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Lin L, Zhang K, Xiong Q, Zhang J, Cai B, Huang Z, Yang B, Wei B, Chen J, Niu Q. Gut microbiota in pre-clinical rheumatoid arthritis: From pathogenesis to preventing progression. J Autoimmun 2023; 141:103001. [PMID: 36931952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by progressive polyarthritis that leads to cartilage and bone damage. Pre-clinical RA is a prolonged state before clinical arthritis and RA develop, in which autoantibodies (antibodies against citrullinated proteins, rheumatoid factors) can be present due to the breakdown of immunologic self-tolerance. As early treatment initiation before the onset of polyarthritis may achieve sustained remission, optimize clinical outcomes, and even prevent RA progression, the pre-clinical RA stage is showing the prospect to be the window of opportunity for RA treatment. Growing evidence has shown the role of the gut microbiota in inducing systemic inflammation and polyarthritis via multiple mechanisms, which may involve molecular mimicry, impaired intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota-derived metabolites mediated immune regulation, modulation of the gut microbiota's effect on immune cells, intestinal epithelial cells autophagy, and the interaction between the microbiome and human leukocyte antigen alleles as well as microRNAs. Since gut microbiota alterations in pre-clinical RA have been reported, potential therapies for modifying the gut microbiota in pre-clinical RA, including natural products, antibiotic therapy, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, microRNAs therapy, vitamin D supplementation, autophagy inducer-based treatment, prebiotics, and diet, holds great promise for the successful treatment and even prevention of RA via altering ongoing inflammation. In this review, we summarized current studies that include pathogenesis of gut microbiota in RA progression and promising therapeutic strategies to provide novel ideas for the management of pre-clinical RA and possibly preventing arthritis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Infection Control, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuochun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qian Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Meher J, Patel S, Nanda R, Siddiqui MS. Association of Serum IL-17 and IL-23 Cytokines With Disease Activity and Various Parameters of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Indian Patients. Cureus 2023; 15:e49654. [PMID: 38161845 PMCID: PMC10756251 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-23/T helper 17 (IL-23/Th17) axis cytokine has been thought to be a critical pathway for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease development and its association with disease severity, joint erosion, and functional outcome. There is a paucity of data on the role of IL-23/Th17 axis cytokines in an Indian RA subset of patients. We aimed to determine the association between serum cytokines (interleukin-17 [IL-17] and [IL-23]) and disease activity as well as with clinical and biochemical parameters of RA patients. Methods In this observational cross-sectional study, 84 consecutive RA cases were recruited after obtaining consent. Serum IL-17 and IL-23 levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Clinical and laboratory parameters, disease activity score 28-erythocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), and Health Assessment Questionnaire-II (HAQ-II) were recorded. Correlation of cytokines with various clinical and biochemical parameters was elicited. Results Only C-reactive protein (CRP) correlated positively with IL-23 (rs = 0.26, p = 0.014) but not the ESR. Both IL-17 and IL-23 levels showed an insignificant, weak positive correlation with the disease activity DAS28 (rs = 0.18, p = 0.097; rs = 0.12, p = 0.259, respectively). Neither IL-17 nor IL-23 levels differed among the disease severity group (p = 0.13, p = 0.215). Only the IL-23 level positively correlated with functional status (HAQ-II) (rs = 0.28, p = 0.009). IL-17 level was higher in advanced RA as compared to early RA (p = 0.028). Both IL-17 and IL-23 levels did not vary within the different subgroups (age, obesity, disease-modifying drugs/steroid/biologics use, and serology status). Conclusion Females had higher IL-23 levels than males. Advanced RA had higher IL-17 levels than early RA. The cytokine levels were not influenced by factors like age, duration of disease, serology status, or drugs. Neither of the cytokines correlated significantly with disease severity. Higher IL-17 levels may have a role in the progression of early non-erosive to chronic erosive arthritis. Higher IL-23 levels may signal a bad functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhasaketan Meher
- General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Suprava Patel
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Rachita Nanda
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Md Sabah Siddiqui
- General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
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Repici A, Ardizzone A, Filippone A, Colarossi C, Mare M, Raciti G, Mannino D, Cuzzocrea S, Paterniti I, Esposito E. Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Cells 2023; 12:2284. [PMID: 37759505 PMCID: PMC10526836 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms involving the brain or nearby tissues, affecting populations of all ages with a high incidence worldwide. Among the primary brain tumors, the most aggressive and also the most common is glioblastoma (GB), a type of glioma that falls into the category of IV-grade astrocytoma. GB often leads to death within a few months after diagnosis, even if the patient is treated with available therapies; for this reason, it is important to continue to discover new therapeutic approaches to allow for a better survival rate of these patients. Immunotherapy, today, seems to be one of the most innovative types of treatment, based on the ability of the immune system to counteract various pathologies, including cancer. In this context, interleukin 21 (IL-21), a type I cytokine produced by natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, appears to be a valid target for new therapies since this cytokine is involved in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity. To match this purpose, our review deeply evaluated how IL-21 could influence the progression of GB, analyzing its main biological processes and mechanisms while evaluating the potential use of the latest available therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Repici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marzia Mare
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriele Raciti
- IOM Ricerca, Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (D.M.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
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Ahmad SF, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Bakheet SA, Alomar HA, Al-Mazroua HA, Ibrahim KE, Alshamrani AA, Al-Hamamah MA, Alfardan AS, Attia SM. CXCR3 antagonist NBI-74330 mitigates joint inflammation in Collagen-Induced arthritis model in DBA/1J mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110099. [PMID: 37018975 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by uncontrolled synovial proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage injury, and bone destruction. We used the CXCR3-specific antagonist NBI-74330 to block T-cell-mediated signaling in a DBA/1J mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). After CIA induction, DBA/1J mice were treated with NBI-74330 (100 mg/kg) daily from day 21 until day 34 and evaluated for arthritic score and histopathological changes. Furthermore, using flow cytometry, we investigated the effects of NBI-74330 on Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, T-bet, STAT4, Notch-3, and RANKL), Th17 (IL-21, IL-17A, STAT3, and RORγt), and Th22 (IL-22) cells in splenic CD4+ and CXCR3+T-cells. We also used RT-PCR to assess the effect of mRNA levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, T-bet, RANKL, IL-17A, RORγt, and IL-22 in knee tissues. The IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A serum protein levels were measured using ELISA. Compared to vehicle-treated CIA mice, the severity of arthritic scores and histological severity of inflammation decreased significantly in NBI-74330-treated CIA mice. Moreover, compared to vehicle-treated CIA mice, the percentages of CD4+IFN-γ+, CD4+TNF-α+, CD4+T-bet+, CD4+STAT4+, CD4+Notch-3+, CXCR3+IFN-γ+, CXCR3+TNF-α+, CXCR3+T-bet+, CXCR3+STAT4+, CXCR3+Notch-3+, CD4+RANKL+, CD4+IL-21+, CD4+IL-17A+, CD4+STAT3+, CD4+RORγt+, and CD4+IL-22+ cells decreased in NBI-74330-treated CIA mice. Furthermore, NBI-74330-treatment downregulated IFN-γ, TNF-α, T-bet, RANKL, STAT3, IL-17A, RORγt, and IL-22 mRNA levels. Serum IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A levels were significantly lower in NBI-74330-treated CIA mice than in vehicle-treated CIA mice. This study demonstrates the antiarthritic effects of NBI-74330 in CIA mice. Therefore, these data suggest that NBI-74330 could be considered a potential RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatun A Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Hamamah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alfardan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Xiong DK, Shi X, Han MM, Zhang XM, Wu NN, Sheng XY, Wang JN. The regulatory mechanism and potential application of IL-23 in autoimmune diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982238. [PMID: 36176425 PMCID: PMC9514453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-23 is a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages that belongs to the IL-12 family. It has pro-inflammatory effects and is a key cytokine and upstream regulatory cytokine involved in protective immune responses, stimulating the differentiation and proliferation of downstream effectors such as Th17 cells. It is expressed in various autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The IL-23/TH17 axis formed by IL-23 and TH17 has been confirmed to participate in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis. IL-23R is the receptor for IL-23 and plays an activating role. Targeting IL-23 is currently the main strategy for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases. In this review we summarized the mechanism of action and clinical application potential of IL-23 in autoimmune diseases by summarizing the latest research results and reviewing the literature, which would help to further understand IL-23 and provide a theoretical basis for future clinical targeting and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Kai Xiong
