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Zubrzycki M, Schramm R, Costard-Jäckle A, Grohmann J, Gummert JF, Zubrzycka M. Cardiac Development and Factors Influencing the Development of Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs): Part I. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7117. [PMID: 39000221 PMCID: PMC11241401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional description of cardiac development involves progression from a cardiac crescent to a linear heart tube, which in the phase of transformation into a mature heart forms a cardiac loop and is divided with the septa into individual cavities. Cardiac morphogenesis involves numerous types of cells originating outside the initial cardiac crescent, including neural crest cells, cells of the second heart field origin, and epicardial progenitor cells. The development of the fetal heart and circulatory system is subject to regulatation by both genetic and environmental processes. The etiology for cases with congenital heart defects (CHDs) is largely unknown, but several genetic anomalies, some maternal illnesses, and prenatal exposures to specific therapeutic and non-therapeutic drugs are generally accepted as risk factors. New techniques for studying heart development have revealed many aspects of cardiac morphogenesis that are important in the development of CHDs, in particular transposition of the great arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Zubrzycki
- Department of Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany;
| | - Rene Schramm
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Angelika Costard-Jäckle
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Jochen Grohmann
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany;
| | - Jan F. Gummert
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Maria Zubrzycka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Huang Z, Gao J, Chen Y, Huan Z, Liu Y, Zhou T, Dong Z. Toxic effects of bisphenol AF on the embryonic development of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:1445-1454. [PMID: 36929865 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol AF (BPAF), an emerging environmental endocrine disruptor, has been detected in surface waters worldwide and has adverse effects on aquatic organisms. The accumulation of BPAF in oceans and its potential toxic effect on marine organisms are important concerns. In this study, the effects of BPAF (10, 100, 1, and 5 mg/L) on marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were evaluated, including effects on the survival rate, heart rate, hatchability, morphology, and gene expression in embryos. The survival rate of marine medaka embryos was significantly lower after treatment with 5 mg/L BPAF than in the solvent control group. Exposure to 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L BPAF significantly reduced hatchability. Low-dose BPAF (10 μg/L) significantly accelerated the heart rate of embryos, while high-dose BPAF (5 mg/L) significantly decreased the heart rate. BPAF exposure also resulted in notochord curvature, pericardial edema, yolk sac cysts, cardiovascular bleeding, and caudal curvature in marine medaka. At the molecular level, BPAF exposure affected the transcript levels of genes involved in the thyroid system (dio1, dio3a, trhr2, tg, and thra), cardiovascular system (gata4, atp2a1, and cacna1da), nervous system (elavl3 and gap43), and antioxidant and inflammatory systems (sod, pparβ, and il-8) in embryos. These results indicate that BPAF exposure can alter the expression of functional genes, induce abnormal development, and reduce the hatching and survival rates in marine medaka embryos. Overall, BPAF can adversely affect the survival and development of marine medaka embryos, and BPAF may not be an ideal substitute for BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiahao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuebi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhang Huan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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3
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High throughput mutation screening of cardiac transcription factor GATA4 among Tanzania children with congenital heart diseases. THE NUCLEUS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-022-00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Martinez ME, Pinz I, Preda M, Norton CR, Gridley T, Hernandez A. DIO3 protects against thyrotoxicosis-derived cranio-encephalic and cardiac congenital abnormalities. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e161214. [PMID: 36166296 PMCID: PMC9675556 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hyperthyroidism is associated with an increased incidence of congenital abnormalities at birth, but it is not clear which of these defects arise from a transient developmental excess of thyroid hormone and which depend on pregnancy stage, antithyroid drug choice, or unwanted subsequent fetal hypothyroidism. To address this issue, we studied a mouse model of comprehensive developmental thyrotoxicosis secondary to a lack of type 3 deiodinase (DIO3). Dio3-/- mice exhibited reduced neonatal viability on most genetic backgrounds and perinatal lethality on a C57BL/6 background. Dio3-/- mice exhibited severe growth retardation during the neonatal period and cartilage loss. Mice surviving after birth manifested brain and cranial dysmorphisms, severe hydrocephalus, choanal atresia, and cleft palate. These abnormalities were noticeable in C57BL/6J Dio3-/- mice at fetal stages, in addition to a thyrotoxic heart with septal defects and thin ventricular walls. Our findings stress the protecting role of DIO3 during development and support the hypothesis that human congenital abnormalities associated with hyperthyroidism during pregnancy are caused by transient thyrotoxicosis before clinical intervention. Our results also suggest thyroid hormone involvement in the etiology of idiopathic pathologies including cleft palate, choanal atresia, Chiari malformations, Kaschin-Beck disease, and Temple and other cranio-encephalic and heart syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Ilka Pinz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marilena Preda
