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Malik S, Sikander M, Wahid M, Dhasmana A, Sarwat M, Khan S, Cobos E, Yallapu MM, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Deciphering cellular and molecular mechanism of MUC13 mucin involved in cancer cell plasticity and drug resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:981-999. [PMID: 38498072 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
There has been a surge of interest in recent years in understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer progression and treatment resistance. One molecule that has recently emerged in these mechanisms is MUC13 mucin, a transmembrane glycoprotein. Researchers have begun to unravel the molecular complexity of MUC13 and its impact on cancer biology. Studies have shown that MUC13 overexpression can disrupt normal cellular polarity, leading to the acquisition of malignant traits. Furthermore, MUC13 has been associated with increased cancer plasticity, allowing cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasize. Notably, MUC13 has also been implicated in the development of chemoresistance, rendering cancer cells less responsive to traditional treatment options. Understanding the precise role of MUC13 in cellular plasticity, and chemoresistance could pave the way for the development of targeted therapies to combat cancer progression and enhance treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Malik
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 5300 North L Street, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Mohammed Sikander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 5300 North L Street, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Unit of Research and Scientific Studies, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 5300 North L Street, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Maryam Sarwat
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 5300 North L Street, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 5300 North L Street, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 5300 North L Street, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 5300 North L Street, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA.
- South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.
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Zhou T, Zhang X, Yang D, Wei W, Gan J, Xia X, Chen Q, Jiang J, Feng X. Metformin overcomes chemoresistance by regulating stemness via KLF4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 39039738 DOI: 10.1111/odi.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemoresistance is a common event after chemotherapy, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Accumulated evidence suggests that the cancer stemness significantly contributes to therapy resistance. An unresolved question remains regarding how to effectively overcome OSCC chemoresistance by targeting stemness. This study aims to investigate the antitumor effect of metformin and clarify the potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS Cellular models resistant to chemotherapy were established, and their viability and sphere-forming ability were assessed using CCK-8 and soft agar formation assays, respectively. RNA-seq and Western blotting analyses were employed to delve into the molecular pathways. Furthermore, to corroborate the inhibitory effects of metformin and cisplatin at an animal level, a subcutaneous tumor transplantation model was instituted. RESULTS Metformin as a monotherapy exhibited inhibition of stemness traits via Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Metformin and cisplatin can synergically inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. Animal experiments confirmed the inhibitory effect of cisplatin and metformin on tumor in mice. CONCLUSION Our study proposes a potential therapeutic approach of combining chemotherapy with metformin to overcome chemoresistance in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weideng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianguo Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Papadakos SP, Argyrou A, Lekakis V, Arvanitakis K, Kalisperati P, Stergiou IE, Konstantinidis I, Schizas D, Koufakis T, Germanidis G, Theocharis S. Metformin in Esophageal Carcinoma: Exploring Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2978. [PMID: 38474224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) remains a formidable malignancy with limited treatment options and high mortality rates, necessitating the exploration of innovative therapeutic avenues. Through a systematic analysis of a multitude of studies, we synthesize the diverse findings related to metformin's influence on EC. This review comprehensively elucidates the intricate metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms through which metformin may exert its anti-cancer effects. Key focus areas include its impact on insulin signaling, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and the mTOR pathway, which collectively contribute to its role in mitigating esophageal cancer progression. This review critically examines the body of clinical and preclinical evidence surrounding the potential role of metformin, a widely prescribed anti-diabetic medication, in EC management. Our examination extends to the modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress and angiogenesis, revealing metformin's potential as a metabolic intervention in esophageal cancer pathogenesis. By consolidating epidemiological and clinical data, we assess the evidence that supports metformin's candidacy as an adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. By summarizing clinical and preclinical findings, our review aims to enhance our understanding of metformin's role in EC management, potentially improving patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Argyrou
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Lekakis
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kalisperati
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna E Stergiou
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital "Hippokration", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Shiozaki A, Inoue H, Shimizu H, Kosuga T, Takemoto K, Kudou M, Ohashi T, Arita T, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Kubota T, Fujiwara H, Otsuji E. Cancer Stem Cells of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma are Suppressed by Inhibitors of TRPV2 and SLC12A2. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:8743-8754. [PMID: 37684371 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of membrane transporters activated in cancer stem cells (CSCs) as new therapeutic targets for cancer is attracting increasing interest. Therefore, the present study examined the expression profiles of ion transport-related molecules in the CSCs of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS Cells that highly expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1) were separated from OE33 cells, a human Barrett's EAC cell line, by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. CSCs were identified based on the formation of tumorspheres. Gene expression profiles in CSCs were examined by a microarray analysis. RESULTS Among OE33 cells, ALDH1A1 messenger RNA levels were higher in CSCs than in non-CSCs. Furthermore, CSCs exhibited resistance to cisplatin and had the capacity to redifferentiate. The results of the microarray analysis of CSCs showed the up-regulated expression of several genes related to ion channels/transporters, such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) and solute carrier family 12 member 2 (SLC12A2). The cytotoxicities of the TRPV2 inhibitor tranilast and the SLC12A2 inhibitor furosemide were higher at lower concentrations in CSCs than in non-CSCs, and both markedly reduced the number of tumorspheres. The cell population among OE33 cells that highly expressed ALDH1A1 also was significantly decreased by these inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Based on the present results, TRPV2 and SLC12A2 are involved in the maintenance of CSCs, and their specific inhibitors, tranilast and furosemide, respectively, have potential as targeted therapeutic agents for EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kosuga
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takemoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kudou
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Ohashi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kubota
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Kim JH, Kang KW, Park Y, Kim BS. CXCR2 inhibition overcomes ponatinib intolerance by eradicating chronic myeloid leukemic stem cells through PI3K/Akt/mTOR and dipeptidylpeptidase Ⅳ (CD26). Heliyon 2023; 9:e22091. [PMID: 38045173 PMCID: PMC10692791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the therapeutic potential of targeting CXCR2 in patients afflicted with ponatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Ponatinib, a third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), was initially designed for treating patients with CML harboring the T315I mutation. However, resistance or intolerance issues may lead to treatment discontinuation. Additionally, TKIs have exhibited limitations in eradicating quiescent CML stem cells. Our investigation reveals the activation of CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling in response to chemotherapeutic stress. Treatment with the CXCR2 antagonist, SB225002, effectively curtails cell proliferation and triggers apoptosis in ponatinib-resistant CML cells. SB225002 intervention also results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and disruption of mitochondrial function, phenomena associated with TKI chemoresistance and apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activated CXCR2 expression induces the activity of dipeptidylpeptidase Ⅳ (DPP4/CD26), a CML leukemic stem cell marker, and concomitantly inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway cascades. These findings underscore the novel role of CXCR2 in the regulation of not only ponatinib-resistant CML cells, but also CML leukemic stem cells. Consequently, our study proposes that targeting CXCR2 holds promise as a viable therapeutic strategy for addressing patients with CML grappling with ponatinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hea Kim
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Anam Hospital Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Anam Hospital Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Anam Hospital Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Karmanova EE, Chernikov AV, Popova NR, Sharapov MG, Ivanov VE, Bruskov VI. Metformin mitigates radiation toxicity exerting antioxidant and genoprotective properties. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2449-2460. [PMID: 36961549 PMCID: PMC10036983 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug metformin (MF) exhibits redox-modulating effects in various pathologies associated with oxidative stress and mitigates ionizing radiation-induced toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Thus, we studied some radiomitigatory effects of MF and explored the possible mechanisms behind them. Highly sensitive luminescence methods and non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used in in vitro studies, and in vivo the damage to bone marrow cells and its repair were assessed by the micronucleus test. In a solution, MF at concentrations exceeding 0.1 µM effectively intercepts •OH upon X-ray-irradiation, but does not react directly with H2O2. MF accelerates the decomposition of H2O2 catalyzed by copper ions. MF does not affect the radiation-induced formation of H2O2 in the solution of bovine gamma-globulin (BGG), but has a modulating effect on the generation of H2O2 in the solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA). MF at 0.05-1 mM decreases the radiation-induced formation of 8-oxoguanine in a DNA solution depending on the concentration of MF with a maximum at 0.25 mM. MF at doses of 3 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 30 mg/kg bw administered to mice after irradiation, but not before irradiation, reduces the frequency of micronucleus formation in polychromatophilic erythrocytes of mouse red bone marrow. Our work has shown that the radiomitigatory properties of MF are mediated by antioxidant mechanisms of action, possibly including its ability to chelate polyvalent metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina E Karmanova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Chernikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Nelli R Popova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Mars G Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Ivanov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vadim I Bruskov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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Liu J, Zhao J, Qiao X. Research Progress of Metformin in the Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad139. [PMID: 37738154 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies and has a high mortality, posing a great threat to both human physical and mental health. With the advancement of scientific research, a variety of cancer therapies have been used for OSCC treatment. However, the prognosis of OSCC shows no significant improvement. Metformin has been recognized as the first-line drug for the treatment of diabetes, and recent studies have shown that metformin has a remarkable suppressive effect on tumor progression. Metformin can not only affect the energy metabolism of tumor cells but also play an antitumor role by modulating the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells. In this review, the molecular mechanism of metformin and its anticancer mechanism in OSCC are summarized. In addition, this article summarizes the side effects of metformin and the future prospects of its application in the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Department of Central Laboratory, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, China
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, China
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Dong Y, Qi Y, Jiang H, Mi T, Zhang Y, Peng C, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zang Y, Li J. The development and benefits of metformin in various diseases. Front Med 2023; 17:388-431. [PMID: 37402952 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-0998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has been used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus for decades due to its safety, low cost, and outstanding hypoglycemic effect clinically. The mechanisms underlying these benefits are complex and still not fully understood. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex I is the most described downstream mechanism of metformin, leading to reduced ATP production and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Meanwhile, many novel targets of metformin have been gradually discovered. In recent years, multiple pre-clinical and clinical studies are committed to extend the indications of metformin in addition to diabetes. Herein, we summarized the benefits of metformin in four types of diseases, including metabolic associated diseases, cancer, aging and age-related diseases, neurological disorders. We comprehensively discussed the pharmacokinetic properties and the mechanisms of action, treatment strategies, the clinical application, the potential risk of metformin in various diseases. This review provides a brief summary of the benefits and concerns of metformin, aiming to interest scientists to consider and explore the common and specific mechanisms and guiding for the further research. Although there have been countless studies of metformin, longitudinal research in each field is still much warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yingbei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yunkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wanchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China.
