1
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Markozannes G, Becerra-Tomás N, Cariolou M, Balducci K, Vieira R, Kiss S, Aune D, Greenwood DC, Gunter MJ, Copson E, Renehan AG, Bours M, Demark-Wahnefried W, Hudson MM, May AM, Odedina FT, Skinner R, Steindorf K, Tjønneland A, Velikova G, Baskin ML, Chowdhury R, Hill L, Lewis SJ, Seidell J, Weijenberg MP, Krebs J, Cross AJ, Tsilidis KK, Chan DSM. Post-diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour and colorectal cancer prognosis: A Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2024; 155:426-444. [PMID: 38692650 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour have been clearly linked with colorectal cancer development, yet data on their potential role in colorectal cancer survival is limited. Better characterisation of these relationships is needed for the development of post-diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidance for colorectal cancer survivors. We searched PubMed and Embase through 28 February 2022 for studies assessing post-diagnosis physical activity, and/or sedentary behaviour in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality and recurrence after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Total and recreational physical activity were assessed overall and by frequency, duration, intensity, and volume using categorical, linear, and non-linear dose-response random-effects meta-analyses. The Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel interpreted and graded the likelihood of causality. We identified 16 observational studies on 82,220 non-overlapping patients from six countries. Physical activity was consistently inversely associated with colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality outcomes, with 13%-60% estimated reductions in risk. Sedentary behaviour was positively associated with all-cause mortality. The evidence had methodological limitations including potential confounding, selection bias and reverse causation, coupled with a limited number of studies for most associations. The CUP Global Expert panel concluded limited-suggestive evidence for recreational physical activity with all-cause mortality and cancer recurrence. Total physical activity and its specific domains and dimensions, and sedentary behaviour were all graded as limited-no conclusion for all outcomes. Future research should focus on randomised trials, while observational studies should obtain objective and repeated physical activity measures and better adjustment for confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nerea Becerra-Tomás
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Margarita Cariolou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katia Balducci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rita Vieira
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Kiss
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Ellen Copson
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew G Renehan
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martijn Bours
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Demark-Wahnefried
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anne M May
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roderick Skinner
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology/Oncology, Great North Children's Hospital and Translational and Clinical Research Institute, and Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karen Steindorf
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Cancer and Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Galina Velikova
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Department of Global Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lynette Hill
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jaap Seidell
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matty P Weijenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John Krebs
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Doris S M Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Fiuza-Luces C, Valenzuela PL, Gálvez BG, Ramírez M, López-Soto A, Simpson RJ, Lucia A. The effect of physical exercise on anticancer immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:282-293. [PMID: 37794239 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity is associated with lower cancer incidence and mortality, as well as with a lower rate of tumour recurrence. The epidemiological evidence is supported by preclinical studies in animal models showing that regular exercise delays the progression of cancer, including highly aggressive malignancies. Although the mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of exercise remain to be defined, an improvement in cancer immunosurveillance is likely important, with different immune cell subtypes stimulated by exercise to infiltrate tumours. There is also evidence that immune cells from blood collected after an exercise bout could be used as adoptive cell therapy for cancer. In this Perspective, we address the importance of muscular activity for maintaining a healthy immune system and discuss the effects of a single bout of exercise (that is, 'acute' exercise) and those of 'regular' exercise (that is, repeated bouts) on anticancer immunity, including tumour infiltrates. We also address the postulated mechanisms and the clinical implications of this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Systems Biology Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Oncohematology Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- La Princesa Institute of Heah, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Gouez M, Rébillard A, Thomas A, Beaumel S, Matera EL, Gouraud E, Orfila L, Martin B, Pérol O, Chaveroux C, Chirico EN, Dumontet C, Fervers B, Pialoux V. Combined effects of exercise and immuno-chemotherapy treatments on tumor growth in MC38 colorectal cancer-bearing mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368550. [PMID: 38426110 PMCID: PMC10902641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise induces transient modifications in the tumor microenvironment and has been linked to reduced tumor growth along with increased infiltration of immune cells within the tumor in mouse models. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of acute exercise before treatment administration on tumor growth in a mice model of MC38 colorectal cancer receiving an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and chemotherapy. Six-week-old mice injected with colorectal cancer cells (MC38) were randomized in 4 groups: control (CTRL), immuno-chemotherapy (TRT), exercise (EXE) and combined intervention (TRT/EXE). Both TRT and TRT-EXE received ICI: anti-PD1-1 (1 injection/week) and capecitabine + oxaliplatin (5 times a week) for 1 week (experimentation 1), 3 weeks (experimentation 2). TRT-EXE and EXE groups were submitted to 50 minutes of treadmill exercise before each treatment administration. Over the protocol duration, tumor size has been monitored daily. Tumor growth and microenvironment parameters were measured after the intervention on Day 7 (D7) and Day 16 (D16). From day 4 to day 7, tumor volumes decreased in the EXE/TRT group while remaining stable in the TRT group (p=0.0213). From day 7 until day 16 tumor volume decreased with no significant difference between TRT and TRT/EXE. At D7 the TRT/EXE group exhibited a higher total infiltrate T cell (p=0.0118) and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (p=0.0031). At D16, tumor marker of apoptosis, vascular integrity and inflammation were not significantly different between TRT and TRT/EXE. Our main result was that acute exercise before immuno-chemotherapy administration significantly decreased early-phase tumor growth (D0 to D4). Additionally, exercise led to immune cell infiltration changes during the first week after exercise, while no significant molecular alterations in the tumor were observed 3 weeks after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Gouez
- Prevention Cancer Environment Department, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France
- Team Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Physical Activity, LIBM EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, “Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment”, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory, EA 1274, Université Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Thomas
- Team Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Physical Activity, LIBM EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Beaumel
- CRCL INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eva-Laure Matera
- CRCL INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Etienne Gouraud
- Team Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Physical Activity, LIBM EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Luz Orfila
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory, EA 1274, Université Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Brice Martin
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory, EA 1274, Université Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Olivia Pérol
- Prevention Cancer Environment Department, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, “Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment”, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Chaveroux
- CRCL INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Erica N. Chirico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Charles Dumontet
- CRCL INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Prevention Cancer Environment Department, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, “Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment”, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Team Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Physical Activity, LIBM EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
