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Kokorelias KM, Chiu M, Paul S, Zhu L, Choudhury N, Craven CG, Dubrowski A, Redublo T, Kapralos B, Smith MSD, Shnall A, Sadavoy J, Burhan A. Use of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technologies to Support Resilience and Skill-Building in Caregivers of Persons With Dementia: A Scoping Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e64082. [PMID: 39114214 PMCID: PMC11305335 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia presents a growing public health challenge with most affected individuals living at home, placing significant responsibility on their caregivers. Various interventions, from traditional support groups and education programs to emerging technologies, and more specifically virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), aim to enhance caregiver skills. While VR/AR shows promise in educating and fostering empathy among caregivers and healthcare professionals, its overall effectiveness and practicality in older adults and dementia care warrant further exploration. This review aimed to summarize currently available VR and AR interventions tailored for family caregivers of persons living with dementia (PLWD) in home or clinical settings, including their level of effectiveness, and to compile a summary of features that contributed to technology acceptance in family caregivers of PLWD. We conducted a systematic search in OVID PsychInfo, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and ERIC, as well as CADTH's Grey Matters, OpenGrey, National Technical Information Service, OAIster, and Health Quality Ontario, to comprehensively summarize the existing evidence underscoring the role of VR and AR in supporting education, resilience-building, and skills training for family caregivers of PLWD. The search terms were built with the assistance of a research librarian and involved synonyms for VR, AR, and dementia. Two screeners conducted a rigorous screening and data extraction to analyze and summarize findings. Studies were included if they focused on family caregivers engaging in interventions utilizing a three-dimensional VR environment and/or Metaverse for group learning in psychotherapeutic modalities such as psychoeducation, therapy, communication, and skill-building. The primary outcome of the studies was assessing measures of well-being (e.g., quality of life, communication, interaction, personhood) and learning outcomes for caregivers, while the secondary outcomes focused on identifying barriers and facilitators influencing the acceptability of VR/AR among dementia caregivers. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to summarize key trends in technology and evidence effectiveness and acceptability. Of the 1,641 articles found, 112 were included, with six articles meeting inclusion for analysis. Studies differed in duration and frequency of data collection, with interventions varying from single events to months-long programs, often employing home-based approaches using VR or online platforms. No study used AR. Usability issues and unclear benefits of use were identified as factors that hinder technology acceptance for dementia caregivers. However, technologies demonstrated engaging user experiences, fostering skill-building, confidence, and competence among caregivers. Positive psychological effects were also observed, facilitated by immersive VR and AR interventions, resulting in improved caregiver empathy and reduced stress, depression, and loneliness. VR and AR interventions for family caregivers of PLWD show the potential to enhance empathy and skills and reduce stress. Challenges such as technological limitations and user inexperience issues persist. Home-based VR training aligns with caregiver comfort but lacks focus on financial aspects and cultural competencies. Co-design approaches offer solutions by addressing user concerns and promoting end-user engagement or empowerment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Kokorelias
- Section of Geriatrics, Sinai Health and University Health Network, Toronto, CAN
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, CAN
| | - Mary Chiu
- Research & Academics, Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Whitby, CAN
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, CAN
| | - Sayani Paul
- Research & Academics, Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Whitby, CAN
| | - Lynn Zhu
- Research & Academics, Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Whitby, CAN
| | - Nusrat Choudhury
- Medical Devices, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, CAN
| | - Cole G Craven
- Computer Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, CAN
| | - Adam Dubrowski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, CAN
- maxSIMhealth Group, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, CAN
| | - Tyler Redublo
- Translational Research Program, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, CAN
| | - Bill Kapralos
- Software Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, CAN
- maxSIMhealth Group, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, CAN
| | | | - Adriana Shnall
- The Koschitzky Centre for Innovations in Caregiving, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, CAN
- Factor Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, CAN
| | - Joel Sadavoy
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, CAN
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Unviersity of Toronto, Toronto, CAN
| | - Amer Burhan
- Applied Mental Health, Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Toronto, CAN
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, CAN