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Christine R. Norton
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Afouda BA. Towards Understanding the Gene-Specific Roles of GATA Factors in Heart Development: Does GATA4 Lead the Way? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5255. [PMID: 35563646 PMCID: PMC9099915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors play crucial roles in the regulation of heart induction, formation, growth and morphogenesis. Zinc finger GATA transcription factors are among the critical regulators of these processes. GATA4, 5 and 6 genes are expressed in a partially overlapping manner in developing hearts, and GATA4 and 6 continue their expression in adult cardiac myocytes. Using different experimental models, GATA4, 5 and 6 were shown to work together not only to ensure specification of cardiac cells but also during subsequent heart development. The complex involvement of these related gene family members in those processes is demonstrated through the redundancy among them and crossregulation of each other. Our recent identification at the genome-wide level of genes specifically regulated by each of the three family members and our earlier discovery that gata4 and gata6 function upstream, while gata5 functions downstream of noncanonical Wnt signalling during cardiac differentiation, clearly demonstrate the functional differences among the cardiogenic GATA factors. Such suspected functional differences are worth exploring more widely. It appears that in the past few years, significant advances have indeed been made in providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which each of these molecules function during heart development. In this review, I will therefore discuss current evidence of the role of individual cardiogenic GATA factors in the process of heart development and emphasize the emerging central role of GATA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boni A Afouda
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill Health Campus, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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6
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Kreutzer FP, Meinecke A, Schmidt K, Fiedler J, Thum T. Alternative strategies in cardiac preclinical research and new clinical trial formats. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:746-762. [PMID: 33693475 PMCID: PMC7989574 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient and safe drug development process is crucial for the establishment of new drugs on the market aiming to increase quality of life and life-span of our patients. Despite technological advances in the past decade, successful launches of drug candidates per year remain low. We here give an overview about some of these advances and suggest improvements for implementation to boost preclinical and clinical drug development with a focus on the cardiovascular field. We highlight advantages and disadvantages of animal experimentation and thoroughly review alternatives in the field of three-dimensional cell culture as well as preclinical use of spheroids and organoids. Microfluidic devices and their potential as organ-on-a-chip systems, as well as the use of living animal and human cardiac tissues are additionally introduced. In the second part, we examine recent gold standard randomized clinical trials and present possible modifications to increase lead candidate throughput: adaptive designs, master protocols, and drug repurposing. In silico and N-of-1 trials have the potential to redefine clinical drug candidate evaluation. Finally, we briefly discuss clinical trial designs during pandemic times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Philipp Kreutzer
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Meinecke
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kevin Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
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7
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Lin H, McBride KL, Garg V, Zhao MT. Decoding Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630069. [PMID: 33585486 PMCID: PMC7873857 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of infant death associated with birth defects. Recent next-generation genome sequencing has uncovered novel genetic etiologies of CHD, from inherited and de novo variants to non-coding genetic variants. The next phase of understanding the genetic contributors of CHD will be the functional illustration and validation of this genome sequencing data in cellular and animal model systems. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have opened up new horizons to investigate genetic mechanisms of CHD using clinically relevant and patient-specific cardiac cells such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial/endocardial cells, cardiac fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Using cutting-edge CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tools, a given genetic variant can be corrected in diseased iPSCs and introduced to healthy iPSCs to define the pathogenicity of the variant and molecular basis of CHD. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in genetics of CHD deciphered by large-scale genome sequencing and explore how genome-edited patient iPSCs are poised to decode the genetic etiologies of CHD by coupling with single-cell genomics and organoid technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kim L McBride
