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Kuo JF, Wu HY, Tung CW, Huang WH, Lin CS, Wang CC. Induction of Thymus Atrophy and Disruption of Thymocyte Development by Fipronil through Dysregulation of IL-7-Associated Genes. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1488-1500. [PMID: 39141674 PMCID: PMC11409377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The susceptibility of the immune system to immunotoxic chemicals is evident, particularly in the thymus, a vital primary immune organ prone to atrophy due to exposure to toxicants. Fipronil (FPN), a widely used insecticide, is of concern due to its potential neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Our previous study showed that FPN disturbed the antigen-specific T-cell functionality in vivo. As T-cell lineage commitment and thymopoiesis are closely interconnected with the normal function of the T-cell-mediated immune responses, this study aims to further examine the toxic effects of FPN on thymocyte development. In this study, 4-week-old BALB/c mice received seven doses of FPN (1, 5, 10 mg/kg) by gavage. Thymus size, medulla/cortex ratio, total thymocyte counts, double-positive thymocyte population, and IL-7-positive cells decreased dose-dependently. IL-7 aids the differentiation of early T-cell precursors into mature T cells, and several essential genes contribute to the maturation of T cells in the thymus. Foxn1 ensures that the thymic microenvironment is suitable for the maturation of T-cell precursors. Lyl1 is involved in specifying lymphoid cells and maintaining T-cell development in the thymus. The c-Kit/SCF collaboration fosters a supportive thymic milieu to promote the formation of functional T cells. The expression of IL-7, IL-7R, c-Kit, SCF, Foxn1, and Lyl1 genes in the thymus was significantly diminished in FPN-treated groups with the concordance with the reduction of IL-7 signaling proteins (IL-7, IL-7R, c-KIT, SCF, LYL1, FOXO3A, and GABPA), suggesting that the dysregulation of T-cell lineage-related genes may contribute to the thymic atrophy induced by FPN. In addition, FPN disturbed the functionality of thymocytes with an increase of IL-4 and IFN-γ production and a decrease of IL-2 secretion after T-cell mitogen stimulation ex vivo. Collectively, FPN significantly deregulated genes related to T-cell progenitor differentiation, survival, and expansion, potentially leading to impaired thymopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Fang Kuo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Mondal S, Saha S, Sur D. Immuno-metabolic reprogramming of T cell: a new frontier for pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:330-340. [PMID: 38478467 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune condition characterized by ongoing inflammation primarily affecting the synovial joint. This inflammation typically arises from an increase in immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells (TC). TC is recognized as a major player in RA pathogenesis. The involvement of HLA-DRB1 and PTPN-2 among RA patients confirms the TC involvement in RA. Metabolism of TC is maintained by various other factors like cytokines, mitochondrial proteins & other metabolites. Different TC subtypes utilize different metabolic pathways like glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation for their activation from naive TC (T0). Although all subsets of TC are not deleterious for synovium, some subsets of TC are involved in joint repair using their anti-inflammatory properties. Hence artificially reprogramming of TC subset by interfering with their metabolic status poised a hope in future to design new molecules against RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mondal
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, India
| | - Sarthak Saha
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjeet Sur
- Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, India
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Das D, Banerjee A, Manna K, Sarkar D, Shil A, Sikdar Ne E Bhakta M, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Quercetin counteracts monosodium glutamate to mitigate immunosuppression in the thymus and spleen via redox-guided cellular signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155226. [PMID: 38387276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation brought on by oxidative stress can result in several immunopathologies. Natural compounds with antioxidant characteristics, like quercetin, have shown effectiveness in reducing oxidative damage and regulating the immune response. PURPOSE The commonly used food additive monosodium glutamate (M) causes immunosuppression by disrupting redox equilibrium and inducing oxidative stress. The goal of this work is to examine the therapeutic potential of quercetin against immunotoxicity brought on by M, revealing the molecular route implicated in such immunopathology by targeting the thymus and spleen, to support the development of future anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS M-fed rats were employed as an immunotoxicity model and were supplemented with quercetin for four weeks. Hematological and biochemical parameters were measured; H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, and western blotting were performed. RESULTS Based on the findings, TLR4 was activated by M to cause oxidative stress-mediated inflammation, which was alleviated by the supplementation of quercetin by modulating redox homeostasis to neutralize free radicals and suppress the inflammatory response. To prevent M-induced inflammation, quercetin demonstrated anti-inflammatory functions by blocking NF-kB activation, lowering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. By normalizing lipid profiles and lowering the potential risk of immunological deficiency caused by M, quercetin also improves lipid metabolism. Additionally, it has shown potential for modifying insulin levels, suggesting a possible function in controlling M-induced alteration in glucose metabolism. The addition of quercetin to M enhanced the immune response by improving immunoglobulin levels and CD4/CD8 expression in the thymus and spleen. Additionally, quercetin inhibited apoptosis by controlling mitochondrial caspase-mediated cellular signaling, suggesting that it may be able to halt cell death in M-fed rats. CONCLUSION The results of this study first indicate that quercetin, via modulating redox-guided cellular signaling, has a promising role in reducing immune disturbances. This study illuminates the potential of quercetin as a safe, natural remedy for immunopathology caused by M, including thymic hypoplasia and/or splenomegaly, and paves the way for future anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Das
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, 9 William Carey Road, Serampore, Hooghly-712201, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, 9 William Carey Road, Serampore, Hooghly-712201, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Department of Food & Nutrition, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Deotima Sarkar
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Aparna Shil
- Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics Laboratory, Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata-700073, India
| | - Mausumi Sikdar Ne E Bhakta
- Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics Laboratory, Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata-700073, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, 9 William Carey Road, Serampore, Hooghly-712201, West Bengal, India
| | - Bithin Kumar Maji
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, 9 William Carey Road, Serampore, Hooghly-712201, West Bengal, India.
