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Mendoza M, Ballesteros A, Rendon-Correa E, Tonk R, Warren J, Snow AL, Stowell SR, Blois SM, Dveksler G. Modulation of galectin-9 mediated responses in monocytes and T-cells by pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 1. J Biol Chem 2024:107638. [PMID: 39121996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful pregnancy relies on a coordinated interplay between endocrine, immune, and metabolic processes to sustain fetal growth and development. The orchestration of these processes involves multiple signaling pathways driving cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and immune regulation necessary for a healthy pregnancy. Among the molecules supporting placental development and maternal tolerance, the families of pregnancy-specific glycoproteins and galectins are of great interest in reproductive biology. We previously found that PSG1 can bind to galectin-1 (GAL-1). Herein, we characterized the interaction between PSG1 and other members of the galectin family expressed during pregnancy, including galectin-3, -7, -9, and -13 (GAL-3, GAL-7, GAL-9, and GAL-13). We observed that PSG1 binds to GAL-1, -3, and -9, with the highest apparent affinity seen for GAL-9, and that the interaction of PSG1 with GAL-9 is carbohydrate-dependent. We further investigated the ability of PSG1 to regulate GAL-9 responses in human monocytes, a murine macrophage cell line, and T-cells, and determined whether PSG1 binds to both carbohydrate recognition domains of GAL-9. Additionally, we compared the apparent affinity of GAL-9 binding to PSG1 with other known GAL-9 ligands in these cells, Tim-3 and CD44. Lastly, we explored functional conservation between murine and human PSGs by determining that Psg23, a highly expressed member of the murine Psg family, can bind some murine galectins despite differences in amino acid composition and domain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Mendoza
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Angela Ballesteros
- Section on Sensory Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rendon-Correa
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rohan Tonk
- Section on Sensory Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Warren
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandra M Blois
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.; Glyco-HAM, a cooperation of Universität Hamburg, Technology Platform Mass Spectrometry and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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2
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Liu S, Sun Q, Ren X. Novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy: counter-immunoediting therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 37055849 PMCID: PMC10099030 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has made an indelible mark on the field of cancer therapy, especially the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical practice. Although immunotherapy has proven its efficacy and safety in some tumors, many patients still have innate or acquired resistance to immunotherapy. The emergence of this phenomenon is closely related to the highly heterogeneous immune microenvironment formed by tumor cells after undergoing cancer immunoediting. The process of cancer immunoediting refers to the cooperative interaction between tumor cells and the immune system that involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. During these phases, conflicting interactions between the immune system and tumor cells result in the formation of a complex immune microenvironment, which contributes to the acquisition of different levels of immunotherapy resistance in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of different phases of cancer immunoediting and the corresponding therapeutic tools, and we propose normalized therapeutic strategies based on immunophenotyping. The process of cancer immunoediting is retrograded through targeted interventions in different phases of cancer immunoediting, making immunotherapy in the context of precision therapy the most promising therapy to cure cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
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3
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YUAN Z, GIRON LB, HART C, GYAMPOH A, KOSHY J, HONG KY, NIKI T, PREMEAUX TA, NDHLOVU LC, DELEAGE C, MONTANER LJ, ABDEL-MOHSEN M. Human galectin-9 promotes the expansion of HIV reservoirs in vivo in humanized mice. AIDS 2023; 37:571-577. [PMID: 36460646 PMCID: PMC9975043 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human endogenous protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) reactivates latently HIV-infected cells in vitro and ex vivo , which may allow for immune-mediated clearance of these cells. However, Gal-9 also activates several immune cells, which could negatively affect HIV persistence by promoting chronic activation/exhaustion. This potential 'double-edged sword' effect of Gal-9 raises the question of the overall impact of Gal-9 on HIV persistence in vivo . DESIGN We used the BLT (bone marrow, liver, thymus) humanized mouse model to evaluate the impact of Gal-9 on HIV persistence in vivo during antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Two independent cohorts of ART-suppressed HIV-infected BLT mice were treated with either recombinant Gal-9 or phosphate-buffered saline control. Plasma viral loads and levels of tissue-associated HIV DNA and RNA were measured by qPCR. Immunohistochemistry and HIV RNAscope were used to quantify CD4 + T, myeloid, and HIV RNA+ cells in tissues. T cell activation and exhaustion were measured by flow cytometry, and plasma markers of inflammation were measured by multiplex cytokine arrays. RESULTS Gal-9 did not induce plasma markers of inflammation or T cell markers of activation/exhaustion in vivo . However, the treatment significantly increased levels of tissue-associated HIV DNA and RNA compared to controls ( P = 0.0007 and P = 0.011, respectively, for cohort I and P = 0.002 and P = 0.005, respectively, for cohort II). RNAscope validated the Gal-9 mediated induction of HIV RNA in tissue-associated myeloid cells, but not T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the overall adverse effects of Gal-9 on HIV persistence and the potential need to block Gal-9 interactions during ART-suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe YUAN
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Colin HART
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jane KOSHY
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Toshiro NIKI
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Thomas A. PREMEAUX
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lishomwa C. NDHLOVU
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire DELEAGE
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
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Zuurveld M, Ayechu-Muruzabal V, Folkerts G, Garssen J, van‘t Land B, Willemsen LEM. Specific Human Milk Oligosaccharides Differentially Promote Th1 and Regulatory Responses in a CpG-Activated Epithelial/Immune Cell Coculture. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020263. [PMID: 36830632 PMCID: PMC9953370 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper early life immune development creates a basis for a healthy and resilient immune system, which balances immune tolerance and activation. Deviations in neonatal immune maturation can have life-long effects, such as development of allergic diseases. Evidence suggests that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) possess immunomodulatory properties essential for neonatal immune maturation. To understand the immunomodulatory properties of enzymatic or bacterial produced HMOS, the effects of five HMOS (2'FL, 3FL, 3'SL, 6'SL and LNnT), present in human milk have been studied. A PBMC immune model, the IEC barrier model and IEC/PBMC transwell coculture models were used, representing critical steps in mucosal immune development. HMOS were applied to IEC cocultured with activated PBMC. In the presence of CpG, 2'FL and 3FL enhanced IFNγ (p < 0.01), IL10 (p < 0.0001) and galectin-9 (p < 0.001) secretion when added to IEC; 2'FL and 3FL decreased Th2 cell development while 3FL enhanced Treg polarization (p < 0.05). IEC were required for this 3FL mediated Treg polarization, which was not explained by epithelial-derived galectin-9, TGFβ nor retinoic acid secretion. The most pronounced immunomodulatory effects, linking to enhanced type 1 and regulatory mediator secretion, were observed for 2'FL and 3FL. Future studies are needed to further understand the complex interplay between HMO and early life mucosal immune development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (L.E.M.W.)
| | - Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda van‘t Land
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (L.E.M.W.)
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5
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Dutta S, Ganguly A, Chatterjee K, Spada S, Mukherjee S. Targets of Immune Escape Mechanisms in Cancer: Basis for Development and Evolution of Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020218. [PMID: 36829496 PMCID: PMC9952779 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has emerged as a novel therapeutic tool for cancer therapy in the last decade. Unfortunately, a small number of patients benefit from approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Therefore, multiple studies are being conducted to find new ICIs and combination strategies to improve the current ICIs. In this review, we discuss some approved immune checkpoints, such as PD-L1, PD-1, and CTLA-4, and also highlight newer emerging ICIs. For instance, HLA-E, overexpressed by tumor cells, represents an immune-suppressive feature by binding CD94/NKG2A, on NK and T cells. NKG2A blockade recruits CD8+ T cells and activates NK cells to decrease the tumor burden. NKG2D acts as an NK cell activating receptor that can also be a potential ICI. The adenosine A2A and A2B receptors, CD47-SIRPα, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, and VISTA are targets that also contribute to cancer immunoresistance and have been considered for clinical trials. Their antitumor immunosuppressive functions can be used to develop blocking antibodies. PARPs, mARTs, and B7-H3 are also other potential targets for immunosuppression. Additionally, miRNA, mRNA, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated immunotherapeutic approaches are being investigated with great interest. Pre-clinical and clinical studies project these targets as potential immunotherapeutic candidates in different cancer types for their robust antitumor modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Dutta
- The Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology (CITI), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar 814152, India
| | | | - Sheila Spada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.M.)
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6
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Harris RJ, Willsmore Z, Laddach R, Crescioli S, Chauhan J, Cheung A, Black A, Geh JLC, MacKenzie Ross AD, Healy C, Tsoka S, Spicer J, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. Enriched circulating and tumor-resident TGF-β + regulatory B cells in patients with melanoma promote FOXP3 + Tregs. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2104426. [PMID: 35909944 PMCID: PMC9336482 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are emerging as key players of anti-tumor adaptive immune responses. We investigated regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine-expressing B cells in patients with melanoma by flow cytometric intracellular cytokine, CyTOF, transcriptomic, immunofluorescence, single-cell RNA-seq, and B:T cell co-culture analyses. We found enhanced circulating regulatory (TGF-β+ and PD-L1+) and reduced pro-inflammatory TNF-α+ B cell populations in patients compared with healthy volunteers (HVs), including lower IFN-γ+:IL-4+ and higher TGF-β+:TNF-α+ B cell ratios in patients. TGF-β-expressing B cells in the melanoma tumor microenvironment assembled in clusters and interacted with T cells via lymphoid recruitment (SELL, CXCL13, CCL4, CD74) signals and with Tregs via CD47:SIRP-γ, and FOXP3-promoting Galectin-9:CD44. While reduced in tumors compared to blood, TNF-α-expressing B cells engaged in crosstalk with Tregs via TNF-α signaling and the ICOS/ICOSL axis. Patient-derived B cells promoted FOXP3+ Treg differentiation in a TGF-β-dependent manner, while sustaining expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by autologous T-helper cells and promoting T-helper cell proliferation ex vivo, an effect further enhanced with anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Our findings reveal cytokine-expressing B cell compartments skewed toward regulatory phenotypes in patient circulation and melanoma lesions, intratumor spatial localization, and bidirectional crosstalk between B and T cell subsets with immunosuppressive attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Harris
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,King's Health Partners Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zena Willsmore
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,King's Health Partners Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Laddach
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jitesh Chauhan
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anna Black
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jenny L C Geh
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Spicer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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7
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Development and characterization of anti-galectin-9 antibodies that protect T cells from galectin-9-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101821. [PMID: 35283189 PMCID: PMC9006662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target immune checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 in human cancers have achieved impressive clinical success; however, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond to these treatments. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a β-galactoside-binding protein, has been shown to induce T-cell death and facilitate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by binding to immunomodulatory receptors such as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain–containing molecule 3 and the innate immune receptor dectin-1, suggesting that it may have potential as a target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report the development of two novel Gal-9-neutralizing antibodies that specifically react with the N-carbohydrate-recognition domain of human Gal-9 with high affinity. We also show using cell-based functional assays that these antibodies efficiently protected human T cells from Gal-9-induced cell death. Notably, in a T-cell/tumor cell coculture assay of cytotoxicity, these antibodies significantly promoted T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate potent inhibition of human Gal-9 by neutralizing antibodies, which may open new avenues for cancer immunotherapy.