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Lyu DW. Immunomodulatory effects of exercise in cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy: a narrative review. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1292580. [PMID: 38239881 PMCID: PMC10794543 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1292580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful application of cancer immunotherapy has rekindled hope in cancer patients. However, a number of patients are unresponsive to immunotherapy and related treatments. This unresponsiveness in cancer patients toward different treatment regimens can be mainly attributed to severe immune dysfunction in such patients. Several reports indicate that physical exercise can significantly lead to improved cancer patient outcomes. Since exercise gets immense response from the immune system, it can be utilized to improve immune function. Leukocytes with enhanced functions are substantially mobilized into the circulation by a single bout of intense physical exercise. Chronic physical exercise results in greater muscle endurance and strength and improved cardiorespiratory function. This exercise regime is also useful in improving T-cell abundance and reducing dysfunctional T cells. The current available data strongly justify for future clinical trials to investigate physical exercise use as an adjuvant in cancer therapy; however, optimal parameters using exercise for a defined outcome are yet to be established. The components of the immune system associate with almost every tumorigenesis step. The inter-relationship between inflammation, cancer, and innate immunity has recently gained acceptance; however, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this relationship are yet to be solved. Several studies suggest physical exercise-mediated induction of immune cells to elicit anti-tumorigenic effects. This indicates the potential of exercising in modulating the behavior of immune cells to inhibit tumor progression. However, further mechanistic details behind physical exercise-driven immunomodulation and anticancer effects have to be determined. This review aims to summarize and discuss the association between physical exercise and immune function modulation and the potential of exercise as an adjuvant therapy in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wei Lyu
- Physical Education and Health School, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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5
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Jou E. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated immune orchestration in the tumour microenvironment and their therapeutic potential. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:474-497. [PMID: 37455828 PMCID: PMC10345208 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide despite modern breakthroughs in medicine, and novel treatments are urgently needed. The revolutionary success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the past decade serves as proof of concept that the immune system can be effectively harnessed to treat cancer. Cytokines are small signalling proteins with critical roles in orchestrating the immune response and have become an attractive target for immunotherapy. Type 1 immune cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), have been shown to have largely tumour suppressive roles in part through orchestrating anti-tumour immune responses mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells and T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Conversely, type 2 immunity involving group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and Th2 cells are involved in tissue regeneration and wound repair and are traditionally thought to have pro-tumoural effects. However, it is found that the classical type 2 immune cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 may have conflicting roles in cancer. Similarly, type 2 immunity-related cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 with recently characterised roles in cancer may either promote or suppress tumorigenesis in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, type 1 cytokines IFNγ and TNFα have also been found to have pro-tumoural effects under certain circumstances, further complicating the overall picture. Therefore, the dichotomy of type 1 and type 2 cytokines inhibiting and promoting tumours respectively is not concrete, and attempts of utilising these for cancer immunotherapy must take into account all available evidence. This review provides an overview summarising the current understanding of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in tumour immunity and discusses the prospects of harnessing these for immunotherapy in light of previous and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jou
- Queens’ College, University of Cambridge, CB3 9ET Cambridge, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
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Callegari IOM, Rocha GZ, Oliveira AG. Physical exercise, health, and disease treatment: The role of macrophages. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1061353. [PMID: 37179836 PMCID: PMC10166825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical inflammation is linked to comorbidities and risk factors, consolidating the diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and some types of cancer. In this context, the role of macrophages is highlighted as a marker of inflammation as well as for the high power of plasticity of these cells. Macrophages can be activated in a wide range between classical or proinflammatory, named M1, and alternative or anti-inflammatory, also known as M2 polarization. All nuances between M1 and M2 macrophages orchestrate the immune response by secreting different sets of chemokines, while M1 cells promote Th1 response, the M2 macrophages recruit Th2 and Tregs lymphocytes. In turn, physical exercise has been a faithful tool in combating the proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages. This review proposes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms in which physical exercise can help control inflammation and infiltration of macrophages within the non-communicable diseases scope. During obesity progress, proinflammatory macrophages predominate in adipose tissue inflammation, which reduces insulin sensitivity until the development of type 2 diabetes, progression of atherosclerosis, and diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this case, physical activity restores the balance between the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophage ratio, reducing the level of meta-inflammation. In the case of cancer, the tumor microenvironment is compatible with a high level of hypoxia, which contributes to the advancement of the disease. However, exercise increases the level of oxygen supply, favoring macrophage polarization in favor of disease regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu O. M. Callegari
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Esteves M, Silva C, Bovolini A, Pereira SS, Morais T, Moreira Â, Costa MM, Monteiro MP, Duarte JA. Regular Voluntary Running is Associated with Increased Tumor Vascularization and Immune Cell Infiltration and Decreased Tumor Growth in Mice. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 36931293 DOI: 10.1055/a-2008-7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumors present dysfunctional vasculature that limits blood perfusion and hinders immune cells delivery. We aimed to investigate if regular voluntary running promotes tumor vascular remodelling, improves intratumoral immune cells infiltration and inhibits tumor growth. Tumors were induced in C57BL/6 male mice (n=28) by subcutaneous inoculation in the dorsal region with a suspension of RM1 cells (1.5×105 cells/500 µL PBS) and randomly allocated into two groups: sedentary (n=14) and voluntarily exercised on a wheel (n=14). Seven mice from each group were sacrificed 14 and 28 days after cells' inoculation to evaluate tumor weight, microvessel density, vessels' lumen regularity and the intratumoral quantity of NKG2D receptors, CD4+and CD8+T cells, by immunohistochemistry. The statistical inference was done through a two-way ANOVA. Exercised mice developed smaller tumors at 14 (0.17±0.1 g vs. 0.48±0.2 g, p<0.05) and 28 (0.92±0.7 g vs. 2.09±1.3 g, p<0.05) days, with higher microvessel density (21.20±3.2 vs. 15.86±4.0 vessels/field, p<0.05), more regular vessels' lumen (1.06±0.2 vs. 1.43±0.2, p<0.05), and higher CD8+T cells (464.95±48.0 vs. 364.70±49.4 cells/mm2, p<0.01), after 28 days. NKG2D expression was higher in exercised mice at 14 (263.27±25.8 cells/mm2, p<0.05) and 28 (295.06±56.2 cells/mm2, p<0.001) days. Regular voluntary running modulates tumor vasculature, increases immune cells infiltration and attenuates tumor growth, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Esteves
- Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa (FP-I3ID), Escola Superior de Saude Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Bovolini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Morais
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Moreira
- Communication Unit, Universidade do Porto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M Costa
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal.,TOXRUN, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, Portuga
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Zheng A, Zhang L, Yang J, Yin X, Zhang T, Wu X, Ma X. Physical activity prevents tumor metastasis through modulation of immune function. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1034129. [PMID: 36313283 PMCID: PMC9596782 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1034129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for 90% of deaths in cancer patients. Most patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer will die within 5 years. PA is good for health and has become an emerging adjuvant therapy for cancer survivors. Regular moderate exercise substantially lowers the incidence and recurrence of several cancers, alleviates cancer-related adverse events, enhances the efficacy of anti-cancer treatments, and improves the quality of life of cancer patients. Revealing the mechanisms of PA inhibiting tumor metastasis could upgrade our understanding of cancer biology and help researchers explore new therapeutic strategies to improve survival in cancer patients. However, it remains poorly understood how physical activity prevents metastasis by modulating tumor behavior. The immune system is involved in each step of tumor metastasis. From invasion to colonization, immune cells interact with tumor cells to secret cytokines and proteases to remodel the tumor microenvironment. Substantial studies demonstrated the ability of physical activity to induce antitumor effects of immune cells. This provides the possibility that physical activity can modulate immune cells behavior to attenuate tumor metastasis. The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize the critical link between immune function and exercise in metastasis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zheng
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Head and Neck Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chengdu First People’s Hospital & Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqing Yang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yin
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Head and Neck Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Head and Neck Oncology Ward, Division of Radiotherapy Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wu, ; Xuelei Ma,
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Division of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wu, ; Xuelei Ma,