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Li Z, Li M, Li D, Chen Y, Feng W, Zhao T, Yang L, Mao G, Wu X. A review of cumulative toxic effects of environmental endocrine disruptors on the zebrafish immune system: Characterization methods, toxic effects and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118010. [PMID: 38157964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are a type of exogenous organic pollutants, are ubiquitous in natural aquatic environments. Currently, in addition to neurological, endocrine, developmental and reproductive toxicity, ecotoxicology studies on immunotoxicity are receiving increasing attention. In this review, the composition of immune system of zebrafish, the common indicators of immunotoxicity, the immunotoxicity of EDCs and their molecular mechanism were summarized. We reviewed the immunotoxicity of EDCs on zebrafish mainly in terms of immune organs, immunocytes, immune molecules and immune functions, meanwhile, the possible molecular mechanisms driving these effects were elucidated in terms of endocrine disruption, dysregulation of signaling pathways, and oxidative damage. Hopefully, this review will provide a reference for further investigation of the immunotoxicity of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Muge Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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Jiang Q, Ma X, Zhu G, Si W, He L, Yang G. Altered T cell development in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2024; 371:114579. [PMID: 37866699 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to demyelination and axonal degeneration. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS that has significantly improved our understanding of MS. Studies have observed early thymic involution in MS patients, suggesting the potential involvement of the thymus in CNS autoimmunity. However, our knowledge of the thymus's role in autoimmune disorders affecting the CNS remains limited. In this study, we examined the effects of EAE induction on thymopoiesis and observed alterations in T cell development. These changes were characterized by increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of thymocytes at the EAE peak stage. We also identified a blockade in the transition from CD4-CD8- double-negative thymocytes to CD4+CD8+ double-positive cells, as evidenced by the accumulation of double-negative stage 1 thymocytes at both the EAE onset and peak stages. Furthermore, positive selection was disrupted in the thymus of EAE mice at both stages, leading to an elevated proportion and number of CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ single-positive cells. Meanwhile, we observed an augmented production of regulatory T cells in the thymus of EAE mice. Moreover, peripheral blood analysis of EAE mice at the onset stage showed expanded T cell subsets but not at the peak stage. We also observed altered expression patterns in thymus-derived CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ single-positive cells between MS patients and healthy controls. Our findings demonstrate a modified T cell development in EAE/MS, providing valuable insights into the potential of modulating thymic function as a targeted therapeutic approach to MS/EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Gaochen Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Wen Si
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Lingyu He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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Chaudhary R, Prasad A, Agarwal V, Rehman M, Kumar A, Kaushik AS, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Mishra V. Chronic stress predisposes to the aggravation of inflammation in autoimmune diseases with focus on rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111046. [PMID: 37879231 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The global incidence of autoimmune diseases is on the rise, and many healthcare professionals believe that chronic stress plays a prominent role in both the aggravation and remission of these conditions. It is believed that prolonged exposure to stress is associated with neuroimmune axis malfunction, which eventually dysregulates multiple immunological factors as well as deregulates autoimmune responses that play a central role in various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Herein, we performed validation of an 8-week long rat model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) which consisted of exposing groups of rats to random stressors daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, we developed a novel rat model combining 8-week long random stressor-induced CUS with CIA-triggered arthritis and IMQ-triggered psoriasis and have successfully used both these models to assess the role of chronic stress in the aggravation of arthritis and psoriasis, respectively. Notably, the 8-week CUS protocol extensively aggravated and prolonged both arthritis and psoriasis condition in the rat model by upregulating the release of different pro-inflammatory cytokines, dysregulation of immune cell responses and oxidative stress system, which were all related to severe inflammation. Further, CUS aggravated macroscopic features and the increase in destruction of joint tissue and epidermal thickness induced by CIA and IMQ, respectively, in rats. In conclusion, this study suggests that exposure to an 8-week long CUS paradigm aggravates the distinctive characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis in rats via amplifying the inflammatory circuits and immune cell responses linked to these autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Ajay Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Mujeeba Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Arjun Singh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Siddhi Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Sukriti Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India.