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Xuan SH, Hua ML, Xiang Z, He XL, Huang L, Jiang C, Dong P, Wu J. Roles of cancer stem cells in gastrointestinal cancers. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:209-220. [PMID: 37181004 PMCID: PMC10173810 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main cause of tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and recurrence. Recently, CSCs have been extensively studied to identify CSC-specific surface markers as well as signaling pathways that play key roles in CSCs self-renewal. The involvement of CSCs in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers also highlights these cells as a priority target for therapy. The diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of GI cancer have always been a focus of attention. Therefore, the potential application of CSCs in GI cancers is receiving increasing attention. This review summarizes the role of CSCs in GI cancers, focusing on esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. In addition, we propose CSCs as potential targets and therapeutic strategies for the effective treatment of GI cancers, which may provide better guidance for clinical treatment of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hai Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Dongtai City, Dongtai 224299, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Lu Hua
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Lin He
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu Province, China
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10
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Karmanova E, Chernikov A, Usacheva A, Ivanov V, Bruskov V. Metformin counters oxidative stress and mitigates adverse effects of radiation exposure: An overview. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36852652 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanidine hydrochloride) (MF) is a drug that has long been in use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and recently is coming into use in the radiation therapy of cancer and other conditions. Exposure to ionizing radiation disturbs the redox homeostasis of cells and causes damage to proteins, membranes, and mitochondria, destroying a number of biological processes. After irradiation, MF activates cellular antioxidant and repair systems by signaling to eliminate the harmful consequences of disruption of redox homeostasis. The use of MF in the treatment of the negative effects of irradiation has great potential in medical patients after radiotherapy and in victims of nuclear accidents or radiologic terrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Karmanova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.,Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anatoly Chernikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna Usacheva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivanov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vadim Bruskov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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11
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Zhang X, Liu H, Wang H, Zhao R, Lu Q, Liu Y, Han Y, LuluRen, Pan H, Han W. B3galt5 deficiency attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing mTOR/p70s6k-mediated glycolysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:8. [PMID: 36495345 PMCID: PMC11072394 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies with high morbidity and mortality. Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 (b3galt5) plays crucial roles in protein glycosylation, but its function in HCC remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of b3galt5 in HCC. We found that b3galt5 is highly expressed and associated with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. In vitro studies showed that b3galt5 promoted the proliferation and survival of HCC cells. We also demonstrated that b3galt5 deficiency suppressed hepatocarcinogenesis in DEN/TCPOBOP-induced HCC. Further investigation confirmed that b3galt5 promoted aerobic glycolysis in HCC. Mechanistically, b3galt5 promoted glycolysis by activating the mTOR/p70s6k pathway through O-linked glycosylation modification on mTOR. Moreover, p70s6k inhibition reduced the expression of key glycolytic enzymes and the glycolysis rate in b3galt5-overexpressing cells. Our study uncovers a novel mechanism by which b3galt5 mediates glycolysis in HCC and highlights the b3galt5-mTOR/p70s6k axis as a potential target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongjie Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yicheng Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - LuluRen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Mukherjee P, Bagchi A, Banerjee A, Roy H, Bhattacharya A, Biswas A, Chatterji U. PDE4 inhibitor eliminates breast cancer stem cells via noncanonical activation of mTOR. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1980-1996. [PMID: 36063486 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ineffective cancer treatment is implicated in metastasis, recurrence, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and evasion of immune surveillance. All these failures occur due to the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) even after rigorous therapy, thereby rendering them as essential targets for cancer management. Contrary to the quiescent nature of CSCs, a gene profiler array disclosed that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), which is known to be crucial for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, was significantly upregulated in CSCs. Since PI3K is modulated by cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP), analyses of cAMP regulation revealed that breast CSCs expressed increased levels of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) in contrast to normal stem cells. In accordance, the effects of rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, were evaluated on PI3K regulators and signaling. The efficacy of rolipram was compared with paclitaxel, an anticancer drug that is ineffective in obliterating breast CSCs. Analyses of downstream signaling components revealed a switch between cell survival and death, in response to rolipram, specifically of the CSCs. Rolipram-mediated downregulation of PDE4A levels in breast CSCs led to an increase in cAMP levels and protein kinase A (PKA) expression. Subsequently, PKA-mediated upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog antagonized the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and led to cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, direct yet noncanonical activation of mTOR by PKA, circumventing the influence of PI3K and AKT, temporally shifted the fate of CSCs toward apoptosis. Rolipram in combination with paclitaxel indicated synergistic consequences, which effectively obliterated CSCs within a tumor, thereby suggesting combinatorial therapy as a sustainable and effective strategy to abrogate breast CSCs for better patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Mukherjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Arka Bagchi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Himansu Roy
- Department of Surgery, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Arunima Biswas
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.,Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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13
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Chen SL, Lin WC, Chen YC, Chen JL, Wu YH, Yang SH, Chen HY. The association between mortality and use of Chinese herbal medicine among incident stage IV esophageal cancer patients: A retrospective cohort study with core herbs exploration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1018281. [PMID: 36278218 PMCID: PMC9582778 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1018281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) remains a leading cause of death worldwide and in Taiwan. The prognosis of advanced-stage EC is notably poor, and the treatment options are limited. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been widely used as a complementary treatment for cancer, yet the long-term effect of CHM in stage IV EC remains unclear. The multi-institutional cohort obtained from the Chang Gung research database (CGRD) was used to study the long-term outcome of CHM use among incident stage IV EC patients from 1 January 2002, to 31 December 2018. All patients were followed up to 5 years or the occurrence of death. The overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival rates were conducted using Kaplan-Meier estimation. Overlap weighing and landmark analysis were used to eliminate confounding and immortal time biases. Furthermore, we demonstrated the core CHMs for stage IV EC by using the Chinese herbal medicine network (CMN) analysis on prescriptions. Nine hundred eighty-five stage IV EC patients were analyzed, including 74 CHM users and 911 non-CHM users. We found the use of CHM was associated with a higher 5-year overall survival rate than CHM nonusers (the cumulative probability: 19.52% versus 6.04%, log-rank test: p < 0.001, and the p < 0.001 with overlap weighting). In addition, the overall median survival time was about 7 months longer among CHM users. Moreover, the lower 1-, 3-, 5-year disease-specific survival rates were higher among CHM users. Additionally, the risk of all-cause mortality was lower among CHM users when considering accessible demographic covariates (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.39, 0.89, p = 0.011). Furthermore, the CMN analysis revealed that CHMs improved health while relieving tumor burden. For example, Hedyotis diffusa Willd. was the core CHM with an anti-cancer effect, while Fritillaria thunbergii Miq and Sevilla maindronide Rochebrune were used together to relieve cancer-related gastrointestinal discomfort. The use of CHM seems safe and possibly beneficial among stage IV EC patients with a higher 5-year OS. Further clinical trials on CHM were guaranteed to explore the role of CHM in managing stage IV EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal and Pediatric Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Liang Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal and Pediatric Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hong Wu
- Division of Chinese Internal and Pediatric Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sien-Hung Yang
- Division of Chinese Internal and Pediatric Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yu Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal and Pediatric Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hsing-Yu Chen,
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14
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Sun G, Yang Y, Liu J, Gao Z, Xu T, Chai J, Xu J, Fan Z, Xiao T, Jia Q, Li M. Cancer stem cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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JIB-04, a Pan-Inhibitor of Histone Demethylases, Targets Histone-Lysine-Demethylase-Dependent AKT Pathway, Leading to Cell Cycle Arrest and Inhibition of Cancer Stem-Like Cell Properties in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147657. [PMID: 35887001 PMCID: PMC9322929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
JIB-04, a pan-histone lysine demethylase (KDM) inhibitor, targets drug-resistant cells, along with colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are crucial for cancer recurrence and metastasis. Despite the advances in CSC biology, the effect of JIB-04 on liver CSCs (LCSCs) and the malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been elucidated yet. Here, we showed that JIB-04 targeted KDMs, leading to the growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest of HCC, and abolished the viability of LCSCs. JIB-04 significantly attenuated CSC tumorsphere formation, growth, relapse, migration, and invasion in vitro. Among KDMs, the deficiency of KDM4B, KDM4D, and KDM6B reduced the viability of the tumorspheres, suggesting their roles in the function of LCSCs. RNA sequencing revealed that JIB-04 affected various cancer-related pathways, especially the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is crucial for HCC malignancy and the maintenance of LCSCs. Our results revealed KDM6B-dependent AKT2 expression and the downregulation of E2F-regulated genes via JIB-04-induced inhibition of the AKT2/FOXO3a/p21/RB axis. A ChIP assay demonstrated JIB-04-induced reduction in H3K27me3 at the AKT2 promoter and the enrichment of KDM6B within this promoter. Overall, our results strongly suggest that the inhibitory effect of JIB-04 on HCC malignancy and the maintenance of LCSCs is mediated via targeting the KDM6B-AKT2 pathway, indicating the therapeutic potential of JIB-04.
