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Kim KJ, Hwang J, Lee KW, Kim J, Han Y, Namgung U. Neuron-Microglia Interaction is Involved in Anti-inflammatory Response by Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats Injected with Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:7403-7418. [PMID: 38383920 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Injection of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) into experimental animals induces neuroimmunological responses and thus has been used for the study of neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and chronic fatigue. Here, we investigated the effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on poly(I:C)-induced neuroinflammation and associated behavioral consequences in rats. The microglia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) displayed the activated form of morphology in poly(I:C)-injected rats and changed to a normal shape after acute VNS (aVNS). Production of phospho-NF-κB, phospho-IκB, IL-1β, and cleaved caspase 3 was elevated by poly(I:C) and downregulated by aVNS. In contrast, phospho-Akt levels were decreased by poly(I:C) and increased by aVNS. Neuronal production of fractalkine (CX3CL1) in the PFC was markedly reduced by poly(I:C), but recovered by aVNS. Fractalkine interaction with its receptor CX3CR1 was highly elevated by VNS. We further demonstrated that the pharmacological blockade of CX3CR1 activity counteracted the production of IL-1β, phospho-Akt, and cleaved form of caspase 3 that was modulated by VNS, suggesting the anti-inflammatory effects of fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling as a mediator of neuron-microglia interaction. Behavioral assessments of pain and temperature sensations by von Frey and hot/cold plate tests showed significant improvement by chronic VNS (cVNS) and forced swimming and marble burying tests revealed that the depressive-like behaviors caused by poly(I:C) injection were rescued by cVNS. We also found that the recognition memory which was impaired by poly(I:C) administration was improved by cVNS. This study suggests that VNS may play a role in regulating neuroinflammation and somatosensory and cognitive functions in poly(I:C)-injected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Joong Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Jinyeon Hwang
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Kang-Woo Lee
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Yunha Han
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Uk Namgung
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea.
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Minvielle Moncla LH, Briend M, Sokhna Sylla M, Mathieu S, Rufiange A, Bossé Y, Mathieu P. Mendelian randomization reveals interactions of the blood proteome and immunome in mitral valve prolapse. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:108. [PMID: 38844506 PMCID: PMC11156961 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common heart disorder characterized by an excessive production of proteoglycans and extracellular matrix in mitral valve leaflets. Large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) underlined that MVP is heritable. The molecular underpinnings of the disease remain largely unknown. METHODS We interrogated cross-modality data totaling more than 500,000 subjects including GWAS, 4809 molecules of the blood proteome, and genome-wide expression of mitral valves to identify candidate drivers of MVP. Data were investigated through Mendelian randomization, network analysis, ligand-receptor inference and digital cell quantification. RESULTS In this study, Mendelian randomization identify that 33 blood proteins, enriched in networks for immunity, are associated with the risk of MVP. MVP- associated blood proteins are enriched in ligands for which their cognate receptors are differentially expressed in mitral valve leaflets during MVP and enriched in cardiac endothelial cells and macrophages. MVP-associated blood proteins are involved in the renewal-polarization of macrophages and regulation of adaptive immune response. Cytokine activity profiling and digital cell quantification show in MVP a shift toward cytokine signature promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Assessment of druggability identify CSF1R, CX3CR1, CCR6, IL33, MMP8, ENPEP and angiotensin receptors as actionable targets in MVP. CONCLUSIONS Hence, integrative analysis identifies networks of candidate molecules and cells involved in immune control and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which drive the risk of MVP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mewen Briend
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mame Sokhna Sylla
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Mathieu
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Rufiange
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Mao W, Jiang F, Zhu C, Liu J, Lu Z, Qian Y, Xiao J. Effect of CTLA-4 Inhibition on Inflammation and Apoptosis After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1359-1372. [PMID: 38366208 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) encompasses various pathological processes, notably neuroinflammation and apoptosis, both of which play significant roles. CTLA-4, a well-known immune molecule that suppresses T cell-mediated immune responses, is a key area of research and a focal point for targeted therapy development in treating tumors and autoimmune disorders. Despite its prominence, the impact of CTLA-4 inhibition on inflammation and apoptosis subsequent to SCI remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the influence of CTLA-4 on SCI. A weight-drop technique was used to establish a rat model of SCI. To examine the safeguarding effect of CTLA-4 on the restoration of motor function in rats with SCI, the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale and inclined plane test were employed to assess locomotion. Neuronal degeneration and apoptosis were assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) and Fluoro-Jade B labeling, respectively, and the activity of microglial cells was examined by immunofluorescence. To evaluate the impact of CTLA4 on SCI, the levels of inflammatory markers were measured. After treatment with the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab, the rats showed worse neurological impairment and more severe neuroinflammation after SCI. Furthermore, the combination therapy with ipilimumab and durvalumab after SCI had more pronounced effects than treatment with either inhibitor alone. These findings indicate that CTLA-4 contributes to neuroinflammation and apoptosis after SCI, presenting a promising new therapeutic target for this traumatic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Translational Medicine center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Yinwei Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China
| | - Jinchun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, 8 People's Road of Tang bridge town, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215611, P.R. China.