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Lee DY, Song WH, Lim YS, Lee C, Rajbongshi L, Hwang SY, Kim BS, Lee D, Song YJ, Kim HG, Yoon S. Fish Collagen Peptides Enhance Thymopoietic Gene Expression, Cell Proliferation, Thymocyte Adherence, and Cytoprotection in Thymic Epithelial Cells via Activation of the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway, Leading to Thymus Regeneration after Cyclophosphamide-Induced Injury. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:531. [PMID: 37888466 PMCID: PMC10608061 DOI: 10.3390/md21100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged thymic involution results in decreased thymopoiesis and thymic output, leading to peripheral T-cell deficiency. Since the thymic-dependent pathway is the only means of generating fully mature T cells, the identification of strategies to enhance thymic regeneration is crucial in developing therapeutic interventions to revert immune suppression in immunocompromised patients. The present study clearly shows that fish collagen peptides (FCPs) stimulate activities of thymic epithelial cells (TECs), including cell proliferation, thymocyte adhesion, and the gene expression of thymopoietic factors such as FGF-7, IGF-1, BMP-4, VEGF-A, IL-7, IL-21, RANKL, LTβ, IL-22R, RANK, LTβR, SDF-1, CCL21, CCL25, CXCL5, Dll1, Dll4, Wnt4, CD40, CD80, CD86, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, FoxN1, leptin, cathepsin L, CK5, and CK8 through the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, our study also revealed the cytoprotective effects of FCPs on TECs against cyclophosphamide-induced cellular injury through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Importantly, FCPs exhibited a significant capability to facilitate thymic regeneration in mice after cyclophosphamide-induced damage via the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, this study sheds light on the role of FCPs in TEC function, thymopoiesis, and thymic regeneration, providing greater insight into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for effective thymus repopulation for numerous clinical conditions in which immune reconstitution is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hoon Song
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital and Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seon Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyong Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Lata Rajbongshi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jung Song
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital and Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Gon Kim
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital and Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Immune Reconstitution Research Center of Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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de Almeida-Neto PF, Gonçalves CAM, Wilde P, Jaggers JR, Júnior GBC, de Farias Sales VS, Medeiros R, Dantas PMS, Cabral BGDAT. Influence of age and fitness level on immune responses of T and NK cells in healthy physically active subjects after strenuous aerobic exercise: a cross-sectional study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252506. [PMID: 37860003 PMCID: PMC10582930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study is to analyze whether immune responses after strenuous exercise are influenced by chronological age and fitness level in physically active healthy men. Methods Cross-sectional study with a sample of 32 physically active men. Participants were divided into two groups based on chronological age (younger: age 21.8 ± 1.8 vs. older: age 34.6 ± 8.3) and subsequently regrouped and divided based on fitness level (More conditioned: excellent and superior VO2max vs. Less conditioned: VO2max: weak, regular and good). Fitness was classified according to VO2max levels obtained by a treadmill test using a gas analyzer. Before and immediately after the ergospirometry test, blood samples were collected for evaluation of immunological markers: leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes and subpopulations. Results Chronological age had a moderate effect on CD3+CD4+ lymphocyte count (effect size: 0.204) and CD4/CD8 ratio (effect size: 0.278), favoring older subjects. The level of physical fitness had no significant effect on the analyzed immunological markers. Conclusions Immune responses observed immediately after strenuous exercise may be more dependent on chronological age than on fitness level in healthy, physically active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Phelipe Wilde
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Jason R. Jaggers
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Geraldo Barroso Cavalcanti Júnior
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Hemocentro Dalton Cunha - Hemonorte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Espinar-Buitrago MS, Tarancon-Diez L, Vazquez-Alejo E, Magro-Lopez E, Genebat M, Romero-Candau F, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. The use of alpha 1 thymosin as an immunomodulator of the response against SARS-Cov2. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:32. [PMID: 37408063 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the beginning of SARS-CoV2 pandemic, the mortality rate among elderly patients (60-90 years) has been around 50%, so age has been a determining factor of a worse COVID-19 prognosis. Associated with age, the thymic function involution and depletion plays an important role, that could be related to a dysregulated and ineffective innate and adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV2. Our study aims to further in vitro effect of human Thymosin-alpha-1 (α1Thy) treatment on the immune system in population groups with different thymic function levels in the scenario of SARS-CoV2 infection. RESULTS Activation markers such as CD40, CD80 and TIM-3 were upregulated in α1Thy presence, especially in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and, with increased TNFα production was observed compared to untreated condition. Co-cultures of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells with DCs treated with α1Thy in response to SARS-CoV2 peptides showed a decrease in the cytokine production compared to the condition without α1Thy pre-treated. A decrease in CD40L activation co-receptor expression in CD8 + LTs was also observed, as well as an increase in PD1 in CD4 + TLs expression in both age groups. In fact, there are no age-related differences in the immunomodulatory effect of the hormone, and it seems that effector memory and terminally differentiated memory T lymphocyte subsets were the most actively influenced by the immunomodulatory α1Thy effect. Finally, the polyfunctionality measured in SARS-CoV2 Specific-T cells response was maintained in α1Thy presence in total and memory subpopulations CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells, despite decreased proinflammatory cytokines production. CONCLUSION The hormone α1Thy could reduce, through the modulation of DCs, the amount of proinflammatory cytokines produced by T cells. Moreover, α1Thy improve lymphocyte functionality and could become a beneficial therapeutic alternative as an adjuvant in SARS-CoV2 treatment either in the acute phase after infection or reinfection. In addition, the effect on the T immune response means that α1Thy can be incorporated into the vaccination regimen, especially in the most immunologically vulnerable individuals such as the elderly. SUBJECTS Thymosin alpha 1, Dendritic cells, SARS-CoV2-specific T cells response, Immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Espinar-Buitrago
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Tarancon-Diez
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vazquez-Alejo
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Magro-Lopez
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Genebat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Fátima, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Romero-Candau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, 41014, Seville, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, 41014, Seville, Spain
- Home Residencia de la Santa Caridad, 41001, Seville, Spain
