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Réus GZ, Manosso LM, Quevedo J, Carvalho AF. Major depressive disorder as a neuro-immune disorder: Origin, mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105425. [PMID: 37852343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding advances in understanding the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), no single mechanism can explain all facets of this disorder. An expanding body of evidence indicates a putative role for the inflammatory response. Several meta-analyses showed an increase in systemic peripheral inflammatory markers in individuals with MDD. Numerous conditions and circumstances in the modern world may promote chronic systemic inflammation through mechanisms, including alterations in the gut microbiota. Peripheral cytokines may reach the brain and contribute to neuroinflammation through cellular, humoral, and neural pathways. On the other hand, antidepressant drugs may decrease peripheral levels of inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional strategies that reduce inflammation also could improve depressive symptoms. The present study provides a critical review of recent advances in the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of glial cells and the main drivers of changes associated with neuroinflammation. Finally, we highlight possible novel neurotherapeutic targets for MDD that could exert antidepressant effects by modulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Luana M Manosso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Wu GH, Guo QH, Xu XD, Lin JC, You GT, Lin CH, Zhang LC. Ketamine exerts dual effects on the apoptosis of primary cultured hippocampal neurons from fetal rats in vitro. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2417-2426. [PMID: 37273081 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is widely used in pediatric clinical practice. The neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of ketamine on brain neurons during development remain controversial. The reason may be related to the different concentrations of ketamine used in practice and the small range of concentrations used in previous studies. In this study, cultured hippocampal neurons were treated with ketamine in a wide range of concentrations to comprehensively observe the effects of different concentrations of ketamine on neurons. We demonstrated that low concentrations of ketamine (10 μM, 100 μM and 1000 μM) promoted neuronal survival (p < 0.05) and reduced neuronal apoptosis (p < 0.05) compared with those of the control group. High concentrations of ketamine (2000 μM, 2500 μM and 3000 μM) reduced neuronal survival (p < 0.05) and promoted neuronal apoptosis (p < 0.05). The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 reduced neuronal apoptosis induced by high concentrations of ketamine (2500 μM) (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that ketamine exerts a dual effect on the apoptosis of primary cultured fetal rat hippocampal neurons in vitro and that the neurotoxic effects of ketamine are related to activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Burn and Trauma, Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Burn Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Que-Hui Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fujian, 350001, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Burn and Trauma, Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Burn Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Gui-Ting You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Cai-Hou Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| | - Liang-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fujian, 350001, Fuzhou, China.
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3
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Hartmann A, Vila-Verde C, Guimarães FS, Joca SR, Lisboa SF. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Stress Response: Another Target for the Promiscuous Cannabidiol. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:284-308. [PMID: 35410608 PMCID: PMC10190150 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220411101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric patients do not respond to conventional therapy. There is a vast effort to investigate possible mechanisms involved in treatment resistance, trying to provide better treatment options, and several data points toward a possible involvement of inflammatory mechanisms. Microglia, glial, and resident immune cells are involved in complex responses in the brain, orchestrating homeostatic functions, such as synaptic pruning and maintaining neuronal activity. In contrast, microglia play a major role in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cell death. Increasing evidence implicate microglia dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. The mechanisms are still unclear, but one pathway in microglia has received increased attention in the last 8 years, i.e., the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Stress response and inflammation, including microglia activation, can be attenuated by Cannabidiol (CBD). CBD has antidepressant, anti-stress, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and other properties. CBD effects are mediated by direct or indirect modulation of many receptors, enzymes, and other targets. This review will highlight some findings for neuroinflammation and microglia involvement in stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly addressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Moreover, we will discuss evidence and mechanisms for CBD effects in psychiatric disorders and animal models and address its potential effects on stress response via neuroinflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla Vila-Verde