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Miao-Miao Han
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Min Zhang
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Na-Na Wu
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Sheng
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ji-Nian Wang
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-Nian Wang,
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Comparative Evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Interleukin-17, 18 and 21 in Different Stages of Periodontal Health and Disease. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58081042. [PMID: 36013509 PMCID: PMC9415654 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The elicitation of a host’s immune−inflammatory responses to overcome oral bacterial biofilm challenges is mediated by numerous cytokines. We explored the role of three such cytokines, viz. interleukin (IL)-17, 18 and 21, by measuring their levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of Indian individuals with healthy gingiva, chronic gingivitis, or chronic periodontitis. Materials and Method: Ninety systemically healthy individuals were enrolled in the study on the basis of predefined criteria and were categorized into three groups of 30 participants each. Groups A, B and C were composed of a control group with healthy gingiva, subjects with chronic gingivitis and subjects with chronic periodontitis, respectively. The periodontal disease status was assessed on the basis of a subject’s gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and radiographic evidence of bone loss. After the complete history-taking and identification of gingival sulcus/pocket depth areas for GCF collection, a sample was collected from each subject in all groups for an estimation of the cytokine levels using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v 21.0. Intergroup comparisons were conducted using a post hoc Tukey’s test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean IL-17, 18 and 21 concentrations in pg/mL was the greatest for Group C (99.67 ± 18.85, 144.61 ± 20.83 and 69.67 ± 12.46, respectively), followed by Group B (19.27 ± 2.78, 22.27 ± 2.43 and 22.74 ± 1.43, respectively) and finally by Group A (healthy control; 11.56 ± 0.99, 17.94 ± 1.24 and 12.83 ± 1.21 respectively). A statistically significant difference in the mean concentrations of two interleukins (IL-17 and IL-18) was observed between Groups A and C and also between Groups B and C. A statistically significant difference in the mean concentrations of IL-21 was observed between Groups B and C. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, the findings revealed that the GCF levels of IL-17, IL-18 and IL-21 rose and correlated well with the severity of the disease. Thus, these cytokines present in GCF have the potential to be considered as biomarkers for periodontal tissue destruction. IL-21 in particular appears to be a promising biomarker for differentiating between gingivitis and periodontitis.
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Zeng X, Lu S, Li M, Zheng M, Liu T, Kang R, Xu L, Xu Q, Song Y, Liu C. Inflammatory Cytokine-Neutralizing Antibody Treatment Prevented Increases in Follicular Helper T Cells and Follicular Regulatory T Cells in a Mouse Model of Arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3997-4011. [PMID: 35860232 PMCID: PMC9292064 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s355720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular T helper (TFH) and follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells play important roles in humoral immunity. Nevertheless, their significance in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. As an important treatment strategy, the effect of inflammatory factor-neutralizing antibodies on TFH and TFR in RA remains unclear. Methods We used the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model to illustrate the quantity and functional changes in TFH and TFR cells. The changes of plasmablast, TFH and TFR cells in the spleen and peripheral blood of CIA mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. The levels of TFH and TFR and their functional subsets in the spleen after anti-inflammatory antibody treatment were analyzed and compared. The functional changes of TFH and TFR in CIA mice before and after treatment were detected by in vitro culture experiments. Results Plasmablast levels were increased in CIA spleen and peripheral blood and both TFH and TFR cell levels were upregulated. TFH and TFR cells were decreased significantly after the anti-inflammatory antibody treatment. TIGIT+ and TIGIT+CD226− TFH cells in CIA mouse spleen were elevated and PD-1 and ICOS expression on spleen TFH and TFR cells was increased. Both the ability of TFH cells to secrete IL-21 and aid B cells and the ability of TFR cells to secrete IL-10 and inhibit TFH cells were enhanced in the CIA mice. After antibody treatment, the cell subsets and functions were recovered. Conclusion Germinal center TFH and TFR cells were increased and their functions were enhanced. With inflammatory factor-neutralizing antibody treatment, TFH and TFR subsets and their functions returned to normal. These findings provide important information on the dynamics of humoral immune-related cell subsets in RA and the effects of treatment on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Songsong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohan Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianci Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinzhu Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Paradowska-Gorycka A, Wajda A, Rzeszotarska E, Kmiolek T, Stypinska B, Dudek E, Romanowska-Prochnicka K, Syrowka P. miR-10 and Its Negative Correlation with Serum IL-35 Concentration and Positive Correlation with STAT5a Expression in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147925. [PMID: 35887269 PMCID: PMC9317037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating free-cell miRNAs are increasingly important as potential non-invasive biomarkers due to the easy accessibility of clinical materials. Moreover, their epigenetic role may provide insight into the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Nevertheless, these aspects are mostly studied in the area of oncological diseases. Therefore, this research aimed to find the potential association of selected miRNAs in serum with the expression of Th17/Treg transcription factors and clinical features in RA patients. Accordingly, experiments was conducted on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA) and healthy subjects (HC). Analysis of miRNAs level in serum was performed using LNA miRNA PCR assays. mir-10 was detected only in RA patients. Furthermore, its expression was correlated with IL-35 serum concentration and the mRNA level of STAT5a in whole blood in RA. Additionally, a tendency of the raised level of miR-10 was noted in RA patients with high activity disease. miR-326 was significantly upregulated in RA patients with rheumatoid factor presence. In HC the correlation between miR-26 and IL-21 serum levels and expression of SMAD3 have been found. In OA patients, correlations between miR-126 and HIF1 expression and between miR-146 and RORc have been noted. The differential association of transcription factor expression with serum miRNA levels may be important in the diagnosis and progression of RA and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (E.R.); (T.K.); (B.S.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Wajda
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (E.R.); (T.K.); (B.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Ewa Rzeszotarska
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (E.R.); (T.K.); (B.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Tomasz Kmiolek
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (E.R.); (T.K.); (B.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Barbara Stypinska
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (E.R.); (T.K.); (B.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Ewa Dudek
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (E.R.); (T.K.); (B.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Romanowska-Prochnicka
- Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Pathophysiology, Warsaw Medical University, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Syrowka
- Rheumaorthopedics Clinic and Polyclinic, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
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Jian L, Li C, Wang X, Sun L, Ma Z, Zhao J. IL-21 impairs pro-inflammatory activity of M1-like macrophages exerting anti-inflammatory effects on rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity 2021; 55:75-85. [PMID: 34842006 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.2007374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective:Macrophages are the main source of inflammatory mediators and play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses and exerts major effects on inflammatory responses that promote the development of RA. However, its effect on macrophage polarisation remains unclear.Methods:CD14+ monocytes of the peripheral blood of Human healthy donors (HD) and RA, and macrophages of RA synovial fluid (RA-SF MΦs) were isolated. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) was detected by flow cytometry. Cytokine production by MΦs from different sources pre-treated with IL-21 and/or LPS was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ELISA. CD14+ monocytes were differentiated into M1-like and M2-like macrophages via stimulation with GM-CSF, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and LPS or M-CSF, IL-4, and IL-13, respectively. To determine the effect of IL-21 on macrophage polarisation, macrophage phenotypes, gene expression, and cytokine secretion were detected by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and ELISA. TLR4 and ERK1/2 were determined by western blotting.Results:IL-21 exerted different effects on LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in various derived MΦs, and inhibited macrophages polarisation to M1-like macrophages and promote their polarisation to M2-like macrophages in HD and RA. Moreover, IL-21 inhibited LPS-mediated secretion of inflammatory cytokines, probably by downregulating the ERK1/2, in RA-SF MΦs.Conclusion:For the first time, we indicated that IL-21 inhibits LPS-mediated cytokine production in RA-SF MΦs, and impairs pro-inflammatory activity of M1-like macrophages, hereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects on RA. Thus, IL-21 might not be an appropriate therapeutic target for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Long ZY, Zhou YF, Yuan H, Peng YM, Wu SX, Peng F. Expression and Correlation of IgG4 and IL-21 in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rats. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5051-5058. [PMID: 34629885 PMCID: PMC8493012 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s317420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored the expression levels of IgG4 and interleukin (IL)-21 in the serum and ankle joints of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats at different disease stages. Materials and Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal and model groups, and the latter group was administered bovine type II collagen to induce arthritis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days to detect IgG4 and IL-21 in the serum, followed by histological and immunohistochemical analyses of IgG4 and IL-21r in the ankle joint of rats. Results The contents of IgG4 and IL-21 in the serum of the CIA model group were positively correlated and increased with disease progression. The expression of IgG4 and IL-21 receptors in the ankle joint of the CIA model group was significantly higher than that in the control group. These proteins were closely related to the pathological score. The serum IL-21 level in the model group was closely related to the level of IL-21 receptor in the ankle joint. Conclusion IL-21 may promote the occurrence and development of rheumatoid arthritis by combining with IL-21r to regulate the content of IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yi Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Feng Zhou
- Operating Room, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Meng Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Xian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, People's Republic of China
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11
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Rodríguez‐Montaño R, Bernard‐Medina AG, Oregon‐Romero E, Martínez‐Rodríguez VMDC, Pita‐López ML, Gómez‐Meda BC, Guerrero‐Velázquez C. IL-23/IL-17 axis and soluble receptors isoforms sIL-23R and sIL-17RA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-presenting periodontitis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23963. [PMID: 34403509 PMCID: PMC8418468 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis (P) are chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by joint and radiographic bone loss, respectively. IL-23 and IL-17 have an essential role in the immunopathogenesis of RA, and P. IL-23 stimulates Th17 cells through which produces IL-17, IL-21, and RANKL. IL-17 stimulates fibroblasts to produce RANKL, which initiates bone loss in the joints in RA and the periodontal tissue in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of IL-23/IL-17 axis and soluble receptors isoforms sIL-23R and sIL-17RA of patients with RA presenting P (RAP). MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy subjects (HS) (n = 42), patients with P (n = 40), RA (n = 20), and patients with RAP (n = 40) were included. Plasma samples were obtained to evaluate the IL-23, IL-17A, sIL-23R, and sIL-17RA by ELISA technique. A nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between groups. A Chi-square was used to compare gender, grade and stage of periodontitis, and DAS28-ESR between the groups. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to study the association between the molecules and clinical parameters. RESULTS IL-23 levels were increased in the RAP group, and lower sIL-23R levels were found in the RAP groups. However, IL-17A was lower in the P and RAP group but not in RA patients. RAP group showed a decrease IL-17A levels in advanced stages of the periodontal disease. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-23 and IL-17A tend to downregulate their expression patterns when patients present both rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rodríguez‐Montaño
- Instituto de Investigación en OdontologíaDepartamento de Clínicas Odontológicas IntegralesCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas (Orientación Inmunología)Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
| | | | - Edith Oregon‐Romero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasDepartamento de Biología Molecular y GenómicaCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
| | | | - María Luisa Pita‐López
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CIBIMEC)Departamento de Ciencias Básicas para la SaludCentro Universitario del Sur. Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez‐Meda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y GenómicaInstituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
| | - Celia Guerrero‐Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en OdontologíaDepartamento de Clínicas Odontológicas IntegralesCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMéxico
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12
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Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the role of ITK signaling in multiple diseases and investigate the clinical potential of ITK inhibition. The diseases and potential interventions reviewed include T cell-derived malignancies as well as other neoplastic diseases, allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, certain infectious diseases, several autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and finally the use of ITK inhibition in both solid organ and bone marrow transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Weeks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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13
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Zhao L, Li Z, Zeng X, Xia C, Xu L, Xu Q, Song Y, Liu C. Circulating CD4 + FoxP3 - CXCR5 - CXCR3 + PD-1 hi cells are elevated in active rheumatoid arthritis and reflect the severity of the disease. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:1032-1039. [PMID: 34227243 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression and clinical significance of circulating CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in peripheral blood of 35 patients with active RA, 17 with RA in stable remission, and 24 healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum IgG and circulating plasmablast percentages were measured and correlations with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were systematically analyzed. Disease Activity Scale 28 (DAS28) scores were also calculated and correlation analysis with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells was conducted. The levels of CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were compared before and after disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment. Cytokine levels in plasma and cytokine secretion in CD4 cells were measured and their correlations with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were further analyzed. RESULTS The levels of CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active RA were significantly increased compared with healthy controls. CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in patients with active RA were positively correlated with serum IgG and DAS28 scores. CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were significantly decreased in patients after treatment. Plasma interleukin-10 concentrations and interleukin-10-positive CD4 cell percentages were significantly positively correlated with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cell levels. CONCLUSION Circulating CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in patients with active RA are increased and could reflect the severity of the disease, which may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyue Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qinzhu Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Najafi S, Ghanavat M, Shahrabi S, Gatavizadeh Z, Saki N. The effect of inflammatory factors and their inhibitors on the hematopoietic stem cells fate. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:900-912. [PMID: 33386770 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines exert different effects on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), lead to the development of various cell lineages in bone marrow (BM) and are thus a differentiation axis for HSCs. The content used in this article has been obtained by searching PubMed database and Google Scholar search engine of English-language articles (1995-2020) using "Hematopoietic stem cell," "Inflammatory cytokine," "Homeostasis," and "Myelopoiesis." Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors to compensate for cellular death due to inflammation. Since each of these cytokines differentiates HSCs into a specific cell line, the difference in the effect of these cytokines on the fate of HSC progenitors can be predicted. Inhibitors of these cytokines can also control the inflammatory process as well as the cells involved in leukemic conditions. In general, inflammatory signaling can specify the dominant cell line in BM to counteract inflammation and leukemic condition via stimulating or inhibiting hematopoietic progenitors. Therefore, detection of the effects of inflammatory cytokines on the differentiation of HSCs can be an appropriate approach to check inflammatory and leukemic conditions and the suppression of these cytokines by their inhibitors allows for control of homeostasis in stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Najafi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Ghanavat
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saied Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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15