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ming-Tao Zhao
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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8
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Bu H, Sun G, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Tan Z, Zhao T, Hu S. The M310T mutation in the GATA4 gene is a novel pathogenic target of the familial atrial septal defect. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 33413087 PMCID: PMC7788758 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most cases of atrial septal defect (ASD) are sporadic, familial cases have been reported, which may be caused by mutation of transcription factor GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4). Herein we combined whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatics strategies to identify a novel mutation in GATA4 accounting for the etiology in a Chinese family with ASD. METHODS We identified kindred spanning 3 generations in which 3 of 12 (25.0%) individuals had ASD. Punctilious records for the subjects included complete physical examination, transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiograph and surgical confirming. Whole-exome capture and high-throughput sequencing were performed on the proband III.1. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the candidate variants, and segregation analyses were performed in the family members. RESULTS Direct sequencing of GATA4 from the genomic DNA of family members identified a T-to-C transition at nucleotide 929 in exon 5 that predicted a methionine to threonine substitution at codon 310 (M310T) in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) region. Two affected members (II.2 and III.3) and the proband (III.1) who was recognized as a carrier exhibited this mutation, whereas the other unaffected family members or control individuals did not. More importantly, the mutation GATA4 (c.T929C: p.M310T) has not been reported previously in either familial or sporadic cases of congenital heart defects (CHD). CONCLUSIONS We identified for the first time a novel M310T mutation in the GATA4 gene that is located in the NLS region and leads to family ASD with arrhythmias. However, the mechanism by which this pathogenic mutation contributes to the development of heart defect and tachyarrhythmias remains to be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Bu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Central South University Center for Clinical Gene Diagnosis and Treatment, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Guowen Sun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Central South University Center for Clinical Gene Diagnosis and Treatment, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Central South University Center for Clinical Gene Diagnosis and Treatment, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianli Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Central South University Center for Clinical Gene Diagnosis and Treatment, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Central Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Central South University Center for Clinical Gene Diagnosis and Treatment, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The German Heart Centre, 80636, Munich, Germany.
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Jia T, Wang C, Han Z, Wang X, Ding M, Wang Q. Experimental Rodent Models of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:588075. [PMID: 33365329 PMCID: PMC7750387 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.588075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, as the most common non-communicable disease in the world, cause a high mortality rate today and bring a serious medical burden to countries worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Experimental rodent models are widely used for cardiovascular diseases researches due to the effective simulation of human cardiovascular diseases, strong reproductive ability, and easy detection. Herein, we will summarize the pathological manifestations of common cardiovascular diseases and illustrate the establishment of corresponding experimental rodent models in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jia
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengxi Han
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Ding
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) rs2228226 and rs10783826 polymorphisms and congenital heart disease (CHD) risk in a Chinese Han population.Genotyping for our interested polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 106 CHD patients and 112 healthy controls. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium status in the control group was also checked via χ test. Differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the case and control groups were analyzed adopting Chi-Squared test as well, and the relative risk of CHD resulting from GLI1 genetic variants was checked via calculating odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).CC genotype of rs2228226 showed significantly higher frequency in CHD patients than in controls (P = .011), indicating that it increased the disease risk (OR = 3.257, 95%CI = 1.280-8.287). Similarly, C allele of the polymorphism elevated CHD incidence by 1.609 folds, compared with G allele (OR = 1.609, 95%CI = 1.089-2.376). However, rs10783826 was not correlated with the occurrence of CHD.GLI1 rs2228226 polymorphism may be a risk factor for CHD in Chinese Han population, but not rs10783826.