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sâmia R. Joca
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- BioMolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP);
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sabrina F. Lisboa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- BioMolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP);
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Pechacek KM, Vonder Haar C. Chronic lipopolysaccharide impairs motivation when delivered to the ventricles, but not when delivered peripherally in male rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113998. [PMID: 36257462 PMCID: PMC11305111 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Increased neuroinflammation relative to controls is observed in major depression. Moreover, depressive disorders are significantly elevated in conditions which increase neuroinflammation (e.g., brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease). To better understand the relationship between neuroinflammation and depression, additional research is needed. The current set of studies made use of the progressive ratio (PR) task in male rats, a stable measure of motivation which can be evaluated daily and thus is ideally suited for examining a potential role for chronic neuroinflammation in depressive-like behavior. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce an inflammatory response. Experiment 1 confirmed prior acute LPS administration experiments for sensitivity of the PR task, with a large effect at 2 mg/kg, a partial effect at 1 mg/kg, and no effect at 0.5 mg/kg. Experiment 2 evaluated a dose-response of continuous s.c. LPS infusion but found no significant elevation in brain cytokines after 14 days at any doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg/week. Experiment 3 assessed motivation during continuous s.c. infusion of a large 5 mg/kg/week LPS dose and found no significant impairments in motivation, but transient decreases in rates of lever pressing (i.e., only motoric deficits). Experiment 4 measured motivation during continuous ICV infusion of 10.5 μg/kg/week LPS and found significantly decreased motivation without changes to rates of lever pressing (i.e., only motivational deficits). Together these results suggest that the PR task is efficient for evaluating models of chronic inflammation, and that the adaptive response to chronic LPS exposure, even when delivered centrally, may necessitate alternative strategies for generating long-term neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Pechacek
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cole Vonder Haar
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Naghibi S, Shariatzadeh Joneydi M, Barzegari A, Davoodabadi A, Ebrahimi A, Eghdami E, Fahimpour N, Ghorbani M, Mohammadikia E, Rostami M, Salari AA. Treadmill exercise sex-dependently alters susceptibility to depression-like behaviour, cytokines and BDNF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats with sporadic Alzheimer-like disease. Physiol Behav 2021; 241:113595. [PMID: 34536437 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with increased depression-related behaviours. Previous studies have reported a greater risk of AD and depression in women. In recent years, we and others have provided evidence that exercise during life could be used as a therapeutic strategy for stress-related disorders such as depression. The main goal of the current study was to determine whether treadmill exercise during life can reduce depression-related behaviours in male and female Wistar rats with sporadic Alzheimer-like disease (ALD). Animals were subjected to treadmill exercise eight weeks before and four weeks after ALD induction by streptozocin (STZ). We measured body weight, food intake, and depression-related symptoms in rats using five behavioural tests. We measured brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-10 levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of animals. Our findings showed that exercise but not ALD induction decreased body weight and food intake in male and female rats. ALD induction increased depression-related symptoms and hippocampal TNF-α in male and female rats. Besides, treadmill exercise alone decreased depression-related behaviours and increased hippocampal BDNF in females but not males. We also found that treadmill exercise decreased depression-related behaviours and TNF-α in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and increased IL-10 in the prefrontal cortex and BDNF in the hippocampus of female ALD-induced rats. However, treadmill exercise only reduced anhedonia-like behaviour and hippocampal TNF-α in male ALD-induced rats. Overall, the evidence from this study suggests that treadmill exercise alters depression-related behaviours, brain BDNF and cytokines in a sex-dependant manner in rats with sporadic Alzheimer-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Naghibi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Barzegari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Davoodabadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elham Eghdami
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Fahimpour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Ghorbani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mohammadikia
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rostami
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Salari
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran.