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Stankiewicz LN, Salim K, Flaschner EA, Wang YX, Edgar JM, Lin BZB, Bingham GC, Major MC, Jones RD, Blau HM, Rideout EJ, Levings MK, Zandstra PW, Rossi FMV. Sex biased human thymic architecture guides T cell development through spatially defined niches. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.13.536804. [PMID: 37090676 PMCID: PMC10120731 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.536804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Within the thymus, regulation of the cellular cross-talk directing T cell development is dependent on spatial interactions within specialized niches. To create a holistic, spatially defined map of tissue niches guiding postnatal T cell development we employed the multidimensional imaging platform CO-detection by indEXing (CODEX), as well as CITE-seq and ATAC-seq. We generated age-matched 4-5-month-old postnatal thymus datasets for male and female donors, and identify significant sex differences in both T cell and thymus biology. We demonstrate a crucial role for JAG ligands in directing thymic-like dendritic cell development, reveal important functions of a novel population of ECM- fibroblasts, and characterize the medullary niches surrounding Hassall's corpuscles. Together, these data represent a unique age-matched spatial multiomic resource to investigate how sex-based differences in thymus regulation and T cell development arise, and provide an essential resource to understand the mechanisms underlying immune function and dysfunction in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Salim
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - Emily A Flaschner
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yu Xin Wang
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John M Edgar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce ZB Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Grace C Bingham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew C Major
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ross D Jones
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Megan K Levings
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Canada
- These authors contributed equally
- Lead contact
| | - Fabio MV Rossi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada
- These authors contributed equally
- Lead contact
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11
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Li Y, Chen X. Progress on methods of T lymphocyte development in vitro. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:491-499. [PMID: 37202105 PMCID: PMC10265001 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes (T cells) play an important role in adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT). T cells can be stably derived and easily obtained by various methods of T cell development in vitro, which have more advantages than traditional methods of T cells isolated from autologous or allogeneic tissues. At present, there are mainly three methods for T cell development in vitro: fetal thymus organ culture, recombinant thymus organ culture and two-dimensional culture driven by Notch signal. Fetal thymus organ culture is easy to operate, the isolated thymus can support T cell differentiation and development to maturity in vitro, but the intact thymus has problems of limited maintenance time and difficulty in cell harvesting. In recombinant thymic organ culture, various thymic stromal cells are dispersed and recombined to construct a three-dimensional culture environment, which can support T cell maturation in vitro and in vivo; however, biomaterials and three-dimensional environment may lead to limited culture maintenance time and cell yield. Two-dimensional culture method uses artificial presentation of Notch signaling pathway ligands to drive T cell differentiation and development; the culture architecture is simple and stable, but it can only support T cell development to the early immature stage. This article reviews the research progress of various culture methods of T cell development in vitro, and discusses the existing problems and the future development to facilitate the application of ACT.
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12
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Shichkin VP, Antica M. Key Factors for Thymic Function and Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926516. [PMID: 35844535 PMCID: PMC9280625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the organ responsible for T cell development and the formation of the adaptive immunity function. Its multicellular environment consists mainly of the different stromal cells and maturing T lymphocytes. Thymus-specific progenitors of epithelial, mesenchymal, and lymphoid cells with stem cell properties represent only minor populations. The thymic stromal structure predominantly determines the function of the thymus. The stromal components, mostly epithelial and mesenchymal cells, form this specialized area. They support the consistent developmental program of functionally distinct conventional T cell subpopulations. These include the MHC restricted single positive CD4+ CD8- and CD4- CD8+ cells, regulatory T lymphocytes (Foxp3+), innate natural killer T cells (iNKT), and γδT cells. Several physiological causes comprising stress and aging and medical treatments such as thymectomy and chemo/radiotherapy can harm the thymus function. The present review summarizes our knowledge of the development and function of the thymus with a focus on thymic epithelial cells as well as other stromal components and the signaling and transcriptional pathways underlying the thymic cell interaction. These critical thymus components are significant for T cell differentiation and restoring the thymic function after damage to reach the therapeutic benefits.
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13
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Diez-Quijada L, Casas-Rodriguez A, Guzmán-Guillén R, Molina-Hernández V, Albaladejo RG, Cameán AM, Jos A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Pure Cylindrospermopsin in Rats Orally Exposed for 28 Days. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:144. [PMID: 35202170 PMCID: PMC8877299 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a ubiquitous cyanotoxin showing increasing incidence worldwide. CYN has been classified as a cytotoxin and, among its toxic effects, its immunotoxicity is scarcely studied. This work investigates for the first time the influence of oral CYN exposure (18.75; 37.5 and 75 µg/kg b.w./day, for 28 days) on the mRNA expression of selected interleukin (IL) genes (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)) in the thymus and the spleen of male and female rats, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Moreover, their serum levels were also measured by a multiplex-bead-based immunoassay, and a histopathological study was performed. CYN produced immunomodulation mainly in the thymus of rats exposed to 75 μg CYN/kg b.w./day in both sexes. However, in the spleen only IL-1β and IL-2 (males), and TNF-α and IFN-γ (females) expression was modified after CYN exposure. Only female rats exposed to 18.75 μg CYN/kg b.w./day showed a significant decrease in TNF-α serum levels. There were no significant differences in the weight or histopathology in the organs studied. Further research is needed to obtain a deeper view of the molecular mechanisms involved in CYN immunotoxicity and its consequences on long-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Antonio Casas-Rodriguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Rafael G. Albaladejo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
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14