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Amirsasan R, Akbarzadeh M, Akbarzadeh S. Exercise and colorectal cancer: prevention and molecular mechanisms. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:247. [PMID: 35945569 PMCID: PMC9361674 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity have been shown to be strongly associated with a decreased incidence rate of various chronic diseases especially numerous human malignancies. A huge number of clinical trials and meta-analysis have demonstrated that exercise is significantly effective in lowering the risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, it is suggested as an effective therapeutic modality against this cancer type. Therefore, in this review, we will review comprehensibly the effects of exercise in preventing, treating, and alleviating the adverse effects of conventional therapeutic options in colorectal cancer. Moreover, the possible mechanisms underlying the positive effects of exercise and physical activity in colorectal cancer, including regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, growth factor axis, immunity, epigenetic, etc. will be also discussed. Exercise is an effective post-treatment management program in colorectal cancer survivals Exercise improves muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, emotional distress, physical activity, fatigue, and sleep quality in colorectal patients undergoing chemotherapy Targeting and modulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, inflammation, apoptosis, immunity, epigenetic, Leptin and Ghrelin, and signaling pathways are major underlying mechanisms for preventive effects of exercise in colorectal cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Amirsasan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Akbarzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Akbarzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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Emery A, Moore S, Turner JE, Campbell JP. Reframing How Physical Activity Reduces The Incidence of Clinically-Diagnosed Cancers: Appraising Exercise-Induced Immuno-Modulation As An Integral Mechanism. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788113. [PMID: 35359426 PMCID: PMC8964011 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undertaking a high volume of physical activity is associated with reduced risk of a broad range of clinically diagnosed cancers. These findings, which imply that physical activity induces physiological changes that avert or suppress neoplastic activity, are supported by preclinical intervention studies in rodents demonstrating that structured regular exercise commonly represses tumour growth. In Part 1 of this review, we summarise epidemiology and preclinical evidence linking physical activity or regular structured exercise with reduced cancer risk or tumour growth. Despite abundant evidence that physical activity commonly exerts anti-cancer effects, the mechanism(s)-of-action responsible for these beneficial outcomes is undefined and remains subject to ongoing speculation. In Part 2, we outline why altered immune regulation from physical activity - specifically to T cells - is likely an integral mechanism. We do this by first explaining how physical activity appears to modulate the cancer immunoediting process. In doing so, we highlight that augmented elimination of immunogenic cancer cells predominantly leads to the containment of cancers in a 'precancerous' or 'covert' equilibrium state, thus reducing the incidence of clinically diagnosed cancers among physically active individuals. In seeking to understand how physical activity might augment T cell function to avert cancer outgrowth, in Part 3 we appraise how physical activity affects the determinants of a successful T cell response against immunogenic cancer cells. Using the cancer immunogram as a basis for this evaluation, we assess the effects of physical activity on: (i) general T cell status in blood, (ii) T cell infiltration to tissues, (iii) presence of immune checkpoints associated with T cell exhaustion and anergy, (iv) presence of inflammatory inhibitors of T cells and (v) presence of metabolic inhibitors of T cells. The extent to which physical activity alters these determinants to reduce the risk of clinically diagnosed cancers - and whether physical activity changes these determinants in an interconnected or unrelated manner - is unresolved. Accordingly, we analyse how physical activity might alter each determinant, and we show how these changes may interconnect to explain how physical activity alters T cell regulation to prevent cancer outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Emery
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Moore
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - John P Campbell
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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11
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Wang T, Zhang Y, Taaffe DR, Kim JS, Luo H, Yang L, Fairman CM, Qiao Y, Newton RU, Galvão DA. Protective effects of physical activity in colon cancer and underlying mechanisms: A review of epidemiological and biological evidence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 170:103578. [PMID: 35007701 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that physical activity has a protective effect against colon cancer development and progression. Further, the relevant biological mechanisms where physical activity or exercise may improve survival have also been initially examined. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiological evidence to date which comprises 16 cohort studies of the effects of physical activity on colon cancer outcomes including cancer recurrence, cancer-specific and overall survival. Moreover, we present four potential mechanisms involving shear pressure, systemic milieu alteration, extracellular vesicles, and immune function by which physical activity and exercise may favorably impact colon cancer. Research currently in progress will provide definitive evidence of survival benefits resulting from exercise and future work will help clarify the role of targeted exercise and the relevant mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Hao Luo
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Lirui Yang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Exercise Science Department, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yuandong Qiao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
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12
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Renman D, Gylling B, Vidman L, Bodén S, Strigård K, Palmqvist R, Harlid S, Gunnarsson U, van Guelpen B. Density of CD3 + and CD8 + Cells in the Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer according to Prediagnostic Physical Activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:2317-2326. [PMID: 34607838 PMCID: PMC9398178 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated not only with a decreased risk of developing colorectal cancer but also with improved survival. One putative mechanism is the infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Experimental findings suggest that physical activity may mobilize immune cells to the tumor. We hypothesized that higher levels of physical activity prior to colorectal cancer diagnosis are associated with higher densities of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS The study setting was a northern Swedish population-based cohort, including 109,792 participants with prospectively collected health- and lifestyle-related data. For 592 participants who later developed colorectal cancer, archival tumor tissue samples were used to assess the density of CD3+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by IHC. Odds ratios for associations between self-reported, prediagnostic recreational physical activity and immune cell infiltration were estimated by ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS Recreational physical activity >3 times per week was associated with a higher density of CD8+ T cells in the tumor front and center compared with participants reporting no recreational physical activity. Odds ratios were 2.77 (95% CI, 1.21-6.35) and 2.85 (95% CI, 1.28-6.33) for the tumor front and center, respectively, after adjustment for sex, age at diagnosis, and tumor stage. The risk estimates were consistent after additional adjustment for several potential confounders. For CD3, no clear associations were found. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity may promote the infiltration of CD8+ immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer. IMPACT The study provides some evidence on how physical activity may alter the prognosis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renman
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Corresponding Author: David Renman, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden. Phone: 46-61184149; E-mail:
| | - Björn Gylling
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidman
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Bodén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Strigård
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Palmqvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sophia Harlid
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gunnarsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bethany van Guelpen
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Exercise-Induced Changes in Tumor Growth via Tumor Immunity. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9040046. [PMID: 33808154 PMCID: PMC8065770 DOI: 10.3390/sports9040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity in the tumor microenvironment plays a central role in tumor development. Cytotoxic immune cells act against tumors, while tumors manage to trigger immunosuppressive mechanisms for defense. One bout of physical exercise acutely regulates the immune system inducing short-term redistribution of immune cells among body organs. Repeated acute immune cell mobilization with continuing exercise training results in long-term adaptations. These long-term exercise-induced changes in the immune system arise both in healthy and in diseased populations, including cancer patients. Recent preclinical studies indicate that physical exercise may have a positive impact on intra-tumoral immune cell processes, resulting in tumor suppression. This short narrative review describes the effect of physical exercise on tumor growth as detected via changes in tumor immunity. Research evidence shows that exercise may improve tumor-suppressive functions and may reduce tumor-progressive responses and mechanisms of immune cells, controlling tumor development. Specifically, it seems that exercise in rodents triggers shifts in tumor infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, cytotoxic and regulatory T lymphocytes, resulting in tumor suppression. These recent promising data suggest that physical exercise could be combined with anticancer immunotherapies, although exercise parameters like intensity, duration, and frequency need to be evaluated in more detail. More research is needed to investigate the effect of exercise in other immune cell subtypes and their possible connection with tumor growth, whilst information from human tumors is also required.