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Kim D, Choi YR, Lee YN, Chang SO. Nurses' Shared Subjectivity on Person-Centered Care for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Nursing Homes. J Nurs Res 2024; 32:e330. [PMID: 38727209 DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Person-centered care (PCC), an approach to healthcare that focuses on the individual needs, preferences, and values of patients, is particularly important in the context of caring for residents of nursing homes (NHs) with the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). However, implementing PCC in NHs varies widely due to individual staff, NH environment, and country factors, leading to heterogeneity in person-centered approaches. PURPOSE This study was designed to explore and gain insight into the shared subjective perspectives of nurses on providing PCC to manage BPSD in NHs in order to elicit a deeper understanding of how nurses interpret and approach the provision of PCC. METHODS Q methodology was applied to explore the subjective perspectives of nurses. Twenty-nine NH nurses with more than 3 years of experience in managing BPSD completed a Q-sorting task, categorizing 43 Q-samples into a normal distribution shape. Postsorting interviews were conducted after the participants had completed this task. The collected data were analyzed using centroid factor analysis and varimax rotation run within the PQMethod 2.35 program. Interpretation of the resulting factors was based on factor arrays, field notes, and interview data. RESULTS Four factors from the shared subjective perspectives of nurses related to PCC were identified, including (a) sharing information focused on details to update care strategies, (b) monitoring until the true needs of residents are identified, (c) awareness of interactive cues in relationships, and (d) connecting an individual's life pattern to their current care. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings highlight that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable for all nurses and interventions, indicating that nurses should consider the applicable subjective frames to ensure the effectiveness of planned interventions. A need for PCC education that specifically addresses BPSD management is suggested, with the findings implying that a strong organizational climate with respect to PCC in managing BPSD should promote higher job satisfaction and commitment and reduce turnover rates among nurses in NHs. Facilitating the development of PCC interventions appropriate for BPSD management that encompass the various categories and ranges of NH settings and nursing phenomena is thus recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayeong Kim
- MSN, RN, Doctoral Student, College of Nursing and L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rim Choi
- PhD, RN, Research Professor, College of Nursing, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Na Lee
- PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, The University of Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ok Chang
- PhD, RN, Professor, College of Nursing and L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Republic of Korea
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Peisachovich EH, Sombilon EV, Grant N, Ladha N, Silva CD. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Empathy-Based Education in Undergraduate Nursing: A Scoping Review. J Nurs Educ 2024; 63:367-371. [PMID: 38900258 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20240404-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empathy is an essential trait in nursing practice that improves the quality of patient care. Nursing curricula that incorporate empathy-based experiential learning (i.e., hands-on educational experiences and reflections designed to foster and develop emotional intelligence) promote students' self-awareness and confidence when providing care to patients. This scoping review examined studies that explored the effects of educational interventions on the development of empathy in undergraduate nursing students. METHOD Searches were conducted in MEDLINE using keywords related to nursing education and translated into CINAHL, EMBASE, and ERIC databases. RESULTS A total of 6,238 studies were identified. After duplicate and unrelated articles were excluded, 18 publications were considered for this review. Sixteen studies concluded empathy interventions were effective, five indicated the need for further research, and two implicated a need for standardization in empathy-evaluation tools. CONCLUSION This review endorses the effectiveness of educational interventions and supports their implementation to promote empathy in undergraduate nursing students. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(6):367-371.].
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Chang H, Ahn J, Do Y. Nursing undergraduates' ageism and attitudes toward dementia: Serial multiple mediating effects of person-centered care and compassion - A cross-sectional survey. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29941. [PMID: 38726164 PMCID: PMC11078765 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although ageism has a strong relationship with attitudes toward dementia, no study has confirmed how person-centered care and compassion mediate the relationship between nursing students' ageism and attitudes toward dementia. Objectives This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of person-centered care competency and compassion competency on ageism and attitudes toward dementia among nursing undergraduates. Participants Participants were 295 undergraduate nursing students from four universities. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted, involving the selection of four Korean nursing schools for the study. Data was obtained via an online survey conducted from March to July 2022. Data were analyzed with Pearson's correlations, and multi-mediating effects using the PROCESS Macro for software, utilizing bootstrap techniques. Results Attitudes toward dementia was correlated with ageism (r = -0.386, p < 0.001), person-centered care (r = 0.422, p < 0.001), and compassion competency (r = 0.457, p < 0.001). The total effect (β = -0.326, p < 0.001) and direct effect (β = -0.243, p < 0.001) of ageism on attitudes toward dementia were significant. Ageism does not have a direct effect on compassion competency (Std. estimate = -0.0213, CI: -0.0518∼0.0048). However, person-centered care and compassion competency had multiple serial mediating effects on the relationship between ageism and attitudes toward dementia (Std. estimate = -0.0357, CI: -0.0624∼-0.0145). Conclusions Person-centered care and compassion competency may mediate the association between ageism and attitudes toward dementia. Ageism was negatively associated with person-centered care and compassion competency, which in turn positively contributed to attitudes toward dementia. Therefore, an educational program that considers the interaction between generations and the context of older people must be applied to increase person-centered care and compassion competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- HeeKyung Chang
- College of Nursing, Gerontological Health Research Center in Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - JinYeong Ahn
- College of Nursing, Gerontological Health Research Center in Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - YoungJoo Do