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16
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Will We Unlock the Benefit of Metformin for Patients with Lung Cancer? Lessons from Current Evidence and New Hypotheses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070786. [PMID: 35890085 PMCID: PMC9318003 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been under basic and clinical study as an oncological repurposing pharmacological agent for several years, stemming from observational studies which consistently evidenced that subjects who were treated with metformin had a reduced risk for development of cancer throughout their lives, as well as improved survival outcomes when diagnosed with neoplastic diseases. As a result, several basic science studies have attempted to dissect the relationship between metformin’s metabolic mechanism of action and antineoplastic cellular signaling pathways. Evidence in this regard was compelling enough that a myriad of randomized clinical trials was planned and conducted in order to establish the effect of metformin treatment for patients with diverse neoplasms, including lung cancer. As with most novel antineoplastic agents, early results from these studies have been mostly discouraging, though a recent analysis that incorporated body mass index may provide significant information regarding which patient subgroups might derive the most benefit from the addition of metformin to their anticancer treatment. Much in line with the current pipeline for anticancer agents, it appears that the benefit of metformin may be circumscribed to a specific patient subgroup. If so, addition of metformin to antineoplastic agents could prove one of the most cost-effective interventions proposed in the context of precision oncology. Currently published reviews mostly rely on a widely questioned mechanism of action by metformin, which fails to consider the differential effects of the drug in lean vs. obese subjects. In this review, we analyze the pre-clinical and clinical information available to date regarding the use of metformin in various subtypes of lung cancer and, further, we present evidence as to the differential metabolic effects of metformin in lean and obese subjects where, paradoxically, the obese subjects have reported more benefit with the addition of metformin treatment. The novel mechanisms of action described for this biguanide may explain the different results observed in clinical trials published in the last decade. Lastly, we present novel hypothesis regarding potential biomarkers to identify who might reap benefit from this intervention, including the role of prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3) expression to modify metabolic phenotypes in malignant diseases.
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17
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Metformin Enhancement of Therapeutic Effects of 5-Fluorouracil and Oxaliplatin in Colon Cancer Cells and Nude Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050955. [PMID: 35625692 PMCID: PMC9138369 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that metformin has antitumor effects in addition to therapeutic effects on hyperglycemia; however, few studies have explored the effects of metformin in chemotherapy. Therefore, we hypothesized that the administration of metformin would enhance the therapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FuOx) to inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro and in vivo. The results of our in vitro experiments demonstrated that metformin significantly increased the effects of FuOx with respect to cell proliferation (p < 0.05), colony formation (p < 0.05), and migration (p < 0.01) and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in HT29 cells and the S phase in SW480 and SW620 cells (p < 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that metformin combined with FuOx induced late apoptosis (p < 0.05) by mediating mitochondria-related Mcl-1 and Bim protein expression. Furthermore, in vivo, metformin combined with FuOx more notably reduced tumor volume than FuOx or metformin alone did in BALB/c mice (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that metformin may act as an adjunctive agent to enhance the chemosensitivity of CRC cells to FuOx. However, further clinical trials are warranted to validate the clinical implications of the findings.
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18
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Mascaraque-Checa M, Gallego-Rentero M, Nicolás-Morala J, Portillo-Esnaola M, Cuezva JM, González S, Gilaberte Y, Juarranz Á. Metformin overcomes metabolic reprogramming-induced resistance of skin squamous cell carcinoma to photodynamic therapy. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101496. [PMID: 35405370 PMCID: PMC9048115 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer metabolic reprogramming promotes resistance to therapies. In this study, we addressed the role of the Warburg effect in the resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in skin squamous cell carcinoma (sSCC). Furthermore, we assessed the effect of metformin treatment, an antidiabetic type II drug that modulates metabolism, as adjuvant to PDT. Methods For that, we have used two human SCC cell lines: SCC13 and A431, called parental (P) and from these cell lines we have generated the corresponding PDT resistant cells (10GT). Results Here, we show that 10GT cells induced metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced aerobic glycolysis and reduced activity of oxidative phosphorylation, which could influence the response to PDT. This result was also confirmed in P and 10GT SCC13 tumors developed in mice. The treatment with metformin caused a reduction in aerobic glycolysis and an increase in oxidative phosphorylation in 10GT sSCC cells. Finally, the combination of metformin with PDT improved the cytotoxic effects on P and 10GT cells. The combined treatment induced an increase in the protoporphyrin IX production, in the reactive oxygen species generation and in the AMPK expression and produced the inhibition of AKT/mTOR pathway. The greater efficacy of combined treatments was also seen in vivo, in xenografts of P and 10GT SCC13 cells. Conclusions Altogether, our results reveal that PDT resistance implies, at least partially, a metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis that is prevented by metformin treatment. Therefore, metformin may constitute an excellent adjuvant for PDT in sSCC. Cell resistant to Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is due to the metabolic reprogramming. Metformin modulates energetic metabolism in PDT-resistant cells, sensitizing to PDT. Metformin increases protoporphyrin IX and reactive oxygen species generation. Metformin+PDT is proposed as potential therapy against skin squamous cell carcinoma.
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19
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Schadler P, Lohberger B, Stündl N, Stradner MH, Glänzer D, Sadoghi P, Leithner A, Steinecker-Frohnwieser B. The Effect of Body Mass Index and Metformin on Matrix Gene Expression in Arthritic Primary Human Chondrocytes. Cartilage 2021; 13:1004S-1018S. [PMID: 33025801 PMCID: PMC8804722 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520962558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a known risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Diabetes has been associated with progression of OA and metformin is the first-line treatment in type 2 diabetes. The effect of the body mass index (BMI) and metformin on the expression of certain matrix genes in human chondrocytes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BMI and metformin on the expression of matrix genes in primary human chondrocytes. DESIGN Adult female patients undergoing knee arthroplasty for end-stage OA were enrolled. Primary chondrocytes were cultivated and stimulated with metformin. Matrix gene expression was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. Clinical data were used in multivariable regression models to assess the influence of BMI and metformin stimulation on gene expression. RESULTS A total of 14 patients were analyzed. BMI was a predictor of increased expression in ADAMTS5 (β = -0.11, P = 0.03). Metformin slightly reduced expression in ADAMTS5 (β = 0.34, P = 0.04), HIF-1a (β = 0.39, P = 0.04), IL4 (β = 0.30, P = 0.02), MMP1 (β = 0.47, P < 0.01), and SOX9 (β = 0.37, P = 0.03). The hip-knee-ankle angle and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) intake were associated with reduced SOX9 expression (β = 0.23, P < 0.01; β = 2.39, P < 0.01). Higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were associated with increased MMP1 expression (β = -0.16, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION We found that BMI exerts a destructive effect via induction of ADAMTS5. Metformin reduced the expression of catabolic genes ADAMTS5 and MMP1 and might play a role in disease prevention. Limb malalignment and PPI intake was associated with a reduced expression of SOX9, and higher CRP levels correlated with increased MMP1 expression, indicating a destructive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schadler
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma,
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Paul Schadler, Department of Orthopaedics
and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5-7, Graz, 8036,
Austria.