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Kopra E, Mondelli V, Pariante C, Nikkheslat N. Ketamine's effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:934-945. [PMID: 34180293 PMCID: PMC8358579 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211026426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is a novel rapid-acting antidepressant with high efficacy in treatment-resistant patients. Its exact therapeutic mechanisms of action are unclear; however, in recent years its anti-inflammatory properties and subsequent downstream effects on tryptophan (TRP) metabolism have sparked research interest. AIM This systematic review examined the effect of ketamine on inflammatory markers and TRP-kynurenine (KYN) pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression and in animal models of depression. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched on October 2020 (1806 to 2020). RESULTS Out of 807 initial results, nine human studies and 22 animal studies on rodents met the inclusion criteria. Rodent studies provided strong support for ketamine-induced decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and indicated anti-inflammatory effects on TRP metabolism, including decreases in the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Clinical evidence was less robust with high heterogeneity between sample characteristics, but most experiments demonstrated decreases in peripheral inflammation including in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Preliminary support was also found for reduced activation of the neurotoxic arm of the KYN pathway. CONCLUSION Ketamine appears to induce anti-inflammatory effects in at least a proportion of depressed patients. Suggestions for future research include investigation of markers in the central nervous system and examination of clinical relevance of inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kopra
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, UK
| | - Naghmeh Nikkheslat
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Zhang N, Yao L, Wang P, Liu Z. Immunoregulation and antidepressant effect of ketamine. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:218-236. [PMID: 34079622 PMCID: PMC8155793 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental health disorder that brings severe disease burden worldwide. Traditional antidepressants are mainly targeted at monoamine neurotransmitters, with low remission rates and high recurrence rates. Ketamine is a noncompetitive glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, and its rapid and powerful antidepressant effects have come to light. Its antidepressant mechanism is still unclarified. Research found that ketamine had not only antagonistic effect on NMDAR but also strong immunomodulatory effect, both of which were closely related to the pathophysiology of MDD. Although there are many related studies, they are relatively heterogeneous. Therefore, this review mainly describes the immune mechanisms involved in MDD and how ketamine plays an antidepressant role by regulating peripheral and central immune system, including peripheral inflammatory cytokines, central microglia, and astrocytes. This review summarizes the related research, finds out the deficiencies of current research, and provides ideas for future research and the development of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Rd. 238, 430060, Wuhan, China
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Sen ZD, Danyeli LV, Woelfer M, Lamers F, Wagner G, Sobanski T, Walter M. Linking atypical depression and insulin resistance-related disorders via low-grade chronic inflammation: Integrating the phenotypic, molecular and neuroanatomical dimensions. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:335-352. [PMID: 33359233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and related disorders, such as T2DM, increase the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) and vice versa. Current evidence indicates that psychological stress and overeating can induce chronic low-grade inflammation that can interfere with glutamate metabolism in MDD as well as insulin signaling, particularly in the atypical subtype. Here we first review the interactive role of inflammatory processes in the development of MDD, IR and related metabolic disorders. Next, we describe the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the pathophysiology of MDD and IR-related disorders. Furthermore, we outline how specific clinical features of atypical depression, such as hyperphagia, are more associated with inflammation and IR-related disorders. Finally, we examine the regional specificity of the effects of inflammation on the brain that show an overlap with the functional and morphometric brain patterns activated in MDD and IR-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zümrüt Duygu Sen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Vera Danyeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Leipziger Str. 44, Building 65, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marie Woelfer
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Leipziger Str. 44, Building 65, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Thueringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH, Rainweg 68, 07318 Saalfeld, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Leipziger Str. 44, Building 65, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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9
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Tang XH, Zhang GF, Xu N, Duan GF, Jia M, Liu R, Zhou ZQ, Yang JJ. Extrasynaptic CaMKIIα is involved in the antidepressant effects of ketamine by downregulating GluN2B receptors in an LPS-induced depression model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:181. [PMID: 32522211 PMCID: PMC7285526 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A subanesthetic dose of ketamine provides rapid and effective antidepressant effects, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. It has been reported that overactivation of extrasynaptic GluN2B receptors is associated with the antidepressant effects of ketamine and the interaction between GluN2B and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) is important for GluN2B localization and activity. Here, we tested whether changes of CaMKIIα and GluN2B are involved in the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into male C57BL/6 mice. For the interventional study, mice were administrated with ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or a CaMKIIα inhibitor KN93. Behavioral alterations were evaluated by open-field, novelty-suppressed feeding, and forced-swimming tests. Physiological functions were evaluated by the body weight and fur coat state of mice. The levels of p-CaMKIIα, CaMKIIα, p-GluN2B, GluN2B, p-CREB, CREB, BDNF, GluR1, and GluR2 in the hippocampus were detected by western blotting. The interaction between GluN2B and CaMKIIα was studied using immunoprecipitation assay and small interfering RNA (siRNA) assays. The colocalizations of GluN2B/PSD95 and p-GluN2B/PSD95 were detected by immunofluorescence. The long-term potentiation (LTP) in SC-CA1 of the hippocampus was detected by electrophysiology. Results LPS injection induced depression-like behaviors, which were accompanied by significant increases in extrasynaptic p-CaMKIIα expression, extrasynaptic GluN2B localization, and phosphorylation and decreases in p-CREB, BDNF, and GluR1 expressions and LTP impairment. These changes were prevented by ketamine administration. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed that LPS induced an increase in the p-CaMKIIα–GluN2B interaction, which was attenuated by ketamine administration. SiRNA assay revealed that CaMKIIα knockdown reduced the level and number of clusters of GluN2B in the cultured hippocampal neurons. KN93 administration also reduced extrasynaptic p-CaMKIIα expression, extrasynaptic GluN2B localization, and phosphorylation and exerted antidepressant effects. Conclusion These results indicate that extrasynaptic CaMKIIα plays a key role in the cellular mechanism of ketamine’s antidepressant effect and it is related to the downregulation of extrasynaptic GluN2B localization and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang-Fen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gui-Fang Duan
