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Urugo MM, Teka TA, Berihune RA, Teferi SL, Garbaba CA, Adebo JA, Woldemariam HW, Astatkie T. Novel non-thermal food processing techniques and their mechanism of action in mycotoxins decontamination of foods. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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2
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Karsauliya K, Yahavi C, Pandey A, Bhateria M, Sonker AK, Pandey H, Sharma M, Singh SP. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins: A review on bioanalytical methods for simultaneous analysis in human biological samples, mixture toxicity and risk assessment strategies. Toxicon 2022; 218:25-39. [PMID: 36049662 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the toxic chemical substances that are produced by various fungal species and some of these are harmful to humans. Mycotoxins are ubiquitous in nature and humans could be exposed to multiple mycotoxins simultaneously. Unfortunately, exposure to mixed mycotoxins is not very well studied. Various studies have demonstrated the capacity of mycotoxins to show synergistic effect in the presence of other mycotoxins, thus, increasing the risk of toxicity. Hence, it is important to monitor mixed mycotoxins in human biological samples which would serve as a crucial information for risk assessment. Through this review paper, we aim to summarize the mixture toxicity of mycotoxins and the various bio-analytical techniques that are being used for the simultaneous analysis of mixed mycotoxins in human biological samples. Different sample preparation and clean-up techniques employed till date for eliminating the interferences from human biological samples without affecting the analyses of the mycotoxins are also discussed. Further, a brief introduction of risk assessment strategies that have been or could be adopted for multiple mycotoxin risk assessments is also mentioned. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that focuses solely on the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in human biological samples as well as their risk assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Karsauliya
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - C Yahavi
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anushka Pandey
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Sonker
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Harshita Pandey
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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New Evidences about the Carcinogenic Effects of Ochratoxin A and Possible Prevention by Target Feed Additives. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060380. [PMID: 35737041 PMCID: PMC9230445 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the carcinogenic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on various tissues and internal organs in laboratory and farm animals is made. Suggestions are made regarding how to recognize and differentiate the common spontaneous neoplastic changes characteristic for advanced age and the characteristic neoplasia in different tissues and organs in laboratory animals/poultry exposed to OTA. The synergistic effects of OTA together with its natural combination of penicillic acid are also investigated regarding possible carcinogenic effects. The malignancy and the target location of OTA-induced neoplasia is studied. The sex-differences of such neoplasia are investigated in the available literature. The time of appearance of the first neoplasia is investigated in long-term carcinogenic studies with OTA-treated animals. The possibility of target feed additives or herbs to counteract the toxic and carcinogenic effects of OTA is studied in the available literature. Some effective manners of prophylaxis and/or prevention against OTA contamination of feedstuffs/foods or animal production are suggested. The suitability of various laboratory animals to serve as experimental model for humans with regard to OTA-induced tumorigenesis is investigated.
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Dorne JLCM, Cirlini M, Louisse J, Pedroni L, Galaverna G, Dellafiora L. A Computational Understanding of Inter-Individual Variability in CYP2D6 Activity to Investigate the Impact of Missense Mutations on Ochratoxin A Metabolism. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030207. [PMID: 35324704 PMCID: PMC8950366 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes have a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics of food origin, and their highly polymorphic nature concurs with the diverse inter-individual variability in the toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD) of food chemicals. Ochratoxin A is a well-known mycotoxin which contaminates a large variety of food and is associated with food safety concerns. It is a minor substrate of CYP2D6, although the effects of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on its metabolism may be overlooked. Insights on this aspect would provide a useful mechanistic basis for a more science-based hazard assessment, particularly to integrate inter-individual differences in CYP2D6 metabolism. This work presents a molecular modelling approach for the analysis of mechanistic features with regard to the metabolic capacity of CYP2D6 variants to oxidise a number of substrates. The outcomes highlighted that a low-frequency CYP2D6 variant (CYP2D6*110) is likely to enhance ochratoxin A oxidation with possible consequences on TK and TD. It is therefore recommended to further analyse such TK and TD consequences. Generally speaking, we propose the identification of mechanistic features and parameters that could provide a semi-quantitative means to discriminate ligands based on the likelihood to undergo transformation by CYP2D6 variants. This would support the development of a fit-for-purpose pipeline which can be extended to a tool allowing for the bulk analysis of a large number of compounds. Such a tool would ultimately include inter-phenotypic differences of polymorphic xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes in the hazard assessment and risk characterisation of food chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lou C. M. Dorne
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (L.D.); Tel.: +39-0521-906079 (L.D.)
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Lorenzo Pedroni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (L.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (L.D.); Tel.: +39-0521-906079 (L.D.)
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Samuel MS, Jeyaram K, Datta S, Chandrasekar N, Balaji R, Selvarajan E. Detection, Contamination, Toxicity, and Prevention Methods of Ochratoxins: An Update Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13974-13989. [PMID: 34783556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxins (OTs) with nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties are thermostable fungal subordinate metabolites. OTs contamination can occur before or after harvesting, during the processing, packing, distribution, and storage of food. Mold development and mycotoxin contamination can occur in any crop or cereal that has not been stored properly for long periods of time and is subjected to high levels of humidity and temperature. Ochratoxin A (OTA) presents a significant health threat to creatures and individuals. There is also a concern of how human interaction with OTA will also express the remains of OTA from feedstuffs into animal-derived items. Numerous approaches have been studied for the reduction of the OTA content in agronomic products. These methods can be classified into two major classes: inhibition of OTA adulteration and decontamination or detoxification of food. A description of the various mycotoxins, the organism responsible for the development of mycotoxins, and their adverse effects are given. In the current paper, the incidence of OTA in various fodder and food materials is discussed, which is accompanied by a brief overview of the OTA mode of synthesis, physicochemical properties, toxic effects of various types of ochratoxins, and OTA decontamination adaptation methods. To our knowledge, we are the first to report on the structure of many naturally accessible OTAs and OTA metabolism. Finally, this paper seeks to be insightful and draw attention to dangerous OTA, which is too frequently neglected and overlooked in farm duplication from the list of discrepancy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin S Samuel
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Kanimozhi Jeyaram
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saptashwa Datta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narendhar Chandrasekar
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore 641022, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Balaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC
| | - Ethiraj Selvarajan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Malir F, Louda M, Toman J, Ostry V, Pickova D, Pacovsky J, Brodak M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Investigation of ochratoxin A biomarkers in biological materials obtained from patients suffering from renal cell carcinoma. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112669. [PMID: 34774926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure can result in chronic renal diseases and cancer. The incidence of kidney, renal pelvis, and ureter malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic is approximately 29.5 renal tumours per 100,000 inhabitants. The question arises whether mycotoxins are also involved in kidney disease and cancer. A sensitive validated analytical methodology, based on an immunoaffinity clean-up followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection, was developed to explore whether OTA accumulates in clear renal cell carcinoma-adenocarcinoma in Czech patients. Simultaneously, DNA-adducts and OTA metabolites were qualitatively analysed in tissues and urine. OTA was analysed in 33 kidney and tumour samples from 26 men and 7 women collected during nephrectomy from patients of the East Bohemian region from 2015 to 2017. OTA was found in 76% of the analysed samples. Its concentrations ranged from not detectable to 390 ng/kg with a median of 167 ng/kg in kidney samples and from not detectable to 430 ng/kg with a median of 122 ng/kg in tumour samples. Urinary OTA metabolites and DNA adducts were qualitatively analysed for the corresponding 20 patients. The presence of some OTA metabolites such as ochratoxin A hydroquinone and/or decarboxylated ochratoxin A hydroquinone correlate with the presence of OTA-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Louda
- Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Pickova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pacovsky
- Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Brodak
- Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- formerly University of Toulouse, INP/ENSAT Toulouse, Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Auzeville - Tolosane, France
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Berenbaum MR, Bush DS, Liao LH. Cytochrome P450-mediated mycotoxin metabolism by plant-feeding insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:85-91. [PMID: 33264684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced primarily by filamentous fungi that when consumed cause pathological responses in animal hosts or consumers. Defined functionally rather than structurally, mycotoxins derive from numerous primary metabolic pathways. Through opportunistic or mutualistic associations, insect herbivores inflict damage that can predispose plants to infection by mycotoxin-producing phytopathogens, resulting in economically significant contamination. The few cytochrome P450 subfamilies implicated in mycotoxin detoxification by insects, including CYP6 and CYP9, are also known to detoxify phytochemicals. Some insect P450s bioactivate, rather than detoxify, mycotoxins, suggestive of an 'escalation' in arms-race interactions between these herbivores and fungi. Characterizing insect P450s that detoxify mycotoxins can be useful for developing biological remediation technologies and for ensuring the safety of insects reared for human or livestock consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- May R Berenbaum
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA.