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma,
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Stündl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma,
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Department for Rehabilitation, Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Gröbming, Austria
| | - Martin Helmut Stradner
- Department for Rehabilitation, Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Gröbming, Austria
| | - Dietmar Glänzer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma,
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Department for Rehabilitation, Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Gröbming, Austria
| | - Patrick Sadoghi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma,
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma,
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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20
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Veeramachaneni R, Yu W, Newton JM, Kemnade JO, Skinner HD, Sikora AG, Sandulache VC. Metformin generates profound alterations in systemic and tumor immunity with associated antitumor effects. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002773. [PMID: 34230113 PMCID: PMC8261884 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is a commonly used antidiabetic medication which has demonstrated promise as an anticancer agent alone and in combination with conventional treatment regimens. There is increasing evidence that metformin can also generate immunomodulatory effects in solid tumors and is currently being investigated as an adjunct to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We hypothesized that metformin would generate a shift in immunity unfavorable to tumor growth and tested this hypothesis in a preclinical model of head and neck cancer. METHODS Using a syngeneic mouse model of human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer (mEER/MTEC), we tested the impact of metformin on systemic and local immunity and tumor growth velocity. We compared the effects of acute and chronic treatment regimens on immunocyte presence and activation using a combination of flow cytometry and targeted transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS Acute metformin exposure generated measurable shifts in systemic myeloid and T-cell populations in non-tumor-bearing mice and decreased myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) levels in tumor draining lymph nodes of tumor-bearing mice. Although metformin decreased regulatory T-cell (T-reg) and MDSC levels and increased CD8+ levels in murine tumors when combined with ICIs, acute metformin exposure was insufficient to generate substantial antitumor activity. Conversely, long-term metformin treatment significantly reduced tumor growth velocity, increased the CD8+/T-reg ratio, increased tumor infiltrating lymphocyte levels and upregulated component genes of the previously validated T-cell inflamed expression profile. CONCLUSIONS Metformin generates complex systemic and local immune effects which vary as a function of treatment duration. Combinatorial strategies with ICIs must take into account both the complexity and variability of these effects in order to generate maximal antitumor activity in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Veeramachaneni
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wangjie Yu
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jared M Newton
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan O Kemnade
- Hematology/Oncology Section; Medical Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heath D Skinner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vlad C Sandulache
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA .,ENT Section; Operative Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 77030, Texas, USA
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21
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Anticancer potential of metformin: focusing on gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 87:587-598. [PMID: 33744985 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the most common types of cancer that have high annual mortality; therefore, identification and introduction of safe drugs in the control and prevention of these cancers are of particular importance. Metformin, a lipophilic biguanide, is the most commonly prescribed agent for type 2 diabetes management. In addition to its great effects on lowering the blood glucose concentrations, the anti-cancer properties of this drug have been reported in many types of cancers such as gastrointestinal cancers. Hence the effects of this agent as a safe drug on the reduction of gastrointestinal cancer risk and suppression of these types of cancers have been studied in different clinical trials. Furthermore, the proposed mechanisms of metformin in preventing the growth of these cancers have been investigated in several studies. In this review, we discuss recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that are relevant for metformin use in gastrointestinal cancer treatment.
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22
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Das PK, Islam F, Smith RA, Lam AK. Therapeutic Strategies Against Cancer Stem Cells in Esophageal Carcinomas. Front Oncol 2021; 10:598957. [PMID: 33665161 PMCID: PMC7921694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.598957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in esophageal cancer have a key role in tumor initiation, progression and therapy resistance. Novel therapeutic strategies to target CSCs are being tested, however, more in-depth research is necessary. Eradication of CSCs can result in successful therapeutic approaches against esophageal cancer. Recent evidence suggests that targeting signaling pathways, miRNA expression profiles and other properties of CSCs are important strategies for cancer therapy. Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo and other pathways play crucial roles in proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of stem cells as well as of CSCs. All of these pathways have been implicated in the regulation of esophageal CSCs and are potential therapeutic targets. Interference with these pathways or their components using small molecules could have therapeutic benefits. Similarly, miRNAs are able to regulate gene expression in esophageal CSCs, so targeting self-renewal pathways with miRNA could be utilized to as a potential therapeutic option. Moreover, hypoxia plays critical roles in esophageal cancer metabolism, stem cell proliferation, maintaining aggressiveness and in regulating the metastatic potential of cancer cells, therefore, targeting hypoxia factors could also provide effective therapeutic modalities against esophageal CSCs. To conclude, additional study of CSCs in esophageal carcinoma could open promising therapeutic options in esophageal carcinomas by targeting hyper-activated signaling pathways, manipulating miRNA expression and hypoxia mechanisms in esophageal CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert A Smith
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Effect of metformin on irinotecan-induced cell cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2021; 15:34-41. [PMID: 34548861 PMCID: PMC8434841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metformin is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and found to have a crucial rule in the induction of apoptosis in several cancer types including pancreatic cell carcinoma, epithelial ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. In this study, we propose to explore the potential role of metformin as an adjuvant of irinotecan to target colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, exploring the effects underlying the anticancer properties of metformin on CRC cell lines. METHODS HCT116 and SW480 cell lines were treated with metformin, irinotecan and their combination. The effect of metformin on cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Flow cytometry technique was used to analyze apoptosis and cell cycle progression. While, detection of protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Metformin was found to inhibit growth in both HCT1116 and SW480 cell lines. On combination with irinotecan, it has been revealed that metformin sensitized CRC cells to irinotecan-induced cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry analysis showed that metformin did not induce apoptosis, but blocked cell cycle in G1 and S phases. This blockage was accompanied by decreased cyclin E and Cdk2 levels and increased p21 level. CONCLUSION Combination of metformin with irinotecan may be an effective treatment strategy for targeting colorectal cancer that are resistant to irinotecan monotherapy.