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Kido T, Suka M, Yanagisawa H. Effectiveness of interleukin-4 administration or zinc supplementation in improving zinc deficiency-associated thymic atrophy and fatty degeneration and in normalizing T cell maturation process. Immunology 2022; 165:445-459. [PMID: 35138640 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional zinc deficiency induces thymic atrophy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of thymic atrophy and fatty degeneration associated with zinc deficiency, and its effect on T cell maturation. Building on previous research demonstrating the beneficial effect of IL-4 administration or zinc supplementation on the spleen in zinc deficiency rats, we further examined whether these supplements also improve thymic atrophy. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard diet, zinc-deficient diet (n = 16 each) with either saline or IL-4, or a zinc-deficient diet for 6 weeks followed by a standard diet for 4 weeks. Relative thymus weights, serum thymulin concentrations, and the number of cytokeratin-8-positive cells, AIRE-positive cells, IL-7-positive cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, pre T cells, and CD25+ CD44+ (DN3) cells in the thymus of zinc deficiency rats significantly decreased compared with those in all other groups. Conversely, PPAR-γ-positive cells, oil red O-positive areas, pro T cells, CD25- CD44+ cells, TUNEL positive cells, Viobility 405/452 Fixable Dye-positive cells, CD68-, CD163- or CD169- macrophages, and IL-1β concentrations were significantly increased in the thymus of zinc deficiency rats as compared to those in the other groups. After IL-4 administration or zinc supplementation for zinc deficiency, all the measurement indices were recovered to levels in standard rats. It was demonstrated that zinc deficiency caused thymic atrophy, accompanied by fatty degeneration in the cortical regions and affected T cell maturation. IL-4 administration or zinc supplementation for zinc deficiency ameliorated thymic fatty degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kido
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Machi Suka
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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15
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Salehzadeh M, Soma KK. Glucocorticoid production in the thymus and brain: Immunosteroids and neurosteroids. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100352. [PMID: 34988497 PMCID: PMC8710407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate a myriad of physiological systems, such as the immune and nervous systems. Systemic GC levels in blood are often measured as an indicator of local GC levels in target organs. However, several extra-adrenal organs can produce and metabolize GCs locally. More sensitive and specific methods for GC analysis (i.e., mass spectrometry) allow measurement of local GC levels in small tissue samples with low GC concentrations. Consequently, is it now apparent that systemic GC levels often do not reflect local GC levels. Here, we review the use of systemic GC measurements in clinical and research settings, discuss instances where systemic GC levels do not reflect local GC levels, and present evidence that local GC levels provide useful insights, with a focus on local GC production in the thymus (immunosteroids) and brain (neurosteroids). Lastly, we suggest key areas for further research, such as the roles of immunosteroids and neurosteroids in neonatal programming and the potential clinical relevance of local GC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Al-Suhaimi EA, Aljafary MA, Alkhulaifi FM, Aldossary HA, Alshammari T, AL-Qaaneh A, Aldahhan R, Alkhalifah Z, Gaymalov ZZ, Shehzad A, Homeida AM. Thymus Gland: A Double Edge Sword for Coronaviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101119. [PMID: 34696231 PMCID: PMC8539924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the main lymphoid organ that regulates the immune and endocrine systems by controlling thymic cell proliferation and differentiation. The gland is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for generating mature T cells into CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells, contributing to cellular immunity. Regarding humoral immunity, the thymic plasma cells almost exclusively secrete IgG1 and IgG3, the two main complement-fixing effector IgG subclasses. Deformity in the thymus can lead to inflammatory diseases. Hassall’s corpuscles’ epithelial lining produces thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which induces differentiation of CDs thymocytes into regulatory T cells within the thymus medulla. Thymic B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins and immunoregulating hormones, including thymosin. Modulation in T cell and naive T cells decrement due to thymus deformity induce alteration in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, resulting in multiple diseases. Influenza virus activates thymic CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes and a large amount of IFNγ. IFNs limit virus spread, enhance macrophages’ phagocytosis, and promote the natural killer cell restriction activity against infected cells. Th2 lymphocytes-produced cytokine IL-4 can bind to antiviral INFγ, decreasing the cell susceptibility and downregulating viral receptors. COVID-19 epitopes (S, M, and N proteins) with ≥90% identity to the SARS-CoV sequence have been predicted. These epitopes trigger immunity for antibodies production. Boosting the immune system by improving thymus function can be a therapeutic strategy for preventing virus-related diseases. This review aims to summarize the endocrine-immunoregulatory functions of the thymus and the underlying mechanisms in the prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-133-332-444
| | - Meneerah A. Aljafary
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Fadwa M. Alkhulaifi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Hanan A. Aldossary
- Epidemic Diseases Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Thamer Alshammari
- Genetic Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.A.-Q.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ayman AL-Qaaneh
- Genetic Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.A.-Q.); (Z.A.)
- Clinical Pharmacy Services Division, Pharmacy Services Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (JHAH), Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Aldahhan
- Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zahra Alkhalifah
- Genetic Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.A.-Q.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zagit Z. Gaymalov
- Earlystage OÜ, Lasnamäe Linnaosa, Sepapaja tn 6, Harju Maakond, 15551 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Adeeb Shehzad
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelgadir M. Homeida
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
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17
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Brito-Pérez Y, Camacho-Pacheco RT, Plazola-Camacho N, Soriano-Becerril D, Coronado-Zarco IA, Arreola-Ramírez G, González-Pérez G, Herrera-Salazar A, Flores-González J, Bermejo-Haro MY, Casorla-Cervantes BG, Soto-López IA, Hernández-Pineda J, Sandoval-Montes C, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Figueroa-Damian R, Mancilla-Herrera I. Impaired T helper cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected newborns. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1541-1553. [PMID: 34409752 PMCID: PMC8589403 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) newborns suffer from higher risks of opportunistic infections during the first months of life compared to HIV‐unexposed uninfected (HUU) newborns. Alterations in thymic mass, amounts of T helper (Th) cells, T‐cell receptor diversity, and activation markers have been found in HEU newborns, suggesting alterations in T cell ontogeny and differentiation. However, little is known about the ability of these cells to produce specialized Th responses from CD4+ T cells. Method To characterize the Th cell profile, we evaluated the frequency of Th1 (CD183+CD194−CD196−/CXCR3+CCR4−CCR6−), Th2 (CD183−CD194+CD196−/CXCR3−CCR4+CCR6−), Th17 (CD183−CD194+CD196+/CXCR3−CCR4+CCR6+), and CD4+CD25++ blood T‐cell phenotypes in 50 HEU and 25 HUU newborns. Early activation markers on CD4+ T cells and the Th cytokine profile produced from mononuclear cells under polyclonal T cell stimulation were also studied. Additionally, we probed the ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into interferon (IFN)‐γ‐producing Th1 CD4+ T cells in vitro. Results Lower percentages of differentiated Th1, Th2, Th17, and CD4+CD25++ T cells were found in blood from HEU newborns than in blood from HUU newborns. However, polyclonally stimulated Th cells showed a similar ability to express CD69 and CD279 but produced less secreted interleukin (IL)‐2 and IL‐4. Interestingly, under Th1 differentiation conditions, the percentages of CD4+IFN‐γ+ T cells and soluble IFN‐γ were higher in HEU newborns than in HUU newborns. Conclusion HEU neonates are born with reduced proportions of differentiated Th1/Th2/Th17 and CD4+CD25++ T cells, but the intrinsic abilities of CD4+ T cells to acquire a Th1 profile are not affected by the adverse maternal milieu during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Brito-Pérez