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8
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Premeaux TA, Moser CB, McKhann A, Hoenigl M, Laws EI, Aquino DL, Lederman MM, Landay AL, Gianella S, Ndhlovu LC. Plasma galectin-9 as a predictor of adverse non-AIDS events in persons with chronic HIV during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2021; 35:2489-2495. [PMID: 34366381 PMCID: PMC8631144 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) still experience an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, presumably driven by chronic inflammation, yet predictors of discrete or combinatorial outcomes remain unclear. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a driver of both inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses, has been associated with HIV disease progression and multimorbidity. OBJECTIVE To determine whether plasma Gal-9 levels are associated with the occurrence of specific non-AIDS events (NAEs) in PWH initiating ART. DESIGN We performed a nested case-control study of PWH enrolled from 2001 to 2009 and evaluated pre-ART (66 cases, 97 controls), a year post-ART (112 cases, 211 controls), and immediately preceding an event (89 cases, 162 controls). Events included myocardial infarction/stroke, malignancy, serious bacterial infection, or death. METHODS Plasma Gal-9 levels were assessed by ELISA. Conditional logistic regression assessed associations with NAEs and Spearman's correlations compared Gal-9 with other previously assessed biomarkers. RESULTS NAEs occurred at a median of 2.8 years (1.7-4.6) after ART initiation. Higher Gal-9 levels were associated with increased risk of NAEs at year 1 and preevent [odds ratio (OR) per 1 interquartile range = 1.4-1.6; all P < 0.05], specifically myocardial infarction/stroke at year 1 (OR = 1.9; P = 0.029). Gal-9 also correlated with multiple inflammatory and immune activation predictors of NAEs (all timepoints). CONCLUSION Elevated Gal-9 levels are predictive of deleterious NAEs, particularly cardiovascular complications. Whether the Gal-9 pathway, potentially binding to its putative ligands, is active in the pathogenesis of these outcomes warrants further investigation to determine if targeting Gal-9 may slow or reverse the risk of NAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Premeaux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carlee B. Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ashley McKhann
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Elizabeth I. Laws
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Draven L. Aquino
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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9
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Chakraborty P, Chen EL, McMullen I, Armstrong AJ, Kumar Jolly M, Somarelli JA. Analysis of immune subtypes across the epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity spectrum. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3842-3851. [PMID: 34306571 PMCID: PMC8283019 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity plays a critical role in many solid tumor types as a mediator of metastatic dissemination and treatment resistance. In addition, there is also a growing appreciation that the epithelial/mesenchymal status of a tumor plays a role in immune evasion and immune suppression. A deeper understanding of the immunological features of different tumor types has been facilitated by the availability of large gene expression datasets and the development of methods to deconvolute bulk RNA-Seq data. These resources have generated powerful new ways of characterizing tumors, including classification of immune subtypes based on differential expression of immunological genes. In the present work, we combine scoring algorithms to quantify epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity with immune subtype analysis to understand the relationship between epithelial plasticity and immune subtype across cancers. We find heterogeneity of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status both within and between cancer types, with greater heterogeneity in the expression of EMT-related factors than of MET-related factors. We also find that specific immune subtypes have associated EMT scores and differential expression of immune checkpoint markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Durham, NC, United Kingdom
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Durham, NC, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United Kingdom
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Jason A. Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Durham, NC, United Kingdom
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Durham, NC, United Kingdom
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10
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Xu WD, Huang Q, Huang AF. Emerging role of galectin family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102847. [PMID: 33971347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin family is a group of glycan-binding proteins. Members in this family are expressed in different tissues, immune or non-immune cells. These molecules are important regulators in innate and adaptive immune response, performing significantly in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Findings have shown that expression of galectins is abnormal in many inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis. Galectins also function as intracellular and extracellular disease regulators mainly through the binding of their carbohydrate recognition domain to glycoconjugates. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of the role that different galectin family members play in immune cells, contributing to the complex inflammatory diseases. Hopefully collection of the information will provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the exploration of new targets for treatment of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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11
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A Fermented Milk Matrix Containing Postbiotics Supports Th1- and Th17-Type Immunity In Vitro and Modulates the Influenza-Specific Vaccination Response In Vivo in Association with Altered Serum Galectin Ratios. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030254. [PMID: 33805597 PMCID: PMC7998404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During a specific milk fermentation process with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (LactofidusTM), postbiotics with possible immunomodulatory properties are produced. We investigated the effects of this fermentation product (FP) in vitro using a model that allows crosstalk between intestinal epithelial (IEC) and immune cells. IECs were exposed to FP and αCD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells after which the mediator secretion was measured. Additionally, using a murine influenza vaccination model, immune development was assessed. Mice were fed an AIN93G diet containing FP or lactose as control. Vaccine-specific immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and correlated to intestinal and systemic immunomodulation levels. In vitro, exposure to FP enhanced IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17A concentrations. Moreover, IEC-derived galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratios were increased. In vivo, dietary intervention with FP increased vaccine-specific DTH responses as compared to the lactose-receiving group. Although no effects on humoral immunity and vaccine-specific T-cell responses were detected, an enhanced systemic serum galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratio correlated with a shift in RORγ (Th17) mRNA expression over regulatory TGFβ1 in the ileum. This was also positively correlated with the increased DTH response. These results indicate that FP can enhance epithelial galectin-3 and -4 over galectin-9 release, and boost adaptive immunity by promoting Th1- and Th17-type cytokines under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Similar variations in galectin and immune balance were observed in the vaccination model, where FP improved the influenza-specific DTH response.