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Congenital heart diseases: genetics, non-inherited risk factors, and signaling pathways. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common congenital anomalies with an estimated prevalence of 8 in 1000 live births. CHDs occur as a result of abnormal embryogenesis of the heart. Congenital heart diseases are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The damage of the heart is irreversible due to a lack of regeneration potential, and usually, the patients may require surgical intervention. Studying the developmental biology of the heart is essential not only in understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases but also in providing us with insight towards developing new preventive and treatment methods.
Main body
The etiology of congenital heart diseases is still elusive. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Recently, cardiac transcription factors, cardiac-specific genes, and signaling pathways, which are responsible for early cardiac morphogenesis have been extensively studied in both human and animal experiments but leave much to be desired. The discovery of novel genetic methods such as next generation sequencing and chromosomal microarrays have led to further study the genes, non-coding RNAs and subtle chromosomal changes, elucidating their implications to the etiology of congenital heart diseases. Studies have also implicated non-hereditary risk factors such as rubella infection, teratogens, maternal age, diabetes mellitus, and abnormal hemodynamics in causing CHDs.
These etiological factors raise questions on multifactorial etiology of CHDs. It is therefore important to endeavor in research based on finding the causes of CHDs. Finding causative factors will enable us to plan intervention strategies and mitigate the consequences associated with CHDs. This review, therefore, puts forward the genetic and non-genetic causes of congenital heart diseases. Besides, it discusses crucial signaling pathways which are involved in early cardiac morphogenesis. Consequently, we aim to consolidate our knowledge on multifactorial causes of CHDs so as to pave a way for further research regarding CHDs.
Conclusion
The multifactorial etiology of congenital heart diseases gives us a challenge to explicitly establishing specific causative factors and therefore plan intervention strategies. More well-designed studies and the use of novel genetic technologies could be the way through the discovery of etiological factors implicated in the pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases.
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Pierpont ME, Brueckner M, Chung WK, Garg V, Lacro RV, McGuire AL, Mital S, Priest JR, Pu WT, Roberts A, Ware SM, Gelb BD, Russell MW. Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 138:e653-e711. [PMID: 30571578 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an updated summary of the state of our knowledge of the genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Since 2007, when the initial American Heart Association scientific statement on the genetic basis of congenital heart disease was published, new genomic techniques have become widely available that have dramatically changed our understanding of the causes of congenital heart disease and, clinically, have allowed more accurate definition of the pathogeneses of congenital heart disease in patients of all ages and even prenatally. Information is presented on new molecular testing techniques and their application to congenital heart disease, both isolated and associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes. Recent advances in the understanding of copy number variants, syndromes, RASopathies, and heterotaxy/ciliopathies are provided. Insights into new research with congenital heart disease models, including genetically manipulated animals such as mice, chicks, and zebrafish, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-based approaches are provided to allow an understanding of how future research breakthroughs for congenital heart disease are likely to happen. It is anticipated that this review will provide a large range of health care-related personnel, including pediatric cardiologists, pediatricians, adult cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, geneticists, genetic counselors, and other related clinicians, timely information on the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease. The objective is to provide a comprehensive basis for interdisciplinary care for those with congenital heart disease.