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Dinesh P, Rasool M. Berberine mitigates IL-21/IL-21R mediated autophagic influx in fibroblast-like synoviocytes and regulates Th17/Treg imbalance in rheumatoid arthritis. Apoptosis 2020; 24:644-661. [PMID: 31111379 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we explored the therapeutic effect of berberine (BBR) against IL-21/IL-21R mediated inflammatory proliferation of adjuvant-induced arthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes (AA-FLS) through the PI3K/Akt pathway. The current study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of BBR (15-45 µM) against IL-21/IL-21R mediated autophagy in AA-FLS mediated through PI3K/Akt signaling and Th17/Treg imbalance. Upon IL-21 stimulation, AA-FLS expressed elevated levels of autophagy-related 5 (Atg5), Beclin-1 and LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate 3-II (LC3-II) through the utilization of p62 and inhibition of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). BBR (15-45 µM) inhibited autophagy in AA-FLS cells mediated through PI3K/Akt signaling via suppressing autophagic elements, p62 sequestration and induction of CHOP in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, IL-21 promoted the uncontrolled proliferation of AA-FLS through induction of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and diminished expression of Bcl-2 associated X protein (BAX) via PI3K/Akt signaling. BBR inhibited the proliferation of AA-FLS via promoting apoptosis through increased expression of BAX and diminished Bcl-2 transcription factor levels. Furthermore, T cells stimulated with IL-21 induced CD4+ CD196+ Th17 cells proliferation through RORγt activation mediated in a PI3K/Akt dependent manner. BBR inhibited the proliferation of Th17 cells through downregulation of RORγt in a concentration-dependent manner. BBR also promoted the differentiation of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells through induction of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) activation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and upregulation of cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1). Collectively, we conclude that BBR might attenuate AA-FLS proliferation through inhibition of IL-21/IL-21R dependent autophagy and regulates the Th17/Treg imbalance in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palani Dinesh
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - MahaboobKhan Rasool
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India. .,SMV 240, Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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16
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Bakheet SA, Alrwashied BS, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Attia SM, Assiri MA, Alqahtani F, Ibrahim KE, Ahmad SF. CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-receptor-related protein and inflammatory mediators in CD45 expressing cells in collagen-induced arthritis mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106494. [PMID: 32304993 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease classified by uncontrolled joint inflammation leading to the destruction of both cartilage and joints. Despite progress made in RA treatment in the past decade, new drugs with high efficacy and fewer long-term adverse effects are still needed; thus, safe anti-inflammatory therapies for RA are urgently needed. Previous results demonstrated that the CXCR3 antagonist is an extremely attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of several autoimmune diseases, suggesting that it might have an inhibitory effect on RA. In this study, we investigated the effect of AMG487, a selective CXCR3 antagonist, on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice and evaluated its potential therapeutic mechanism.Following induction of CIA, mice were treated with AMG487 (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), to investigate their protective effects against CIA. CD4, CD25, CCR6, IL-9, NF-κB, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-21, STAT6 and Foxp3 expressing GITR+ and CD45+ cells were measured in the spleen using flow cytometry to assess anti-inflammatory effects of AMG487. The mRNA and protein expression of GITR, CCR6, IL-9, and IL-21 were measured using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis in knee tissue. AMG487 significantly alleviated joint inflammation by decreasing GITR+CD25+, GITR+CD45+, GITR+IL-9+, GITR+NF-κB+ CD45+CD4+, CD45+CCR6+, CD45+IL-6+ cells, CD45+IL-17A+, and CD45+IL-21+, and increasing GITR+Foxp3+ and GITR+STAT6+ cells. There was a significant decrease in mRNA and protein expression of GITR, CD4, CCR6, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-21 in knee tissue of CIA mice. This study demonstrates that AMG487 has a potential therapeutic effect on RA and could explore novel anti-inflammatory therapies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader S Alrwashied
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Yang P, Qian F, Zhang M, Xu A, Wang X, Jiang B, Zhou L. Th17 cell pathogenicity and plasticity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1233-1240. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0619-197r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia MedicaSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Fei‐Ya Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia MedicaSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Ming‐Fei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia MedicaSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - A‐Lan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia MedicaSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia MedicaSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Bao‐Ping Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia MedicaSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Ling‐Ling Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia MedicaSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
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Mohd Jaya FN, Garcia SG, Borràs FE, Chan GC, Franquesa M. Paradoxical role of Breg-inducing cytokines in autoimmune diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2:100011. [PMID: 32743499 PMCID: PMC7388338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are crucial immunoregulators that maintain peripheral tolerance and suppress inflammatory autoimmune responses. In recent years, our understanding on the nature and mechanism of action of Bregs has revealed the important role of cytokines in promoting the regulatory properties of this unique B cell subset, both in animal and human models. In this review, we compiled the cytokines that have been reported by multiple studies to induce the expansion of Breg. The Breg-inducing cytokines which are currently known include IL-21, IL-6, IL1β, IFNα, IL-33, IL-35, BAFF and APRIL. As cytokines are also known to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, in parallel we reviewed the pattern of expression of the Breg-inducing cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We show here that Breg-inducing cytokines are commonly implicated in these inflammatory diseases where they typically have a higher expression than in healthy individuals, suggesting their paradoxical nature. Interestingly, despite the general overexpression of Breg-inducing cytokines, it is known that Breg cells are often numerically or functionally impaired in various autoimmune conditions. Considering these alterations, we explored the possible parameters that may influence the function of Breg-inducing cytokines in exhibiting either their regulatory or pro-inflammatory properties in the context of autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin N. Mohd Jaya
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sergio G. Garcia
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc E. Borràs
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Godfrey C.F. Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
| | - Marcella Franquesa
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias I Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Spain
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19
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Reyes-Pérez IV, Sánchez-Hernández PE, Muñoz-Valle JF, Martínez-Bonilla GE, García-Iglesias T, González-Díaz V, García-Arellano S, Cerpa-Cruz S, Polanco-Cruz J, Ramírez-Dueñas MG. Cytokines (IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-γ) in rheumatoid arthritis: association with positivity to autoantibodies (RF, anti-CCP, anti-MCV, and anti-PADI4) and clinical activity. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:3061-3071. [PMID: 31312989 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial membrane damage and autoantibody production. RA is a heterogeneous disease, where cytokines such as IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-γ have been associated. However, their association with the autoantibodies has not been clearly described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the cytokines IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-γ with the autoantibodies (RF, anti-CCP, anti-MCV, and anti-PADI4) in RA and disease activity. METHODOLOGY This study included 153 RA patients and 80 control subjects (CS). The levels of IL-15, IL-21, IFN-γ, anti-CCP, anti-MCV, and anti-PADI4 were quantified by ELISA, whereas RF was quantified by turbidimetry. The disease activity was evaluated by the indices disease activity score 28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), clinical disease activity index (CDAI), and simple disease activity index (SDAI). RESULTS The serum levels of IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-γ, and autoantibodies were increased in RA patients, compared with CS (p < 0.05). A correlation was found between IL-21 and anti-CCP and anti-MCV (p < 0.05). According to RA evolution, RF, anti-CCP, and anti-MCV had higher levels in early RA. In addition, increased levels of IL-21 were observed in RA seropositive patients (RF/anti-CCP/anti-MCV). The higher levels of both cytokines and autoantibodies were observed in moderate activity, evaluated by the three indices. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the increased soluble levels of IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-γ are involved in the inflammatory network in RA. However, IL-21 serum levels are associated with higher titers of autoantibodies (RF, anti-CCP, and anti-MCV) and IL-15 with moderate activity. Key Points • IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-y are associated with the immunopathology of RA, but not significantly with the evolution of the disease. • RF, anti-CCP, and anti-MCV had higher levels in early than established RA. • IL-21 has an association with RF, anti-CCP, and anti-MCVand, for this reason, could be proposed as a disease biomarker. • Patients with activity moderate of disease showed higher levels of RF, anti-CCP, anti-MCV, and IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Viridiana Reyes-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, No. 950, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro Ernesto Sánchez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, No. 950, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Clínicas Médicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Trinidad García-Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, No. 950, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Verónica González-Díaz