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Aghbash PS, Hemmat N, Nahand JS, Shamekh A, Memar MY, Babaei A, Baghi HB. The role of Th17 cells in viral infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107331. [PMID: 33418239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of recent advances regarding the function of Th17 cells and their produced cytokines in the progression of viral diseases. Viral infections alone do not lead to virus-induced malignancies, as both genetic and host safety factors are also involved in the occurrence of malignancies. Acquired immune responses, through the differentiation of Th17 cells, form the novel components of the Th17 cell pathway when reacting with viral infections all the way from the beginning to its final stages. As a result, instead of inducing the right immune responses, these events lead to the suppression of the immune system. In fact, the responses from Th17 cells during persistent viral infections causes chronic inflammation through the production of IL-17 and other cytokines which provide a favorable environment for tumor growth and its development. Additionally, during the past decade, these cells have been understood to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. However, further research is required to understand Th17 cells' immune mechanisms in the vast variety of viral diseases. This review aims to determine the roles and effects of the immune system, especially Th17 cells, in the progression of viral diseases; which can be highly beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Sun MJ, Cao ZQ, Leng P. The roles of galectins in hepatic diseases. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:473-484. [PMID: 32734557 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic diseases include all diseases that occur in the liver, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. Hepatic diseases worldwide are characterized by high incidences of digestive system diseases, which present with subtle symptoms, are difficult to treat and have high mortality. Galectins are β-galactoside-binding proteins that have been found to be aberrantly expressed during hepatic disease progression. An increasing number of studies have shown that abnormal expression of galectins is extensively involved in hepatic diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Galectins function as intracellular and extracellular hepatic disease regulators mainly through the binding of their carbohydrate recognition domain to glycoconjugates expressed in hepatocytes. In this review, we summarize current research on the various roles of galectins in cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver fibrosis and HCC, which may provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the exploration of new targets for the treatment of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Qi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Mo R, Feng XX, Wu YN, Wang H, He YP, Sun HH, Guo F, Chen Q, Yan W, Li PY, Liu M, Zhang GM, Tian DA, Feng ZH. Hepatocytes paradoxically affect intrahepatic IFN-γ production in autoimmune hepatitis due to Gal-9 expression and TLR2/4 ligand release. Mol Immunol 2020; 123:106-115. [PMID: 32485469 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the targets in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) that results in T cell-dependent liver injury. However, hepatocytes may also affect the hepatic T cells in AIH, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that hepatocytes could secrete galectin-9 (Gal-9) to suppress the intrahepatic production of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and restrict AIH development, but hepatocyte damage resulted in opposite effects due to release of TLR2/4 ligands that promoted the intrahepatic production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. Through Tim-3, Gal-9 could efficiently suppress the intrahepatic T cell activation despite presence of TLR2/4 ligands, thus attenuating Th1 response in AIH. Intriguingly, intrahepatic IL-6/IL-12 suppressed the effect of TGF-β on Treg cells. Therefore, in AIH, Gal-9 promoted Foxp3 expression and function of hepatic Treg cells through TL1A signaling, although Treg function was still impaired, compared with that in naive state. Due to its promoting effect on Treg function, together with its effect on T effector cells in a Tim-3-independent way, Gal-9 could attenuate intrahepatic IFN-γ production by hindering the increase of hepatic CD4+CD43+ T cells resulting from extrahepatic T cell activation. TLR2/4 ligands attenuated the effects of Gal-9 on Treg cells and CD4+CD43+ T cells by increasing intrahepatic IL-6 and IL-12. Blocking TLR2/4 ligands could efficiently suppress intrahepatic IFN-γ production, liver injury, and hepatic fibrosis. These findings suggest that hepatocytes paradoxically affect Th1 response in AIH due to Gal-9 expression and TLR2/4 ligands release, and that targeting TLR2/4 signaling may provide an important approach in the therapeutic strategy for AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Mo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xia Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Pei He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Huan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - De-An Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Ayechu-Muruzabal V, Overbeek SA, Kostadinova AI, Stahl B, Garssen J, van’t Land B, Willemsen LE. Exposure of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to 2'-Fucosyllactose and CpG Enhances Galectin Release and Instructs Dendritic Cells to Drive Th1 and Regulatory-Type Immune Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E784. [PMID: 32438601 PMCID: PMC7278199 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) release immunomodulatory galectins upon exposure to CpG DNA (mimicking bacterial triggers) and short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (GF). This study aims to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a non-digestible oligosaccharide (NDO) abundantly present in human milk, using a co-culture model developed to study the crosstalk between IEC and innate and adaptive immune cells. IECs, co-cultured with αCD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), were apically exposed to NDOs and CpG, washed and co-cultured with immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC). Subsequently, moDC were co-cultured with naïve CD4+ T-cells. In the presence of CpG, both 2'-FL or GF-exposed IEC enhanced Th1-type IFNγ and regulatory IL-10 secretion of PBMCs, compared to CpG alone, while Th2-type IL-13 was reduced. Both NDOs increased IEC-derived galectin-3, -4, -9 and TGF-β1 of CpG-exposed IEC. Only galectin-9 correlated with all modified immune parameters and TGF-β1 secretion. MoDCs exposed to 2'-FL and CpG-conditioned IEC instructed IFNγ and IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T-cells, suggesting the development of a regulatory Th1 response. These results reveal that 2'-FL and GF could contribute to the mucosal immune development by supporting the effect of microbial CpG DNA associated with the modulation of epithelial galectin and TGF-β1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (J.G.)