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Whitcomb J, Gharibeh L, Nemer M. From embryogenesis to adulthood: Critical role for GATA factors in heart development and function. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:53-67. [PMID: 31520462 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac development is governed by a complex network of transcription factors (TFs) that regulate cell fates in a spatiotemporal manner. Among these, the GATA family of zinc finger TFs plays prominent roles in regulating the development of the myocardium, endocardium, and outflow tract. This family comprises six members three of which, GATA4, 5, and 6, are predominantly expressed in cardiac cells where they activate specific downstream gene targets via interactions with one another and with other TFs and signaling molecules. Their critical function in heart formation is evidenced by the phenotypes of animal models lacking these factors and by the broad spectrum of human congenital heart diseases associated with mutations in their genes. Similarly, in the postnatal heart, these proteins play significant and nonredundant roles in cardiac function, regulating adaptive stress responses including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and survival, as well as endothelial homeostasis and angiogenesis. As such, decreased expression of either GATA4, 5, or 6 results in impaired cardiovascular homeostasis and increased risk of premature and serious cardiovascular events such as hypertension, arrhythmia, aortopathy, and heart failure. Although a great deal of progress has been made in understanding GATA-dependent regulatory processes in the heart, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specificity of GATA factors and their upstream regulation remain incompletely understood. The knowledge and tools developed since their discovery 25 years ago should accelerate progress toward further elucidation of their mechanisms of action in health and disease. This in turn will greatly improve diagnosis and care for the millions of individuals affected by congenital and acquired cardiac disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamieson Whitcomb
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lara Gharibeh
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mona Nemer
- Molecular Genetics and Cardiac Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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张 慧, 陈 名, 方 涛, 张 甜, 倪 文. [Establishment and verification of a mouse model of Gata4 gene H435Y mutation]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1245-1249. [PMID: 30377126 PMCID: PMC6744054 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a mouse model of H435Y mutation of Gata4 gene using CRISPR/Cas9- mediated gene targeting. METHODS The single-stranded guide RNA (sgRNA) specific to the H435Y loci of Gata4 gene was designed based on the sequence of Gata4 gene. After activity assessment, the active sgRNA and Cas9 were in vitro transcribed into RNA and microinjected along with the donor DNA fragment with point mutations into fertilized mouse eggs. The microinjected eggs were transferred into pseudopregnant mice to obtain the F0 generation mice with the target Gata4 gene mutation confirmed by PCR and gene sequencing. Gata4 gene mutations in the offsprings of the F0 generation mice were analyzed. RESULTS Gene sequencing confirmed the successful establishment of mouse models carrying H435Y mutation of Gata4 gene in 4 of the F0 generation mice. The positive F0 generation mice were crossed with wild-type C57BL/6J mice to obtain the F1 generation mice, and PCR confirmed the presence of H435Y mutations of Gata4 gene in 6 of the F1 mice. Then F2 generation mice were obtained by F1 generation matting with each other. PCR showed that H435Y mutation of Gata4 gene in F2 mice was found, indicating the mousemodel of Gata4 gene mutation in H435Y was established and propagated successfully. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established Gata4 gene H435Y mutant mouse models using CRISPR/Cas9 technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- 慧 张
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 名武 陈
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 涛 方
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 甜 张
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 文泉 倪
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
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Yu Y, Lei W, Yang J, Wei YC, Zhao ZL, Zhao ZA, Hu S. Functional mutant GATA4 identification and potential application in preimplantation diagnosis of congenital heart diseases. Gene 2017; 641:349-354. [PMID: 29111206 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) affect nearly 1% of all neonates and show an increasing tendency. The complex inheritance patterns and multifactorial etiologies make these defects difficult to be identified before complete manifestation. Genetic screening has identified hundreds of specific mutant sites for CHDs based on cardiac transcriptional factors. GATA4 is a master regulator required for ventral morphogenesis and heart tube formation. Its mutation is most widely studied in CHDs. In the past decades, over 100 GATA4 mutant sites have been reported, but only a few functional sites have been identified. Thus, it is important to distinguish deleterious sites from neutral sites. In silico prediction of functional sites using bioinformatics tools can provide the valuable information, but it is not solid enough. Here, the roles of GATA4 in heart development is discussed in detail and its mutation sites in protein coding region are summarized systematically, providing an integrated resource for GATA4 mutations. Furthermore, we discussed the advantage and disadvantage of different methods for functional mutation identification. Especially, the disease model of induced pluripotent stem cell is emerging as a powerful tool to assess GATA4 mutations in human. In the recent years, single-cell based high-throughput sequencing is being applied in preimplantation diagnosis and assisted reproduction progressively, providing a new strategy for the prevention of congenital diseases as we discussed. Based on functional mutant sites identification, preimplantation diagnosis will contribute to CHDs prevention eventually.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yan-Chang Wei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zhao
- The People's Hospital of Bozhou Anhui, Bozhou 236800, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, China.