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Clínicas Médicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sergio Cerpa-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Julissa Polanco-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Ramírez-Dueñas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, No. 950, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Pradhan A, Bagchi A, De S, Mitra S, Mukherjee S, Ghosh P, Ghosh A, Chatterjee M. Role of redox imbalance and cytokines in mediating oxidative damage and disease progression of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:768-779. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1629586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Aniruddha Bagchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumita De
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sneha Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Parasar Ghosh
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Alakendu Ghosh
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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21
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Jian L, Sun L, Li C, Yu R, Ma Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin‐21 enhances Toll‐like receptor 2/4‐mediated cytokine production via phosphorylation in the STAT3, Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathways in human monocytic THP‐1 cells. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12761. [PMID: 30977163 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
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22
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Yoon T, Ahn SS, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW. Serum interleukin-21 positivity could indicate the current activity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a monocentric prospective study. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:1685-1690. [PMID: 30863949 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a pleotropic cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we investigated whether serum IL-21 positivity is associated with disease activity in patients with all variants of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Sixty patients with AAV from a monocentric prospective cohort were enrolled from November 2016 to May 2018 in this study. On the day of visit, clinical manifestations including Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) were assessed, routine laboratory tests were performed, and blood samples were collected. Isolated sera were stored at - 80 °C on the same day to measure serum IL-21. The definition of generalised AAV set by the European Vasculitis Study group was adopted. In addition, serum IL-21 positivity was compared between patients with different autoimmune diseases and healthy controls. The mean age was 59.3 years, and 39 patients (65.0%) were women. Of patients, 23 (38.3%) had new-onset AAV, whereas 28 (46.7%) had generalised AAV. Serum IL-21 was detected in 16 patients (26.7%). Patients with serum IL-21 positivity exhibited a higher risk of having generalised AAV than those without (relative risk 5.250, p = 0.012). No difference in serum IL-21 positivity was observed among patients with AAV, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy controls. Among patients with serum IL-21 positivity, serum IL-21 became negative at initial visit following the decrease in BVAS. Serum IL-21 positivity might be a useful biomarker to indicate the disease activity of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Yoon
- Department of Medical Science, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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No effect of anti-TNF-α treatment on serum IL-17 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:270-275. [PMID: 30588171 PMCID: PMC6305616 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.80045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and CC-chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A correlation has been reported to exist between serum levels of IL-17 and CCL20 and the disease activity. However, such an effect has not been universally demonstrated. The aim of the present study was to investigate if serum levels of IL-17 and/or CCL20 reflect the disease activity and response to anti-TNF-α therapy in patients with RA. Material and methods Twenty-two RA patients qualified to receive anti-TNF-α treatment were prospectively assessed before and after 12 weeks of therapy. Serum concentrations of IL-17 and CCL20 were measured with high-sensitivity immunoassays. Disease activity was assessed by the 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28). Results Twelve weeks of therapy resulted in a satisfactory therapeutic response in the majority (91%) of patients (reflected both by clinical and standard biochemical criteria). However, serum concentrations of IL-17 and CCL20 did not change significantly over the course of therapy Moreover, they did not correlate with the disease activity, patient characteristics, and their response to therapy. Conclusions Serum levels of IL-17 and CCL20 do not reflect changes in the clinical and biochemical status that occur in patients undergoing anti-TNF-α treatment for RA. The lack of such an association indicates that IL-17 signalling is not affected by anti-TNF-α therapy and is thus not critically involved in the disease pathogenesis.
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Chen B, Liu Y, Cheng L. IL-21 Enhances the Degradation of Cartilage Through the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway During Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head Cartilage. Inflammation 2018; 41:595-605. [PMID: 29247327 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the role of interleukin-21 (IL-21) in the mechanism of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The serum content of IL-21 in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) and with femoral neck fracture (FNF) was examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cartilage specimens were stained with safranin-O. The expression of IL-21, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS-4), matrix metalloproteinase-13(MMP-13), and aggrecan in the cartilage was detected, by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Moreover, chondrocytes were treated with IL-21 (100 ng/mL) or PBS to examine the mRNA content of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β and NOS-2 by RT-PCR, and the protein levels of ADAMTS-4, MMP-13, and aggrecan by western blot analysis. The activity of the JAK-STAT pathway was determined in vitro after stimulation with IL-21. IL-21 serum levels were obviously higher in the ONFH patients and positively correlated with the severity of ONFH. There were more cells positive for inflammatory cytokines, including IL-21, TNF-α, and COX-2, in the cartilage of the ONFH patients than the FNF patients. The level of certain relative biomarkers, such as ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13, was higher and aggrecan was lower in the ONFH patients. The mRNA contents of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and NOS-2, as well as the levels of ADAMTS-4, MMP-13, were enhanced, and aggrecan decreased after stimulation with IL-21. The protein content of p-STAT-1, as well as p-STAT-3, also increased after IL-21 stimulation, and the highest level appeared at 30 min. Furthermore, the protein level of ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13 and the mRNA level of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and NOS-2 significantly decreased after stimulation with AG-490. IL-21 enhances cartilage inflammation to promote cartilage degradation through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the cartilage of ONFH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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Liu C, Wang D, Lu S, Xu Q, Zhao L, Zhao J, Song Y, Wang H. Increased Circulating Follicular Treg Cells Are Associated With Lower Levels of Autoantibodies in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Stable Remission. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:711-721. [PMID: 29381842 DOI: 10.1002/art.40430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Dongwei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College; Shihezi University; Shihezi China
| | - Songsong Lu
- Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Qinzhu Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | | | - Ying Song
- Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Hui Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
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The soluble mannose receptor (sMR) is elevated in alcoholic liver disease and associated with disease severity, portal hypertension, and mortality in cirrhosis patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189345. [PMID: 29236785 PMCID: PMC5728513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) are involved in the immunopathology of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The mannose receptor (MR, CD206), expressed primarily by macrophages, mediates endocytosis, antigen presentation and T-cell activation. A soluble form, sMR, has recently been identified in humans. We aimed to study plasma sMR levels and its correlation with disease severity and survival in ALD patients. Methods We included 50 patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH), 68 alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) patients (Child-Pugh A (23), B (24), C (21)), and 21 healthy controls (HC). Liver status was described by the Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score (GAHS), Child-Pugh (CP) and MELD-scores, and in AC patients the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) was measured by liver vein catheterisation. We used Kaplan-Meier statistics for short-term survival (84-days) in AH patients and long-term (4 years) in AC patients. We measured plasma sMR by ELISA. Results Median sMR concentrations were significantly elevated in AH 1.32(IQR:0.69) and AC 0.46(0.5) compared to HC 0.2(0.06) mg/L; p<0.001 and increased in a stepwise manner with the CP-score (p<0.001). In AC sMR predicted portal hypertension (HVPG ≥10 mmHg) with an area under the Receiver Operator Characteristics curve of 0.86 and a high sMR cut-off (>0.43 mg/l) was associated with increased mortality (p = 0.005). Conclusion The soluble mannose receptor is elevated in alcoholic liver disease, especially in patients with AH. Its blood level predicts portal hypertension and long-term mortality in AC patients.