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Fatehi-Agdam M, Vatankhah MA, Panahizadeh R, Jeddi F, Najafzadeh N. Efficacy of Metformin and Chemotherapeutic Agents on the Inhibition of Colony Formation and Shh/Gli1 Pathway: Metformin/Docetaxel Versus Metformin/5-Fluorouracil. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 71:17-25. [PMID: 32987433 DOI: 10.1055/a-1248-9008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a common gastrointestinal cancer characterized by poor prognosis and chemoresistance. Docetaxel and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are frequently used for the treatment of gastric cancer. Despite their potent anti-cancer effects, chemoresistance occurs in metastatic gastric cancer. Metformin, a popular anti-diabetic drug, has been proven to have potent anticancer effects on gastrointestinal cancers. Here, we aim to improve this chemotherapy agents' efficacy by pretreatment with metformin. METHODS The AGS gastric cancer cell line were pretreated with three different sub-toxic concentration of metformin and then treated with various concentrations of 5-FU and docetaxel.The anticancer effects of the combination of metformin with the chemotherapy agents were determined using clonogenic assay and DAPi staining. We used real-time PCR to evaluate Gli1, Gli2, and TWIST1 mRNA expression levels in the gastric cancer cells. Also, the expression of the Shh protein was assessed using immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Here, we found that metformin sensitized the gastric cancer cells to chemotherapy. The combination treatments were more effective in reducing the number of cancer colonies compared to 5-FU or docetaxel alone. The combination of metformin with 5-FU or docetaxel significantly reduced the number of cells expressing the Shh protein compared to the 5-FU alone or docetaxel alone. Interestingly, we found that the combination of metformin with docetaxel significantly down-regulated the mRNA levels of Gli1, Gli2, and TWIST1 in the AGS gastric cancer cell line compared to docetaxel alone. CONCLUSION Overall, our data strongly support an important role for metformin as an enhancer of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fatehi-Agdam
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil.,Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - Mohammad Amin Vatankhah
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil.,Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - Reza Panahizadeh
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil.,Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - Nowruz Najafzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
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25
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Sulaiman A, McGarry S, Chambers J, Al-Kadi E, Phan A, Li L, Mediratta K, Dimitroulakos J, Addison C, Li X, Wang L. Targeting Hypoxia Sensitizes TNBC to Cisplatin and Promotes Inhibition of Both Bulk and Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165788. [PMID: 32806648 PMCID: PMC7461107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an unmet medical need. Cisplatin has demonstrated its promising potential for the treatment of TNBC in clinical trials; however, cisplatin treatment is associated with hypoxia that, in turn, promotes cancer stem cell (CSC) enrichment and drug resistance. Therapeutic approaches to attenuate this may lead to increased cisplatin efficacy in the clinic for the treatment of TNBC. In this report we analyzed clinical datasets of TNBC and found that TNBC patients possessed higher levels of EGFR and hypoxia gene expression. A similar expression pattern was also observed in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. We, thus, developed a new therapeutic approach to inhibit EGFR and hypoxia by combination treatment with metformin and gefitinib that sensitized TNBC cells to cisplatin and led to the inhibition of both CD44+/CD24− and ALDH+ CSCs. We demonstrated a similar inhibition efficacy on organotypic cultures of TNBC patient samples ex vivo. Since these drugs have already been used frequently in the clinic; this study illustrates a novel, clinically translatable therapeutic approach to treat patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Sarah McGarry
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jason Chambers
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Emil Al-Kadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Alexandra Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Karan Mediratta
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Jim Dimitroulakos
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Christina Addison
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-562-5624
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Sang J, Tang R, Yang M, Sun Q. Metformin Inhibited Proliferation and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer and presented a Synergistic Effect on 5-FU. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9312149. [PMID: 32851092 PMCID: PMC7439187 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9312149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metformin or the combination of metformin and 5-FU on the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). For the in vitro experiments, HCT 116 and SW1463 cell lines were treated with metformin or the combination of metformin and 5-FU. Cell proliferation and invasion were analyzed by CCK-8, colony formation, and transwell assay, respectively. For the in vivo experiments, the CRC xenograft nude mice model was used to observe the effects of metformin or combined with 5-FU on tumor growth and metastasis. Metformin significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HCT116 and SW1463 cells in vitro, which showed synergetic effects to 5-FU. In CRC xenograft nude mice, metformin alone and metformin combined with 5-FU treatment significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation and tumor metastasis. In summary, metformin played an inhibitory role in the proliferation and metastasis of CRC and had a synergistic effect with 5-FU. Metformin may be a potentially effective anti-metastatic drug or an anticancer adjuvant agent for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Pathology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Ruixue Tang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
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Survival advantage associated with metformin usage in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with diabetes mellitus receiving radical resection: a propensity score matching analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:1030-1035. [PMID: 31764404 PMCID: PMC7337117 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is associated with improved survival among hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the role of metformin in the survival of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC patients with diabetes mellitus after radical resection is unclear, so this study aimed to assess the effects of metformin on the clinical outcomes of patients who received radical resection for HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 250 HCC patients (30-78 years old) diagnosed with diabetes mellitus were selected between 2000 and 2013 from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital in China. Patients were divided into the metformin group (n = 66) and the nonmetformin group (n = 184). A propensity score matching analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of metformin in patients receiving radical resection for HCC. RESULTS In the propensity score-matched cohort (n = 176), the overall survival (OS) in the metformin group at 1, 3, and 5 years was significantly higher than in the nonmetformin group (P = 0.002), and a similar treatment effect was observed for disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.030). The adjusted Cox proportional hazards model showed that metformin usage significantly improved OS [hazard ratio: 0.558, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.385-0.810]. CONCLUSIONS Metformin is associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes among HBV-related HCC patients with diabetes mellitus after radical resection. The use of metformin could significantly improve the OS and reduce the risk of HCC recurrence in patients after radical resection. A prospective controlled study is recommended to verify the metformin effect and explore its possible mechanisms.
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Mascaraque M, Delgado-Wicke P, Nuevo-Tapioles C, Gracia-Cazaña T, Abarca-Lachen E, González S, Cuezva JM, Gilaberte Y, Juarranz Á. Metformin as an Adjuvant to Photodynamic Therapy in Resistant Basal Cell Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030668. [PMID: 32183017 PMCID: PMC7139992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL-PDT) is being used for the treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), although resistant cells may appear. Normal differentiated cells depend primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate energy, but cancer cells switch this metabolism to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), influencing the response to therapies. We have analyzed the expression of metabolic markers (β-F1-ATPase/GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) ratio, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), oxygen consume ratio, and lactate extracellular production) in the resistance to PDT of mouse BCC cell lines (named ASZ and CSZ, heterozygous for ptch1). We have also evaluated the ability of metformin (Metf), an antidiabetic type II compound that acts through inhibition of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to sensitize resistant cells to PDT. The results obtained indicated that resistant cells showed an aerobic glycolysis metabolism. The treatment with Metf induced arrest in the G0/G1 phase and a reduction in the lactate extracellular production in all cell lines. The addition of Metf to MAL-PDT improved the cytotoxic effect on parental and resistant cells, which was not dependent on the PS protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) production. After Metf + MAL-PDT treatment, activation of pAMPK was detected, suppressing the mTOR pathway in most of the cells. Enhanced PDT-response with Metf was also observed in ASZ tumors. In conclusion, Metf increased the response to MAL-PDT in murine BCC cells resistant to PDT with aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mascaraque
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (P.D.-W.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Delgado-Wicke
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (P.D.-W.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuevo-Tapioles
- Centro de Biología Molecular-Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.N.-T.); (J.M.C.)
| | | | - Edgar Abarca-Lachen
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Spain;
| | - Salvador González
- Departmento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28801 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Centro de Biología Molecular-Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.N.-T.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (P.D.-W.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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29
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Piao L, Li H, Feng Y, Yang Z, Kim S, Xuan Y. SET domain-containing 5 is a potential prognostic biomarker that promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma stemness. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111861. [PMID: 31981592 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SET domain-containing 5 (SETD5) is an uncharacterized member of the protein lysine methyltransferase family. Although it was reported that SETD5 gene mutations are associated with the several types of human cancer, its functional role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we used tissue samples from 147 patients with ESCC and ESCC cell lines to determine the clinicopathological significance of SETD5 in ESCC and its effects on ESCC stemness. We performed immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence imaging, and tumor sphere formation, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, Transwell, and western blotting assays. SETD5 expression was upregulated in ESCC tissue and associated with primary tumor (pT) stage, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, shorter overall survival rate, and disease-free survival rate. Cox regression analyses indicated that SETD5 is an independent poor prognostic factor of ESCC. In addition, SETD5 expression was correlated with cancer stemness-related protein, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and CD68 expression. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that SETD5 was co-localized with CD44 and SOX2 in TE10 and TE11 cells and that exposing cells to cobalt chloride increased HIF-1α, SETD5, and stemness-related protein expression in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, SETD5 expression was significantly correlated with the expression of cell cycle-related genes and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related proteins. Finally, knocking down SETD5 downregulated the expression of stemness-related and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway proteins, while inhibiting tumor spheroid formation, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in ESCC cells. These results indicate that SETD5 expression is associated with cancer stemness and that SETD5 is a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Piao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Haoyue Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China; Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Ying Feng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China; Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Zhaoting Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China; Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Seokhyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-745, South Korea
| | - Yanhua Xuan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China; Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China.