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Okruszko MA, Szabłowski M, Zarzecki M, Michnowska-Kobylińska M, Lisowski Ł, Łapińska M, Stachurska Z, Szpakowicz A, Kamiński KA, Konopińska J. Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Isolated Eye Disease or a Part of a Systemic Disorder? - Serum Proteomic Analysis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1021-1037. [PMID: 38370463 PMCID: PMC10874189 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s434989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glaucoma is the most common optic neuropathy and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, which affects 3.54% of the population aged 40-80 years. Despite numerous published studies, some aspects of glaucoma pathogenesis, serum biomarkers, and their potential link with other diseases remain unclear. Recent articles have proposed that autoimmune, oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Methods We investigated the serum expression of 92 inflammatory and neurotrophic factors in glaucoma patients. The study group consisted of 26 glaucoma patients and 192 healthy subjects based on digital fundography. Results Patients with glaucoma had significantly lower serum expression of IL-2Rβ, TWEAK, CX3CL1, CD6, CD5, LAP TGF-beta1, LIF-R, TRAIL, NT-3, and CCL23 and significantly higher expression of IL-22Rα1. Conclusion Our results indicate that patients with glaucoma tend to have lower levels of neuroprotective proteins and higher levels of neuroinflammatory proteins, similar to those observed in psychiatric, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, indicating a potential link between these conditions and glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Szabłowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | - Mateusz Zarzecki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Lisowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | - Magda Łapińska
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Zofia Stachurska
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Szpakowicz
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol Adam Kamiński
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Konopińska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
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Toledano‐Martos R, Bagó‐Mas A, Deulofeu M, Homs J, Fiol N, Verdú E, Boadas‐Vaello P. Natural polyphenolic coffee extract administration relieves chronic nociplastic pain in a reserpine-induced fibromyalgia-like female mouse model. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3386. [PMID: 38376034 PMCID: PMC10794125 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nociplastic pain involves reflexive and nonreflexive pain responses and it is a core symptom of fibromyalgia (FM). The increasing prevalence of this health condition and the low rates of patients' quality of life, combined with the lack of suitable pharmacologic treatments, evidence the demand to research new alternatives. Polyphenols may be potential therapeutic candidates as they have been reported to exert pathological pain modulation in preclinical models. In that context, this work was aimed to study the antinociceptive effects of a polyphenolic extract obtained from decaffeinated ground roasted coffee, in the RIM6 FM-like mouse model. METHODS To this end, RIM6 adult ICR-CD1 female mice were administered daily once a week with either 10 or 15 mg/kg of extract, and reflexive pain responses were evaluated for up to 3 weeks. At the end, the depressive-like behavior was assessed as a nonreflexive pain response, and spinal cord and serum samples were collected for immunohistochemical and toxicological analyses. RESULTS These findings showed that the repeated administration of the coffee polyphenolic extract (CE) modulated reflexive pain responses, depressive-like behavior, and spinal cord gliosis in a dose-dependent manner, without signs of systemic toxicity. CONCLUSION Thus, the CE may be a potential pharmacological treatment suitable to relieve nociplastic pain responses characteristic of FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Toledano‐Martos
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Anna Bagó‐Mas