| | - Daniel S Bush
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
| | - Ling-Hsiu Liao
- Dept. Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3795, USA
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Follow up long term preliminary studies on carcinogenic and toxic effects of ochratoxin A in rats and the putative protection of phenylalanine. Toxicon 2020; 190:41-49. [PMID: 33316297 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on liver, kidneys, intestine, lung and eyes of Wistar rats exposed to 10 ppm or 5 ppm OTA in the diet and additionally supplemented or not with phenylalanine (PHE) were examined during 24-months experimental period. OTA was seen to provoke strong degenerative changes and slight pericapillary oedema in most internal organs, e.g. kidneys, liver, intestine, spleen and brain. Six of total nine neoplasms were identified as malignant and three as benign. Five of total six malignant neoplasms and two of total three benign neoplasms were seen in male rats. The pathological finding in rats after two weeks feeding with OTA-contaminated feed was dominated by degenerative changes in various internal organs, which were weaker in the group additionally supplemented with PHE. The protective effect of PHE was evident with respect to OTA-induced decrease of serum glucose and serum protein, but this protection was not singnificant with respect to serum enzymes activity. The number of neoplasms in PHE-supplemented group exposed to 10 ppm OTA was similar to that in the group exposed to twice lower feed levels of OTA alone, suggesting about a possible protective effect of PHE. The rats would not be able to serve as experimental model for humans with regard to OTA-induced tumorigenesis, because the target organ of OTA-toxicity in humans and pigs is mainly the kidney as opposed to the significant damages and carcinogenic effects seen in various organs in rats exposed to OTA.
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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11
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Stoev SD. Long term preliminary studies on toxic and carcinogenic effect of individual or simultaneous exposure to ochratoxin A and penicillic acid in mice. Toxicon 2020; 184:192-201. [PMID: 32569847 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on liver, kidneys, intestine, muscles and subcutaneous tissue of BALB/c albino mice divided in three experimental and one control groups (30 mice in each group - 15 males and 15 females) and exposed to 10 ppm OTA and/or 50-60 ppm penicillic acid (PA) in the diet were seen. A total 22 neoplasias were found to be induced in the mice during 20 months' experimental period. Among them 14 were malignant and 8 benign. The number of neoplasias was significantly higher in the mice treated simultaneously with OTA and PA (14) compared to those in mice treated with OTA only (8). The number of malignant neoplasias was also higher (14) compared to benign neoplasias (8). Nine of a total fourteen malignant neoplasis and five of a total eight benign neoplasias were seen in the male mice. Pathological changes in mice after two weeks' experimental period were characterized by degenerative changes in kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract, which were better expressed in the mice exposed simultaneously to OTA and PA. A strong synergistic effect was found between OTA and PA towards tumorogenesis. It seems that mice are not a good experimental model for humans with regard to OTA-induced tumourigenesis, because the target organ of OTA-toxicity in humans or pigs is mainly the kidney, but not the liver, intestines, subcutaneous tissue or muscles as seen in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
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Malir F, Louda M, Ostry V, Toman J, Ali N, Grosse Y, Malirova E, Pacovsky J, Pickova D, Brodak M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Degen GH. Analyses of biomarkers of exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxins in a cohort of patients with renal tumours. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:391-403. [PMID: 31254204 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Czech Republic occupies the first place in the world in the frequency of renal and other urinary tract tumours, but their aetiology is unknown. To explore whether carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxins may contribute to kidney diseases in the Czech population, biomarkers of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) exposure were determined in biological specimens from a cohort of 50 patients with malignant renal tumours. Biomarker analyses in blood and urine samples used validated targeted methods for measuring OTA and CIT plus dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) after enrichment of analytes by specific immunoaffinity clean-up. OTA and CIT plus its metabolite DH-CIT were frequently detected in patient urine samples (OTA 62%; CIT 91%; DH-CIT 100%). The concentration ranges in urine were 1-27.8 ng/L for OTA, 2-87 ng/L for CIT and 2-160 ng/L for DH-CIT. The analyses of blood samples revealed also a frequent co-occurrence of OTA and CIT, in the ranges of 40-870 ng/L serum for OTA and 21-182 ng/L plasma for CIT. This first analysis of biomarkers in blood and urine samples of Czech patients revealed no major differences in comparison with published data for the general healthy Czech and European populations. Nonetheless, a frequent co-occurrence of CIT and OTA biomarkers in patient samples may be of interest with regard to potential interactions with other risk factors for renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62,, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Louda
- Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Charles University, Sokolska 581,, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62,, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62,, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Eva Malirova
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Sokolska 581, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pacovsky
- Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Charles University, Sokolska 581,, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62,, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Brodak
- Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Charles University, Sokolska 581,, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- INP/ENSAT Toulouse, Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, University of Toulouse, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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Klopčič I, Dolenc MS. Chemicals and Drugs Forming Reactive Quinone and Quinone Imine Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:1-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Klopčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C, Galaverna G. Toxicodynamics of Mycotoxins in the Framework of Food Risk Assessment-An In Silico Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E52. [PMID: 29360783 PMCID: PMC5848153 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins severely threaten the health of humans and animals. For this reason, many countries have enforced regulations and recommendations to reduce the dietary exposure. However, even though regulatory actions must be based on solid scientific knowledge, many aspects of their toxicological activity are still poorly understood. In particular, deepening knowledge on the primal molecular events triggering the toxic stimulus may be relevant to better understand the mechanisms of action of mycotoxins. The present work presents the use of in silico approaches in studying the mycotoxins toxicodynamics, and discusses how they may contribute in widening the background of knowledge. A particular emphasis has been posed on the methods accounting the molecular initiating events of toxic action. In more details, the key concepts and challenges of mycotoxins toxicology have been introduced. Then, topical case studies have been presented and some