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14
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Kay JE, Mirabal S, Briley WE, Kimoto T, Poutahidis T, Ragan T, So PT, Wadduwage DN, Erdman SE, Engelward BP. Analysis of mutations in tumor and normal adjacent tissue via fluorescence detection. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:108-123. [PMID: 33314311 PMCID: PMC7880898 DOI: 10.1002/em.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major risk factor for many types of cancer, including colorectal. There are two fundamentally different mechanisms by which inflammation can contribute to carcinogenesis. First, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can damage DNA to cause mutations that initiate cancer. Second, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. Although it is known that inflammation-associated RONS can be mutagenic, the extent to which they induce mutations in intestinal stem cells has been little explored. Furthermore, it is now widely accepted that cancer is caused by successive rounds of clonal expansion with associated de novo mutations that further promote tumor development. As such, we aimed to understand the extent to which inflammation promotes clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. Using an engineered mouse model that is prone to cancer and within which mutant cells fluoresce, here we have explored the impact of inflammation on de novo mutagenesis and clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. While inflammation is strongly associated with susceptibility to cancer and a concomitant increase in the overall proportion of mutant cells in the tissue, we did not observe an increase in mutations in normal adjacent tissue. These results are consistent with opportunities for de novo mutations and clonal expansion during tumor growth, and they suggest protective mechanisms that suppress the risk of inflammation-induced accumulation of mutant cells in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sheyla Mirabal
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Takafumi Kimoto
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Peter T. So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Dushan N. Wadduwage
- The John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan E. Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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15
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Lamkin DM, Bradshaw KP, Chang J, Epstein M, Gomberg J, Prajapati KP, Soliman VH, Sylviana T, Wong Y, Morizono K, Sloan EK, Cole SW. Physical activity modulates mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue and inhibits tumor growth in mice. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10725. [PMID: 33552733 PMCID: PMC7821756 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk for breast cancer is significantly reduced in persons who engage in greater amounts of physical activity, and greater physical activity before or after diagnosis associates with reduced disease-specific mortality. Previous mechanistic studies indicate that components of innate immunity can mediate an inhibitory effect of physical activity on several types of tumor. However, in breast cancer specifically, the myeloid compartment of innate immunity is thought to exhibit high propensity for an immunosuppressive role that obstructs anti-tumor immunity. Thus, we tested the notion that greater physical activity alters mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue when inhibiting nascent tumor in a murine model of breast cancer. To model greater physical activity, we placed an angled running wheel in each mouse's home cage for two weeks before tumor engraftment with EO771 mammary cancer cells that express luciferase for bioluminescent detection. Fully immunocompetent mice and mice with compromised adaptive immunity showed significantly less mammary tumor signal when given access to running wheels, although the effect size was smaller in this latter group. To investigate the role of the myeloid compartment, mononuclear phagocytes were ablated by systemic injection of clodronate liposomes at 24 h before tumor engraftment and again at the time of tumor engraftment, and this treatment reversed the inhibition in wheel running mice. However, clodronate also inhibited mammary tumor signal in sedentary mice, in conjunction with an expected decrease in gene and protein expression of the myeloid antigen, F4/80 (Adgre1), in mammary tissue. Whole transcriptome digital cytometry with CIBERSORTx was used to analyze myeloid cell populations in mammary tissue following voluntary wheel running and clodronate treatment, and this approach found significant changes in macrophage and monocyte populations. In exploratory analyses, whole transcriptome composite scores for monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (M-MDSC), macrophage lactate timer, and inflammation resolution gene expression programs were significantly altered. Altogether, the results support the hypothesis that physical activity inhibits nascent mammary tumor growth by enhancing the anti-tumor potential of mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M. Lamkin
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Karen P. Bradshaw
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Janice Chang
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ma’ayan Epstein
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jack Gomberg
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Krupa P. Prajapati
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Veronica H. Soliman
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Thezia Sylviana
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Yinnie Wong
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kouki Morizono
- Divison of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Erica K. Sloan
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre-Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Austalia
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Norman Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Divison of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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16
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Arnesen H, Hitch TCA, Steppeler C, Müller MHB, Knutsen LE, Gunnes G, Angell IL, Ormaasen I, Rudi K, Paulsen JE, Clavel T, Carlsen H, Boysen P. Naturalizing laboratory mice by housing in a farmyard-type habitat confers protection against colorectal carcinogenesis. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1993581. [PMID: 34751603 PMCID: PMC8583187 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1993581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Living in a farm environment in proximity to animals is associated with reduced risk of developing allergies and asthma, and has been suggested to protect against other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Despite epidemiological evidence, experimental disease models that recapitulate such environments are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we show that feralizing conventional inbred mice by continuous exposure to a livestock farmyard-type environment conferred protection toward colorectal carcinogenesis. Two independent experimental approaches for colorectal cancer induction were used; spontaneous (Apc Min/+ mice on an A/J background) or chemical (AOM/DSS). In contrast to conventionally reared laboratory mice, the feralized mouse gut microbiota structure remained stable and resistant to mutagen- and colitis-induced neoplasia. Moreover, the feralized mice exhibited signs of a more mature immunophenotype, indicated by increased expression of NK and T-cell maturation markers, and a more potent IFN-γ response to stimuli. In our study, hygienically born and raised mice subsequently feralized post-weaning were protected to a similar level as life-long exposed mice, although the greatest effect was seen upon neonatal exposure. Collectively, we show protective implications of a farmyard-type environment on colorectal cancer development and demonstrate the utility of a novel animal modeling approach that recapitulates realistic disease responses in a naturalized mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Arnesen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