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ru Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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10
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Quinones MM, Gallegos AM, Lin FV, Heffner K. Dysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in PTSD: an integrative review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:455-480. [PMID: 32170605 PMCID: PMC7682894 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence from animal and human research suggest a strong link between inflammation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, recent findings support compromised neurocognitive function as a key feature of PTSD, particularly with deficits in attention and processing speed, executive function, and memory. These cognitive domains are supported by brain structures and neural pathways that are disrupted in PTSD and which are implicated in fear learning and extinction processes. The disruption of these supporting structures potentially results from their interaction with inflammation. Thus, the converging evidence supports a model of inflammatory dysregulation and cognitive dysfunction as combined mechanisms underpinning PTSD symptomatology. In this review, we summarize evidence of dysregulated inflammation in PTSD and further explore how the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD, in the context of fear learning and extinction acquisition and recall, may interact with inflammation. We then present evidence for cognitive dysfunction in PTSD, highlighting findings from human work. Potential therapeutic approaches utilizing novel pharmacological and behavioral interventions that target inflammation and cognition also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Quinones
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Autumn M Gallegos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Feng Vankee Lin
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kathi Heffner
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Division of Geriatrics & Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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11
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Sevoflurane Exerts an Anti-depressive Action by Blocking the HMGB1/TLR4 Pathway in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:546-556. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Smalheiser NR. Ketamine: A Neglected Therapy for Alzheimer Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:186. [PMID: 31396078 PMCID: PMC6667975 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Smalheiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Ketamine may exert antidepressant effects via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome to upregulate AMPA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2019; 146:149-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Caraci F, Calabrese F, Molteni R, Bartova L, Dold M, Leggio GM, Fabbri C, Mendlewicz J, Racagni G, Kasper S, Riva MA, Drago F. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CIV: The Neurobiology of Treatment-resistant Depression: From Antidepressant Classifications to Novel Pharmacological Targets. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:475-504. [PMID: 29884653 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illnesses and a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Currently available antidepressants are effective for most patients, although around 30% are considered treatment resistant (TRD), a condition that is associated with a significant impairment of cognitive function and poor quality of life. In this respect, the identification of the molecular mechanisms contributing to TRD represents an essential step for the design of novel and more efficacious drugs able to modify the clinical course of this disorder and increase remission rates in clinical practice. New insights into the neurobiology of TRD have shed light on the role of a number of different mechanisms, including the glutamatergic system, immune/inflammatory systems, neurotrophin function, and epigenetics. Advances in drug discovery processes in TRD have also influenced the classification of antidepressant drugs and novel classifications are available, such as the neuroscience-based nomenclature that can incorporate such advances in drug development for TRD. This review aims to provide an up-to-date description of key mechanisms in TRD and describe current therapeutic strategies for TRD before examining novel approaches that may ultimately address important neurobiological mechanisms not targeted by currently available antidepressants. All in all, we suggest that drug targeting different neurobiological systems should be able to restore normal function but must also promote resilience to reduce the long-term vulnerability to recurrent depressive episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caraci
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - F Calabrese
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - R Molteni
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - L Bartova
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - M Dold
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - G M Leggio
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - C Fabbri
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - J Mendlewicz
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - G Racagni
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - S Kasper
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - M A Riva
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
| | - F Drago
- Departments of Drug Sciences (F.Car.) and Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine (G.M.L., F.D.), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi-Research-Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy (F.Car.); Departments of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (F.Cal., G.R., M.A.R.) and Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (R.M.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (L.B., M.D., S.K.); Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.F.); and School of Medicine, Universite' Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (J.M.)