possible practical implementations of studying mycotoxins toxicodynamics have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Alassane-Kpembi I, Schatzmayr G, Taranu I, Marin D, Puel O, Oswald IP. Mycotoxins co-contamination: Methodological aspects and biological relevance of combined toxicity studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3489-3507. [PMID: 26918653 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1140632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. As evidenced by large-scale surveys, humans and animals are simultaneously exposed to several mycotoxins. Simultaneous exposure could result in synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects. However, most toxicity studies addressed the effects of mycotoxins separately. We present the experimental designs and we discuss the conclusions drawn from in vitro experiments exploring toxicological interactions of mycotoxins. We report more than 80 publications related to mycotoxin interactions. The studies explored combinations involving the regulated groups of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone and trichothecenes, but also the "emerging" mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins. Over 50 publications are based on the arithmetic model of additivity. Few studies used the factorial designs or the theoretical biology-based models of additivity. The latter approaches are gaining increased attention. These analyses allow determination of the type of interaction and, optionally, its magnitude. The type of interaction reported for mycotoxin combinations depended on several factors, in particular cell models and the tested dose ranges. However, synergy among Fusarium toxins was highlighted in several studies. This review indicates that well-addressed in vitro studies remain valuable tools for the screening of interactive potential in mycotoxin mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- a Toxalim , Research Centre in Food Toxicology Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS , Toulouse , France.,b Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Camp Guézo , Cotonou , Bénin
| | | | - Ionelia Taranu
- d National Institute for Research and Development in Animal Biology and Nutrition (IBNA), Calea Bucuresti , Balotesti , Romania
| | - Daniela Marin
- d National Institute for Research and Development in Animal Biology and Nutrition (IBNA), Calea Bucuresti , Balotesti , Romania
| | - Olivier Puel
- a Toxalim , Research Centre in Food Toxicology Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Isabelle Paule Oswald
- a Toxalim , Research Centre in Food Toxicology Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS , Toulouse , France
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16
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Pleadin J, Zadravec M, Lešić T, Vahčić N, Frece J, Mitak M, Markov K. Co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in unprocessed cereals established during a three-year investigation period. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 11:20-25. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1389994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manuela Zadravec
- Laboratory for Feed Microbiology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Lešić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Vahčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jadranka Frece
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Mitak
- Laboratory for Feed Microbiology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Manderville RA, Wetmore SD. Mutagenicity of Ochratoxin A: Role for a Carbon-Linked C8-Deoxyguanosine Adduct? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7097-7105. [PMID: 28830149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal toxin that is considered to be a potent kidney carcinogen in rodent models. The toxin produces double strand breaks and has a propensity for deletions, single-base substitutions, and insertions. The toxin reacts covalently with DNA to afford a C8-2'-deoxyguanosine carbon-linked adduct (OT-dG) as the major lesion in animal tissues. Incorporation of model C-linked C8-aryl-dG adducts into the G3 site of the NarI sequence demonstrates a tendency to induce base substitutions and deletion mutations in primer extension assays using model polymerases. The degree of misincorporation induced by the C-linked C8-dG adducts correlates with an ability to adopt the promutagenic syn conformation within the NarI duplex as predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations of the OT-dG adduct within the NarI duplex predict an even greater degree of conformational flexibility, suggesting enhanced in vitro mutagenicity compared to the simpler model C-linked C8-dG adducts. Together these findings support the role of OT-dG in promoting OTA-mediated mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Manderville
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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Ostry V, Malir F, Toman J, Grosse Y. Mycotoxins as human carcinogens-the IARC Monographs classification. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:65-73. [PMID: 27888487 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins, ochratoxins), mainly via food intake of plant and animal origin. The health risks stemming from mycotoxins may result from their toxicity, in particular their carcinogenicity. In order to prevent these risks, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon (France)-through its IARC Monographs programme-has performed the carcinogenic hazard assessment of some mycotoxins in humans, on the basis of epidemiological data, studies of cancer in experimental animals and mechanistic studies. The present article summarizes the carcinogenic hazard assessments of those mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1), fumonisins (fumonisin B1 and B2) and ochratoxin A (OTA). New information regarding the genotoxicity of OTA (formation of OTA-DNA adducts), the role of OTA in oxidative stress and the identification of epigenetic factors involved in OTA carcinogenesis-should they indeed provide strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans-could lead to the reclassification of OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
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19
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Zhao L, Peng Y, Zhang X, Li J, Zheng X, Yang Q, Apaliya MT, Zhang H. Integration of transcriptome and proteome data reveals ochratoxin A biosynthesis regulated by pH in Penicillium citrinum. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06927h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics and transcriptomics of P. citrinum under pH 5 (highest OTA-production) and pH 3 (not produce OTA) were analyzed to reveal the possible mechanism of OTA biosynthesis in P. citrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Peng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
| | - Maurice Tibiru Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- People's Republic of China
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Balkan Endemic Nephropathy – Still continuing enigma, risk assessment and underestimated hazard of joint mycotoxin exposure of animals or humans. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 261:63-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Manderville RA, Wetmore SD. Understanding the Mutagenicity of O-Linked and C-Linked Guanine DNA Adducts: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:177-188. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Manderville
- Departments
of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Stacey D. Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
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22
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Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Malir J, Toman J. Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E191. [PMID: 27384585 PMCID: PMC4963825 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane 31320, France.