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Meritxell Deulofeu
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Núria Fiol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Polytechnic SchoolUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
| | - Pere Boadas‐Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of GironaGironaCataloniaSpain
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Liao J, Yang X, Yang J, Xiao J, Liu X, Zhuo Y, Yang J, Gu H. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220670. [PMID: 38239497 PMCID: PMC10795007 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate effects of pulmonary fractalkine (FKN/CX3CL1) on angiogenesis and tube formation. Tube forming capability of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs) was evaluated. CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate proliferation of PVECs. RT-PCR assay was used to determine angiogenesis specific biomarkers. Western blot was applied to identify CX3CR1, Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), Erk1/2, phosphorylated Erk1/2 (p-Erk1/2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. VEGF-A and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) levels were examined using ELISA. FKN was safe and triggered tube formation in PVECs. FKN significantly enhanced VEGF-A, PDGF, and iNOS gene transcription compared to the Control group (p < 0.05). CX3CR1 interfering (LV5-CX3CR1 shRNA) remarkably reduced CX3CR1 expression compared to those in LV5 blank group (p < 0.05). Ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-Erk/Erk were significantly decreased in CX3CR1 shRNA-treated PVECs administered Akt inhibitor (or Erk inhibitor) and 10 ng/mL FKN compared to CX3CR1 shRNA-treated PVECs administered 10 ng/mL FKN (p < 0.05). FKN increased VEGF-A and iNOS expression through activating Akt/Erk pathway. FKN promoted VEGF-A/iNOS expression and triggered p-Akt/Akt and p-Erk/Erk pathway through modulating CX3CR1. FKN-treated macrophages enhanced activation of Akt/Erk pathway. FKN-treated macrophages enhanced PDGF and VEGF-1 expression in PVECs. FKN modulated pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation through modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors and activating p-Akt/Akt and p-Erk/Erk signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang550002, P. R. China
| | - Xianwu Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang550002, P. R. China
| | - Jiejie Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Yingquan Zhuo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang550002, P. R. China
| | - Jiafei Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang550002, P. R. China
| | - Huajian Gu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang550002, P. R. China
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Fractalkine/CX3CR1-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic and Network Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:4637073. [PMID: 36644710 PMCID: PMC9833910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4637073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively by microglia within the brain parenchyma. The only known physiological CX3CR1 ligand is the chemokine fractalkine (FKN), which is constitutively expressed in neuronal cell membranes and tonically released by them. Through its key role in microglia-neuron communication, the FKN/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial state, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and a variety of synaptic functions, as well as neuronal excitability via cytokine release modulation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Thus, the absence of CX3CR1 or any failure in the FKN/CX3CR1 axis has been linked to alterations in different brain functions, including changes in synaptic and network plasticity in structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Since synaptic plasticity is a basic phenomenon in neural circuit integration and adjustment, here, we will review its modulation by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in diverse brain circuits and its impact on brain function and adaptation in health and disease.