- College of Nursing, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Zidén L, Erhag HF, Wijk H. Person-centered care as a tool to reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms in older adults with dementia living in residential care facilities. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 57:51-57. [PMID: 38522128 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Among older adults living in dementia residential care facilities (RCF) behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are common, affecting the quality of life (QOL) for the residents as well as being challenging for the staff. The person-centered care (PCC) approach addresses BPSD by giving trained staff mandate to focus on the relation and to adapt the encounter and the environment to increase QoL for the person with dementia. The aims with this study were to improve PCC, decrease BPSD and improve QOL among older persons with dementia living in RCFs, and to explore leaders' and healthcare staff's experiences of a PCC intervention. An educational program was implemented at two RCFs. Data was collected through questionnaires, from national quality registries and through focus group interviews. A significant increase in PCC and QOL at three months was seen. However, no significant difference in BPSD was seen. The interviews showed the importance of a trust-based relationship, and support from an active management to improve PCC, as well as changing old patterns and recognising competence among staff. Factors that affect implementation of PCC in RCF are discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Zidén
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept of Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Falk Erhag
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept of Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Health and Care Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Helle Wijk
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Health and Care Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Auld K, Devaparanam I, Roberts S, McInerney J. Lived experiences of healthcare. Putting the person in person centred care in the medical radiation sciences. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:856-861. [PMID: 38582023 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contemporary healthcare models recognise person-centred care (PCC) as a fundamental principle of quality, safe care. While substantial literature exists on PCC in healthcare generally, there is less evidence on how this relates to medical imaging and radiation therapy. Embedding patient-lived experiences of healthcare into healthcare education has promise in enhancing students' confidence in delivering PCC. Digital storytelling (DST) of patient-lived experiences can help improve reflection, understanding, critical thinking and empathy. METHODS Authentic patient-lived experiences were extracted from students' clinical workbooks, transformed into first person vignettes and integrated into the curriculum. Students were invited to attend focus groups to explore the impact the activity had on the student. RESULTS Thematic analysis identified three themes. (1) Enhancing PCC; (2) Mode of Delivery (Scaffolded Learning); and (3) Collaborative Learning. PCC was the strongest theme with students stating this is the first time they engaged in an activity focused on the psychosocial aspect of patient care. The majority of students indicated the mode of delivery was engaging and unique, whereby the vignettes were presented incrementally. Collaborative learning was identified by over half of the students where learning took place in a safe and supportive environment. CONCLUSION This project explored students' perspectives of integrating patient-lived experiences into the curriculum via DST. Students who engaged with the activities felt better prepared to deliver quality safe PCC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Providing healthcare students with opportunities to develop skills to deliver PCC before they enter the workforce can enhance their confidence in delivering effective PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Auld
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - I Devaparanam
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Roberts
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J McInerney
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Radiology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Byrne M, Campos C, Daly S, Lok B, Miles A. The current state of empathy, compassion and person-centred communication training in healthcare: An umbrella review. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2024; 119:108063. [PMID: 38008647 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.108063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This umbrella review consolidates evidence available on empathy training, its effectiveness and design mechanisms that contribute to effectiveness. METHODS We conducted an umbrella review (review of reviews) of empathy, compassion and person-centred communication training in healthcare published between 2018 and 2022. One reviewer screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles, with a second reviewer at full-text stage. Quality appraisal was done in duplicate. Data extraction was piloted by two reviewers and conducted by one reviewer with a quality check of all extracted data. All reviewers provided input into synthesis of results and analysis. RESULTS Twenty-five reviews were included. We provide an overview of the definitions of empathy, compassion and person-centred communication, outcome measures used, a synthesis of findings on the mechanisms and effectiveness of training and a summary of review recommendations. CONCLUSIONS For policy and practice, we advise the inclusion of empathic communication into the curriculum; longitudinal and sequenced learning; debriefing, targeted feedback, enabling self-reflection, deliberate practice, experiential learning; improving motivation by teaching the benefits of empathy and teaching sustainable empathy. Future research should involve patients in training and research and study the effect of targeting interventions at healthcare practitioners and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Byrne
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Carlos Campos
- Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Svetlana Daly
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Lok
- Virtual Experiences Research Group, University of Florida, USA
| | - Anna Miles