| | - Jan Malir
- Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, Prague 11600, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
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23
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Heussner A, Paget T. Evaluation of renal in vitro models used in ochratoxin research. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) induces renal carcinomas in rodents with a specific localisation in the S3 segment of proximal tubules and distinct early severe tissue alterations, which have been observed also in other species. Pronounced species- and sex-specific differences in toxicity occur and similar effects cannot be excluded in humans, however precise mechanism(s) remain elusive until today. In such cases, the use of in vitro models for mechanistic investigations can be very useful; in particular if a non-genotoxic mechanism of cancer formation is assumed which include cytotoxic effects. However, potential genotoxic mechanisms can also be investigated in vitro. A crucial issue of in vitro research is the choice of the appropriate cell model. Apparently, the cellular target of OTA is the renal proximal tubular cell; therefore cells from this tissue area are the most reasonable model. Furthermore, cells from affected species should be used and can be compared to cells of human origin. Another important parameter is whether to use primary cultures or to choose a cell line from the huge variety of cell lines available. In any case, important characteristics and quality controls need to be verified beforehand. Therefore, this review discusses the renal in vitro models that have been used for the investigation of renal ochratoxin toxicity. In particular, we discuss the choice of the models and the essential parameters making them suitable models for ochratoxin research together with exemplary results from this research. Furthermore, new promising models such as hTERT-immortalised cells and 3D-cultures are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - T. Paget
- Pharmacy Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Sciences Complex, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
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24
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Ochratoxin A: Molecular Interactions, Mechanisms of Toxicity and Prevention at the Molecular Level. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 27092524 PMCID: PMC4848637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widely-spread mycotoxin all over the world causing major health risks. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and cellular interactions of OTA. In order to get better insight into the mechanism of its toxicity and on the several attempts made for prevention or attenuation of its toxic action, a detailed description is given on chemistry and toxicokinetics of this mycotoxin. The mode of action of OTA is not clearly understood yet, and seems to be very complex. Inhibition of protein synthesis and energy production, induction of oxidative stress, DNA adduct formation, as well as apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle arrest are possibly involved in its toxic action. Since OTA binds very strongly to human and animal albumin, a major emphasis is done regarding OTA-albumin interaction. Displacement of OTA from albumin by drugs and by natural flavonoids are discussed in detail, hypothesizing their potentially beneficial effect in order to prevent or attenuate the OTA-induced toxic consequences.
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25
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Smith MC, Madec S, Coton E, Hymery N. Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds and Their in vitro Combined Toxicological Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:94. [PMID: 27023609 PMCID: PMC4848621 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some foods and feeds are often contaminated by numerous mycotoxins, but most studies have focused on the occurrence and toxicology of a single mycotoxin. Regulations throughout the world do not consider the combined effects of mycotoxins. However, several surveys have reported the natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins from all over the world. Most of the published data has concerned the major mycotoxins aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM) and trichothecenes (TCTs), especially deoxynivalenol (DON). Concerning cereals and derived cereal product samples, among the 127 mycotoxin combinations described in the literature, AFs+FUM, DON+ZEA, AFs+OTA, and FUM+ZEA are the most observed. However, only a few studies specified the number of co-occurring mycotoxins with the percentage of the co-contaminated samples, as well as the main combinations found. Studies of mycotoxin combination toxicity showed antagonist, additive or synergic effects depending on the tested species, cell model or mixture, and were not necessarily time- or dose-dependent. This review summarizes the findings on mycotoxins and their co-occurrence in various foods and feeds from all over the world as well as in vitro experimental data on their combined toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Smith
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Stéphanie Madec
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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26
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Maternal-Fetal Cancer Risk Assessment of Ochratoxin A during Pregnancy. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:87. [PMID: 27023600 PMCID: PMC4848614 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that in utero exposure to environmental chemicals may interfere with fetal development and increase the risk of disease and cancer development later in life. Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been proven to induce diverse toxic effects including teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and potential endocrine disruption. Due to the continuous and widespread occurrence of OTA as a potential contaminant of staple foods, there is increasing concern of in utero exposure of fetus to this mycotoxin. In this study, maternal-fetal risk assessment of OTA during pregnancy was conducted using the benchmark dose approach for genotoxic carcinogens. The daily intake of OTA for Egyptian pregnant women was estimated based on their serum OTA level using the refined Klaassen equation for pregnancy. Fetal exposure level was also estimated based on the maternal data. Comparison between the estimated daily exposure and the negligible cancer risk intake (NCRI), and the calculation of margin of exposure (MOE) implicated that OTA exposure from dietary intake would be of low health concern for this general subpopulation of Egyptian women. This subpopulation of pregnant women was generally estimated not to be in high-risk for toxicity induced by OTA.
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27
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Haq M, Gonzalez N, Mintz K, Jaja-Chimedza A, De Jesus CL, Lydon C, Welch A, Berry JP. Teratogenicity of Ochratoxin A and the Degradation Product, Ochratoxin α, in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Model of Vertebrate Development. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:40. [PMID: 26861395 PMCID: PMC4773793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins, and particularly ochratoxin A (OTA), are toxic fungal-derived contaminants of food and other agricultural products. Growing evidence supports the degradation of OTA by chemical, enzymatic and/or microbial means as a potential approach to remove this mycotoxin from food products. In particular, hydrolysis of OTA to ochratoxin α (OTα) and phenylalanine is the presumptive product of degradation in most cases. In the current study, we employed the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo, as a model of vertebrate development to evaluate, the teratogenicity of OTA and OTα. These studies show that OTA is potently active in the zebrafish embryo toxicity assay (ZETA), and that toxicity is both concentration- and time-dependent with discernible and quantifiable developmental toxicity observed at nanomolar concentrations. On the other hand, OTα had no significant effect on embryo development at all concentrations tested supporting a decreased toxicity of this degradation product. Taken together, these results suggest that ZETA is a useful, and highly sensitive, tool for evaluating OTA toxicity, as well as its degradation products, toward development of effective detoxification strategies. Specifically, the results obtained with ZETA, in the present study, further demonstrate the toxicity of OTA, and support its degradation via hydrolysis to OTα as an effective means of detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Haq
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Nelson Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Keenan Mintz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Christopher Lawrence De Jesus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Christina Lydon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Aaron Welch
- Chaplin School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181; USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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28