| | - Saskia A. Overbeek
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
| | - Atanaska I. Kostadinova
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Global Centre of Excellence in Human Milk Research & Analytical Sciences, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (J.G.)
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
| | - Belinda van’t Land
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E.M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (J.G.)
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16
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Sulli G, Lam MTY, Panda S. Interplay between Circadian Clock and Cancer: New Frontiers for Cancer Treatment. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:475-494. [PMID: 31421905 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks constitute the evolutionary molecular machinery that dictates the temporal regulation of physiology to maintain homeostasis. Disruption of the circadian rhythm plays a key role in tumorigenesis and facilitates the establishment of cancer hallmarks. Conversely, oncogenic processes directly weaken circadian rhythms. Pharmacological modulation of core clock genes is a new approach in cancer therapy. The integration of circadian biology into cancer research offers new options for making cancer treatment more effective, encompassing the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this devastating disease. This review highlights the role of the circadian clock in tumorigenesis and cancer hallmarks, and discusses how pharmacological modulation of circadian clock genes can lead to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sulli
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Michael Tun Yin Lam
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9300 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Combined Exposure of Activated Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Nondigestible Oligosaccharides and CpG-ODN Suppresses Th2-Associated CCL22 Release While Enhancing Galectin-9, TGF β, and Th1 Polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8456829. [PMID: 31427886 PMCID: PMC6683774 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8456829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS) and CpG-ODN affect intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Epithelial IL1α may contribute to allergic sensitization via autocrine mediator release affecting dendritic cells (DC). We studied whether IL1α contributes to Th2-associated mediator release by activated IEC and IEC/DC cocultures and possible modulation by scGOS/lcFOS±CpG-ODN. Methods Solid phase or transwell cultured IEC were preincubated with IL1α and/or IFNγ/TNFα for 6 h. The transwell IEC were also apically exposed to scGOS/lcFOS±CpG-ODN for 6 h, washed, and re-exposed, while cocultured with immature moDC (ccDC) for 48 h. These ccDC were subsequently added to allogeneic naïve T cells (MLR). IEC- and/or DC-derived mediators and T cell cytokines were measured. Results IL1α tended to enhance IL25 and enhanced IL33 and CCL20 release by IEC, while IL1α or TNFα or IFNγ enhanced CCL22. These were all further increased upon combined exposure of IFNγ/TNFα±IL1α coinciding with increased IL33 secretion in the solid phase culture. In the transwell, IL25 and IL33 remained under detection, while CCL20 and CCL22 were induced by IL1α or IFNγ/TNFα, respectively, and a synergistic increase was observed upon combined exposure of IFNγ/TNFα and IL1α. Furthermore, IFNγ was found to enhance galectin-9 secretion, which was more pronounced in IFNγ/TNFα±IL1α-exposed IEC and coincided with TGFβ increase. Epithelial CpG-ODN exposure further increased CCL20, while reducing CCL22 release by IFNγ/TNFα/IL1α-activated IEC; however, scGOS/lcFOS suppressed both. Combined scGOS/lcFOS and CpG-ODN reduced CCL22, while CCL20 and regulatory galectin-9 and TGFβ remained high in the supernatant of IFNγ/TNFα/IL1α-activated IEC and the following IEC/DC coculture. ccDC of scGOS/lcFOS- and CpG-ODN-exposed IFNγ/TNFα/IL1α-activated IEC increased IFNγ, IL10, TGFβ, and galectin-9 secretion in the MLR compared to ccDC exposed to control-activated IEC. Conclusion IL1α enhanced CCL20 and Th2-associated CCL22 release by IFNγ/TNFα-activated IEC. Combined scGOS/lcFOS and CpG-ODN exposure suppressed CCL22, while maintaining high CCL20, TGFβ, and galectin-9 concentrations. In addition, ccDC derived from this IEC/DC coculture enhanced Th1 and regulatory mediator secretion mimicking known in vivo effects.