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Zhang M, Li FX, Liu XY, Hou JY, Ni SH, Wang J, Zhao CM, Zhang W, Kong Y, Huang RT, Xue S, Yang YQ. TBX1 loss-of-function mutation contributes to congenital conotruncal defects. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:447-453. [PMID: 29250159 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conotruncal defects (CTDs) account for ~30% of all types of congenital heart disease and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Increasing evidence suggests that genetic risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of CTDs. Mutations in a number of genes, including the TBX1 gene that codes for a T-box transcription factor essential for normal cardiovascular development, may contribute to the development of CTD. CTDs are genetically heterogeneous and the genetic defects responsible for CTDs in the majority of patients remain unknown. The present study sequenced the coding regions and splicing junction boundaries of TBX1 in 136 patients with CTDs and 300 matched healthy individuals. The disease-causing potential of the identified TBX1 sequence variation was evaluated using MutationTaster, PolyPhen-2, SIFT and PROVEN software. The functional characteristics of the mutant TBX1 gene were defined using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. A novel heterozygous TBX1 mutation, p.S233Y, was identified in a patient with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and a ventricular septal defect. This mutation was absent in the 300 controls and altered the amino acid produced, serine, which is evolutionarily conserved across several species, and was predicted to be pathogenic in silico. Luciferase assays conducted in COS-7 cells demonstrated that the newly identified TBX1 mutation was associated with significantly diminished transcriptional activation of the ANF promoter compared with the wild-type TBX1. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to associate a TBX1 loss-of-function mutation with enhanced susceptibility to TGA, which adds significant insight to the molecular mechanism of TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yi Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, Baoshan Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200431, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Ye Kong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Ri-Tai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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17
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LaHaye S, Corsmeier D, Basu M, Bowman JL, Fitzgerald-Butt S, Zender G, Bosse K, McBride KL, White P, Garg V. Utilization of Whole Exome Sequencing to Identify Causative Mutations in Familial Congenital Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:320-9. [PMID: 27418595 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect with family- and population-based studies supporting a strong genetic cause for CHD. The goal of this study was to determine whether a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach could identify pathogenic-segregating variants in multiplex CHD families. METHODS AND RESULTS WES was performed on 9 kindreds with familial CHD, 4 with atrial septal defects, 2 with patent ductus arteriosus, 2 with tetralogy of Fallot, and 1 with pulmonary valve dysplasia. Rare variants (<1% minor allele frequency) that segregated with disease were identified by WES, and variants in 69 CHD candidate genes were further analyzed. These selected variants were subjected to in silico analysis to predict pathogenicity and resulted in the discovery of likely pathogenic mutations in 3 of 9 (33%) families. A GATA4 mutation in the transactivation domain, p.G115W, was identified in familial atrial septal defects and demonstrated decreased transactivation ability in vitro. A p.I263V mutation in TLL1 was identified in an atrial septal defects kindred and is predicted to affect the enzymatic functionality of TLL1. A disease-segregating splice donor site mutation in MYH11 (c.4599+1delG) was identified in familial patent ductus arteriosus and found to disrupt normal splicing of MYH11 mRNA in the affected individual. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the clinical utility of WES to identify causative mutations in familial CHD and demonstrate the successful use of a CHD candidate gene list to allow for a more streamlined approach enabling rapid prioritization and identification of likely pathogenic variants from large WES data sets. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT0112048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie LaHaye
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Don Corsmeier
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Madhumita Basu
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Jessica L Bowman
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Sara Fitzgerald-Butt
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Gloria Zender
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Kevin Bosse
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Kim L McBride
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Peter White
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
| | - Vidu Garg
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
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