| | - Thomas C A Hitch
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Steppeler
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Helen Bjørge Müller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn Emilie Knutsen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Gjermund Gunnes
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
| | - Inga Leena Angell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
| | - Ida Ormaasen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
| | - Jan Erik Paulsen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway
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17
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Xu Y, Rogers CJ. Impact of physical activity and energy restriction on immune regulation of cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5700-5731. [PMID: 35117934 PMCID: PMC8798226 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.03.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health issue worldwide. Lifestyle factors, such as body weight and physical activity (PA), significantly impact cancer risk and progression. There is strong evidence that PA reduces and obesity increases risk and mortality from numerous cancer types. Energy restriction (ER) in non-obese hosts significantly reduces tumor incidence in a variety of preclinical models, and reduces body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. Emerging data suggest that PA- and ER-induced changes in inflammatory and immune mediators may contribute to the cancer prevention effects of these interventions. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies that evaluated the impact of PA and ER on tumor and immune outcomes in humans and animal models. A total of 97 eligible studies were identified (68 studies reporting PA interventions and 30 studies reporting ER interventions). Thirty-one studies investigated the effect of PA on cancer immune outcomes using preclinical cancer models of breast (n=17, 55%), gastrointestinal (n=6, 19%), melanoma (n=4, 13%), and several other cancer types (n=4, 13%). Despite the heterogeneity in study designs, the majority of studies (n=23, 74%) reported positive effects of PA on tumor outcomes. Thirty-seven clinical studies investigated the effect of PA on cancer immune outcomes. None reported tumor outcomes, thus only immune outcomes were evaluated in these studies. PA studies were conducted in patients with breast (n=22, 59%), gastrointestinal (n=5, 14%), prostate (n=2, 5%), esophageal (n=1, 3%), lung (n=1, 3%) cancer, leukemia (n=1, 3%), or mixed cancer types (n=5, 14%). Twenty-two studies investigated the effect of ER interventions on cancer immune outcomes using preclinical cancer models including breast (n=5, 23%), gastrointestinal (n=5, 23%), lung (n=2, 9%), liver (n=2, 9%), pancreatic (n=2, 9%), and several other cancer types (n=6, 27%). Positive effects of ER on tumor outcomes were reported in 21 of 22 studies. Six clinical studies investigated the effect of ER (in combination with PA) on tumor immune outcomes in cancer patients with overweight or obesity. Five were conducted in breast cancer patients, and one recruited patients of a mix of cancer types. A wide range of immunological parameters including immune cell phenotype and function, cytokines, and other immune and inflammatory markers were assessed in multiple tissue compartments (blood, spleen, lymph nodes and tumor) in the included studies. Results from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that both PA and ER exert heterogeneous effects on circulating factors and systemic immune responses. PA + ER alters the gene expression profile and immune infiltrates in the tumor which may result in a reduction in immune suppressive factors. However, additional studies are needed to better understand the effect of PA and/or ER on immunomodulation, particularly in the tumor microenvironment (TME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Xu
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Connie J. Rogers
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
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18
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Holmen Olofsson G, Jensen AWP, Idorn M, thor Straten P. Exercise Oncology and Immuno-Oncology; A (Future) Dynamic Duo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113816. [PMID: 32471301 PMCID: PMC7312459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in clinical oncology is based on exploiting the capacity of the immune system to combat cancer: immuno-oncology. Thus, immunotherapy of cancer is now used to treat a variety of malignant diseases. A striking feature is that even patients with late-stage disease may experience curative responses. However, most patients still succumb to disease, and do not benefit from treatment. Exercise has gained attention in clinical oncology and has been used for many years to improve quality of life, as well as to counteract chemotherapy-related complications. However, more recently, exercise has garnered interest, largely due to data from animal studies suggesting a striking therapeutic effect in preclinical cancer models; an effect largely mediated by the immune system. In humans, physical activity is associated with a lower risk for a variety of malignancies, and some data suggest a positive clinical effect for cancer patients. Exercise leads to mobilization of cells of the immune system, resulting in redistribution to different body compartments, and in preclinical models, exercise has been shown to lead to immunological changes in the tumor microenvironment. This suggests that exercise and immunotherapy could have a synergistic effect if combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Holmen Olofsson
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University Hospital Herlev, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (G.H.O.); (P.t.S.)
| | - Agnete Witness Praest Jensen
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University Hospital Herlev, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Per thor Straten
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), University Hospital Herlev, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (G.H.O.); (P.t.S.)
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19
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Hospital-Based Preliminary Observations of Dietary Intake and Physical Activity in Saudi Patients with Colorectal Polyps: A Call for Nutrition Care Integration after Polypectomy Procedure. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: In Saudi Arabia, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing. Lifestyle modification, including diet and physical activity, is as important as the standard procedure of colonoscopy screening in reducing CRC development. I explored the dietary intake, physical activity, and selected nutritional biomarkers in Saudi patients with colorectal polyps, a precursor of CRC. Methods: Thirty polypectomy patients (aged 35–84 years) were recruited from an endoscopy unit at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. Demographic, anthropometric, physical activity, and food frequency data were collected. Plasma C-reactive protein, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, and folate levels were measured. Results: The median body mass index (BMI) of the patients was within the overweight cut-off range. The median consumption of carbohydrate and protein was within the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Median fat consumption was above the RDA, while median fiber intake was below the RDA. Patients met the recommended servings/day of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and protein but exceeded the recommended intake of fats and sweets. Most patients were non-active, with an inadequate level of serum vitamin D. Conclusion: We observed several risk factors previously associated with CRC, including low levels of physical activity, serum vitamin D, and fiber intake, and high BMI and fat intake among polypectomy patients.