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Bard JT, Chung HK, Shaia JK, Wellman LL, Elzie CA. Increased medical student understanding of dementia through virtual embodiment. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2023; 44:211-222. [PMID: 35451921 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2022.2067850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Given the growing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assessed the impact of virtually embodying someone with progressive AD. This pilot explored students' understanding of individuals' needs with dementia, as well as, the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) as a curricular tool. Second-year medical students (n = 150) completed a pre-survey, Embodied Labs, Inc. Beatriz Lab VR module, and a post-survey. Most students knew someone with dementia (72%), were a family member of someone with dementia (52%) or had worked with a patient (61%) with dementia. Using paired survey questions, students reported significant increases in understanding how their lives would be affected by dementia (71% vs. 94%) and the needs of a person with dementia (64% vs. 95%) after VR. They reported increased understanding of being a caregiver of someone with dementia (24% vs. 81%) and the impact it can have on the entire family (64% vs. 97%). Overall students agreed this simulation made them think about their approach to clinical skills (94%) and should be utilized more in the curriculum (76%). This pilot study indicated that this VR experience can be used to advance understanding of a person's experiences with dementia and that integrating VR into the medical curricula should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Bard
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Hannah K Chung
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacqueline K Shaia
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Laurie L Wellman
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Carrie A Elzie
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Effects of a Comprehensive Person-Centered Care Education Program for Nursing Students. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59030463. [PMID: 36984463 PMCID: PMC10056725 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to develop and implement a comprehensive person-centered care (PCC) education program for nursing students and assess its effects on individualized care, empathy, communication competence, and clinical practice stress. Materials and Methods: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. Participants were 60 third-year nursing students undergoing clinical practicum in a nursing school. They were assigned either to the control group (29 students) or experimental group (31 students). The experimental group participated in a comprehensive PCC education program, while the control group did not. Four 65-min sessions were conducted over two weeks; each session comprised 5 min of introduction, 50 min of education, and 10 min of sharing of thoughts and training. Individualized care, empathy, communication competence, and clinical practice stress were measured. Data were collected immediately before the education program and two weeks after program completion. Results: After the education program, the experimental group showed significant improvements in individualized care, empathy, and communication competence and significantly reduced clinical practice stress compared to the control group. Conclusions: The comprehensive PCC education program is a potentially beneficial intervention for nursing students to help them practice person-centered care with confidence. Longitudinal randomized controlled trials are needed to substantiate these findings.
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Nickbakht M, Angwin AJ, Cheng BBY, Liddle J, Worthy P, Wiles JH, Angus D, Wallace SJ. Putting "the broken bits together": A qualitative exploration of the impact of communication changes in dementia. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2023; 101:106294. [PMID: 36565593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Communication is an area of health and functioning that is profoundly affected by dementia. While it is known that people living with dementia and their care partners experience disruptions to daily activities and social engagement, detailed knowledge about the lived impact of dementia-related communication changes is lacking. This study sought an in-depth understanding of the lived experience of dementia-related communication changes and the associated impact, needs, and strategies. METHODS As part of an overarching participatory design study, a qualitative (interpretive description) exploration was undertaken with people living with dementia and their care partners. Data from semi-structured interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS We interviewed 13 people living with dementia and 21 care partners and drew three themes and 10 subthemes from the interviews. The first theme illustrates how dementia changes communication which in turn changes life; the second captures the impact of changes on people living with dementia and care partners emotionally and in the context of relationships; and the third describes some positive and constructive ways of moving forward with dementia-related communication changes. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to enhance function, participation, and wellbeing for people living with dementia and their care partners need to encompass support for communication changes. There is a need to ensure that people living with dementia feel dignified and respected during communication, and that care partners and inclusive communities are educated, trained, and supported to facilitate communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Nickbakht
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Univeristy of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony J Angwin
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Univeristy of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bonnie B Y Cheng
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Univeristy of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jacki Liddle
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Worthy
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Univeristy of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Janet H Wiles
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Angus
- School of Communication, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059, Australia; QUT Digital Media Research Centre, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Sarah J Wallace
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Univeristy of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Aphasia Research Centre, Herston QLD 4029, Australia.