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Autoantibodies against interleukin-21 correlate with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:75-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dinesh P, Rasool M. Multifaceted role of IL‐21 in rheumatoid arthritis: Current understanding and future perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3918-3928. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palani Dinesh
- Immunopathology LabSchool of Bio Sciences and TechnologyVIT UniversityVelloreTamil NaduIndia
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30
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Balato A, Scala E, Balato N, Caiazzo G, Di Caprio R, Monfrecola G, Raimondo A, Lembo S, Ayala F. Biologics that inhibit the Th17 pathway and related cytokines to treat inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1363-1374. [PMID: 28791896 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1363884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in the understanding of TNF-α and IL-17 synergistic functions have recently led to the concept that patients who do not respond or who respond inadequately to TNF-α inhibitors may have IL-17-driven diseases, opening up the way for a new class of therapeutic development: Th17-inhibitors. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the central role that the IL-23/Th17 axis plays in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, highlighting its position as a relevant therapeutic target. In particular, the authors start by giving a brief historical excursus on biologic agent development up until the success of TNF-α inhibitors, and continue with an overview of IL12/23 pathway inhibition. Next, they describe Th17 cell biology, focusing on the role of IL-17 in host defense and in human immune-inflammatory diseases, discussing the use and side effects of IL-17 inhibitors. Expert opinion: The IL-23/Th17 signaling pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis. Recent data has demonstrated that biologics neutralizing IL-17 (ixekizumab, secukinumab) or its receptor (brodalumab) are highly effective with a positive safety profile in treating moderate to severe psoriasis, offering new treatment possibilities, especially for patients who do not respond adequately to anti-TNF-α therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balato
- a Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Emanuele Scala
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Balato
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caiazzo
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberta Di Caprio
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Annunziata Raimondo
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Serena Lembo
- c Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry , "Scuola Medica Salernitana" University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Fabio Ayala
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
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31
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Malinowski D, Paradowska-Gorycka A, Safranow K, Pawlik A. Interleukin-21 gene polymorphism rs2221903 is associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:1142-1147. [PMID: 28883856 PMCID: PMC5575225 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.68945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Genetic polymorphisms in the IL-21 gene may alter the synthesis of IL-21. The aim of this study was to examine IL-21 and IL-21R polymorphisms in patients with RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 422 patients with RA and 338 healthy controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the IL-21 (rs6822844 G>T, rs6840978 C>T, rs2221903 T>C) and IL-21R (rs2285452 G>A) genes were genotyped using TaqMan genotyping assays. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of studied genotypes and alleles between RA patients and the control group. To examine whether IL-21 polymorphisms affect disease activity in RA patients, we compared the distribution of IL-21 genotypes between patients with DAS28 ≤ 2.5 (patients with remission of disease symptoms) and patients with DAS28 > 2.5 (patients with active RA). Among patients with DAS28 > 2.5, increased prevalence of rs2221903 CT and CC genotypes was observed (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.04-2.28; p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that IL-21 and IL-21R gene polymorphisms are not risk loci for RA susceptibility, whereas the IL-21 rs2221903 polymorphism is associated with disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Malinowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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32
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Fadda SH, Abd Elazeem MI, Mohammed RA, Sayed MT. Correlation between disease activity and serum interleukin-23 in rheumatoid arthritis. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/err.err_11_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Shan Y, Qi C, Liu Y, Gao H, Zhao D, Jiang Y. Increased frequency of peripheral blood follicular helper T cells and elevated serum IL‑21 levels in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1095-1102. [PMID: 28112376 PMCID: PMC5367351 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An aberrant immune response has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the role of peripheral blood follicular helper T (TFH) cells in the pathogenesis of OA has yet to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of TFH cells and serum interleukin-21 (IL-21) in the pathogenesis of OA. Frequency of peripheral blood inducible costimulator (ICOS)+, programmed death 1 (PD-1)+, and IL-21+ CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in 40 patients with OA and 13 healthy controls (HCs) were examined by flow cytometry. The disease state in individual patients was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Concentrations of serum IL-21, interferon-γ (INF-γ), IL-4, IL-17A, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was measured. The percentages of CXCR5+CD4+ cells, PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+, ICOS+CXCR5+CD4+ and IL-21+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in OA patients were significantly higher than those in the HCs. Furthermore, serum IL-21, IL-17A and IFN-γ levels in OA patients were significantly higher than those in HCs. Expression of IL-21+TFH cells in OA patients demonstrated a positive correlation with OA disease activity, CRP levels and WOMAC. TFH cells and IL-21 appear to serve an important role in the progression of OA. IL-21+TFH cells may prove to be a marker of OA disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shan
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Changlin Qi
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ding Zhao
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Singh D, Henkel M, Sendon B, Feng J, Fabio A, Metes D, Moreland LW, McGeachy MJ. Analysis of CXCR5 +Th17 cells in relation to disease activity and TNF inhibitor therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39474. [PMID: 28004828 PMCID: PMC5177940 DOI: 10.1038/srep39474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 and TfH cells are thought to promote tissue inflammation and autoantibody production, respectively, in autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). TfH cells that co-express Th17 markers (CXCR5+Th17) encompass both of these pathogenic functions, and are increased in some human autoimmune settings including juvenile dermatomyositis. We investigated CXCR5+Th17 cells in RA subjects with stable or active disease and before and after TNF inhibitor therapy. CXCR5+Th17 cell frequency was increased in RA compared to healthy controls, but other helper T cell subsets were not different. CXCR5+Th17 cells correlated with disease activity in subjects with active RA prior to initiation of TNF inhibitor therapy. Baseline CXCR5+Th17 cells also correlated with numbers of swollen joints as late as one year post-therapy. CXCR5+Th17 cell frequencies were unaltered by TNF blockade and in fact remained remarkably stable within individuals. We conclude that CXCR5+Th17 cells are not a direct target of TNF blockade and therefore cannot serve as a biomarker of current disease activity. However, basal CXCR5+Th17 cell frequency may indicate underlying differences in disease phenotype between patients and predict ultimate success of TNF inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Matthew Henkel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bernadette Sendon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - June Feng
- Epidemiology Data Coordinating Center, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anthony Fabio
- Epidemiology Data Coordinating Center, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Larry W Moreland
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Differential Effects of Inflammation on Bone and Response to Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Xing R, Zhang Y, Li C, Sun L, Yang L, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin-21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway independently of RANKL. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1125-34. [PMID: 27599586 PMCID: PMC5029957 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a key role in the bone destruction of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) promotes osteoclastogenesis in RA in a receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent way. Whether IL-21 is capable of promoting osteoclastogenesis directly in the absence of RANKL remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the osteoclastogenic activity of IL-21 in RAW264.7 cells in the absence of RANKL. We found that IL-21 enhanced osteoclastogenesis and this was demonstrated by increased numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive stained, multinucleated cells compared with the negative control. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry showed the positive expression of calcitonin receptor (CTR) in the IL-21 group. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR also verified the increased mRNA expression of CTR and cathepsin K in the IL-21 group compared with the negative control. The scanning electronic microscope images showed a few resorption pits on the bone slices cultured with IL-21. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 significantly suppressed IL-21-induced osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-21 has direct osteoclastogenic potential independently of RANKL. IL-21 may promote osteoclastogenesis through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therapy targeting IL-21 may be of value in preventing bone erosions in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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Interleukin-21 signaling in B cells, but not in T cells, is indispensable for the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:188. [PMID: 27535236 PMCID: PMC4989522 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine whose receptor is expressed on a variety of cells and therefore might have pleiotropic roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we investigated the involvement of IL-21 signaling in the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of RA, using IL-21 receptor knockout (Il21r KO) mice. Methods Il21r KO mice or wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were immunized with chicken type II collagen (CII) emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant on day 0 and were given a boost injection on day 21. The production of anti-CII antibody, development of T-cell and B-cell subsets, and T-cell responses to CII were analyzed. CIA was induced in Rag2 KO mice to which combinations of WT or Il21r KO CD4 T cells and WT or Il21r KO B cells had been transferred, in order to examine the role of IL-21 signaling in each cell subset. Results Il21r KO mice were resistant to the development of CIA. CII-specific IgG but not IgM production was impaired in Il21r KO mice. This is consistent with a reduction of germinal center B cells in the draining lymph nodes. In contrast, CII-specific Th1 and Th17 responses were unaffected in Il21r KO mice. There was also no difference in the number of CII-specific follicular helper T cells between WT and Il21r KO mice. By analyzing the development of CIA in T-cell and B-cell mixed transfer experiments, we confirmed that IL-21 receptor expression on B cells, but not on T cells, was essential for the development of CIA. Conclusion IL-21 signaling in B cells, but not in T cells, plays essential roles in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies that induce CIA development.