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18
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Premeaux TA, D'Antoni ML, Abdel-Mohsen M, Pillai SK, Kallianpur KJ, Nakamoto BK, Agsalda-Garcia M, Shiramizu B, Shikuma CM, Gisslén M, Price RW, Valcour V, Ndhlovu LC. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid Galectin-9 is associated with central nervous system immune activation and poor cognitive performance in older HIV-infected individuals. J Neurovirol 2018; 25:150-161. [PMID: 30478799 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that galectin-9 (Gal-9), a soluble lectin with immunomodulatory properties, is elevated in plasma during HIV infection and induces HIV transcription. The link between Gal-9 and compromised neuronal function is becoming increasingly evident; however, the association with neuroHIV remains unknown. We measured Gal-9 levels by ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 70 HIV-infected (HIV+) adults stratified by age (older > 40 years and younger < 40 years) either ART suppressed or with detectable CSF HIV RNA, including a subgroup with cognitive assessments, and 18 HIV uninfected (HIV-) controls. Gal-9 tissue expression was compared in necropsy brain specimens from HIV- and HIV+ donors using gene datasets and immunohistochemistry. Among older HIV+ adults, CSF Gal-9 was elevated in the ART suppressed and CSF viremic groups compared to controls, whereas in the younger group, Gal-9 levels were elevated only in the CSF viremic group (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 positively correlated with age in all groups (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 tracked with CSF HIV RNA irrespective of age (β = 0.33; p < 0.05). Higher CSF Gal-9 in the older viremic HIV+ group correlated with worse neuropsychological test performance scores independently of age and CSF HIV RNA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CSF Gal-9 directly correlated with myeloid activation (CSF-soluble CD163 and neopterin) in both HIV+ older groups (p < 0.05). Among HIV+ necropsy specimens, Gal-9 expression was increased in select brain regions compared to controls (p < 0.05). Gal-9 may serve as a novel neuroimmuno-modulatory protein that is involved in driving cognitive deficits in those aging with HIV and may be valuable in tracking cognitive abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Michelle L D'Antoni
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Kalpana J Kallianpur
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Beau K Nakamoto
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Straub Medical Center, 888 S King St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Melissa Agsalda-Garcia
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Bruce Shiramizu
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Cecilia M Shikuma
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. .,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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Chen J, Huang C, Zhu D, Chen L, Wang J, Sun X, Hu L, Duan Y. Excreted-secreted antigens of Toxoplasma gondii inhibit Foxp3 via IL-2Rγ/JAK3/Stats pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:10176-10185. [PMID: 30129110 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii excreted-secreted antigens (ESA) could lead to the fetal abortion especially in the early stage of pregnancy. Deficit in regulatory T cells is a critical event in the fetal abortion. Transcription factor forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) mediates differentiation and functional roles on regulatory T cells. Previously, we revealed that ESA inhibited Foxp3 through the suppression of transforming growth factor-β type II receptor, phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4. Knockdown of Smad2 collaborated with ESA to further inhibit Foxp3. The decrease in Foxp3 caused by ESA reversed via forced expression of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4, respectively. In this study, we investigate whether other signaling pathways are implicated in ESA-induced Foxp3 downregulation. EL4 cells were cultured and stimulated with ESA. Interleukin-2 receptor γ (IL-2Rγ) chain, Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), Stat3, phosphorylation of Stat5 and Stat3 were assayed by Western blot analysis. Phosphorylation of Stat5 and Stat3 was further measured by cellular immunofluorescence. The expression plasmid of pcDNA3.1-Stat3 and pcDNA3.1-Stat5b was constructed, respectively. The concentration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the culture supernatants was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ESA inhibited the level of JAK3, phosphorylation of Stat5 and Stat3, and Foxp3 in EL4 cells. The suppressive effects of ESA on Foxp3 were attenuated by forced expression of Stat5 and Stat3. In addition, ESA suppressed IL-2Rγ in EL4 cells, while IL-2Rγ agonist could markedly reverse the diminished Foxp3 caused by ESA. Furthermore, ESA directly influenced the expression of IL-2Rγ, rather than the availability of IL-2 indirectly. ESA suppressed the level of Foxp3 via inhibiting IL-2Rγ/JAK3/Stats signaling pathway in EL4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Caiqun Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liuting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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21
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Sharma R, Kinsey GR. Regulatory T cells in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F679-F698. [PMID: 28877881 PMCID: PMC6031912 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00236.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) make up one subset of the helper T cells (Th) and are one of the major mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Tregs prevent abnormal activation of the immune system throughout the lifespan, thus protecting from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have elucidated the role of Tregs beyond autoimmunity. Tregs play important functions in controlling not only innate and adaptive immune cell activation, but also regulate nonimmune cell function during insults and injury. Inflammation contributes to a multitude of acute and chronic diseases affecting the kidneys. This review examines the role of Tregs in pathogenesis of renal inflammatory diseases and explores the approaches for enhancing Tregs for prevention and therapy of renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gilbert R Kinsey
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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22