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Xiang Y, Xi L. Application of Quantitative Assessment Strategy-Based Nursing Combined with Empathic Nursing in Patients Undergoing Tension-Free Inguinal Herniorrhaphy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7897027. [PMID: 36212961 PMCID: PMC9536892 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7897027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the application of quantitative assessment strategy-based nursing combined with empathic nursing in patients undergoing tension-free inguinal herniorrhaphy. Methods 82 patients who underwent tension-free inguinal herniorrhaphy in our hospital from May 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled. According to the random number table method, they were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). Patients in group A received quantitative assessment strategy-based nursing combined with empathic nursing, and group B received quantitative assessment strategy-based nursing. Group C received a routine intervention. The early recovery of the three groups was observed. Heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and blood pressure (BP) were recorded before entering the operating room and at the beginning of anesthesia. Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF, adult version) was used to assess the psychological status. The Modified Barthel Index (MBI) score of three groups at different time points was recorded. The complications of the three groups were observed. Results Compared with group C, wound healing time, ambulation time, hospital stay time, and time to resume daily activities in groups A and B were significantly shorter (all P < 0.05). At the beginning of anesthesia, HR and BP levels in the three groups were all decreased, with HR and BP levels in group A lower than those in group C and HR levels in group B lower than those in group C (all P < 0.05). After the intervention, the scores of emotional well-being, psychological well-being, and social well-being in groups A and B were higher than those in group C and the scores of psychological well-being and social well-being in group A were higher than those in group B (all P < 0.05). The daily living ability score of group A was higher than that of groups B and group C at discharge, one month after discharge, and three months after discharge, and the daily living ability score of group B was higher than that of group C at these three time points (all P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of complication rate among the three groups (10.71%, 14.81%, and 29.63%) (χ 2 = 3.616, all P > 0.05). Conclusion Quantitative evaluation strategy-based nursing combined with empathic nursing can effectively improve the early recovery of patients undergoing tension-free inguinal herniorrhaphy, reduce their stress response, and improve their mental health and daily living ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Xiang
- Operation Room, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University), Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingyun Xi
- Operation Room, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University), Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi, China
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Ottaviani AC, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Empathy Training for Caregivers of Older People: A Systematic Review. Clin Gerontol 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36148523 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2127390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify empathy training models and the effects on psychological concerns in paid and unpaid caregivers of older people. METHODS A systematic review was conducted. Searches for relevant articles were performed in the Embase, LILACS, PsycInfo, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases using the following search strategy: "Empathy AND (Education OR Training OR Intervention) AND Caregiver." No restrictions were imposed regarding language or year of publication. RESULTS Empathy training for caregivers of older people were performed in six studies, three of which identified a significant increase in empathy levels and consequent reduction in psychological concerns. Empathy training focused on aspects of empathy and/or the caregiver had significant effects on the outcome variables. Moreover, training conducted online, by telephone and/or in person can generate satisfactory results. The other three studies that conducted training with a focus on aspects of dementia and/or old age did not present any effect on the outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS Empathy training for caregivers of older people can increase levels of this ability, especially in the cognitive domain, as well as diminish psychological concerns caused by the negative impact of providing care. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Empathy training directed at empathic abilities and/or aspects of providing care can be effective at increasing levels of this ability. Moreover, training in different care contexts can minimize the negative impacts of providing care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Campus de Três Lagoas, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Três Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Bairral Institute of Psychiatry, Itapira, Brazil