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Andersson KME, Brisslert M, Cavallini NF, Svensson MND, Welin A, Erlandsson MC, Ciesielski MJ, Katona G, Bokarewa MI. Survivin co-ordinates formation of follicular T-cells acting in synergy with Bcl-6. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20043-57. [PMID: 26343374 PMCID: PMC4652986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells are recognized by the expression of CXCR5 and the transcriptional regulator Bcl-6. Tfh cells control B cell maturation and antibody production, and if deregulated, may lead to autoimmunity. Here, we study the role of the proto-oncogene survivin in the formation of Tfh cells. We show that blood Tfh cells of patients with the autoimmune condition rheumatoid arthritis, have intracellular expression of survivin. Survivin was co-localized with Bcl-6 in the nuclei of CXCR5+CD4 lymphocytes and was immunoprecipitated with the Bcl-6 responsive element of the target genes. Inhibition of survivin in arthritic mice led to the reduction of CXCR5+ Tfh cells and to low production of autoantibodies. Exposure to survivin activated STAT3 and induced enrichment of PD-1+Bcl-6+ subset within Tfh cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates that survivin belongs to the Tfh cell phenotype and ensures their optimal function by regulating transcriptional activity of Bcl-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M E Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brisslert
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicola Filluelo Cavallini
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias N D Svensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Welin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin C Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael J Ciesielski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute and State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gergely Katona
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria I Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abe K, Takahashi A, Imaizumi H, Hayashi M, Okai K, Kanno Y, Watanabe H, Ohira H. Interleukin-21 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and severity of type I autoimmune hepatitis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:777. [PMID: 27386263 PMCID: PMC4912506 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recently, the number of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells expressing interleukin (IL)-21 was found to increase in peripheral blood of human and murine models of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). IL-21, the most recently discovered member of the type-I cytokine family, exerts various effects on the immune system, including B cell activation, plasma cell differentiation, and immunoglobulin production. We aimed to assess the relationship of serum IL-21 levels in patients with type I AIH with clinical and laboratory parameters and histology. METHODS Ninety-two Japanese patients with liver disease (22 AIH, 20 primary biliary cholangitis, 19 drug-induced liver injury, 8 acute hepatitis B, 8 chronic hepatitis C, 10 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 5 viral hepatitis) and 10 healthy volunteers were recruited. Serum IL-21 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction measured mRNA levels of Bcl-6, IL-21, and CXCR5 (Tfh-related factors) in peripheral mononuclear cells. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis of AIH was 58.6 years, male-to-female ratio was 4:18, 18.2 % of participants had cirrhosis, and 22.7 % had severe disease. IL-21 levels were significantly increased in the serum of patients with AIH compared to those with other liver diseases and controls (p < 0.0001). Particularly, serum IL-21 levels were significantly increased in severe AIH cases compared to non-severe cases (p < 0.05). Serum IL-21 levels correlated positively with total serum bilirubin levels (r = 0.46, p < 0.05), grading of necroinflammatory activity (r = 0.68, p < 0.005) and negatively with serum albumin levels in patients with AIH (r = -0.49, p < 0.05). In patients with biochemical remission of AIH, serum IL-21 levels remained elevated and correlated positively with serum IgG levels (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). Expression of Tfh-related factors, such as Bcl-6 and IL-21, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with AIH was significantly higher than that in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS IL-21 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and severity of AIH, and may present a promising target for AIH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Hiromichi Imaizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Manabu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Ken Okai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Yukiko Kanno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
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Andersen T, Hvid M, Johansen C, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hetland ML, Hørslev-Petersen K, Junker P, Østergaard M, Deleuran B. Interleukin-23 in early disease development in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2016; 44:438-42. [PMID: 26087654 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2015.1033007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the levels of interleukin (IL)-23 in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (eRA) and the effect of anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF)-α treatment on IL-23 levels. METHOD Treatment-naïve eRA patients from the OPERA cohort were included (n = 151). Patients were randomized to methotrexate (MTX) plus adalimumab (ADA; n = 75) or MTX plus placebo-ADA (PLA; n = 76). Plasma samples were obtained at baseline and at months 3, 6, and 12 together with values for C-reactive protein (CRP), the 28-joint Disease Activity Score based on CRP (DAS28CRP), scores on the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain/fatigue/physician global and total Sharp/van der Heijde score (TSS). IL-23 was measured at each time point. RESULTS IL-23 levels decreased significantly in the ADA group from 20.6 pg/mL (IQR 13.1-32.7 pg/mL) at baseline to 18 pg/mL (IQR 7.2-25.0 pg/mL) at 12 months (p < 0.01). No significant decrease in IL-23 level was observed in the PLA group. No associations between baseline IL-23 levels and measures of disease activity (DAS28CRP, CRP, CDAI, or SDAI) at 12 or 24 months were present in the treatment groups. Baseline IL-23 correlated inversely with changes in TSS and symptom duration before diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data show increased baseline levels and a significant decrease in IL-23 levels in eRA patients treated with anti-TNF-α. The inverse correlation with duration of symptoms before diagnosis supports the importance of IL-23 in the preclinical disease development of RA.
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Abstract
IL-21 is a type I cytokine produced by T cells and natural killer T cells that has pleiotropic actions on a wide range of immune and non-immune cell types. Since its discovery in 2000, extensive studies on the biological actions of IL-21 have been performed in vitro and in vivo. Recent reports describing patients with primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations of IL21 or IL21R have further deepened our knowledge of the role of this cytokine in host defense. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that mediate IL-21's actions has provided the rationale for targeting IL-21 and IL-21 downstream mediators for therapeutic purposes. The use of next-generation sequencing technology has provided further insights into the complexity of IL-21 signaling and has identified transcription factors and co-factors involved in mediating the actions of this cytokine. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the biology and signaling of IL-21 and how this knowledge can be potentially translated into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethseda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Keung Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethseda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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Mootha A, Malaiappan S, Jayakumar ND, Varghese SS, Toby Thomas J. The Effect of Periodontitis on Expression of Interleukin-21: A Systematic Review. Int J Inflam 2016; 2016:3507503. [PMID: 26998377 PMCID: PMC4779837 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3507503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Inflammation and tissue breakdown are led by an array of inflammatory destructive mediators associated with initiation and progression of inflammatory diseases like periodontitis. Current evidence shows that these inflammatory mediators have a definitive role in the pathogenesis of various systemic diseases with an inflammatory component. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has been associated with systemic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease that follow a chronic inflammatory cascade. Similarly recent studies have associated Interleukin-21 levels with periodontitis. This systematic review was aimed to assess the levels of IL-21 in subjects with periodontitis. Methods. A complete literature search was done in PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, and Cochrane databases and Google Scholar based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Six relevant articles were procured. Full text was read individually by two reviewers and data extraction was done based on STROBE statement. Results. After data extraction five observational and one interventional study were obtained. All the studies showed an increased expression of IL-21 in periodontitis and the interventional study showed reduction in IL-21 levels after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSP). Conclusion. Interleukin-21 levels are higher in periodontitis than controls. With this limited evidence further longitudinal studies are required to consider this as a definitive inflammatory marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Mootha
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, No. 162, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Sankari Malaiappan
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, No. 162, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India
| | - N. D. Jayakumar
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, No. 162, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Sheeja S. Varghese
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, No. 162, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Julie Toby Thomas
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, No. 162, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India
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Xing R, Jin Y, Sun L, Yang L, Li C, Li Z, Liu X, Zhao J. Interleukin-21 induces migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:147-58. [PMID: 26646950 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovial fibroblast hyperplasia and bone erosion. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play a pivotal role in RA pathogenesis through aggressive migration and matrix invasion, and certain proinflammatory cytokines may affect synoviocyte invasion. Whether interleukin (IL)-21 influences this process remains controversial. Here, we evaluated the potential regulatory effect of IL-21 on the migration, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in RA-FLS. We found that IL-21 promoted the migration, invasion and MMP (MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13) production in RA-FLS. Moreover, IL-21 induced activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathways, and blockage of these pathways [PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitor LY294002, STAT-3 inhibitor STA-21 and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059] attenuated IL-21-induced migration and secretion of MMP-3 and MMP-9. In conclusion, our results suggest that IL-21 promotes migration and invasion of RA-FLS. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting IL-21 might be effective for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - L Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - C Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Novel Immunotherapeutic Avenues for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:214-229. [PMID: 26875450 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory rheumatic disease. It leads to irreversible joint damage, physical handicap, and reduced life expectancy. The past two decades have seen considerable therapeutic advances with the development of biologic treatments to block proinflammatory cytokines or modulate lymphocyte function, followed by the development of small molecules to target intracellular signaling. Nevertheless, only a minority of patients can achieve disease remission, especially long term, warranting further investigation into newer therapeutic options. Targeting single proinflammatory pathways may not be sufficient, as suggested by variable results with T helper (Th)-17-related cytokine blockade. Multilevel information from 'omics' techniques along with data from mechanistic studies might facilitate the identification of pivotal checkpoints in RA disease pathogenesis and the subsequent development of new effective treatments.