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Madireddi S, Eun SY, Mehta AK, Birta A, Zajonc DM, Niki T, Hirashima M, Podack ER, Schreiber TH, Croft M. Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Suppression of Inflammation Induced by DR3 Signaling Is Dependent on Galectin-9. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:2721-2728. [PMID: 28877989 PMCID: PMC5659314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of several TNF receptor family proteins has been shown to dampen inflammatory disease in murine models through augmenting the number and/or activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs). We recently found that one molecule, 4-1BB, used binding to Galectin-9 to exert its immunosuppressive effects and drive expansion of CD8+Foxp3- Tregs. We now show that ligation of another TNFR family molecule, DR3, which has previously been found to strongly expand CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and suppress inflammation, also requires Galectin-9. We found that the extracellular region of DR3 directly binds to Galectin-9, and that Galectin-9 associates with DR3 in Tregs. From studies in vitro with Galectin-9-/- CD4+ T cells and Tregs, we found that stimulatory activity induced by ligating DR3 was in part dependent on Galectin-9. In vivo, in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we show that an agonist of DR3 suppressed disease, correlating with expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, and this protective effect was lost in Galectin-9-/- mice. Similar results were seen in an allergic lung inflammation model. Thus, we demonstrate a novel function of Galectin-9 in facilitating activity of DR3 related to Treg-mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Madireddi
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - So-Young Eun
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amit K Mehta
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Aruna Birta
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
- GalPharma, Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-8071, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
- GalPharma, Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-8071, Japan
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Taylor H Schreiber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA Jolla, CA 92093
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23
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The role of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 and its ligand galectin-9 in antitumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1058-1064. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Golden-Mason L, Rosen HR. Galectin-9: Diverse roles in hepatic immune homeostasis and inflammation. Hepatology 2017; 66:271-279. [PMID: 28195343 PMCID: PMC5521806 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-binding proteins, which include galectins, are involved at all stages of immunity and inflammation, from initiation through resolution. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is highly expressed in the liver and has a wide variety of biological functions in innate and adaptive immunity that are instrumental in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis. In the setting of viral hepatitis, increased expression of Gal-9 drives the expansion of regulatory T cells and contraction of effector T cells, thereby favoring viral persistence. The dichotomous nature of Gal-9 is evident in hepatocellular carcinoma, where loss of expression in hepatocytes promotes tumor growth and metastasis, whereas overexpression by Kupffer cells and endothelial cells inhibits the antitumor immune response. In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gal-9 is involved indirectly in the expansion of protective natural killer T-cell populations. In ischemic liver injury, hepatocyte-derived Gal-9 is both diagnostic and cytoprotective. In drug-induced acute liver failure, plasma levels correlate with outcome. Here, we offer a synthesis of recent and emerging findings on Gal-9 in the regulation of hepatic inflammation. Ongoing studies are warranted to better elucidate the pathophysiology of hepatic immune-mediated diseases and to develop new therapeutic interventions using glycan-binding proteins. (Hepatology 2017;66:271-279).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Golden-Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Colorado Denver Medical Center, Aurora, CO
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25
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Chen J, Huang C, Zhu D, Shen P, Duan Y, Wang J, Yang C, Wu L. Chinese 1 strain of Toxoplasma gondii excreted-secreted antigens negatively modulate Foxp3 via inhibition of the TGFßRII/Smad2/Smad3/Smad4 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1944-1953. [PMID: 28300338 PMCID: PMC5571543 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic intracellular parasite and is considered an important aetiological factor in the process of abortion, especially as occurs in early gestation. Chinese 1 strain of T. gondii is a dominant genotype prevalent in China. Although it is known that early foetal resorption triggered by RH strain of T. gondii is attributable to immune mechanisms rather than its direct effect in uterus, the underlying mechanism of the abortion caused by Chinese 1 strain remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effect of excreted–secreted antigens (ESA) of Chinese 1 strain of T. gondii on the expression of forkhead box transcription factor (Foxp3) as it pertains to early pregnancy and abortion. ESA caused a marked inhibition in the expression of Foxp3 both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, ESA negatively modulated Smad2 and Smad3 at the posttranslational level. Smad2 siRNA cooperated with ESA to further suppress the level of Foxp3. This inhibitory effect on Foxp3 expression was partially abrogated by overexpression of Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4. Additionally, ESA attenuated the expression of TGFßRII, whereas TGFßRII agonist could profoundly reversed the decreased Foxp3 triggered by ESA. Collectively, the findings suggested that ESA restricted Foxp3 expression by inhibiting TGFßRII/Smad2/Smad3/Smad4 signalling, ultimately resulting in abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caiqun Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei Shen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunzhao Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Kariminik A, Kheirkhah B. Tumor growth factor-β is an important factor for immunosuppression and tumorgenesis in Polyoma BK virus infection; a systematic review article. Cytokine 2017; 95:64-69. [PMID: 28237875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyoma BK virus (PBK) is a prevalent human specific virus and the cause of several malignancies in human. The main mechanisms used by PBK to induce/stimulate human cancers are yet to be clarified but it has been proposed that PBK may use several mechanisms to induce/stimulate cancers in human including attenuation of immune responses via up-regulation of immunosuppressor molecules. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a key multifunctional factor from modulation of immunosurveillance to angiogenesis. The key roles of TGF-β in the progression of Th17 and T regulatory subsets, the most important immune cells involved in development of cancers, have been demonstrated. Thus, this review article aims to describe the mechanisms used by PBK in induction/stimulation of human cancers in TGF-β dependent manner..