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Peng J, Jing X, Wu J, Hong D, Hu X, Wang Q, Hu H, Cai X. Metformin's Effects on Apoptosis of Esophageal Carcinoma Cells and Normal Esophageal Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Comparative Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1068671. [PMID: 32258099 PMCID: PMC7104266 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1068671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of metformin on human esophageal normal and carcinoma cells remains poorly understood. We aim to investigate the different antiproliferation effects and underlying distinct molecular mechanisms between these two types of cells. Human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line, EC109, and normal esophageal epithelial cell line, HEEC, were used in the experiment. The cell survival rate was determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was added to activate Stat3. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by a DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. Metformin had more significant inhibitory effects on cell proliferation in EC109 cells than HEECs. Metformin induced apoptosis of EC109 cells in a dose-dependent manner instead of HEECs. The expression of Stat3 in both mRNA and protein levels was higher in EC109 cells than HEECs. Further study revealed that metformin may attenuate the phosphorylation of the Stat3 and the Bcl-2 expression, which was restored by IL-6 partly in EC109 cells but not HEECs. On the contrary, metformin increased the level of ROS in both the cell lines, but this intracellular ROS variation had no effect on apoptosis. Metformin has different functional roles on the apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma cells and normal esophageal cells. Therefore, the Stat3/Bcl-2 pathway-mediated apoptosis underlies the cell-type-specific drug sensitivity, suggesting metformin possesses a therapeutic activity and selectivity on esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xubin Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jialing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jieyang People's Hospital, Jieyang, Guangdong 522010, China
| | - Danmian Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Qinjia Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xianbin Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Gao Y, Dorn P, Liu S, Deng H, Hall SRR, Peng RW, Schmid RA, Marti TM. Cisplatin-resistant A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells can be identified by increased mitochondrial mass and are sensitive to pemetrexed treatment. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:317. [PMID: 31798346 PMCID: PMC6883680 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin plus pemetrexed combination therapy is considered the standard treatment for patients with advanced, non-squamous, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, advanced NSCLC has a 5-year survival rate of below 10%, which is mainly due to therapy resistance. We previously showed that the NSCLC cell line A549 harbors different subpopulations including a mesenchymal-like subpopulation characterized by increased chemo- and radiotherapy resistance. Recently, therapy resistance in hematological and solid tumors has been associated with increased mitochondrial activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of the mitochondrial activity in NSCLC chemotherapy resistance. Methods Based on MitoTracker staining, subpopulations characterized by the highest 10% (Mito-High) or lowest 10% (Mito-Low) mitochondrial mass content were sorted by FACS (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting) from paraclonal cultures of the NSCLC A549 cell line . Mitochondrial DNA copy numbers were quantified by real-time PCR whereas basal cellular respiration was measured by high-resolution respirometry. Cisplatin and pemetrexed response were quantified by proliferation and colony formation assay. Results Pemetrexed treatment of parental A549 cells increased mitochondrial mass over time. FACS-sorted paraclonal Mito-High cells featured increased mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial DNA copy number compared to the Mito-Low cells. Paraclonal Mito-High cells featured an increased proliferation rate and were significantly more resistant to cisplatin treatment than Mito-Low cells. Interestingly, cisplatin-resistant, paraclonal Mito-High cells were significantly more sensitive to pemetrexed treatment than Mito-Low cells. We provide a working model explaining the molecular mechanism underlying the increased cisplatin- and decreased pemetrexed resistance of a distinct subpopulation characterized by high mitochondrial mass. Conclusions This study revealed that cisplatin resistant A549 lung cancer cells can be identified by their increased levels of mitochondrial mass. However, Mito-High cells feature an increased sensitivity to pemetrexed treatment. Thus, pemetrexed and cisplatin target reciprocal lung cancer subpopulations, which could explain the increased efficacy of the combination therapy in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Gao
- 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dorn
- 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shengchen Liu
- 2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,3Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Haibin Deng
- 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sean R R Hall
- 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Schmid
- 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Marti
- 1Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,2Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Park JH, Kim YH, Park EH, Lee SJ, Kim H, Kim A, Lee SB, Shim S, Jang H, Myung JK, Park S, Lee SJ, Kim MJ. Effects of metformin and phenformin on apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chemoresistant rectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2834-2845. [PMID: 31278880 PMCID: PMC6726705 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer remain important issues for patients treated with conventional therapeutics. Metformin and phenformin, previously used in the treatment of diabetes, have been shown to have anticancer effects in various cancers, including breast, lung and prostate cancers. However, their molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of these drugs in chemoresistant rectal cancer cell lines. We found that SW837 and SW1463 rectal cancer cells were more resistant to ionizing radiation and 5‐fluorouracil than HCT116 and LS513 colon cancer cells. In addition, metformin and phenformin increased the sensitivity of these cell lines by inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing clonogenic ability and increasing apoptotic cell death in rectal cancer cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor‐β/Smad signaling pathways were more activated in rectal cancer cells, and inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression using an inhibitor or siRNA sensitized rectal cancer cells to chemoresistant by inhibition of the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, such as X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1. Moreover, metformin and phenformin inhibited cell migration and invasion by suppression of transforming growth factor β receptor 2‐mediated Snail and Twist expression in rectal cancer cells. Therefore, metformin and phenformin may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant rectal cancer by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and transforming growth factor‐β/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Heon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hyeh Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Areumnuri Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
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Lee DJ, McMullen CP, Foreman A, Huang SH, Lu L, Xu W, de Almeida JR, Liu G, Bratman SV, Goldstein DP. Impact of metformin on disease control and survival in patients with head and neck cancer: a retrospective cohort study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 48:34. [PMID: 31345259 PMCID: PMC6659246 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-019-0348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A number of in vitro and clinical studies have suggested potential antineoplastic effects of metformin. The impact of this medication on outcomes in head and neck cancer is less clear. Our aim was to determine the effect of metformin on outcomes within our large cohort of head and neck cancer patients with Type II Diabetes (T2DM). Study design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary Cancer Centre. Subjects and methods A retrospective review of individuals with head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) and T2DM between January 2005 and December 2011 at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre was conducted. Medication history was obtained from surveys at initial presentation and electronic medical record review. Using Cox regression analyses, the association between metformin use and local, regional and distant failures was explored. Subgroup analyses were conducted for oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx. Results A total of 329 HNSCC patients with T2DM were identified, including 195 metformin users and 134 non-metformin users. Patients were well-matched in terms of clinical, pathologic, and treatment factors. No difference in local, regional, or distant failure was observed between diabetic metformin users and diabetic non-metformin users for the entire cohort or within subgroup analysis for subsite. No difference between the two groups was observed for overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and disease-specific survival at 5 years. Conclusion No association between metformin use and oncologic outcomes were observed in this large cohort of HNSCC patients. Multicenter, prospective studies may be needed to verify previous studies identifying a potential anti-neoplastic effect of this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery/Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave 3-952, Toronto, ON, M4V 2N8, Canada
| | - Caitlin P McMullen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery/Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave 3-952, Toronto, ON, M4V 2N8, Canada
| | - Andrew Foreman
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery/Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave 3-952, Toronto, ON, M4V 2N8, Canada
| | - Shao Hui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Lu
- Biostatistics Department, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Biostatistics Department, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John R de Almeida
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery/Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave 3-952, Toronto, ON, M4V 2N8, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Biostatistics Department, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott V Bratman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David P Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery/Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave 3-952, Toronto, ON, M4V 2N8, Canada.
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Yi Y, Zhang W, Yi J, Xiao ZX. Role of p53 Family Proteins in Metformin Anti-Cancer Activities. J Cancer 2019; 10:2434-2442. [PMID: 31258748 PMCID: PMC6584340 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been used as therapy for type 2 diabetes for many years. Clinical and basic evidence as indicated that metformin has anti-cancer activities. It has been well-established that metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which in turn regulates energy homeostasis. However, the mechanistic aspects of metformin anti-cancer activity remain elusive. p53 family proteins, including p53, p63 and p73, have diverse biological functions, including regulation of cell growth, survival, development, senescence and aging. In this review, we highlight the evidence and mechanisms by which metformin inhibits cancer cell survival and tumor growth. We also aimed to discuss the role of p53 family proteins in metformin-mediated suppression of cancer growth and survival.