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Potential involvement of serotonergic signaling in ketamine's antidepressant actions: A critical review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:27-38. [PMID: 27262695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A single i.v. infusion of ketamine, classified as an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, may alleviate depressive symptoms within hours of administration in treatment resistant depressed patients, and the antidepressant effect may last for several weeks. These unique therapeutic properties have prompted researchers to explore the mechanisms mediating the antidepressant effects of ketamine, but despite many efforts, no consensus on its antidepressant mechanism of action has been reached. Recent preclinical reports have associated the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) with the antidepressant-like action of ketamine. Here, we review the current evidence for a serotonergic role in ketamine's antidepressant effects. The pharmacological profile of ketamine may include equipotent activity on several non-NMDA targets, and the current hypotheses for the mechanisms responsible for ketamine's antidepressant activity do not appear to preclude the possibility that non-glutamate neurotransmitters are involved in the antidepressant effects. At multiple levels, the serotonergic and glutamatergic systems interact, and such crosstalk could support the notion that changes in serotonergic neurotransmission may impact ketamine's antidepressant potential. In line with these prospects, ketamine may increase 5-HT levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats, plausibly via hippocampal NMDA receptor inhibition and activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In addition, a number of preclinical studies suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine may depend on endogenous activation of 5-HT receptors. Recent imaging and behavioral data predominantly support a role for 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors, but the full range of 5-HT receptors has currently not been systematically investigated in this context. Furthermore, the nature of any 5-HT dependent mechanism in ketamine's antidepressant effect is currently not understood, and therefore, more studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis and explore the specific pathways that might implicate 5-HT.
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do Vale EM, Xavier CC, Nogueira BG, Campos BC, de Aquino PEA, da Costa RO, Leal LKAM, de Vasconcelos SMM, Neves KRT, de Barros Viana GS. Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ketamine and the Relationship to Its Antidepressant Action and GSK3 Inhibition. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:562-573. [PMID: 27390215 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine (KET), a NMDA antagonist, exerts an antidepressant effect at subanaesthetic doses and possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. We evaluated the involvement of KET antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects with its antidepressant action. Male Swiss mice were subjected to formalin, carrageenan-induced paw oedema and forced swimming tests, for assessing antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. The treatment groups were as follows: control, KET (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg), lithium (LI: 5 mg/kg) and KET2 + LI5 combination. Immunohistochemistry analyses (TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 and GSK3) in oedematous paws were performed. KET5 and KET10 reduced licking times in neurogenic (22 and 38%) and inflammatory (67 and 78%) phases of the formalin test, respectively, as related to controls. While LI5 inhibited the second phase by 24%, the licking time was inhibited by 26 and 59% in the KET2 + LI5 group (first and second phases). Furthermore, oedema volumes were reduced by 37 and 45% in the KET5 and KET10 groups, respectively. Oedema reductions were 29% in the LI5 group and 48% in the KET2 + LI5 group. In the forced swimming test, there were 23, 38 and 53% decreases in the immobility time in KET2, KET5 and KET10 groups, respectively. While LI5 caused no significant effect, decreases of 52% were observed with KET2 + LI5. KET also decreased TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 and GSK3 immunostainings in oedematous paws, effects intensified with KET2 + LI5. We showed that KET presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects associated with its antidepressant response. Furthermore, our results indicate the close involvement of GSK3 inhibition and blockade of inflammatory responses, in the antidepressant drug effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Mulato do Vale
- Faculty of Medicine, Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte (FMJ), Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cecília Coelho Xavier
- Faculty of Medicine, Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte (FMJ), Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Brenda Gomes Nogueira
- Faculty of Medicine, Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte (FMJ), Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caldas Campos