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Fei Z, Li D, Li K, Zhou M, Li Y, Li Y, Sun Z. Detraining after tumor-bearing accelerates tumor growth while continuous training decreases tumor growth in mice. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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21
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Pollán M, Casla-Barrio S, Alfaro J, Esteban C, Segui-Palmer MA, Lucia A, Martín M. Exercise and cancer: a position statement from the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1710-1729. [PMID: 32052383 PMCID: PMC7423809 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to improvements in the number of cancer survivors and survival time, there is a growing interest in healthy behaviors, such as physical activity (PA), and their potential impact on cancer- and non-cancer-related morbidity in individuals with cancer. Commissioned by the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), in this review, we sought to distill the most recent evidence on this topic, focusing on the mechanisms that underpin the effects of PA on cancer, the role of PA in cancer prevention and in the prognosis of cancer and practical recommendations for clinicians regarding PA counseling. Despite the available information, the introduction of exercise programs into the global management of cancer patients remains a challenge with several areas of uncertainty. Among others, the most effective behavioral interventions to achieve long-term changes in a patient’s lifestyle and the optimal intensity and duration of PA should be defined with more precision in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pollán
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Casla-Barrio
- Exercise-Oncology Unit, Spanish Cancer Association, Madrid, Spain.,GEICAM (Spanish Breast Cancer Group), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfaro
- Medical Oncology, Hospital de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Esteban
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | - M A Segui-Palmer
- Medical Oncology, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - A Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CIBER de Envejecimiento Saludable y Fragilidad (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Martín
- GEICAM (Spanish Breast Cancer Group), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain. .,Medical Oncology Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Buss LA, Dachs GU. Effects of Exercise on the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1225:31-51. [PMID: 32030646 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that exercise improves survival in cancer patients. However, much is still unknown regarding the mechanisms of this positive survival effect and there are indications that exercise may not be universally beneficial for cancer patients. The key to understanding in which situations exercise is beneficial may lie in understanding its influence on the tumour microenvironment (TME)-and conversely, the influence of the tumour on physical functioning. The TME consists of a vast multitude of different cell types, mechanical and chemical stressors and humoral factors. The interplay of these different components greatly influences tumour cell characteristics and, subsequently, tumour growth rate and aggression. Exercise exerts whole-body physiological effects and can directly and indirectly affect the TME. In this chapter, we first discuss the possible role of exercise capacity ('fitness') and exercise adaptability on tumour responsiveness to exercise. We summarise how exercise affects aspects of the TME such as tumour perfusion, vascularity, hypoxia (reduced oxygenation) and immunity. Additionally, we discuss the role of myokines and other circulating factors in eliciting these changes in the TME. Finally, we highlight unanswered questions and key areas for future research in exercise oncology and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Buss
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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23
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LEE B, CHUNG W. Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cytokine Expression in a Breast Cancer Mouse Model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:14-20. [PMID: 32309219 PMCID: PMC7152642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity lowers or prevents the risk of heart disease, diabetes, some cancers, the development of hypertension, and death from these diseases through a reduction in inflammation. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are major markers representing the inflammatory process. This study aimed to investigate cytokine mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and CRP in hepatocytes from breast cancer xenograft mice with or without moderate exercise. METHODS Each of the 5 mice at SP Korea Company, Seoul, Korea in 2015 were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (CTL), breast cancer (BC), and breast cancer exercise (BCEX). The inflammatory markers were analyzed in 10-week-old female Balb/C nude mice hepatocytes (n = 15; CTL = 5, BC = 5, BCEX = 5). Moderate intensity physical activity in mice was performed on a treadmill at an intensity of 18 m/min for 12 weeks, at 30 min for 5 days per week. RESULTS IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and CRP mRNA expression levels of the BCEX group were significantly decreased compared to those of the BC group (P < 0.05), with no difference to the CTL group. CONCLUSION There might be a reduced inflammatory process via a reduction in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and CRP expression in breast cancer mice that were subjected to moderate intensity exercise.
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Wang Y, Nasiri AR, Damsky WE, Perry CJ, Zhang XM, Rabin-Court A, Pollak MN, Shulman GI, Perry RJ. Uncoupling Hepatic Oxidative Phosphorylation Reduces Tumor Growth in Two Murine Models of Colon Cancer. Cell Rep 2019; 24:47-55. [PMID: 29972790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with colon cancer pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism is actively debated. Here, we confirm that diet-induced obesity promotes tumor growth in two murine colon cancer models and show that this effect is reversed by an orally administered controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) that acts as a liver-specific uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. This agent lowered circulating insulin, and the reduction of tumor growth was abrogated by an insulin infusion raising plasma insulin to the level of high-fat-fed mice. We also demonstrate that hyperinsulinemia increases glucose uptake and oxidation in vivo in tumors and that CRMP reverses these effects. This study provides evidence that perturbations of whole-organism energy balance or hepatic energy metabolism can influence neoplastic growth. Furthermore, the data show that glucose uptake and utilization by cancers in vivo are not necessarily constitutively high but rather may vary according to the hormonal milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ali R Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William E Damsky
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Curtis J Perry
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Ghazizadeh Darband S, Saboory E, Sadighparvar S, Kaviani M, Mobaraki K, Jabbari N, Majidinia M. The modulatory effects of exercise on the inflammatory and apoptotic markers in rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 98:147-155. [PMID: 31614098 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms in anti-tumorigenesis effects of exercise through evaluation of inflammation and apoptosis. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into control, exercise, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), and DMH + exercise. After a week, rats in the DMH group were given DMH twice a week for 2 weeks. Animals in the exercise groups performed exercise on a treadmill 5 days/week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of training, levels of COX-2, PCNA, Bax, Bcl-2, and procaspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 were assessed. Histological changes, number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were also analyzed. ACF number was significantly decreased following the exercise program. Protein levels of COX-2 and PCNA and serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly elevated in the rats receiving DMH and downregulated after performing the exercise program (P < 0.05). Exercise upregulated apoptosis, which was evident from the increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and enhanced the expression levels of activated caspase-3 as compared to the DMH group. The colonic architecture was improved in DMH + exercise. Exercise can effectively attenuate DMH-induced increase of inflammatory markers. Exercise induces apoptosis at the downstream of the inflammatory response. Therefore, exercise may play a role as a moderator of inflammation to exert protective effects against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shirin Sadighparvar
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Kazhal Mobaraki