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35
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Kitson SJ, Rosser M, Fischer DP, Marshall KM, Clarke RB, Crosbie EJ. Targeting Endometrial Cancer Stem Cell Activity with Metformin Is Inhibited by Patient-Derived Adipocyte-Secreted Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050653. [PMID: 31083574 PMCID: PMC6562824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced endometrial cancer continues to have a poor prognosis, due to limited treatment options, which may be further adversely impacted by obesity. Endometrial cancer stem cells have been reported to drive metastasis, chemotherapy resistance and disease relapse, but have yet to be fully characterised and no specific targeted therapies have been identified. Here, we describe the phenotype and genotype of aldehyde dehydrogenase high (ALDHhigh) and CD133+ve endometrial cancer stem cells and how adipocyte secreted mediators block the inhibitory effect of metformin on endometrial cancer stem cell activity. Ishikawa and Hec-1a cell lines were used to characterise ALDHhigh and CD133+ve endometrial cancer cells using flow cytometry, functional sphere assays and quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The comparative effect of metformin on endometrial cancer stem cell activity and bulk tumour cell proliferation was determined using an Aldefluor and cytotoxicity assay. The impact of adipocyte secreted mediators on metformin response was established using patient-derived conditioned media. ALDHhigh cells demonstrated greater endometrial cancer stem cell activity than CD133+ve cells and had increased expression of stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes. Treatment with 0.5-1 mM metformin reduced the proportion and activity of both endometrial cancer stem cell populations (p ≤ 0.05), without affecting cell viability. This effect was, however, inhibited by exposure to patient-derived adipocyte conditioned media. These results indicate a selective and specific effect of metformin on endometrial cancer stem cell activity, which is blocked by adipocyte secreted mediators. Future studies of metformin as an adjuvant therapy in endometrial cancer should be adequately powered to investigate the influence of body mass on treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Kitson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
| | - Matthew Rosser
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Deborah P Fischer
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Kay M Marshall
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Emma J Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2016, 8.9 million people are estimated to have died from various forms of cancer. The current treatments, including surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, are not effective enough to provide full protection from cancer, which highlights the need for developing novel therapy strategies. In this review, we summarize the molecular biology of a unique member of a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase, TYRO3 and discuss the new insights in TYRO3-targeted treatment for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Hsu
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Jou
- 2 College of Medicine, University of Illinois, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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37
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Dawson JC, Warchal SJ, Carragher NO. Drug Screening Platforms and RPPA. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1188:203-226. [PMID: 31820390 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9755-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception as a scalable and cost-effective method for precise quantification of the abundance of multiple protein analytes and post-translational epitopes across large sample sets, reverse phase protein array (RPPA) has been utilized as a drug discovery tool. Key RPPA drug discovery applications include primary screening of abundance or activation state of nominated protein targets, secondary screening for toxicity and selectivity, mechanism-of-action profiling, biomarker discovery, and drug combination discovery. In recent decades, drug discovery strategies have evolved dramatically in response to continual advances in technology platforms supporting high-throughput screening, structure-based drug design, new therapeutic modalities, and increasingly more complex and disease-relevant cell-based and in vivo preclinical models of disease. Advances in biological laboratory capabilities in drug discovery are complemented by significant developments in bioinformatics and computational approaches for integrating large complex datasets. Bioinformatic and computational analysis of integrated molecular, pathway network and phenotypic datasets enhance multiple stages of the drug discovery process and support more informative drug target hypothesis generation and testing. In this chapter we discuss and present examples demonstrating how the latest advances in RPPA complement and integrate with other emerging drug screening platforms to support a new era of more informative and evidence-led drug discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Scott J Warchal
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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38
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Toledo-Guzmán ME, Bigoni-Ordóñez GD, Ibáñez Hernández M, Ortiz-Sánchez E. Cancer stem cell impact on clinical oncology. World J Stem Cells 2018; 10:183-195. [PMID: 30613312 PMCID: PMC6306557 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v10.i12.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a widespread worldwide chronic disease. In most cases, the high mortality rate from cancer correlates with a lack of clear symptoms, which results in late diagnosis for patients, and consequently, advanced tumor disease with poor probabilities for cure, since many patients will show chemo- and radio-resistance. Several mechanisms have been studied to explain chemo- and radio-resistance to anti-tumor therapies, including cell signaling pathways, anti-apoptotic mechanisms, stemness, metabolism, and cellular phenotypes. Interestingly, the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a subset of cells within the tumors, has been related to therapy resistance. In this review, we focus on evaluating the presence of CSCs in different tumors such as breast cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, and hematological neoplasias, highlighting studies where CSCs were identified in patient samples. It is evident that there has been a great drive to identify the cell surface phenotypes of CSCs so that they can be used as a tool for anti-tumor therapy treatment design. We also review the potential effect of nanoparticles, drugs, natural compounds, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors, cell signaling inhibitors, and antibodies to treat CSCs from specific tumors. Taken together, we present an overview of the role of CSCs in tumorigenesis and how research is advancing to target these highly tumorigenic cells to improve oncology patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel E Toledo-Guzmán
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Ibáñez Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Posgrado de Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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Zheng Y, Zhu J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Sun H. Metformin inhibits ovarian cancer growth and migration in vitro and in vivo by enhancing cisplatin cytotoxicity. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:3086-3098. [PMID: 30416652 PMCID: PMC6220222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether metformin can enhance the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin on epithelial ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. CCK-8 assays were performed to detect cell viability, and flow cytometry was performed to measure cell apoptosis rates. Transwell assays were used to detect the migration and invasion ability of ovarian cancer cells. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were performed to detect protein expression. Xenograft mouse models were constructed to clarify the treatment response in vivo. Metformin alone or cisplatin alone dose-dependently inhibited SKOV3 and Hey cell proliferation. The combination of these two drugs exerted a stronger inhibitory effect with a higher apoptosis rate than administration of either drug alone. Transwell assay results revealed that metformin promoted the inhibitory effect of cisplatin on ovarian cancer cell metastasis. Metformin and cisplatin co-treatment significantly inhibited N-cadherin and MMP-9 expression. The Western blotting results revealed that metformin and cisplatin co-treatment inhibited TGFβ1 expression and Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation. The in vivo study results were consistent with results from the in vitro study. Data from our study suggest that metformin enhanced the anti-tumour effect of cisplatin on epithelial ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo, which provides more evidence supporting the use of metformin to treat epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, P. R. China
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer are correlated with changes in insulin signaling, a pathway that is frequently upregulated in neoplastic tissue but impaired in tissues that are classically targeted by insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Many antidiabetes treatments, particularly metformin, enhance insulin signaling, but this pathway can be inhibited by specific cancer treatments. The modulation of cancer growth by metformin and of insulin sensitivity by anticancer drugs is so common that this phenomenon is being studied in hundreds of clinical trials on cancer. Many meta-analyses have consistently shown a moderate but direct effect of body mass index on the incidence of multiple myeloma and lymphoma and the elevated risk of leukemia in adults. Moreover, new epidemiological and preclinical studies indicate metformin as a therapeutic agent in patients with leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. In this article, we review current findings on the anticancer activities of metformin and the underlying mechanisms from preclinical and ongoing studies in hematologic malignancies.
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Liu R, Li X, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Conjugated Bile Acids Promote Invasive Growth of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells and Cancer Stem Cell Expansion via Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 2-Mediated Yes-Associated Protein Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2042-2058. [PMID: 29963993 PMCID: PMC6105923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and has been dramatically increasing in incidence over the past decade. Gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett esophagus are well-established risk factors for disease progression. Conjugated bile acids (CBAs), including taurocholate (TCA), represent the major bile acids in the gastroesophageal refluxate of advanced Barrett esophagus and EAC patients. Our previous studies suggested that CBA-induced activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) plays a critical role in promoting cholangiocarcinoma cell invasive growth. However, the role of CBAs in EAC development and underlying mechanisms remains elusive. In the current study, we identified that the expression level of S1PR2 is correlated to invasiveness of EAC cells. TCA significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, transformation, and cancer stem cell expansion in highly invasive EAC cells (OE-33 cells), but had less effect on the lower invasive EAC cells (OE-19 cells). Pharmacologic inhibition of S1PR2 with specific antagonist JTE-013 or knockdown of S1PR2 expression significantly reduced TCA-induced invasive growth of OE-33 cells, whereas overexpression of S1PR2 sensitized OE-19 cells to TCA-induced invasive growth. Furthermore, TCA-induced activation of S1PR2 was closely associated with YAP and β-catenin signaling pathways. In conclusion, CBA-induced activation of the S1PR2 signaling pathway is critically involved in invasive growth of EAC cells and represents a novel therapeutic target for EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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42