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Petejova N, Martinek A. Renal cell carcinoma: Review of etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 160:183-94. [PMID: 26558360 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The global incidence of renal cell cancer is increasing annually and the causes are multifactorial. Early diagnosis and successful urological procedures with partial or total nephrectomy can be life-saving. However, only up to 10% of RCC patients present with characteristic clinical symptoms. Over 60% are detected incidentally in routine ultrasound examination. The question of screening and preventive measures greatly depends on the cause of the tumor development. For the latter reason, this review focuses on etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors for renal neoplasm. METHODS A literature search using the databases Medscape, Pubmed, UpToDate and EBSCO from 1945 to 2015. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Genetic predisposition/hereditary disorders, obesity, smoking, various nephrotoxic industrial chemicals, drugs and natural/manmade radioactivity all contribute and enviromental risks are a serious concern in terms of prevention and the need to screen populations at risk. Apropos treatment, current oncological research is directed to blocking cancer cell division and inhibiting angiogenesis based on a knowledge of molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Petejova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Arnost Martinek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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29
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Effectiveness of activated carbon and Egyptian montmorillonite in the protection against deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:174-82. [PMID: 26115597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to prepare and characterize activated carbon (AC) and to evaluate its protective effect against deoxynivalenol (DON) toxicity in rats compared to Egyptian montmorillonite (EM). AC was prepared using a single-step chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The resulted AC has a high surface area and a high total pore volume. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 10) and treated for 3 weeks as follow: the control group, the groups fed AC or EM-supplemented diet (0.5% w/w), the group treated orally with DON (5 mg/kg b.w.) and the groups fed AC or EM-supplemented diet and treated with DON. Blood and liver samples were collected for different analyses. Treatment with DON increased liver function enzymes, lipid peroxidation, tumor necrosis factor α, DNA fragmentation, decreased hepatic glutathione content, up regulating mRNA Fas and TNF-α genes expression and increased micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and normochromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow. Co-treatment of DON plus AC or EM succeeded to normalize the levels of the biochemical parameters, reduced the cytotoxicity of bone marrow and ameliorated the hepatic genotoxicity. Moreover, AC was more effective than EM and has a high affinity to adsorb DON and to reduce its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
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30
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Rutigliano L, Valentini L, Martino NA, Pizzi F, Zanghì A, Dell'Aquila ME, Minervini F. Ochratoxin A at low concentrations inhibits in vitro growth of canine umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells through oxidative chromatin and DNA damage. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:121-9. [PMID: 26055943 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure during pregnancy in laboratory animals induces delayed/abnormal embryo development. Foetal adnexa-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could help evaluate the developmental risk of exposure to chemicals in advanced gestational age. We tested the effects of OTA at concentrations ranging from 2.5×10(-4) to 25nM on growth parameters of canine umbilical cord matrix (UCM)-derived MSCs. The hypothesis that oxidative chromatin and DNA damage could underlie OTA-mediated cell toxicity was also investigated. After in vitro exposure, OTA significantly decreased cell density and increased doubling time in a passage- and concentration-dependent manner and no exposed cells survived beyond passage 5. Significantly higher rates of cells showed condensed and fragmented chromatin and oxidized DNA, as assessed by OxyDNA assay. These findings showed that in vitro exposure to OTA, at picomolar levels, perturbs UCM-MSC growth parameters through oxidative chromatin and DNA damage, suggesting possible consequences on canine foetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rutigliano
- Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. Prov. Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Luisa Valentini
- Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. Prov. Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Nicola Antonio Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Puglia e Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica (DBBB), Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Str. Prov. Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Flavia Pizzi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Unità Org. di Supporto di Lodi-c/o Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26500 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Antonina Zanghì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario SS Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Dell'Aquila
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica (DBBB), Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Str. Prov. Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Minervini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Hadjeba-Medjdoub K, Ballet N, Schrickx J, Fink-Gremmels J. Assessment and characterisation of yeast-based products intended to mitigate ochratoxin exposure using in vitro and in vivo models. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:604-16. [PMID: 25296248 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.970590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the capacity of several yeast-based products, derived from baker's and brewer's yeasts, to sequester the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) and to decrease its rate of absorption and DNA adduct formation in vivo. The experimental protocol included in vitro binding studies using isotherm models, in vivo chicken experiments, in which the serum and tissue concentrations of OTA were analysed in the absence and presence of the test compounds, and the profile of OTA-derived metabolites and their associated DNA adducts were determined. Additionally in vitro cell culture studies (HK2 cells) were applied to assess further the effects for yeast cell product enriched with glutathione (GSH) or selenium. Results of the in vitro binding assay in a buffer system indicated the ability of the yeast-based products, as sequester of OTA, albeit at a different level. In the in vitro experiments in chickens, decreased serum and tissue concentrations of treated animals confirmed that yeast-based products are able to prevent the absorption of OTA. A comparison of the binding affinity in a standard in vitro binding assay with the results obtained in an in vivo chicken experiment, however, showed a poor correlation and resulted in a different ranking of the products. More importantly, we could show that yeast-based products actively modulate the biotransformation of OTA in vivo as well as in vitro in a cell culture model. This effect seems to be attributable to residual enzymatic activities in the yeast-based products. An enrichment of yeast cell wall products with GSH or selenium further modulated the profile of the generated OTA metabolites and the associated pattern of OTA-induced DNA adducts by increasing the conversion of OTA into less toxic metabolites such as OTA, OTB and 4-OH-OTA. A reduced absorption and DNA adduct formation was particularly observed with GSH-enriched yeast, whereas selenium-enriched yeasts could counteract the OTA-induced decrease in cell viability, but at the same time increased the OTA-DNA adducts formation. These findings indicate the need for an in-depth characterisation of yeast-based products used as mycotoxin-mitigating feed additives, in in vivo models with target animal species taking into account not only their ability to sequester toxins in the gastrointestinal tract but also their potential effects on the biotransformation of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- a Department Bioprocess & Microbial System , University of Toulouse, INPT, ENSAT, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, UMR-CNRS 5503 , Auzeville-Tolosane , France
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Mor F, Kilic MA, Ozmen O, Yilmaz M, Eker I, Uran K. The effects of orchidectomy on toxicological responses to dietary ochratoxin A in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:267-75. [PMID: 24813088 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) causes pathological lesions in the organs of animals. Males are more sensitive to OTA exposure than females but the reasons for this are unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the role of testosterone in male rats with OTA-related pathogenesis. To test the effect of testosterone on OTA toxicity, the testes of a group of rats were surgically removed. Male and female rats (approximately 300 and 200 g) were fed with OTA-contaminated feed (initially approximately 300 μg kg(-1) b.w. per day) for 24 weeks. The organs of all the animals were collected and their organ lesion pathology, caspase-3 expression, OTA plasma and organ concentrations and total plasma testosterone concentrations were evaluated. OTA treatment created serious lesions in the kidney, liver and testes of rats. The major histopathological changes in the kidney and liver were karyomegaly, hemorrhages and vacuolization. In the testes, there was a marked decrease in the amount of spermatozoon. The degrees of organ lesion were evaluated and the castrated males had the lowest kidney and liver lesion scores, indicating that testosterone reduction in males dramatically reduces OTA-related organ damage. The plasma OTA levels for the intact males, the castrated and the females were 6.34, 8.42 and 12.5 μg ml(-1), respectively. In conclusion, despite the similar plasma OTA levels of the intact and castrated males, OTA is less toxic in the castrated males. Therefore, the well-known gender specific toxicity of OTA seems to be related to the testosterone levels of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdevs Mor
