lei S, Han X. An Shen Ding Zhi Ling Alleviates Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder via Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617581. [PMID: 33536923 PMCID: PMC7847841 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset chronic neurobehavioral disorder, with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Chronic inflammation may be critical for the progression of ADHD. An Shen Ding Zhi Ling (ASDZL) decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is clinically used in ADHD treatment. In this study, we investigated the effects and underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms of ASDZL in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a widely used model of ADHD. SHRs were divided into the SHR model group (vehicle), atomoxetine group (4.56 mg/kg/day) and ASDZL group (21.25 g/kg/day), and orally administered for four weeks. Wistar Kyoto rats were used as controls (vehicle). We found that ASDZL significantly controlled hyperactivity and impulsivity, and improved spatial memory of SHRs in the open field test and Morris water maze test. ASDZL reduced the pro-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and increased anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in SHRs, and decreased the activation of microglia, astrocytes and mast cells in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Furthermore, the results indicated that ASDZL inhibited the neuroinflammatory response by protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and suppressing the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways of SHRs. In conclusion, these findings revealed that ASDZL attenuated ADHD symptoms in SHRs by reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixia Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Manqi Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Gansu, China
| | - Shuang Lei
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinmin Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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