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Goode-Romero G, Dominguez L. Computational study of the structural ensemble of CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and its interactions with different ligands. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275269. [PMID: 36251708 PMCID: PMC9576088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CC Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a member of the Superfamily of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), is an important effector in multiple physiopathological processes such as inflammatory and infectious entities, including central nervous system neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, recovery from nervous injuries, and in the HIV-AIDS infective processes. Thus, CCR5 is an attractive target for pharmacological modulation. Since maraviroc was described as a CCR5 ligand that modifies the HIV-AIDS progression, multiple efforts have been developed to describe the functionality of the receptor. In this work, we characterized key structural features of the CCR5 receptor employing extensive atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) in its apo form and in complex with an endogenous agonist, the chemokine CCL5/RANTES, an HIV entry inhibitor, the partial inverse agonist maraviroc, and the experimental antagonists Compound 21 and 34, aiming to elucidate the structural features and mechanistic processes that constitute its functional states, contributing with structural details and a general understanding of this relevant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Goode-Romero
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kaddour H, McDew-White M, Madeira MM, Tranquille MA, Tsirka SE, Mohan M, Okeoma CM. Chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatment counteracts SIV-induced modulation of proinflammatory microRNA cargo in basal ganglia-derived extracellular vesicles. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:225. [PMID: 36096938 PMCID: PMC9469539 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Gray et al. in Brain Pathol 6:1-15, 1996; An et al. in Ann Neurol 40:611-6172, 1996), results in neuroinflammation, potentially through extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their micro RNAs (miRNA) cargoes (Sharma et al. in FASEB J 32:5174-5185, 2018; Hu et al. in Cell Death Dis 3:e381, 2012). Although the basal ganglia (BG) is a major target and reservoir of HIV in the CNS (Chaganti et al. in Aids 33:1843-1852, 2019; Mintzopoulos et al. in Magn Reson Med 81:2896-2904, 2019), whether BG produces EVs and the effect of HIV and/or the phytocannabinoid-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on BG-EVs and HIV neuropathogenesis remain unknown. METHODS We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of HIV and THC treatment in rhesus macaques (Molina et al. in AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 27:585-592, 2011) to demonstrate for the first time that BG contains EVs (BG-EVs), and that BG-EVs cargo and function are modulated by SIV and THC. We also used primary astrocytes from the brains of wild type (WT) and CX3CR1+/GFP mice to investigate the significance of BG-EVs in CNS cells. RESULTS Significant changes in BG-EV-associated miRNA specific to SIV infection and THC treatment were observed. BG-EVs from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (SIV EVs) contained 11 significantly downregulated miRNAs. Remarkably, intervention with THC led to significant upregulation of 37 miRNAs in BG-EVs (SIV-THC EVs). Most of these miRNAs are predicted to regulate pathways related to inflammation/immune regulation, TLR signaling, Neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling, and cell death/response. BG-EVs activated WT and CX3CR1+/GFP astrocytes and altered the expression of CD40, TNFα, MMP-2, and MMP-2 gene products in primary mouse astrocytes in an EV and CX3CR1 dependent manners. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a role for BG-EVs as a vehicle with potential to disseminate HIV- and THC-induced changes within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
- Present Address: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302 USA
| | - Miguel M. Madeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Malik A. Tranquille
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302 USA
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651 USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595-1524 USA
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Bagó-Mas A, Korimová A, Deulofeu M, Verdú E, Fiol N, Svobodová V, Dubový P, Boadas-Vaello P. Polyphenolic grape stalk and coffee extracts attenuate spinal cord injury-induced neuropathic pain development in ICR-CD1 female mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14980. [PMID: 36056079 PMCID: PMC9440260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients develop central neuropathic pain (CNP), which is largely refractory to current treatments. Considering the preclinical evidence showing that polyphenolic compounds may exert antinociceptive effects, the present work aimed to study preventive effects on SCI-induced CNP development by repeated administration of two vegetal polyphenolic extracts: grape stalk extract (GSE) and coffee extract (CE). Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days postinjury. Then, gliosis, ERK phosphorylation and the expression of CCL2 and CX3CL1 chemokines and their receptors, CCR2 and CX3CR1, were analyzed in the spinal cord. Gliosis and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 expression were also analyzed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) since they are supraspinal structures involved in pain perception and modulation. GSE and CE treatments modulated pain behaviors accompanied by reduced gliosis in the spinal cord and both treatments modulated neuron-glia crosstalk-related biomolecules expression. Moreover, both extracts attenuated astrogliosis in the ACC and PAG as well as microgliosis in the ACC with an increased M2 subpopulation of microglial cells in the PAG. Finally, GSE and CE prevented CX3CL1/CX3CR1 upregulation in the PAG, and modulated their expression in ACC. These findings suggest that repeated administrations of either GSE or CE after SCI may be suitable pharmacologic strategies to attenuate SCI-induced CNP development by means of spinal and supraspinal neuroinflammation modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bagó-Mas
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Andrea Korimová
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Meritxell Deulofeu
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Fiol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Polytechnic School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Viktorie Svobodová
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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Fractalkine deficiency attenuates LPS-induced acute kidney injury and podocyte apoptosis by targeting the PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Clin Exp Nephrol 2022; 26:741-749. [PMID: 35394554 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocyte injury is a major biomarker of primary glomerular disease, which leads to massive proteinuria and kidney failure. The increased production of the chemokine, fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1), is a hallmark of multiple inflammatory diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of FKN in podocyte injury remains unknown. METHODS In this study, we performed an LPS infusion model in FKN knockout (FKN-/-, FKN-KO) mice. In cultured podocytes, we used plasmids to knockdown FKN and treated the podocytes with PI3K/Akt inhibitor (LY294002). Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Western Bolt, Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric analysis were employed to establish the role of FKN in podocyte injury. RESULTS LPS stimulation resulted in kidney damage, increased the expression of the Bcl-2 family apoptosis protein, and decreased podocyte marker protein (nephrin, podocin and WT1) abundance compared with the WT mice. LPS-induced FKN-KO mice exhibited reduced lethality and inflammatory cell infiltration, podocyte apoptosis, and PI3K/Akt signal pathway inhibition compared to WT mice. In cultured podocytes, the interaction between FKN and the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway was well confirmed. FKN knockdown reduced podocyte apoptosis by regulating the Bcl-2 family; however, this protective effect was reversed by the co-administration of a PI3K/Akt inhibitor (LY294002). CONCLUSION Overall, these findings reveal a novel mechanistic property of FKN, PI3K/Akt signalling, and podocyte apoptosis.
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12
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Hao Y, Yang L, Fan S, Xiao Z. FKN/CX3CR1 axis facilitates migraine-Like behaviour by activating thalamic-cortical network microglia in status epilepticus model rats. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:42. [PMID: 35382731 PMCID: PMC8981829 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The incidence of migraines is higher among individuals with epilepsy than in healthy individuals, and these two diseases are thought to shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Excitation/inhibition imbalance plays an essential role in the comorbidity of epilepsy and migraine. Microglial activation is crucial for abnormal neuronal signal transmission. However, it remains unclear whether and how microglia are activated and their role in comorbidities after being activated. This study aimed to explore the characteristics and mechanism of microglial activation after seizures and their effect on migraine.
Methods
Model rats of status epilepticus (SE) induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride (LiCl)-pilocarpine and migraine induced by repeated dural injections of inflammatory soup (IS) were generated, and molecular and histopathologic evidence of the microglial activation targets of fractalkine (FKN) signalling were examined. HT22-BV2 transwell coculture assays were used to explore the interaction between neurons and microglia. LPS (a microglial agonist) and FKN stimulation of BV2 microglial cells were used to evaluate changes in BDNF levels after microglial activation.
Results
Microglia were specifically hyperplastic and activated in the temporal lobe cortex, thalamus, and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (sp5c), accompanied by the upregulation of FKN and CX3CR1 four days after seizures. Moreover, SE-induced increases in nociceptive behaviour and FKN/CX3CR1 axis expression in migraine model rats. AZD8797 (a CX3CR1 inhibitor) prevented the worsening of hyperalgesia and microglial activation in migraine model rats after seizures, while FKN infusion in migraine model rats exacerbated hyperalgesia and microglial activation associated with BDNF-Trkb signalling. Furthermore, in neuron-microglia cocultures, microglial activation and FKN/CX3CR1/BDNF/iba1 expression were increased compared with those in microglial cultures alone. Activating microglia with LPS and FKN increased BDNF synthesis in BV2 microglia.