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo T Camacho-Pacheco
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noemi Plazola-Camacho
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Soriano-Becerril
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irma A Coronado-Zarco
- Neonatology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriela González-Pérez
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Development, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Herrera-Salazar
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Flores-González
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mextli Y Bermejo-Haro
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ismael A Soto-López
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Hernández-Pineda
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Sandoval-Montes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Figueroa-Damian
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Banupriya N, Bhat BV, Sridhar MG. Role of Zinc in Neonatal Sepsis. Indian J Pediatr 2021; 88:696-702. [PMID: 33893972 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-021-03748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis emerges as a complex clinical syndrome with activation of an innate host response to infections. Despite advancement in therapeutic approaches, infants with sepsis remain hospitalized for longer durations and it remains to be a major health problem in today's world. Zinc as a trace element, has the potential to improve the host's defence mechanism against various pathogenic diseases. During sepsis, a redistribution of zinc from serum into the liver has been observed and earlier studies imply a correlation between serum zinc levels and the outcome of sepsis. Zinc also appears to have a potential to be used as a biomarker of sepsis outcome. There are only few reports available to show the efficacy of zinc supplements in the management of neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newton Banupriya
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Ballambattu Vishnu Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics & Neonatology and Division of Research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, Pondicherry, 607403, India.
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Kim HK, Jeong MG, Hwang ES. Post-Translational Modifications in Transcription Factors that Determine T Helper Cell Differentiation. Mol Cells 2021; 44:318-327. [PMID: 33972470 PMCID: PMC8175150 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a crucial role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses through the differentiation of Th precursor cells into several subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Effector Th and Treg cells are distinguished by the production of signature cytokines and are important for eliminating intracellular and extracellular pathogens and maintaining immune homeostasis. Stimulation of naïve Th cells by T cell receptor and specific cytokines activates master transcription factors and induces lineage specification during the differentiation of Th cells. The master transcription factors directly activate the transcription of signature cytokine genes and also undergo post-translational modifications to fine-tune cytokine production and maintain immune balance through cross-regulation with each other. This review highlights the post-translational modifications of master transcription factors that control the differentiation of effector Th and Treg cells and provides additional insights on the immune regulation mediated by protein arginine-modifying enzymes in effector Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Mi Gyeong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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20
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Chang H, Cong H, Wang H, Du L, Tian DC, Ma Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Yin L, Zhang X. Thymic Involution and Altered Naive CD4 T Cell Homeostasis in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645277. [PMID: 34335563 PMCID: PMC8322781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating T helper cells with a type 17-polarized phenotype (TH17) and expansion of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells are frequently observed in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). However, naive T cell populations, which give rise to T helper cells, and the primary site of T cell maturation, namely the thymus, have not been studied in these patients. Here, we report the alterations of naive CD4 T cell homeostasis and the changes in thymic characteristics in NMOSD patients. Flow cytometry was performed to investigate the naive CD4+ T cell subpopulations in 44 NMOSD patients and 21 healthy controls (HC). On immunological evaluation, NMOSD patients exhibited increased counts of CD31+thymic naive CD4+ T cells and CD31-cental naive CD4+ T cells along with significantly higher fraction and absolute counts of peripheral blood CD45RA+ CD62L+ naive CD4+ T cells. Chest computed tomography (CT) images of 60 NMOSD patients and 65 HCs were retrospectively reviewed to characterize the thymus in NMOSD. Thymus gland of NMOSD patients exhibited unique morphological characteristics with respect to size, shape, and density. NMOSD patients showed exacerbated age-dependent thymus involution than HC, which showed a significant association with disease duration. These findings broaden our understanding of the immunological mechanisms that drive severe disease in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiao Chang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hengri Cong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Cai Tian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuetao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linlin Yin, ; Xinghu Zhang,
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linlin Yin, ; Xinghu Zhang,
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21
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White-Rot Fungi for Bioremediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contaminated Soil. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Barraza F, Montero R, Wong-Benito V, Valenzuela H, Godoy-Guzmán C, Guzmán F, Köllner B, Wang T, Secombes CJ, Maisey K, Imarai M. Revisiting the Teleost Thymus: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:biology10010008. [PMID: 33375568 PMCID: PMC7824517 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The thymus is the immune organ producing T lymphocytes that are essential to create immunity after encountering pathogens or vaccination. This review summarizes the thymus localization and histological studies, cell composition, and function in teleost fishes. We also describe how seasonal changes, photoperiod, water temperature fluctuations, and hormones can affect thymus development in fish species. Overall, the information helps identify future studies needed to understand thymus function in fish species and the immune system’s evolutionary origins. Since fish are exposed to pathogens, especially under aquaculture conditions, knowledge about the fish thymus and T lymphocyte can also help improve fish farming protocols, considering intrinsic and environmental conditions that can contribute to achieving the best vaccine responsiveness for disease resistance. Abstract The thymus in vertebrates plays a critical role in producing functionally competent T-lymphocytes. Phylogenetically, the thymus emerges early during evolution in jawed cartilaginous fish, and it is usually a bilateral organ placed subcutaneously at the dorsal commissure of the operculum. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the thymus localization, histology studies, cell composition, and function in teleost fishes. Furthermore, we consider environmental factors that affect thymus development, such as seasonal changes, photoperiod, water temperature fluctuations and hormones. Further analysis of the thymus cell distribution and function will help us understand how key stages for developing functional T cells occur in fish, and how thymus dynamics can be modulated by external factors like photoperiod. Overall, the information presented here helps identify the knowledge gaps and future steps needed for a better understanding of the immunobiology of fish thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Barraza