- Faculty of Medicine, Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte (FMJ), Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Faculty of Medicine, Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte (FMJ), Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Citraro R, Leo A, Constanti A, Russo E, De Sarro G. mTOR pathway inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy in epilepsy and epileptogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:333-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Potential of Glutamate-Based Drug Discovery for Next Generation Antidepressants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:590-606. [PMID: 26393618 PMCID: PMC4588184 DOI: 10.3390/ph8030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, ketamine has been demonstrated to exert rapid-acting antidepressant effects in patients with depression, including those with treatment-resistant depression, and this discovery has been regarded as the most significant advance in drug development for the treatment of depression in over 50 years. To overcome unwanted side effects of ketamine, numerous approaches targeting glutamatergic systems have been vigorously investigated. For example, among agents targeting the NMDA receptor, the efficacies of selective GluN2B receptor antagonists and a low-trapping antagonist, as well as glycine site modulators such as GLYX-13 and sarcosine have been demonstrated clinically. Moreover, agents acting on metabotropic glutamate receptors, such as mGlu2/3 and mGlu5 receptors, have been proposed as useful approaches to mimicking the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Neural and synaptic mechanisms mediated through the antidepressant effects of ketamine have been being delineated, most of which indicate that ketamine improves abnormalities in synaptic transmission and connectivity observed in depressive states via the AMPA receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent mechanisms. Interestingly, some of the above agents may share some neural and synaptic mechanisms with ketamine. These studies should provide important insights for the development of superior pharmacotherapies for depression with more potent and faster onsets of actions.
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Wang N, Yu HY, Shen XF, Gao ZQ, Yang C, Yang JJ, Zhang GF. The rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in rats is associated with down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. Ups J Med Sci 2015; 120. [PMID: 26220286 PMCID: PMC4816884 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2015.1060281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Active inflammatory responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. We hypothesized that the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine is associated with the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. METHODS Forty-eight rats were equally randomized into six groups (a control and five chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) groups) and given either saline or 10 mg/kg ketamine, respectively. The forced swimming test was performed, and the hippocampus was subsequently harvested for the determination of levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), kynurenine (KYN), and tryptophan (TRP). RESULTS CUMS induced depression-like behaviours and up-regulated the hippocampal levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IDO, and the KYN/TRP ratio, which were attenuated by a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine. CONCLUSION CUMS-induced depression-like behaviours are associated with a reduction in hippocampal inflammatory mediators, whereas ketamine's antidepressant effect is associated with a down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, PLA 102nd Hospital and Mental Health Center of Military, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Qin Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, PLA 102nd Hospital and Mental Health Center of Military, Changzhou, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, PLA 102nd Hospital and Mental Health Center of Military, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Fen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence: Guang-Fen Zhang, Department of Anaesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China.
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Integrating the monoamine, neurotrophin and cytokine hypotheses of depression--a central role for the serotonin transporter? Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:1-11. [PMID: 25444754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine, in particular serotonergic neurotransmission has long been recognized as an important factor in the aetiology of depression. The serotonin transporter (SERT) is the primary regulator of serotonin levels in the brain and a key target for widely used antidepressant drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In realising the limitations of current antidepressant therapy, depression research has branched out to encompass other areas such as synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and brain structural remodelling as factors which influence mood and behaviour. More recently, the immune system has been implicated in the development of depression and various intriguing observations have inspired the cytokine hypothesis of depression. Over the past two decades evidence of in vitro and in vivo regulation of SERT function by pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as by mechanisms of synaptic plasticity has been accumulating, offering a mechanistic link between the monoamine, neurotrophin and cytokine theories of depression. This review will focus firstly on the interconnected roles of serotonin and neurotrophins in depression and antidepressant therapy, secondly on the impact of the immune system on serotonin transporter regulation and neurotrophin signalling and finally we propose a model of reciprocal regulation of serotonin and neurotrophin signalling in the context of inflammation-induced depression.