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Marulappa N, Anderson NN, Bethell J, Bourbonnais A, Kelly F, McMurray J, Rogers HL, Vedel I, Gagliardi AR. How to implement person-centred care and support for dementia in outpatient and home/community settings: Scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:541. [PMID: 35459214 PMCID: PMC9034625 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little prior research focused on person-centred care and support (PCCS) for dementia in home, community or outpatient care. We aimed to describe what constitutes PCCS, how to implement it, and considerations for women who comprise the majority of affected persons (with dementia, carers). Methods We conducted a scoping review by searching multiple databases from 2000 inclusive to June 7, 2020. We extracted data on study characteristics and PCCS approaches, evaluation, determinants or the impact of strategies to implement PCCS. We used summary statistics to report data and interpreted findings with an existing person-centred care framework. Results We included 22 studies with qualitative (55%) or quantitative/multiple methods design (45%) involving affected persons (50%), or healthcare workers (50%). Studies varied in how PCCS was conceptualized; 59% cited a PCC definition or framework. Affected persons and healthcare workers largely agreed on what constitutes PCCS (e.g. foster partnership, promote autonomy, support carers). In 4 studies that evaluated care, barriers of PCCS were reported at the affected person (e.g. family conflict), healthcare worker (e.g. lack of knowledge) and organizational (e.g. resource constraints) levels. Studies that evaluated strategies to implement PCCS approaches were largely targeted to healthcare workers, and showed that in-person inter-professional educational meetings yielded both perceived (e.g. improved engagement of affected persons) and observed (e.g. use of PCCS approaches) beneficial outcomes. Few studies reported results by gender or other intersectional factors, and none revealed if or how to tailor PCCS for women. This synthesis confirmed and elaborated the PCC framework, resulting in a Framework of PCCS for Dementia. Conclusion Despite the paucity of research on PCCS for dementia, synthesis of knowledge from diverse studies into a Framework provides interim guidance for those planning or evaluating dementia services in outpatient, home or community settings. Further research is needed to elaborate the Framework, evaluate PCCS for dementia, explore determinants, and develop strategies to implement and scale-up PCCS approaches. Such studies should explore how to tailor PCCS needs and preferences based on input from persons with dementia, and by sex/gender and other intersectional factors such as ethnicity or culture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-07875-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Marulappa
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 13EN-228, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Natalie N Anderson
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 13EN-228, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Jennifer Bethell
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Anne Bourbonnais
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Fiona Kelly
- Division of Nursing, Queen Margaret University, Queen Margaret University Drive, Musselburgh, East Lothian, EH21 6UU, UK
| | - Josephine McMurray
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics/Health Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 73 George Street, Brantford, ON, N3T 3Y3, Canada
| | - Heather L Rogers
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute and Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain, Plaza Cruces s/n, E-48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabelle Vedel
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, QC, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Anna R Gagliardi
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 13EN-228, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada.
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Content and comprehensiveness in the nursing documentation for residents in long-term dementia care: a retrospective chart review. BMC Nurs 2022; 21:84. [PMID: 35410289 PMCID: PMC9004102 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-022-00863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insight into and understanding of content and comprehensiveness in nursing documentation is important to secure continuity and high-quality care planning in long-term dementia care. The accuracy of nursing documentation is vital in areas where residents have difficulties in communicating needs and preferences. This study described the content and comprehensiveness of nursing documentation for residents living with dementia in nursing homes. Methods We used a retrospective chart review to describe content and comprehensiveness in the nursing documentation. Person-centered content related to identity, comfort, inclusion, attachment, and occupation was identified, using an extraction tool derived from person-centered care literature. The five-point Comprehensiveness in the Nursing Documentation scale was used to describe the comprehensiveness of the nursing documentation in relation to the nursing process. Results The residents’ life stories were identified in 16% of the reviewed records. There were variations in the identified nursing diagnoses related to person-centered information, across all the five categories. There were variations in comprehensiveness within all five categories, and inclusion and occupation had the least comprehensive information. Conclusion Findings from this study highlights challenges in documenting person-centered information in a comprehensive way. To improve nursing documentation of residents living with dementia in nursing homes, nurses need to include residents’ perspectives and experiences in their planning and evaluation of care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12912-022-00863-9.