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Jabbari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Zimmer P, Schmidt ME, Prentzell MT, Berdel B, Wiskemann J, Kellner KH, Debus J, Ulrich C, Opitz CA, Steindorf K. Resistance Exercise Reduces Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:962. [PMID: 31612110 PMCID: PMC6773833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Evidence from preclinical studies and trials in healthy volunteers suggests that exercise may modulate the levels of tryptophan (TRP) metabolites along the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. As KYN and downstream KYN metabolites are known to promote cancer progression by inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses and by promoting the motility of cancer cells, we investigated if resistance exercise can also control the levels of KYN pathway metabolites in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (NCT01468766). Patients and Methods: Chemotherapy-naïve breast cancer patients (n = 96) were either randomized to an exercise/intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). The IG participated in a 12-week supervised progressive resistance exercise program twice a week, whereas the CG received a supervised relaxation program. Serum levels of TRP and KYN as well as urine levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and neurotoxic quinolinic acid (QUINA) were assessed before (t0), after radiotherapy, and mid-term of the exercise intervention (t1) and after the exercise intervention (t2). Additionally, 24 healthy women (HIG) participated in the exercise program to investigate potential differences in its effects on KYN metabolites in comparison to the breast cancer patients. Results: At baseline (t0) the breast cancer patients showed a significantly elevated serum KYN/TRP ratio and urine QUINA/KYNA ratio, as well as increased urine QUINA levels in comparison to the healthy women. In response to exercise the healthy women and the breast cancer patients differed significantly in the levels of urine QUINA and the QUINA/KYNA ratio. Most importantly, serum KYN levels and the KYN/TRP ratio were significantly reduced in exercising patients (IG) compared to non-exercising patients (CG) both at t1 and t2. Conclusion: Resistance exercise may represent a potent non-pharmacological avenue to counteract an activation of the KYN pathway in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina E Schmidt
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirja Tamara Prentzell
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bianca Berdel
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiskemann
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ulrich
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Christiane A Opitz
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karen Steindorf
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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Oruç Z, Kaplan MA. Effect of exercise on colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:348-366. [PMID: 31139306 PMCID: PMC6522766 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i5.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, because of improved cancer screening, detection and treatment modalities, a rapid increase in the population of colorectal and other cancer survivors has been observed. The increasing population has justified the requirement of preventive strategies such as lifestyle modifications with regard to obesity, physical activity, diet and smoking. Physical activity may prevent approximately 15% of the colon cancers. Furthermore, several observational studies have demonstrated the efficacy and dose-dependent and anti-cancer effects of exercise on decreasing the mortality and risk of recurrence before and after the colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis. However, the required exercise dose, type and intensity are yet unclear. The results of randomised prospective studies are expected to determine the optimal amount, type and intensity of exercise and formulate the most appropriate exercise plan and guidelines, according to the requirements and comorbidities of the patients. In addition, recent studies have focused on the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the effect of physical activity on disease outcomes and recurrence rates. This review aimed to investigate the effects of physical activity and the biological basis of these effects in preventing the risk and recurrence of CRC and decreasing the hazards of cancer and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Oruç
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin 33000, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ali Kaplan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey
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Ren J, Sui H, Fang F, Li Q, Li B. The application of Apc Min/+ mouse model in colorectal tumor researches. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1111-1122. [PMID: 30887153 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ApcMin/+ mouse is an excellent animal model bearing multiple intestinal neoplasia, used to simulate human familial adenomatous polyposis and colorectal tumors. The key point of this model is the mutation of Apc gene, which is a significant tumor-suppressor gene in the Wnt signaling pathway. There are also some other possible mechanisms responsible for the development of colorectal tumors in the ApcMin/+ mouse model, such as tumor-associated signaling pathways activation, the changes of tumor-related genes, and the involvement of some related proteins or molecules. METHODS The relevant literatures about ApcMin/+ mouse model from PUBMED databases are reviewed in this study. RESULTS In recent years, increasing studies have focused on the application of ApcMin/+ mouse model in colorectal tumor, trying to find effective therapeutic targets for further use. CONCLUSION This article will give a brief review on the related molecular mechanisms of the ApcMin/+ mouse model and its application in colorectal tumor researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junze Ren
- Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fanfu Fang
- Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Bai Li
- Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Koh H, Hamada T, Song M, Liu L, Cao Y, Nowak JA, da Silva A, Twombly T, Morikawa T, Kim SA, Masugi Y, Kosumi K, Shi Y, Gu M, Li W, Du C, Chen Y, Li W, Liu H, Li C, Wu K, Nosho K, Inamura K, Hanyuda A, Zhang X, Giannakis M, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Nishihara R, Meyerhardt JA, Ogino S. Physical Activity and Colorectal Cancer Prognosis According to Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 2:pky058. [PMID: 31276098 PMCID: PMC6591576 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that high-level physical activity may potentially reduce cancer mortality through its immune enhancement effect. We therefore hypothesized that survival benefits associated with physical activity might be stronger in colorectal carcinomas with lower immune reaction at diagnosis. Methods Using molecular pathological epidemiology databases of 470 colon and rectal carcinoma cases in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we assessed the prognostic association of postdiagnosis physical activity in strata of densities of CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD45RO (PTPRC)+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells in tumor tissue. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to adjust for potential confounders, including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, long interspersed nucleotide element-1 methylation, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations, and expression of CTNNB1 (beta-catenin), PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2), and IRS1. Results The association of postdiagnosis physical activity with colorectal cancer-specific mortality differed by CD3+ cell density (Pinteraction < .001). Multivariable-adjusted colorectal cancer-specific mortality hazard ratios for a quartile-unit increase in physical activity were 0.56 (95% confidence interval = 0.38 to 0.83) among cases with the lowest quartile of CD3+ cell density compared with 1.14 (95% confidence interval = 0.79 to 1.65) in cases with the highest quartile. We observed no differential survival association of physical activity by densities of CD8+ cells, CD45RO+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells. Conclusions The association between postdiagnosis physical activity and colorectal cancer survival appeared stronger for carcinomas with lower T cell infiltrates, suggesting an interactive effect of exercise and immunity on colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Koh
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Nutrition.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sun A Kim
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Yan Shi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition.,Department of Epidemiology.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Hanyuda
- Department of Nutrition.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Nutrition.,Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Epidemiology.,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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30
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Malcomson FC. Mechanisms underlying the effects of nutrition, adiposity and physical activity on colorectal cancer risk. NUTR BULL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stretching Reduces Tumor Growth in a Mouse Breast Cancer Model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7864. [PMID: 29777149 PMCID: PMC5959865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in developing non-pharmacological treatments that could boost natural defenses against cancer and contribute to primary and secondary cancer prevention. Recent studies have shown that gentle daily stretching for 10 minutes can reduce local connective tissue inflammation and fibrosis. Because mechanical factors within the stroma can influence the tumor microenvironment, we hypothesized that stretching would reduce the growth of tumors implanted within locally stretched tissues and tested this hypothesis in a mouse orthotopic breast cancer model. Female FVB mice (N = 66) underwent bilateral injection of p53/PTEN double-null primary mouse mammary tumor cells into the third mammary fat pad. Mice were randomized to stretch vs. no stretch, and treated for 10 minutes once a day, for four weeks. Tumor volume at end-point was 52% smaller in the stretch group, compared to the no-stretch group (p < 0.001) in the absence of any other treatment. Cytotoxic immune responses were activated and levels of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators were elevated in the stretch group. These results suggest a link between immune exhaustion, inflammation resolution and tumor growth. Stretching is a gentle, non-pharmacological intervention that could become an important component of cancer treatment and prevention.