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Ruth Montero
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (R.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Valentina Wong-Benito
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Héctor Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Carlos Godoy-Guzmán
- Center for Biomedical and Applied Research (CIBAP), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile;
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (R.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; (T.W.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; (T.W.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile;
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Jafari A, Noormohammadi Z, Askari M, Daneshzad E. Zinc supplementation and immune factors in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3023-3041. [PMID: 33356467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on immune factors in randomized controlled trials. METHODS A comprehensive search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to December 2020. We used standard and weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for net changes in selected parameters of immune responses. Subgroup analysis was used to find heterogeneity. RESULT Overall, 35 RCTs comprising 1995 participants were eligible for this meta-analysis. There was a significant reduction of circulating CRP (WMD: -32.4; 95% CI: -44.45 to -19.62, p < 0.001), hs-CRP (WMD: -0.95; 95% CI: -1.01 to -0.89, p < 0.001), Neutrophil levels (SMD: -0.46; 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.01, p = 0.043), following zinc supplementation. CD4 level also increased significantly, (WMD: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.57 to 3, p = 0.004). Zinc supplementation had no significant effect on WBC (SMD: -0.66; 95% CI: -1.67 to 0.36, p = 0.204), lymphocyte (WMD: 1.86; 95% CI: -0.86 to 4.58, p = 0.181), monocyte levels (SMD: -0.16; 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.39, p = 0.167), CD3 (SMD: 0.37; 95% CI: -0.49 to 1.22, p = 0.399). CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation decreased the CRP, hs-CRP and TNF-α, IL-6, neutrophil and increased CD3 and CD4 level significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Noormohammadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Beijnen EMS, van Haren SD. Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses in Children: A Review of Age-Specific Molecular Determinants Contributing to Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607977. [PMID: 33424857 PMCID: PMC7786054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are most common and most severe at the extremes of age, the young and the elderly. Vaccination can be a key approach to enhance immunogenicity and protection against pathogens in these vulnerable populations, who have a functionally distinct immune system compared to other age groups. More than 50% of the vaccine market is for pediatric use, yet to date vaccine development is often empiric and not tailored to molecular distinctions in innate and adaptive immune activation in early life. With modern vaccine development shifting from whole-cell based vaccines to subunit vaccines also comes the need for formulations that can elicit a CD8+ T cell response when needed, for example, by promoting antigen cross-presentation. While our group and others have identified many cellular and molecular determinants of successful activation of antigen-presenting cells, B cells and CD4+ T cells in early life, much less is known about the ontogeny of CD8+ T cell induction. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the frequency and phenotype of newborn and infant CD8+ T cells, and any evidence of induction of CD8+ T cells by currently licensed pediatric vaccine formulations. In addition, we review the molecular determinants of antigen cross-presentation on MHC I and successful CD8+ T cell induction and discuss potential distinctions that can be made in children. Finally, we discuss recent advances in development of novel adjuvants and provide future directions for basic and translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M. S. Beijnen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon D. van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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25
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Huang MC, White KL, Elmore SA, Guo TL, Germolec D. Immunotoxicity studies of trans-resveratrol in male B 6C 3F 1/N mice. J Immunotoxicol 2020; 17:194-201. [PMID: 33213203 PMCID: PMC7961840 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2020.1833113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol that is being investigated to treat and prevent various diseases, both experimentally and in the clinic. Despite increased use and interest in resveratrol due to its immunomodulatory properties, there is a lack of studies evaluating potential toxicities, particularly immunotoxicity, associated with resveratrol use. A previous 2-week study found decreasing thymus weight in male B6C3F1/N mice with increasing exposure to trans-resveratrol. This study is a follow-up on those findings by evaluating immune function. Male adult B6C3F1/N mice were given trans-resveratrol (0, 156, 312, 625, 1250, 2500 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for 28 days and functional immune tests and histopathology were evaluated. There were no treatment-related effects on body weight during the study. Humoral, cell-mediated, and innate immune function were not altered after 28 days of trans-resveratrol treatment. There were also no changes in organ weight or microscopic alterations in immune organs. Overall, under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence of immunotoxicity or improvements in immune function associated with oral exposure to trans-resveratrol in male mice. Importantly, the immunomodulatory benefits of resveratrol may require a prerequisite level of inflammatory activity and may not be observable in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kimber L White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (retired)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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26
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Razali N, Hohjoh H, Inazumi T, Maharjan BD, Nakagawa K, Konishi M, Sugimoto Y, Hasegawa H. Induced Prostanoid Synthesis Regulates the Balance between Th1- and Th2-Producing Inflammatory Cytokines in the Thymus of Diet-Restricted Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:649-662. [PMID: 32238706 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple external and internal factors have been reported to induce thymic involution. Involution involves dramatic reduction in size and function of the thymus, leading to various immunodeficiency-related disorders. Therefore, clarifying and manipulating molecular mechanisms governing thymic involution are clinically important, although only a few studies have dealt with this issue. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying thymic involution using a murine acute diet-restriction model. Gene expression analyses indicated that the expression of T helper 1 (Th1)-producing cytokines, namely interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, was down-regulated, while that of Th2-producing IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 was up-regulated, suggesting that acute diet-restriction regulates the polarization of naïve T cells to a Th2-like phenotype during thymic involution. mRNAs for prostanoid biosynthetic enzymes were up-regulated by acute diet-restriction. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses detected the increased production of prostanoids, particularly prostaglandin D2 and thromboxane B2, a metabolite of thromboxane A2, in the diet-restricted thymus. Administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, namely aspirin and etodolac, to inhibit prostanoid synthesis suppressed the biased expression of Th1- and Th2-cytokines as well as molecular markers of Th1 and Th2 cells in the diet-restricted thymus, without affecting the reduction of thymus size. In vitro stimulation of thymocytes with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin confirmed the polarization of thymocytes from diet-restricted mice toward Th2 cells. These results indicated that the induced production of prostanoids during diet-restriction-induced thymic involution is involved in the polarization of naïve T cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirofumi Hohjoh