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 15030 Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet A Kilic
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pathology, 15030 Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Mesut Yilmaz
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 07058 Antalya, Turkey; Akdeniz University, Faculty of Aquaculture, Department of Fishery, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ilknur Eker
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kemal Uran
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 07058 Antalya, Turkey; Ministry of Agriculture, State Food Safety Laboratory, Antalya, Turkey
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Goyary D, Chattopadhyay P, Giri S, Aher V, Upadhyay A, Veer V. Ochratoxin A induces cytotoxicity, DNA damage and apoptosis in rat hepatocyte primary cell culture at nanomolar concentration. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillum, is widely found as a contaminant of food. OTA exhibits a wide range of toxic activities, including nephro- and hepatotoxicity. Although the mechanisms of its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity have been studied before, many controversial results have been published. In addition, the studies were mostly conducted with kidney cells. Therefore, the present study used a primary culture of Wistar rat hepatocytes incubated with increasing concentrations of OTA (2.0-6.0 nanomolar). OTA treatment showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Further, flow cytometric analysis of hepatocytes showed dose-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that OTA-induced hepatotoxicity is, may be partly, mediated by apoptosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene, a potent pro-angiogenic in hepatocellular carcinoma and responsible for hepatocyte regeneration, did not show any change with OTA treatment, as analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Thus, the present data indicated OTA-induced rat hepatotoxicity in vitro at nanomolar concentration, which inferred a major possible target other than kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - P. Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - S. Giri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Science, Ashram more, G.T. Road, Asansol 713 301, West Bengal, India
| | - V. Aher
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - A. Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - V. Veer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
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Han Z, Tangni EK, Diana Di Mavungu J, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S, Wu A, Callebaut A. In vitro glucuronidation of ochratoxin a by rat liver microsomes. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2671-85. [PMID: 24351721 PMCID: PMC3873705 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the most toxic mycotoxins, can contaminate a wide range of food and feedstuff. To date, the data on its conjugates via glucuronidation request clarification and consolidation. In the present study, the combined approaches of ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), UHPLC-Orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and liquid chromatography-multiple stage mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) were utilized to investigate the metabolic profile of OTA in rat liver microsomes. Three conjugated products of OTA corresponding to amino-, phenol- and acyl-glucuronides were identified, and the related structures were confirmed by hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. Moreover, OTA methyl ester, OTα and OTα-glucuronide were also found in the reaction solution. Based on these results, an in vitro metabolic pathway of OTA has been proposed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; E-Mail:
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Unit of Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren B-3080, Belgium; E-Mails: (E.K.T.); (A.C.)
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (J.D.D.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Emmanuel K. Tangni
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Unit of Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren B-3080, Belgium; E-Mails: (E.K.T.); (A.C.)
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (J.D.D.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (J.D.D.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-21-6220-2875; Fax: +86-21-6220-3612
| | - Alfons Callebaut
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Unit of Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren B-3080, Belgium; E-Mails: (E.K.T.); (A.C.)
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Bazin I, Faucet-Marquis V, Monje MC, El Khoury M, Marty JL, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Impact of pH on the stability and the cross-reactivity of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2324-40. [PMID: 24287570 PMCID: PMC3873688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungi contaminating crops. In several countries, the maximum permitted levels of mycotoxins are found in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. The common strategy of mycotoxin analysis involves extraction, clean-up and quantification by chromatography. In this paper, we analyzed the reasons of underestimation of ochratoxin A (OTA) content in wine, and overestimation of OTA in wheat, depending on the pH of the clean-up step and the simultaneous presence of citrinin (CIT). We demonstrated that the increase of pH by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) to wine led to an underestimation of OTA by conversion of OTA into open ring ochratoxin A OP-OA. In comparing three methods of extraction and clean-up for the determination of OTA and CIT in wheat--(i) an inter-laboratory validated method for OTA in cereals using immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and extraction by acetonitrile/water; (ii) a validated method using IAC and extraction with 1% bicarbonate Na; and (iii) an in-house validated method based on acid liquid/liquid extraction--we observed an overestimation of OTA after immunoaffinity clean-up when CIT is also present in the sample, whereas an underestimation was observed when OTA was alone. Under neutral and alkaline conditions, CIT was partially recognized by OTA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Bazin
- Ecole des mines d’Ales, 6 av de Clavieres, 30100 Ales Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Virginie Faucet-Marquis
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, University of Toulouse, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, 1 Avenue Agrobiopole, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; E-Mails: (V.F.-M.); (M.-C.M.)
- Anabiotox 16 allée Montcalm, 31500 Ramonville, France
| | - Marie-Carmen Monje
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, University of Toulouse, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, 1 Avenue Agrobiopole, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; E-Mails: (V.F.-M.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Micheline El Khoury
- Ecole des mines d’Ales, 6 av de Clavieres, 30100 Ales Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- Laboratory IMAGES, University of Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, University of Toulouse, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, 1 Avenue Agrobiopole, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; E-Mails: (V.F.-M.); (M.-C.M.)
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Klarić MŠ, Rašić D, Peraica M. Deleterious effects of mycotoxin combinations involving ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1965-87. [PMID: 24189375 PMCID: PMC3847710 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin with carcinogenic properties. Its presence was detected in various foodstuffs all over the world but with significantly higher frequency and concentrations in areas with endemic nephropathy (EN). Even though food is often contaminated with more than one mycotoxin, earlier studies focused on the occurrence and toxicology of only OTA. Only a limited number of surveys showed that OTA co-occurs in food with mycotoxins (citrinin-CIT, penicilic acid, fumonisin B1-FB1, aflatoxins-AF) which exert nephrotoxic, carcinogenic or carcinogen-promoting activity. This review summarises the findings on OTA and its co-occurrence with the mentioned mycotoxins in food as well as experimental data on their combined toxicity. Most of the tested mycotoxin mixtures involving OTA produced additive or synergistic effects in experimental models suggesting that these combinations represent a significant health hazard. Special attention should be given to mixtures that include carcinogenic and cancer-promoting mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (D.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Maja Peraica
- Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (D.R.); (M.P.)