Conclusions
Our results indicated that epilepsy facilitated migraine through FKN/CX3CR1 axis-mediated microglial activation in the cortex/thalamus/sp5c, which was accompanied by BDNF release. Blocking the FKN/CX3CR1 axis and microglial activation are potential therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating migraine in patients with epilepsy.
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Wang L, Botchway BOA, Liu X. The Repression of the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB Signaling Pathway by Safflower Yellow May Improve Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:803885. [PMID: 35002613 PMCID: PMC8740221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.803885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in abnormal sensory and motor functions. Current interventions for SCI in the clinical setting are not effective partly due to the complexity concerning its pathophysiological mechanism. In the wake of SCI, considerable inflammatory cells assemble around the injured area that induces a series of inflammatory reactions and aggravates tissue lesions, thereby affecting the recovery of the damaged nerve tissue. Therefore, the inhibition of inflammatory responses can improve the repair of the injured spinal cord tissue. Safflower Yellow (SY) is the main active ingredient of Carthamus tinctorius. SY has anti-inflammatory effect, as it can inhibit IκBα phosphorylation to impede the NF-κB signaling pathway and p53 nuclear translocation. Besides, SY can limit the release of pro-inflammatory factors, which in turn may alleviate secondary SCI and prevent further complications. In this report, we analyze the pathophysiological mechanism of SCI, the role of inflammatory responses, and how SY interferes with the HMGB1-TLR-4-NF-κB signaling pathway to attenuate inflammatory responses in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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14
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Dai C, Liu B, Peng B, Qu B, Lin J, Peng B, Li DM. Entinostat Improves Motor Function and Neuronal Damage Via Downregulating NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:774539. [PMID: 34899337 PMCID: PMC8664236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.774539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI), a major public health problem, has no effective treatment. A large number of studies have confirmed that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in the physiologic processes that occur following SCI. We tried to uncover the potential neuroprotective role of entinostat (a class I HDAC inhibitor) in SCI. Methods: We conducted a study on a preclinical mouse model of SCI and OGD-induced neuronal damage to present the role of entinostat by the analysis of motor function, histopathologic damage, local NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and neuronal damage. Results: The results showed that entinostat suppressed HDAC activation (including HDAC1 and HDAC3 expression), improved the grip strength and BMS score, spinal edema, cell death, and local NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the spinal cord following SCI. Furthermore, entinostat significantly increased OGD-inhibited neuronal activity and decreased PI-positive cells, HDAC activation, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and IL-18 levels, and NLRP3 expression. Conclusion: In summary, we first documented that entinostat improved the motor function, histopathologic damage, and local inflammatory response and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the spinal cord following SCI and also presented the neuroprotective role of OGD-induced neuronal damage via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Thus, our study has the potential to reveal the interaction between the HDAC and NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathologic process as well as SCI and further promote the clinical indications of HDACi entinostat and clinical treatment for the inflammatory response after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dai
- Orthopedics and Trauma Department, The 963rd (224th) Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 963rd Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Jiamusi, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Bibo Peng
- Outpatient Department, The Third Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Tianjin University, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Disaster and Emergency Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiezhi Lin
- Military Burn Center, The 963rd (224th) Hospital of People's Liberation Army, 963rd Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Jiamusi, China
| | - Baogan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Duan-Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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15
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Martínez-López MA, Marco EM, de Hoz R, Martín-Sánchez B, San Felipe D, Salobrar-García E, López-Cuenca I, Pinazo-Durán MD, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM, López-Gallardo M, Ramírez AI. Is Saffron Able to Prevent the Dysregulation of Retinal Cytokines Induced by Ocular Hypertension in Mice? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214801. [PMID: 34768320 PMCID: PMC8584889 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine- and chemokine-mediated signalling is involved in the neuroinflammatory process that leads to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in glaucoma. Substances with anti-inflammatory properties could decrease these cytokines and chemokines and thus prevent RGC death. The authors of this study analysed the anti-inflammatory effect of a hydrophilic saffron extract standardized to 3% crocin content, focusing on the regulation of cytokine and chemokine production, in a mouse model of unilateral laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). We demonstrated that following saffron treatment, most of the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and fractalkine were unaffected in response to laser-induced OHT in both the OHT eye and its contralateral eye. Only IL-6 levels were significantly increased in the OHT eye one day after laser induction compared with the control group. These results differed from those observed in animals subjected to unilateral OHT and not treated with saffron, where changes in cytokine levels occurred in both eyes. Therefore, saffron extract regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines, VEGF, and fractalkine induced by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP), protecting the retina from inflammation. These results indicate that saffron could be beneficial in glaucoma by helping to reduce the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.J.S.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Miguel A. Martínez-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo UCM 951579, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.-L.); (B.M.-S.); (D.S.F.)