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomoaki Inazumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | | | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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27
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Watkins TS, Miles JJ. The human T-cell receptor repertoire in health and disease and potential for omics integration. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:135-145. [PMID: 32677130 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose 600 million years ago in a cold-blooded fish. Over countless generations, our antecedents tuned the function of the T-cell receptor (TCR). The TCR system is arguably the most complex known to science. The TCR evolved hypervariability to fight the hypervariability of pathogens and cancers that look to consume our resources. This review describes the genetics and architecture of the human TCR and highlights surprising new discoveries over the past years that have disproved very old dogmas. The standardization of TCR sequencing data is discussed in preparation for big data bioinformatics and predictive analysis. We next catalogue new signatures and phenomenon discovered by TCR next generation sequencing (NGS) in health and disease and work that remain to be done in this space. Finally, we discuss how TCR NGS can add to immunodiagnostics and integrate with other omics platforms for both a deeper understanding of TCR biology and its use in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Watkins
- The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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28
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Person JM, Welch BA, Spann RA, Harris KK, Pride Y, Tucci MA, Taylor EB, Grayson BE. Immuno-hematologic parameters following rodent spinal cord contusion are negatively influenced by high-fat diet consumption. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 343:577226. [PMID: 32247229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in perturbations to the immune system leading to increased infection susceptibility. In parallel, the consumption of high-fat diets (HFD) leads to a chronic inflammation in circulation and body tissues. We investigated the impact of 16 weeks of HFD on chronically-injured rats. SCI rats under both chow and HFD showed peripheral leukocyte changes that include reduced percentages of total, helper and cytotoxic T, and natural killer cells. Expression of immune-related genes in the spleen and thymus reflected the impact of both chronic injury and diet. Changes to the immune system following SCI are adversely impacted by HFD consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Person
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America
| | - Bradley A Welch
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America
| | - Redin A Spann
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America
| | - Kwamie K Harris
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America
| | - Yilianys Pride
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America
| | - Michelle A Tucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
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29
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Gusev EY, Zotova NV. Cellular Stress and General Pathological Processes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:251-297. [PMID: 31198111 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
From the viewpoint of the general pathology, most of the human diseases are associated with a limited number of pathogenic processes such as inflammation, tumor growth, thrombosis, necrosis, fibrosis, atrophy, pathological hypertrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia. The phenomenon of chronic low-grade inflammation could be attributed to non-classical forms of inflammation, which include many neurodegenerative processes, pathological variants of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and other manifestations of the endothelial dysfunction. Individual and universal manifestations of cellular stress could be considered as a basic element of all these pathologies, which has both physiological and pathophysiological significance. The review examines the causes, main phenomena, developmental directions and outcomes of cellular stress using a phylogenetically conservative set of genes and their activation pathways, as well as tissue stress and its role in inflammatory and para-inflammatory processes. The main ways towards the realization of cellular stress and its functional blocks were outlined. The main stages of tissue stress and the classification of its typical manifestations, as well as its participation in the development of the classical and non-classical variants of the inflammatory process, were also described. The mechanisms of cellular and tissue stress are structured into the complex systems, which include networks that enable the exchange of information with multidirectional signaling pathways which together make these systems internally contradictory, and the result of their effects is often unpredictable. However, the possible solutions require new theoretical and methodological approaches, one of which includes the transition to integral criteria, which plausibly reflect the holistic image of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny Yu Gusev
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Zotova
- Laboratory of the Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ural Federal University named after B.N.Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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30
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Ribatti D, Tamma R, Elieh Ali Komi D. The morphological basis of the development of the chick embryo immune system. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:323-329. [PMID: 31141709 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chick immune system is a fundamental model in basic immunology. In birds, the bone marrow derived pluripotent stem cells after entering the circulation, migrate to bursa of Fabricius to benefit from a microenvironment which supports the differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes by the help of its resident cells and tissues. Delivering sufficient functional B cells is required to maintain their peripheral population and normal peripheral humoral responses. Additionally, bursa acts as an active site for the generation of antibody diversity through gene conversion. Being consisted of 98% B lymphocytes, the organ is occupied by other cell types including T cells, macrophages, eosinophils and mast cells. Thymus, which is an epithelial organ is the main site of T cell development where positive and negative selections contribute to the development of functional and not autoreactive T cell repertoire. Bursectomy and thymectomy are surgical exercises through which the involvement of cells of specific immunity including B cells and T cells can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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