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Early molecular and behavioral response to lipopolysaccharide in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy and depressive-like behavior, involves interplay between AMPK, AKT/mTOR pathways and neuroinflammatory cytokine release. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:157-68. [PMID: 24998197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been recently indicated as a suitable drug target for the prevention of epileptogenesis. The mTOR pathway is known for its involvement in the control of the immune system. Since neuroinflammation is recognized as a major contributor to epileptogenesis, we wished to examine whether the neuroprotective effects of mTOR modulation could involve a suppression of the neuroinflammatory process in epileptic brain. We have investigated the early molecular mechanisms involved in the effects of intracerebral administration of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy, in relation to seizure generation and depressive-like behavior; we also tested whether the effects of LPS could be modulated by treatment with rapamycin (RAP), a specific mTOR inhibitor. We determined, in specific rat brain areas, levels of p-mTOR/p-p70S6K and also p-AKT/p-AMPK as downstream or upstream indicators of mTOR activity and tested the effects of LPS and RAP co-administration. Changes in the brain levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and their relative mRNA expression levels were measured, and the involvement of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was also examined in vitro. We confirmed that RAP inhibits the aggravation of absence seizures and depressive-like/sickness behavior induced by LPS in the WAG/Rij rats through the activation of mTOR and show that this effect is correlated with the ability of RAP to dampen and delay LPS increases in neuroinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, most likely through inhibition of the activation of NF-κB. Our results suggest that such a mechanism could contribute to the antiseizure, antiepileptogenic and behavioral effects of RAP and further highlight the potential therapeutic usefulness of mTOR inhibition in the management of human epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Furthermore, we show that LPS-dependent neuroinflammatory effects are also mediated by a complex interplay between AKT, AMPK and mTOR with specificity to selective brain areas. In conclusion, neuroinflammation appears to be a highly coordinated phenomenon, where timing of intervention may be carefully evaluated in order to identify the best suitable target.
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Wennström M, Janelidze S, Bay-Richter C, Minthon L, Brundin L. Pro-inflammatory cytokines reduce the proliferation of NG2 cells and increase shedding of NG2 in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109387. [PMID: 25285951 PMCID: PMC4186831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron glial 2 (NG2) cells become strongly activated in injured brain areas. The activation is characterized by increased proliferation as well as increased expression and shedding of the proteoglycan NG2 expressed on their cell surface. It is currently not known how these cells respond to low-grade neuroinflammation provoked by systemic inflammation. To investigate this, we analyzed NG2 cell proliferation as well as soluble NG2 (sNG2) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from rats treated with an acute intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or saline and sacrificed after 2 or 24 hours. The systemically induced neuroinflammation was confirmed as elevated levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and MHCII expressing microglia were found 24 h after LPS treatment. At this time point NG2 cell proliferation was significantly decreased in both amygdala and hippocampus and sNG2 levels in CSF were increased twofold. We also exposed human NG2 cells in culture to IL-6 and IL-1β for 24 h and found, in line with our in vivo study, a direct impact of these cytokines reducing cell proliferation and increasing shedding of NG2. We conclude that LPS induced systemic inflammation significantly affects NG2 cell proliferation and shedding and that these two events at least in in part are mediated by IL-6 and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Wennström
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilie Bay-Richter
- Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Lennart Minthon
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Brundin
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Van Andel Research Institute, Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
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Hayley S, Litteljohn D. Neuroplasticity and the next wave of antidepressant strategies. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:218. [PMID: 24312008 PMCID: PMC3834236 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common chronic psychiatric disorder that is also often co-morbid with numerous neurological and immune diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that disturbances of neuroplasticity occur with depression, including reductions of hippocampal neurogenesis and cortical synaptogenesis. Improper trophic support stemming from stressor-induced reductions of growth factors, most notably brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), likely drives such aberrant neuroplasticity. We posit that psychological and immune stressors can interact upon a vulnerable genetic background to promote depression by disturbing BDNF and neuroplastic processes. Furthermore, the chronic and commonly relapsing nature of depression is suggested to stem from "faulty wiring" of emotional circuits driven by neuroplastic aberrations. The present review considers depression in such terms and attempts to integrate the available evidence indicating that the efficacy of current and "next wave" antidepressant treatments, whether used alone or in combination, is at least partially tied to their ability to modulate neuroplasticity. We particularly focus on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, ketamine, which already has well documented rapid antidepressant effects, and the trophic cytokine, erythropoietin (EPO), which we propose as a potential adjunctive antidepressant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
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