| | - Eva M. Marco
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, Fisiología y Microbiología, Grupo UCM 951579, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.J.S.); (J.M.R.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo UCM 951579, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.-L.); (B.M.-S.); (D.S.F.)
| | - Diego San Felipe
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo UCM 951579, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.-L.); (B.M.-S.); (D.S.F.)
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.J.S.); (J.M.R.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.J.S.); (J.M.R.)
| | - María D. Pinazo-Durán
- Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”—FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Unit, University of Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.J.S.); (J.M.R.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.J.S.); (J.M.R.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Oftalmología y ORL, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell López-Gallardo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo UCM 951579, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.M.-L.); (B.M.-S.); (D.S.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.-G.); (A.I.R.)
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.J.S.); (J.M.R.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Oftalmología y ORL, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.-G.); (A.I.R.)
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16
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Cormican S, Griffin MD. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and Its Receptor CX3CR1: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Chronic Kidney Disease? Front Immunol 2021; 12:664202. [PMID: 34163473 PMCID: PMC8215706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells are key contributors to kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Infiltration of the renal parenchyma by innate immune cells is governed by multiple signalling pathways. Since the discovery of the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1 over twenty years ago, a wealth of evidence has emerged linking CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signalling to renal pathologies in both acute and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, despite the extent of data indicating a pathogenic role for this pathway in kidney disease and its complications, no human trials of targeted therapeutic agents have been reported. Although acute autoimmune kidney disease is often successfully treated with immunomodulatory medications, there is a notable lack of treatment options for patients with progressive fibrotic CKD. In this article we revisit the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis and its functional roles. Furthermore we review the accumulating evidence that CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interactions mediate important events in the intra-renal pathophysiology of CKD progression, particularly via recruitment of innate immune cells into the kidney. We also consider the role that systemic activation of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in renal disease contributes to CKD-associated cardiovascular disease. Based on this evidence, we highlight the potential for therapies targeting CX3CL1 or CX3CR1 to benefit people living with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cormican
- Regenerative Medical Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Nephrology Services, Galway University Hospitals, Saolta University Health Group, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew D. Griffin
- Regenerative Medical Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Nephrology Services, Galway University Hospitals, Saolta University Health Group, Galway, Ireland
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17
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Fang S, Zhong L, Wang AQ, Zhang H, Yin ZS. Identification of Regeneration and Hub Genes and Pathways at Different Time Points after Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2643-2662. [PMID: 33484404 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological injury that can cause neuronal loss around the lesion site and leads to locomotive and sensory deficits. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to verify differential gene time-course expression in SCI and provide new insights for gene-level studies. We downloaded two rat expression profiles (GSE464 and GSE45006) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, including 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days post-SCI, along with thoracic spinal cord data for analysis. At each time point, gene integration was performed using "batch normalization." The raw data were standardized, and differentially expressed genes at the different time points versus the control were analyzed by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis. A protein-protein interaction network was then built and visualized. In addition, ten hub genes were identified at each time point. Among them, Gnb5, Gng8, Agt, Gnai1, and Psap lack correlation studies in SCI and deserve further investigation. Finally, we screened and analyzed genes for tissue repair, reconstruction, and regeneration and found that Anxa1, Snap25, and Spp1 were closely related to repair and regeneration after SCI. In conclusion, hub genes, signaling pathways, and regeneration genes involved in secondary SCI were identified in our study. These results may be useful for understanding SCI-related biological processes and the development of targeted intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - An-Quan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zong-Sheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