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Biological effects of IL-21 on different immune cells and its role in autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology 2016; 221:357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schwartz DM, Bonelli M, Gadina M, O'Shea JJ. Type I/II cytokines, JAKs, and new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:25-36. [PMID: 26633291 PMCID: PMC4688091 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are major drivers of autoimmunity, and biologic agents targeting cytokines have revolutionized the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Despite the effectiveness of these drugs, they do not induce complete remission in all patients, prompting the development of alternative strategies - including targeting of intracellular signal transduction pathways downstream of cytokines. Many cytokines that bind type I and type II cytokine receptors are critical regulators of immune-mediated diseases and employ the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway to exert their effect. Pharmacological inhibition of JAKs blocks the actions of type I/II cytokines, and within the past 3 years therapeutic JAK inhibitors, or Jakinibs, have become available to rheumatologists. Jakinibs have proven effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Adverse effects of these agents are largely related to their mode of action and include infections and hyperlipidemia. Jakinibs are currently being investigated for a number of new indications, and second-generation selective Jakinibs are being developed and tested. Targeting STATs could be a future avenue for the treatment of rheumatologic diseases, although substantial challenges remain. Nonetheless, the ability to therapeutically target intracellular signalling pathways has already created a new paradigm for the treatment of rheumatologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella M Schwartz
- Molecular Immunology &Inflammation Branch, and Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis &Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Building 10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1616, USA
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Rheumatology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Molecular Immunology &Inflammation Branch, and Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis &Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Building 10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1616, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology &Inflammation Branch, and Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis &Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Building 10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1616, USA
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Inflammatory bowel disease-related arthritis - clinical evaluation and possible role of cytokines. Reumatologia 2015; 53:236-42. [PMID: 27407253 PMCID: PMC4847320 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2015.55824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation, rheumatic abnormalities ranging from arthralgia to spondyloarthritis (SpA) are the most common extraintestinal manifestations. The pathogenesis of IBD-related arthritis is unclear. In this study, we search for clinical and immunological differences between patients with IBD-associated spondyloarthritis and IBD patients without SpA symptoms. Material and methods Patients with an established diagnosis of IBD, suffering from Leśniowski-Crohn disease (L-CD, n = 24) or ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 27), were enrolled in the study. Clinical evaluation of patients, based on medical history, blood tests, physical and radiological examinations, allowed two subgroups of patients to be established. One subgroup comprised patients fulfilling criteria for both IBD and SpA (IBD + SpA, n = 29), while the other included IBD patients with arthralgia only (IBD, n = 22). Serum concentrations of interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results Patients with IBD + SpA were characterized by shorter disease duration (3 vs. 9 years), higher frequency of HLA-B27 positivity (60.7% vs. 4.5%) and uveitis (20.7% vs. 0%), compared with the IBD subgroup. The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tested cytokines did not differ between IBD + SpA and IBD patients, or between L-CD and UC groups. However, in the IBD + SpA subgroup there was weak to moderate positive correlation between serum concentrations of CRP and several cytokines (IL-6, IL-21, IFN-γ), and additional moderate positive correlation between serum concentrations of IL-23 and clinical activity of SpA. By contrast, in IBD subgroup a strong inverse correlation between serum concentrations of Interleukin 23 and CRP was found. Conclusions IBD-related spondyloarthritis occurs relatively early, affects mostly HLA-B27(+) individuals, and is often accompanied by ocular involvement. In these patients several circulating cytokines are associated with systemic inflammation. IL-23 seems to be protective in IBD while detrimental in IBD-related spondyloarthritis.
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Avci AB, Feist E, Burmester GR. Biologicals in rheumatoid arthritis: current and future. RMD Open 2015; 1:e000127. [PMID: 26535144 PMCID: PMC4613149 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the review is to highlight the current knowledge about established and new biologicals and to summarise recent advances by focusing on comparative efficacy, safety and possible discontinuation of treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Up to now, comparative analyses showed only minor differences with respect to efficacy and safety among the established biologicals. Studies confirmed the excellent drug retention rate as well as efficacy and safety of approved biologicals including their use in monotherapy. Tapering and in some instances discontinuation of biologicals is possible in disease remission. In case of relapse, patients usually show full response after reintroduction of the same compound. The development of biologicals continues fast with several new biologicals targeting different or established cytokines or cellular subsets of the immune system. With several new biologicals in the pipeline and different formulations for established compounds, treatment options for RA will become even more versatile and sophisticated. Although we get closer to the aim of decreasing the proportion of refractory patients, many questions have to be addressed in the near future regarding emerging biosimilars and biologicals with new modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Berkant Avci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology , Akdeniz University, Medical School , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Eugen Feist
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Charité-University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Gerd-R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Charité-University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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Wang SP, Iwata S, Nakayamada S, Niiro H, Jabbarzadeh-Tabrizi S, Kondo M, Kubo S, Yoshikawa M, Tanaka Y. Amplification of IL-21 signalling pathway through Bruton’s tyrosine kinase in human B cell activation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:1488-1497. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Lee JC, Menacherry S, Diehl MC, Giffear MD, White CJ, Juba R, Bagarazzi ML, Muthumani K, Boyer J, Agarwal V, Nicoletti F, Bart S, Kim JJ, Weiner DB, Sardesai NY. Safety, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics of VGX-1027-A novel oral anti-inflammatory drug in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2015; 5:91-101. [PMID: 27138022 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
VGX-1027, a novel oral immune modulator, is under development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single (1-800 mg) and multiple (40-400 mg) oral doses were evaluated in 2 clinical studies. The doses were well tolerated up to 800 mg in a single dose and 200 mg twice daily in multiple doses. Adverse events were mild to moderate in severity with no identifiable dose-related pattern. There were no clinically significant physical or laboratory findings. The pharmacokinetic data indicated that increases in Cmax and AUC0-inf were dose-proportional, and AUC0- τ was approximately dose-proportional. For the single-dose study, median Tmax ranged from 0.5 to 2 hours and mean t1/2 ranged from 4.9 to 8.7 hours. For the multiple-dose study, median Tmax ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 hours and mean t1/2 ranged from 7.05 to 10.05 hours. No accumulation of the drug was observed after day 1, indicating that steady-state concentrations were attained with single and multiple dosing for 5 days. Approximately 90% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as unchanged drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Lee
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Stanley Menacherry
- University of New Haven, Tagliatela School of Engineering, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - C Jo White
- C. Jo White Consulting, Lower Gwynedd, PA, USA
| | - Rob Juba
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | | | - Karuppiah Muthumani
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Boyer
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- NorthEast Bioanalytical Laboratories LLC, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, the University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - J Joseph Kim
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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