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Kariminik
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Babak Kheirkhah
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
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27
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Zare-Bidaki M, Assar S, Hakimi H, Abdollahi SH, Nosratabadi R, Kennedy D, Arababadi MK. TGF-β in Toxoplasmosis: Friend or foe? Cytokine 2016; 86:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Scheerlinck JP, Ansell BRE, Hall RS, Gasser RB, Jex AR. Time-Course Study of the Transcriptome of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from Sheep Infected with Fasciola hepatica. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159194. [PMID: 27438474 PMCID: PMC4954650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic trematode that infects a wide range of mammalian hosts, including livestock and humans, in temperate and tropical regions globally. This trematode causes the disease fascioliasis, which consists of an acute phase (≤ 12 weeks) during which juvenile parasites migrate through the host liver tissues, and a chronic phase (> 12 weeks) following the establishment of adult parasites in the liver bile ducts. Few studies have explored the progression of the host response over the course of Fasciola infection in the same animals. In this study, we characterized transcriptomic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from sheep at three time points over the first eight weeks of infection relative to uninfected controls. In total, 183 and 76 genes were found to be differentially transcribed at two and eight weeks post-infection respectively. Functional and pathway analysis of differentially transcribed genes revealed changes related to T-cell activation that may underpin a Th2-biased immune response against this parasite. This first insight into the dynamics of host responses during the early stages of infection improves the understanding of the pathogenesis of acute fascioliasis, informs vaccine development and presents a set of PBMC markers with diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ross S Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
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29
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Re-wiring regulatory cell networks in immunity by galectin-glycan interactions. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3407-18. [PMID: 26352298 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Programs that control immune cell homeostasis are orchestrated through the coordinated action of a number of regulatory cell populations, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, alternatively-activated macrophages and tolerogenic dendritic cells. These regulatory cell populations can prevent harmful inflammation following completion of protective responses and thwart the development of autoimmune pathology. However, they also have a detrimental role in cancer by favoring escape from immune surveillance. One of the hallmarks of regulatory cells is their remarkable plasticity as they can be positively or negatively modulated by a plethora of cytokines, growth factors and co-stimulatory signals that tailor their differentiation, stability and survival. Here we focus on the emerging roles of galectins, a family of highly conserved glycan-binding proteins in regulating the fate and function of regulatory immune cell populations, both of lymphoid and myeloid origins. Given the broad distribution of circulating and tissue-specific galectins, understanding the relevance of lectin-glycan interactions in shaping regulatory cell compartments will contribute to the design of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating their function in a broad range of immunological disorders.
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30
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Shalapour S, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer: an eternal fight between good and evil. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3347-55. [PMID: 26325032 DOI: 10.1172/jci80007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development and its response to therapy are strongly influenced by innate and adaptive immunity, which either promote or attenuate tumorigenesis and can have opposing effects on therapeutic outcome. Chronic inflammation promotes tumor development, progression, and metastatic dissemination, as well as treatment resistance. However, cancer development and malignant progression are also associated with accumulation of genetic alterations and loss of normal regulatory processes, which cause expression of tumor-specific antigens and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that can activate antitumor immune responses. Although signals that trigger acute inflammatory reactions often stimulate dendritic cell maturation and antigen presentation, chronic inflammation can be immunosuppressive. This antagonism between inflammation and immunity also affects the outcome of cancer treatment and needs to be considered when designing new therapeutic approaches.
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31
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Muniz JM, Bibiano Borges CR, Beghini M, de Araújo MS, Miranda Alves P, de Lima LMB, Pereira SADL, Nogueira RD, Napimoga MH, Rodrigues V, Rodrigues DBR. Galectin-9 as an important marker in the differential diagnosis between oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1006-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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de Kivit S, Lempsink LJR, Plants J, Martinson J, Keshavarzian A, Landay AL. Modulation of TIM-3 expression on NK and T cell subsets in HIV immunological non-responders. Clin Immunol 2014; 156:28-35. [PMID: 25450337 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV infection sustains viral suppression and increases CD4(+) T cells in HIV patients. However, in 10-25% of subjects, known as immunological non-responders (INRs), HAART does not increase CD4 count. We investigated a potential role for galectin-9 and TIM-3 in INRs as galectin-9 and TIM-3 have been described to modulate NK and T cell function. PBMCs were isolated from healthy controls, HIV immunological responders (IRs, >350CD4(+) cells/mm(3)) and HIV INRs (<350CD4(+) cells/mm(3)) and TIM-3 and galectin-9 expressions on NK cell subsets and CD4(+) T cells were assessed. HIV INRs and HIV IRs showed increased galectin-9 expression on CD16(-)CD56(bright) and CD16(+)CD56(+) NK cells and CD4(+) T cells. Only HIV INRs showed a reduced frequency of TIM-3-expressing CD16(+)CD56(+), CD16(+)CD56(-) and CD4(+) cells, which correlated with low peripheral CD4 counts. These data suggest that TIM-3 expression may be characteristic for HIV INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander de Kivit
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ludwijn J R Lempsink
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jill Plants
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martinson
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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33
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Karimi-Googheri M, Daneshvar H, Nosratabadi R, Zare-Bidaki M, Hassanshahi G, Ebrahim M, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. Important roles played by TGF-β in hepatitis B infection. J Med Virol 2013; 86:102-8. [PMID: 24009084 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which includes, fulminant, acute, chronic, asymptomatic, and occult HBV infection is the most prevalent virus that leads to human liver diseases. Chronic, asymptomatic, and occult infection can induce further sever diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis of the liver. The underlying mechanisms that allow progression of the prolonged forms of the infection and subsequent HCC or cirrhosis of the liver are yet to be clarified. However, many researchers have suggested that immunological and genetic parameters may play important roles in the etiology of hepatitis B. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is an important cytokine with dual regulatory functions in the immune system and in the responses against viral infections. However, the pathways and mechanisms controlling these are not fully understood. The crucial roles of TGF-β in the development of Th17 and T regulatory lymphocytes, the main cell types involved in autoimmunity and destructive immune related diseases, have been documented and this provides insights into TGF-β function during hepatitis infection and subsequent HCC and cirrhosis of the liver. Recent findings also confirm that TGF-β directly alters hepatocyte function during hepatitis B, hence, the aim of this review is to address the current data regarding the association and status of TGF-β with hepatitis B infection and its related disorders including HCC and cirrhosis of the liver.
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