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Tavares A, Alvito P, Loureiro S, Louro H, Silva M. Multi-mycotoxin determination in baby foods and in vitro combined cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in baby foods, including aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), has been reported in previous studies, but data on their potential combined toxic effects are still missing. The present work aimed at (1) validating an in-house multi-mycotoxin high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method for AFM1, total aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2)) and OTA in infant formulae (milk powders) and cereal baby foods (flours), and (2) assessing the combined cytotoxic effects of AFM1 and OTA in an intestine-derived cell line. The HPLC-FLD method, which included a chloroform extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, immunoaffinity column clean-up and fluorescence detection after post-column derivatisation with electrochemically generated bromine, was adequate for the analysis of baby foods and met the requirements of validation and quality control for the studied working ranges. The limits of quantification for AFM1, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and OTA were 0.069, 0.032, 0.020, 0.047, 0.020 and 0.244 μg/kg, respectively. The mean recovery values were 96, 114, 112, 107, 101 and 87%, respectively. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity was observed for individual and combined AFM1 and OTA using the Caco-2 cell line, which represents a site of contact of both mycotoxins in the body, after oral exposure. Interactions between both mycotoxins were disclosed by application of the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models, revealing the predominance of an antagonistic pattern. In conclusion, this study proposes a HPLC-FLD method for multi-mycotoxin monitoring in baby foods and provides evidence for the interaction between AFM1 and OTA, and for the applicability of CA/IA models to predict the effect of mycotoxins mixtures, further contributing to the prevention of mycotoxins-associated adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Tavares
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Food and Nutrition Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- IP, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Food and Nutrition Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1149-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S. Loureiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - H. Louro
- IP, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M.J. Silva
- IP, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Sorrenti V, Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R, Barbagallo I, Bognanno M, Galvano F. Toxicity of ochratoxin a and its modulation by antioxidants: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1742-66. [PMID: 24152986 PMCID: PMC3813909 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin involved in the development of different types of cancers in rats, mice and humans. A growing number of in vitro and in vivo studies has been collected and has described evidence compatible with a role for oxidative stress in OTA toxicity and carcinogenicity. Because the contribution of the oxidative stress response in the development of cancers is well established, a role in OTA carcinogenicity is plausible. Several studies have been performed to try to counteract the adverse effects of oxygen radicals generated under OTA-exposure. A number of molecules with various antioxidant properties were tested, using in vivo or in vitro models. Protection against OTA-induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, as well as cytotoxicity were observed, further confirming the link between OTA toxicity and oxidative damage. These studies demonstrated that antioxidants are able to counteract the deleterious effects of chronic consumption or exposure to OTA and confirmed the potential effectiveness of dietary strategies to counteract OTA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Matteo Bognanno
- Agriculture Department, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria89122, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania95125, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.G.); (R.A.); (I.B.); (F.G.)
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Ostry V, Malir F, Ruprich J. Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1574-86. [PMID: 24048364 PMCID: PMC3798874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5091574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a very important mycotoxin, and its research is focused right now on the new findings of OTA, like being a complete carcinogen, information about OTA producers and new exposure sources of OTA. Citrinin (CIT) is another important mycotoxin, too, and its research turns towards nephrotoxicity. Both additive and synergistic effects have been described in combination with OTA. OTA is produced in foodstuffs by Aspergillus Section Circumdati (Aspergillus ochraceus, A. westerdijkiae, A. steynii) and Aspergillus Section Nigri (Aspergillus carbonarius, A. foetidus, A. lacticoffeatus, A. niger, A. sclerotioniger, A. tubingensis), mostly in subtropical and tropical areas. OTA is produced in foodstuffs by Penicillium verrucosum and P. nordicum, notably in temperate and colder zones. CIT is produced in foodstuffs by Monascus species (Monascus purpureus, M. ruber) and Penicillium species (Penicillium citrinum, P. expansum, P. radicicola, P. verrucosum). OTA was frequently found in foodstuffs of both plant origin (e.g., cereal products, coffee, vegetable, liquorice, raisins, wine) and animal origin (e.g., pork/poultry). CIT was also found in foodstuffs of vegetable origin (e.g., cereals, pomaceous fruits, black olive, roasted nuts, spices), food supplements based on rice fermented with red microfungi Monascus purpureus and in foodstuffs of animal origin (e.g., cheese).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Jiri Ruprich
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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Stoev SD, Denev SA. Porcine/chicken or human nephropathy as the result of joint mycotoxins interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1503-30. [PMID: 24008340 PMCID: PMC3798870 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey was made of the literature concerning the occurrence and incidence of mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs and chicks in different countries. Various etiological factors contributing to the development of the disease were considered. The main nephrotoxic fungi as well as the specific conditions for their growth and toxins production were briefly described. A survey was made about the most frequent nephrotoxic fungal contaminants in various feedstuffs from plant origin. In addition, their natural quantities and importance for development of mycotoxic porcine/chick nephropathy (MPN/MCN) are also explored. In addition, a survey was made of the feedstuffs representing the most favorable environment for nephrotoxic fungal growth as well as the most favorable storehouse conditions for this fungal growth were shortly described. The significance of some underestimated fungal species, which can provoke kidney damage, was studied. The importance of joint mycotoxin interaction and newly identified fungal metabolites in the complex etiology of mycotoxic nephropathy ranged in some countries is deeply investigated. The toxicity of the low contamination levels of some combinations of mycotoxins often administered by pigs and chicks in the practice was carefully studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D. Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan A. Denev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Students campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; E-Mail:
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van Egmond H. Foreword. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.x001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Palabiyik S, Erkekoglu P, Zeybek N, Kızılgun M, Sahin G, Giray BK. Ochratoxin A causes oxidative stress and cell death in rat liver. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) on oxidant/antioxidant status and on histopathological changes and apoptotic cell death in livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats has been investigated. OTA (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered by oral route for 14 days. Plasma biochemical parameters, activities of liver selenoenzymes (glutathione peroxidase-1, thioredoxin reductase) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase), and levels of total glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in hepatic tissue were measured. In addition, histopathological examinations were performed and apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes was evaluated by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay. OTA exposure was found to induce focal necrosis of hepatocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration. Besides, exposure to OTA caused an imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant parameters in the rat liver, as evidenced by significant decreases in glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione levels, and marked increases in concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Furthermore, TUNEL analysis revealed a significant ~2.7-fold increase in the number of TUNEL-positive liver cells of rats exposed to OTA compared to the control group. The results of this study showed that oxidative stress is at least one of the mechanisms underlying the hepatic toxicity of OTA, and that both necrosis and apoptosis are types of cell death in the hepatic toxicity of this mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Palabiyik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - P. Erkekoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - N.D. Zeybek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. Kızılgun
- Department of Biochemistry, Diskapi Children's Health and Diseases, Hematology, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, 06590 Ankara, Turkey
| | - G. Sahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta T.R. North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - B. Kocer Giray