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Li N, Han M, Zhou N, Tang Y, Tang XS. MicroRNA-495 Confers Increased Sensitivity to Chemotherapeutic Agents in Gastric Cancer via the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Pathway by Interacting with Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (ERBB2). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5960-5972. [PMID: 30147110 PMCID: PMC6122272 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) has been increasing worldwide. Emerging evidence shows that microRNAs (miRs) may be involved in the pathogenesis of GC. Thus, this study explored the mediatory role of miR-495 in GC chemosensitivity, and investigated the mechanism by which it affects the biological behaviors of GC cells via the mTOR signaling pathway. Material/Methods After GC and paracancerous tissue collection, the positive rate of ERBB2 and mTOR was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, the expression of miR-495, ERBB2, and mTOR was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Next, the targeting relationship between miR-495 and ERBB2 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. In addition, chemosensitivity and proliferation were detected by MTT assay and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Results We found higher positive rates of ERBB2 and mTOR and decreased expression of miR-495 in GC tissues and showed that ERBB2 is the target gene of miR-495. Furthermore, we determined that overexpression of miR-495 and silencing of ERBB2 enhanced GC cell chemosensitivity and apoptosis, but inhibited GC cell proliferation. We also found that the effect of miR-495 inhibition was lost when ERBB2 was suppressed. Conclusions The key findings of our study demonstrate that the miR-495 exerts promotive effects on GC chemosensitivity via inactivation of the mTOR signaling pathway by suppressing ERBB2. The study provides reliable evidence supporting the use of miR-495 as a novel potential target in the chemotherapy of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xu-Shan Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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Pan S, Sun Y, Sui D, Yang T, Fu S, Wang J, Hui B, Xi R, He C, Zhang X. Lobaplatin promotes radiosensitivity, induces apoptosis, attenuates cancer stemness and inhibits proliferation through PI3K/AKT pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:567-574. [PMID: 29597090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the common treatments for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Yet, local recurrence led by radioresistance is still not solved. Lobaplatin (LBP) is known to have powerful clinical anti-tumor activities in various tumors, but its effect in radiotherapy is rarely studied. Here we report that LBP is a promising radiosensitizer for ESCC. We treated ESCC cells with LBP and radiation, both separately and in combination. Untreated cells were set as control groups. We found that LBP inhibited ESCC cell growth and enhanced their radiosensitivity. LBP also impeded the tumor growth in vivo. LBP combined with radiation significantly increased ESCC cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, LBP obviously decreased the expression of cancer stem cells biomarker CD271 both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism was related to the downregulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, PI3K and p-AKT (Ser473) expression. Taken together, our findings indicated that LBP could enhance the radiosensitivity of ESCC cells by increasing radiation-induced apoptosis, attenuating cancer stemness and inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway. These results provide a foundation for the combined therapy of radiation and LBP for ESCC in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Donghu Sui
- GuiZhou EverGreen Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shenbo Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jizhao Wang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Beina Hui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruxing Xi
- The Fourth Department of Gynecological Tumor, The Shaanxi Province Oncology Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenchen He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Li X, Zhou N, Wang J, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Gao L, Wang R. Quercetin suppresses breast cancer stem cells (CD44 + /CD24 − ) by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway. Life Sci 2018; 196:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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45
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Xi R, Pan S, Chen X, Hui B, Zhang L, Fu S, Li X, Zhang X, Gong T, Guo J, Zhang X, Che S. HPV16 E6-E7 induces cancer stem-like cells phenotypes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57050-57065. [PMID: 27489353 PMCID: PMC5302972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV16, correlates with cancerogenesis of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and we have reported that HPV16 related with a poor prognosis of ESCC patients in China. We aim to investigate the potential role and mechanism of HPV16 in ESCC development and progress. Our following researches demonstrated that ESCC cells which were stably transfected by HPV16 E6-E7 lentiviral vector showed a remarkable cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) phenotype, such as: migration, invasion, spherogenesis, high expression of CSCs marker in ESCC---p75NTR, chemoresistance, radioresistance, anti-apoptosis ability in vitro and cancerogenesis in vivo. HPV16 E6-E7 induced PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation and this affect could be effectively inhibited by LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor. It was also indicated that the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by PI3K and Akt siRNA reverse the effect which induced by HPV16 E6-E7 in ESCC cells. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that HPV16 E6-E7 promotes CSCs phenotype in ESCC cells through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HPV16 positive tissues is an available therapeutic for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxing Xi
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Shupei Pan
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710068, P.R.China
| | - Beina Hui
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Shenbo Fu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The People's Liberation Army 323 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710054, P.R.China
| | - Xuanwei Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Tuotuo Gong
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Shaomin Che
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
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Metformin enhances the radiosensitivity of human liver cancer cells to γ-rays and carbon ion beams. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80568-80578. [PMID: 27802188 PMCID: PMC5348341 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metformin on the responses of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to γ-rays (low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation) and carbon-ion beams (high-LET radiation). HCC cells were pretreated with metformin and exposed to a single dose of γ-rays or carbon ion beams. Metformin treatment increased radiation-induced clonogenic cell death, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Carbon ion beams combined with metformin were more effective than carbon ion beams or γ-rays alone at inducing subG1 and decreasing G2/M arrest, reducing the expression of vimentin, enhancing phospho-AMPK expression, and suppressing phospho-mTOR and phospho-Akt. Thus, metformin effectively enhanced the therapeutic effect of radiation with a wide range of LET, in particular carbon ion beams and it may be useful for increasing the clinical efficacy of carbon ion beams.
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47
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Saini N, Yang X. Metformin as an anti-cancer agent: actions and mechanisms targeting cancer stem cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:133-143. [PMID: 29342230 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a first line medication for type II diabetes, initially entered the spotlight as a promising anti-cancer agent due to epidemiologic reports that found reduced cancer risk and improved clinical outcomes in diabetic patients taking metformin. To uncover the anti-cancer mechanisms of metformin, preclinical studies determined that metformin impairs cellular metabolism and suppresses oncogenic signaling pathways, including receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K/Akt, and mTOR pathways. Recently, the anti-cancer potential of metformin has gained increasing interest due to its inhibitory effects on cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are associated with tumor metastasis, drug resistance, and relapse. Studies using various cancer models, including breast, pancreatic, prostate, and colon, have demonstrated the potency of metformin in attenuating CSCs through the targeting of specific pathways involved in cell differentiation, renewal, metastasis, and metabolism. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-cancer actions and mechanisms of metformin, including the regulation of CSCs and related pathways. We also discuss the potential anti-cancer applications of metformin as mono- or combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipun Saini
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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Whelan KA, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. Esophageal 3D Culture Systems as Modeling Tools in Esophageal Epithelial Pathobiology and Personalized Medicine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:461-478. [PMID: 29713660 PMCID: PMC5924738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus shows a proliferative basal layer of keratinocytes that undergo terminal differentiation in overlying suprabasal layers. Esophageal pathologies, including eosinophilic esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, cause perturbations in the esophageal epithelial proliferation-differentiation gradient. Three-dimensional (3D) culture platforms mimicking in vivo esophageal epithelial tissue architecture ex vivo have emerged as powerful experimental tools for the investigation of esophageal biology in the context of homeostasis and pathology. Herein, we describe types of 3D culture that are used to model the esophagus, including organotypic, organoid, and spheroid culture systems. We discuss the development and optimization of various esophageal 3D culture models; highlight the applications, strengths, and limitations of each method; and summarize how these models have been used to evaluate the esophagus under homeostatic conditions as well as under the duress of inflammation and precancerous/cancerous conditions. Finally, we present future perspectives regarding the use of esophageal 3D models in basic science research as well as translational studies with the potential for personalized medicine.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BE, Barrett’s esophagus
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- EADC, esophageal adenocarcinoma
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis
- Esophageal Disease
- FEF3, primary human fetal esophageal fibroblast
- GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease
- OTC, organotypic 3-dimensional culture
- Organoid
- Organotypic Culture
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3
- Spheroid Culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Whelan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Amanda B. Muir, MD, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center 902E, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. fax: (267) 426–7814.
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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49
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Gaur P, Hunt CR, Pandita TK. Emerging therapeutic targets in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48644-48655. [PMID: 27102294 PMCID: PMC5217045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of gastro-esophageal disease and associated rate of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rising at an exponential rate in the United States. However, research targeting EAC is lagging behind, and much research is needed in the field to identify ways to diagnose EAC early as well as to improve the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) to systemic therapies. Esophagectomy with subsequent reconstruction is known to be a morbid procedure that significantly impacts a patient's quality of life. If indeed the pCR rate of patients can be improved and those patients destined to be pCR can be identified ahead of time, they may be able to avoid this life-altering procedure. While cancer-specific biological pathways have been thoroughly investigated in other solid malignancies, much remains unexplored in EAC. In this review, we will highlight some of the latest research in the field in regards with EAC, along with new therapeutic targets that are currently being explored. After reviewing conventional treatment and current changes in medical therapy for EAC, we will focus on unchartered grounds such as cancer stem cells, genetics and epigenetics, immunotherapy, and chemoradio-resistant pathways as we simultaneously propose some investigational possibilities that could be applicable to EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gaur
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clayton R Hunt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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50
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that have the ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated cells of various lineages. Due to their specific morphological and biological features, they are often resistant to therapy and in turn lead to metastasis and cancer recurrence. Because of their crucial roles in carcinogenesis and patient prognosis, identification and isolation of CSCs have become an important part of improved cancer management regime. Isolation, characterization, and development of targeted therapy against CSCs have potential efficacy in treating esophageal cancer. In addition, CSCs can act as a predictive tool for chemoradiotherapy response in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Different methods including functional assays, cell sorting using various intracellular, and cell surface markers and xenotransplantation techniques are used for the identification and separation of CSCs in different cancers. None of these methods solely can guarantee complete isolation of CSC population, thus a combination of methods could be used for reliable detection and isolation of CSCs. Here, we describe the identification and isolation of CSCs from esophageal adenocarcinoma cells by cell sorting after Hoechst 33342 staining followed by in vitro functional assays, and in vivo xenograft techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology of School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
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