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18
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Retinal Molecular Changes Are Associated with Neuroinflammation and Loss of RGCs in an Experimental Model of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042066. [PMID: 33669765 PMCID: PMC7922243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling mediated by cytokines and chemokines is involved in glaucoma-associated neuroinflammation and in the damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Using multiplexed immunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques in a glaucoma mouse model at different time points after ocular hypertension (OHT), we analyzed (i) the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, BDNF, VEGF, and fractalkine; and (ii) the number of Brn3a+ RGCs. In OHT eyes, there was an upregulation of (i) IFN-γ at days 3, 5, and 15; (ii) IL-4 at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and IL-10 at days 3 and 5 (coinciding with downregulation of IL1-β at days 1, 5, and 7); (iii) IL-6 at days 1, 3, and 5; (iv) fractalkine and VEGF at day 1; and (v) BDNF at days 1, 3, 7, and 15. In contralateral eyes, there were (i) an upregulation of IL-1β at days 1 and 3 and a downregulation at day 7, coinciding with the downregulation of IL4 at days 3 and 5 and the upregulation at day 7; (ii) an upregulation of IL-6 at days 1, 5, and 7 and a downregulation at 15 days; (iii) an upregulation of IL-10 at days 3 and 7; and (iv) an upregulation of IL-17 at day 15. In OHT eyes, there was a reduction in the Brn3a+ RGCs number at days 3, 5, 7, and 15. OHT changes cytokine levels in both OHT and contralateral eyes at different time points after OHT induction, confirming the immune system involvement in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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19
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Suresh P, Phasuk S, Liu IY. Modulation of microglia activation and Alzheimer's disease: CX3 chemokine ligand 1/CX3CR and P2X 7R signaling. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:1-6. [PMID: 33505871 PMCID: PMC7821819 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_144_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deficits. Two hallmarks of AD that cause chronic inflammation and lead to neuronal dysfunction and damage are tau tangles and amyloid plaques. Microglial cells, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, maintain a homeostatic active/inactive state via a bidirectional, dynamic communication with neurons. Several studies have revealed that dysregulated microglial activation leads to AD pathology. Therefore, we reviewed the relationship between AD and two important signaling complexes, CX3 chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1)/CX3CR1 and ATP/P2X7R, that play critical roles in the regulation of microglial activation. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 is one important signaling which controls the microglia function. Altering this pathway can have opposite effects on amyloid and tau pathology in AD. Another important molecule is P2X7R which involves in the activation of microglia. Over activation of P2X7R is evident in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss influence of the two signaling pathways at different stages of AD pathology as well as the drug candidates that can modulate CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and ATP/P2X7R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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20
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Pro-Inflammatory Role of AQP4 in Mice Subjected to Intrastriatal Injections of the Parkinsonogenic Toxin MPP. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112418. [PMID: 33167342 PMCID: PMC7694382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is critically involved in brain water and volume homeostasis and has been implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions. Notably, evidence has been accrued to suggest that AQP4 plays a proinflammatory role by promoting release of astrocytic cytokines that activate microglia and other astrocytes. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and we have previously shown that astrocytes in substantia nigra (SN) are enriched in AQP4 relative to cortical astrocytes, and that their complement of AQP4 is further increased following treatment with the parkinsonogenic toxin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). Here, we investigated the effect of Aqp4 deletion on microglial activation in mice subjected to unilateral intrastriatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+, the toxic metabolite of MPTP). Our results show that MPP+ injections lead to a pronounced increase in the expression level of microglial activating genes in the ventral mesencephalon of wild type (WT) mice, but not Aqp4−/− mice. We also show, in WT mice, that MPP+ injections cause an upregulation of nigral AQP4 and swelling of astrocytic endfeet. These findings are consistent with the idea that AQP4 plays a pro-inflammatory role in Parkinson’s disease, secondary to the dysregulation of astrocytic volume homeostasis.
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