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Roubal T. Ochratoxin A exposure biomarkers in the Czech Republic and comparison with foreign countries. Biomarkers 2012; 17:577-89. [PMID: 22642623 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.692392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Among ochratoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) occupies a dominant place and represents significant risk for human and animal health which also implies economic losses around the world. OTA is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic mycotoxin. OTA exposure may lead to formation of DNA adducts resulting to genotoxicity and carcinogenicity (human carcinogen of 2B group). Now it seems that OTA could be "a complete carcinogen" which obliges to monitor its presence in biological materials, especially using the suitable biomarkers. In this article, OTA findings in urine, blood, serum, plasma and human kidneys (target dose) in the Czech Republic and comparison with foreign countries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Hadjeba-Medjdoub K, Tozlovanu M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Frenette C, Paugh RJ, Manderville RA. Structure-activity relationships imply different mechanisms of action for ochratoxin A-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:181-90. [PMID: 22126095 DOI: 10.1021/tx200406c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal toxin that is classified as a possible human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in animal studies. The toxin is known to promote oxidative DNA damage through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The toxin also generates covalent DNA adducts, and it has been difficult to separate the biological effects caused by DNA adduction from that of ROS generation. In the current study, we have derived structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the role of the C5 substituent of OTA (C5-X = Cl) by first comparing the ability of OTA, OTBr (C5-X = Br), OTB (C5-X = H), and OTHQ (C5-X = OH) to photochemically react with GSH and 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG). OTA, OTBr, and OTHQ react covalently with GSH and dG following photoirradiation, while the nonchlorinated OTB does not react photochemically with GSH and dG. These findings correlate with their ability to generate covalent DNA adducts (direct genotoxicity) in human bronchial epithelial cells (WI26) and human kidney (HK2) cells, as evidenced by the (32)P-postlabeling technique. OTB lacks direct genotoxicity, while OTA, OTBr, and OTHQ act as direct genotoxins. In contrast, their cytotoxicity in opossum kidney epithelial cells (OK) and WI26 cells did not show a correlation with photoreactivity. In OK and WI26 cells, OTA, OTBr, and OTB are cytotoxic, while the hydroquinone OTHQ failed to exhibit cytotoxicity. Overall, our data show that the C5-Cl atom of OTA is critical for direct genotoxicity but plays a lesser role in OTA-mediated cytotoxicity. These SARs suggest different mechanisms of action (MOA) for OTA genotoxicity and cytotoxicity and are consistent with recent findings showing OTA mutagenicity to stem from direct genotoxicity, while cytotoxicity is derived from oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheira Hadjeba-Medjdoub
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503 , ENSA Toulouse, France
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Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA. An update on direct genotoxicity as a molecular mechanism of ochratoxin a carcinogenicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:252-62. [PMID: 22054007 DOI: 10.1021/tx200430f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring chlorophenolic fungal toxin that contaminates a wide range of food products and poses a cancer threat to humans. The mechanism of action (MOA) for OTA renal carcinogenicity is a controversial issue. In 2005, direct genotoxicity (covalent DNA adduct formation) was proposed as a MOA for OTA-mediated carcinogenicity [ Manderville , R. A. ( 2005 ) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18 , 1091 - 1097 ]. At that time, inconsistent results had been published on OTA genotoxicity/mutagenicity, and conclusive evidence for OTA-mediated DNA adduction had been lacking. In this update, published data from the past 6-7 years are presented that provide new hypotheses for the MOA of OTA-mediated carcinogenicity. While direct genotoxicity remains a controversial issue for OTA, new findings from the Umemura and Nohmi laboratories provide definitive results for the mutagenicity of OTA in the target tissue (outer medulla) of male rat kidney that rules out oxidative DNA damage. These findings, coupled with our own efforts that provide new structural evidence for DNA adduction by OTA, has strengthened the argument for involvement of direct genotoxicity in OTA-mediated renal carcinogenesis. This MOA should be taken into consideration for OTA human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique , UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, INP/ENSA Toulouse, 1 Avenue Agrobiopole, F-31326 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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A potential role of calcium in apoptosis and aberrant chromatin forms in porcine kidney PK15 cells induced by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:97-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marin-Kuan M, Ehrlich V, Delatour T, Cavin C, Schilter B. Evidence for a role of oxidative stress in the carcinogenicity of ochratoxin a. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:645361. [PMID: 21776264 PMCID: PMC3135259 DOI: 10.1155/2011/645361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo evidence compatible with a role for oxidative stress in OTA carcinogenicity has been collected and described. Several potential oxido-reduction mechanisms have been identified in the past. More recently, the possibility of a reduction of cellular antioxidant defense has been raised as an indirect source of oxidative stress. Consequences resulting from the production of oxidative stress are observed at different levels. First, OTA exposure has been associated with increased levels of oxidative DNA, lipid, and protein damage. Second, various biological processes known to be mobilized under oxidative stress were shown to be altered by OTA. These effects have been observed in both in vitro and in vivo test systems. In vivo, active doses were often within doses documented to induce renal tumors in rats. In conclusion, the evidence for the induction of an oxidative stress response resulting from OTA exposure can be considered strong. Because the contribution of the oxidative stress response in the development of cancers is well established, a role in OTA carcinogenicity is plausible. Altogether, the data reviewed above support the application of a threshold-based approach to establish safe level of dietary human exposure to OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Marin-Kuan
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - V. Ehrlich
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - T. Delatour
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - C. Cavin
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - B. Schilter
- Chemical Food Safety Group, Quality & Safety Department, Nestlé Research Center, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin that has received particular attention because of the toxic effects, widespread occurrence in contaminated food and feed chain, suspected causal effect on nephropathies, and, more recently, possibility of exposure by inhalation in domicile and occupational settings. Biomarkers have been used not only to ascertain the role of OTA in inducing chronic renal failure diseases, but also as a means to portray general populations' risk to the mycotoxin. Biomonitoring can thus be used to assess internal OTA exposure, with no need to recognize the main source of exposure. And so it presents undeniable advantages over the monitoring of external dose. With a just right understanding of biomarkers, it is possible to follow the trail from exposure right to effect, and so contribute both to surveillance plans and etiological studies. In recognition of the long serum half-life and the renal elimination of OTA, most of the studies present serum/plasma and/or urine analyses as markers of exposure. In this review and for each of these main matrices, a comparison over the advantages and disadvantages is offered. Although currently limited, an overview of the current knowledge on OTA biomarkers and the influential role of the individual characteristics, namely gender and age, along with season and geographical location is given. Attention is also given to the ongoing debate over the existence of OTA-DNA adducts, a biomarker of effective dose regarded as an alternative to biomarkers of internal dose. Although unspecific, OTA effect biomarkers are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cancela Duarte
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ochratoxin A contamination of food from Croatia. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2098-105. [PMID: 22069674 PMCID: PMC3153288 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2082098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic properties produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus moulds under different climatic conditions. Humans and animals are exposed to this compound mainly via ingestion of contaminated food. In Croatia, research on mycotoxins focused on OTA when the mycotoxin theory of endemic nephropathy (EN) was postulated. Ochratoxin A was more frequent and at higher concentration in foods from EN than those from the control regions. Subsequently, OTA concentrations were determined in some commodities intended for human consumption such as maize, wheat, beans and wine. Samples from all parts of Croatia were analyzed and OTA was found in all types of commodities. It was frequently found together with other mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and zearalenone). In general, OTA concentration in foods from Croatia is low, but the frequency of positive samples shows considerable variations from year to year depending also on sampling location. Although low levels of OTA were found in a large proportion of analyzed food samples, its persistent co-occurrence with other significant mycotoxins should raise serious public health concerns as there interactions may be synergistic or additive in causing toxicity in humans and animals. There is need to establish control measures through which such contaminations in foods can be managed.
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