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Wenjuan X, Qinrui H, Shuntian L, Lu L, Meng S, Xueqing Y, Xuegang S. Modified Shenlingbaizhu decoction reduces intestinal adenoma formation in adenomatous polyposis coli multiple intestinal neoplasia mice by suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-induced CD4 + CD25+ forkhead box P3 regulatory T cells. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Buss LA, Dachs GU. Voluntary exercise slows breast tumor establishment and reduces tumor hypoxia in ApoE -/- mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:938-949. [PMID: 29357514 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise reduces the risk of breast cancer development and improves survival in breast cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of this protective effect remain to be fully elucidated, and it is unclear whether exercise can attenuate the protumor effects of obesity and related hyperlipidemia on breast cancer growth and development. We hypothesized that exercise attenuates the negative effect of hyperlipidemia through normalization of the tumor microenvironment and improved T cell infiltrate. Hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice with orthotopic EO771 breast tumors were randomly assigned to one of two voluntary running groups or sedentary controls, and muscular cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV) expression was used as a biomarker for the level of exercise. Tumors from mice with high muscular COX-IV expression took significantly longer to reach 100 mm3 ( P = 0.008), but showed no difference in growth rate once the tumor was established. Wheel running appeared to reduce internal metastases, but did not affect T cell infiltrate or the proportion of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells within the tumor. Serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly increased by tumor burden ( P = 0.02) and correlated with spleen weight ( P < 0.0001, R = 0.65). Furthermore, tumor hypoxia was significantly decreased in mice with high muscular COX-IV expression ( P = 0.01). Taken together, these results indicate that wheel running can slow the establishment of primary and secondary EO771 breast tumors and induce beneficial changes in the breast tumor microenvironment in ApoE-/- mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this first study to investigate the effect of exercise on tumor behavior in a hyperlipidemic model, we hypothesized that wheel running would counteract the protumorigenic environment generated by hyperlipidemia. Wheel running slowed establishment of primary and secondary tumors and reduced tumor hypoxia but did not affect exponential tumor growth in ApoE-/- mice. Overall, voluntary wheel running induced favorable microenvironmental changes in breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Buss
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Koelwyn GJ, Quail DF, Zhang X, White RM, Jones LW. Exercise-dependent regulation of the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:620-632. [PMID: 28943640 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and composition of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly plastic, undergoing constant remodelling in response to instructive signals derived from alterations in the availability and nature of systemic host factors. This 'systemic milieu' is directly modulated by host exposure to modifiable lifestyle factors such as exercise. Host exposure to regular exercise markedly reduces the risk of the primary development of several cancers and might improve clinical outcomes following a diagnosis of a primary disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the apparent antitumour effects of exercise are poorly understood. In this Opinion article, we explore the putative effects of exercise in reprogramming the interaction between the host and the TME. Specifically, we speculate on the possible effects of exercise on reprogramming 'distant' tissue microenvironments (those not directly involved in the exercise response) by analysing how alterations in the systemic milieu might modulate key TME components to influence cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Langone Medical Center, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; and at the Department of Physiology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine; and at the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA; and at the Weil Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Exercise and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:423-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu Y, Xu M, Min X, Wu K, Zhang T, Li K, Xiao S, Xia Y. TWEAK/Fn14 Activation Participates in Ro52-Mediated Photosensitization in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:651. [PMID: 28620393 PMCID: PMC5449764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) binds to its sole receptor fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), participating in various inflammatory responses. Recently, TWEAK/Fn14 activation was found prominent in the lesions of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). This study was designed to further reveal the potential role of this pathway in Ro52-mediated photosensitization. TWEAK, Fn14, and Ro52 were determined in the skin lesions of patients with CLE. Murine keratinocytes received ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation or plus TWEAK stimulation and underwent detection for Ro52 and proinflammatory cytokines. The chemotaxis of J774.2 macrophages was evaluated on TWEAK stimulation of cocultured keratinocytes. We found that TWEAK, Fn14, and downstream cytokines were highly expressed in CLE lesions that overexpressed Ro52. Moreover, TWEAK enhanced the UVB-induced Ro52 upregulation in murine keratinocytes. Meanwhile, TWEAK stimulation of keratinocytes favored the migration of macrophages through promoting the production of chemokine C–C motif ligands 17 and 22. Furthermore, Fn14 siRNA transfection or nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor abrogated the TWEAK enhancement of Ro52 expression in keratinocytes. Similarly, TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) siRNA reduced the protein level of Ro52 in these cells upon TWEAK stimulation. Interestingly, UVB irradiation increased the expression of TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1) but not affecting TNFR2 expression in keratinocytes. In conclusion, the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling participates in Ro52-mediated photosensitization and involves the activation of NF-κB pathway as well as the function of the TRAF2/TNFR partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meifeng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyun Min
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kunyi Wu
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxiang Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Vitamin D and Physical Activity in Patients With Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiological Evidence and Therapeutic Implications. Cancer J 2017; 22:223-31. [PMID: 27341603 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Notwithstanding major improvements in the early detection and treatment of CRC, an important proportion of patients who received a diagnosis of localized disease ultimately have a recurrence and die, underscoring the need of new therapeutic approaches. Vitamin D and physical activity (PA) have emerged as 2 potential interventions for both prevention and treatment of CRC. Plausible biological mechanisms have been described for the antineoplastic effects of vitamin D and PA, and a wealth of epidemiological evidence indicates that 25(OH)D (the main circulating form of vitamin D) and PA levels are inversely associated with CRC risk. Recent efforts have now focused on the role of vitamin D and PA as adjunct treatments after a CRC diagnosis. Observational studies evaluating prediagnosis and postdiagnosis circulating 25(OH)D levels among patients with CRC of all stages have found that subjects with levels in the highest quantiles have improved overall and CRC-specific survival compared with those with levels in the lowest quantiles. Similarly, prospective studies of PA have found that higher levels of postdiagnosis PA are associated with lower overall and CRC-specific mortality in patients with nonmetastatic CRC. Meta-analyses of the observational studies of 25(OH)D and postdiagnosis PA have confirmed significant protective associations against overall and CRC-specific mortality, as well as significant dose-response relationships. No randomized controlled trial of vitamin D or PA using survival outcomes as endpoints has been completed to date. Two randomized, placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D in patients with metastatic CRC assessing patient survival as an endpoint are underway: the first is a phase II trial comparing high-dose vitamin D3 (8000 IU/d for 2 weeks followed by 4000 IU/d) versus standard dose (400 IU/d), and the second is a phase I-II trial comparing customized oral doses of vitamin D3 titrated to raise serum 25(OH)D levels to 80 to 100 ng/mL versus 2000 IU/d. For PA, the ongoing phase III CHALLENGE (Colon Health and Life-Long Exercise Change) study is the first randomized controlled trial using survival as an endpoint among patients with stage II-III colon cancer. The results of these trials will pave the way to more conclusive phase III trials that will provide more definitive answers about the role of these interventions in the treatment of CRC. Lastly, the advent of genomic technologies will allow identifying molecular signatures in CRC associated with improved response to vitamin D and PA and will usher in a precision medicine approach to these therapies.
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Murphy EA, Enos RT, Velázquez KT. Influence of Exercise on Inflammation in Cancer: Direct Effect or Innocent Bystander? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2015; 43:134-42. [PMID: 25906430 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose the hypothesis that the benefits of exercise on inflammation in cancer are a result of a direct effect on inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, that are critical for cancer growth as well as a bystander effect of the established relationship between exercise and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Koelwyn GJ, Wennerberg E, Demaria S, Jones LW. Exercise in Regulation of Inflammation-Immune Axis Function in Cancer Initiation and Progression. ONCOLOGY (WILLISTON PARK, N.Y.) 2015; 29:908-20, 922. [PMID: 26676894 PMCID: PMC4909049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic manipulation of the immune system is emerging as a viable and robust treatment for some cancer patients. Exercise-induced modulation of the immune system may be another adjunctive strategy for inhibiting tumor initiation and progression. In healthy individuals, exercise has been shown to modulate a number of cell subsets involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge pertaining to exercise modulation of the inflammation-immune axis in cancer. The current evidence suggests that exercise may be a promising adjunctive strategy that can favorably alter numerous components of the immune system, which, in turn, may modulate tumorigenesis. However, many important knowledge gaps are evident. To this end, we propose a framework to guide future research efforts investigating the immune effects of exercise in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee W. Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Application of the ApcMin/+ mouse model for studying inflammation-associated intestinal tumor. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 71:216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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