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Hosseini L, Sharif Nia H, Ashghali Farahani M. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Family Caregivers' Hardiness Scale: A Sequential-Exploratory Mixed-Method Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:807049. [PMID: 35432109 PMCID: PMC9010881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.807049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Caring for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a stressful situation and an overwhelming task for family caregivers. Therefore, these caregivers need to have their hardiness empowered to provide proper and appropriate care to these older adults. From the introduction of the concept of hardiness, few studies have been conducted to assess the hardiness of caregivers of patients with AD. Presumably, one reason for this knowledge gap is the lack of a proper scale to evaluate hardiness in this group. This study was conducted to develop a reliable and valid Family Caregivers' Hardiness Scale (FCHS) to measure this concept accurately among Iranian family caregivers sample. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study with a sequential-exploratory mixed-method approach. The concept of family caregivers' hardiness was clarified using deductive content analysis, and item pools were generated. In the psychometric step, the samples were 435 family caregivers with a mean age of 50.26 (SD ± 13.24), and the data were gathered via an online form questionnaire. In this step, the items of the FCHS were evaluated using face and content validity. Then, the factor structure was determined and confirmed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) followed by convergent and divergent validity, respectively. Finally, scale reliability, including stability, and internal consistency were evaluated. Results The finding revealed that FCHS consists of five factors, namely, "Religious Coping" (5 items), "Self-Management" (6 items), "Empathic Communication" (3 items), "Family Affective Commitment" (3 items), and "Purposeful Interaction" (4 items) that explained 58.72% of the total variance. The results of CFA showed a good model fit. Reliability showed acceptable internal consistency and stability. Conclusion Based on the results of the psychometric evaluation of the FCHS, turned out that the concept of hardiness in Iranian family caregivers is a multidimensional concept that is most focused on individual-cultural values, emotional family relationships, and social relationships. The designed scale also has acceptable validity and reliability features that can be used in future studies to measure this concept in family caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Hosseini
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharif Nia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Karvelytė M, Rogers J, Gormley GJ. 'Walking in the shoes of our patients': a scoping review of healthcare professionals learning from the simulation of patient illness experiences. Adv Simul (Lond) 2021; 6:43. [PMID: 34863312 PMCID: PMC8645154 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-021-00194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health professionals who have experienced ill-health appear to demonstrate greater empathy towards their patients. Simulation can afford learners opportunities to experience aspects of illness, but to date, there has been no overarching review of the extent of this practice or the impact on empathic skills. OBJECTIVE To determine from the evidence-what is known about simulation-based learning methods of creating illness experiences for health professions and the impact on their empathic skills. STUDY SELECTION Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework informed our scoping review of articles relevant to our research question. Three databases (MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science) were searched, and a sample of 516 citations was screened. Following review and application of our exclusion criteria, 77 articles were selected to be included in this review. FINDINGS Of the 77 articles, 52 (68%) originated from the USA, 37 (48%) of studies were qualitative based and 17 (22%) used a mixed-methods model. Of all the articles in our scope, the majority (87%) reported a positive impact and range of emotions evoked on learners. However, some studies observed more negative effects and additional debriefing was required post-simulation. Learners were noted to internalise perceived experiences of illness and to critically reflect on their empathic role as healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS A diverse range of simulation methods and techniques, evoking an emotional and embodied experience, appear to have a positive impact on empathy and could be argued as offering a complementary approach in healthcare education; however, the long-term impact remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milda Karvelytė
- Bachelor of Science in Human Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Janet Rogers
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gerard J Gormley
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Kobayashi M, Ito M, Iwasa Y, Motohashi Y, Edahiro A, Shirobe M, Hirano H, Gineste Y, Honda M. The effect of multimodal comprehensive care methodology training on oral health care professionals' empathy for patients with dementia. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:315. [PMID: 34082730 PMCID: PMC8176594 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of oral diseases in people with dementia has increased, and patients with dementia have worse oral health than people without dementia. However, in the provision of oral care, these patients often exhibit care-resistant behaviours. Empathy is important for health care professionals who provide dental care for people with dementia. A study was conducted to assess whether a multimodal comprehensive care methodology training programme, Humanitude™, was associated with an improvement in empathy for people with dementia among oral health care professionals. METHODS This research was a pre-post prospective study. A total of 45 dentists and dental hygienists participated in a 7-h multimodal comprehensive care methodology training programme. Participants' empathy for their patients was evaluated with the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Health Professionals Version (JSPE-HP) before the training and 1 month after the training (primary outcome). Each participant listed 3 patients with poor oral health due to the refusal of usual oral care or dental treatment from his or her clinical practice. The oral health of the 3 care-resistant patients listed by each participant was evaluated by the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) before the training and 1 month after the training (secondary outcome). RESULTS The post-training response rate was 87% (21 dentists and 18 dental hygienists). From pre-training to post-training, the multimodal comprehensive care methodology training significantly increased the mean empathy score (from 113.97 to 122.95, P < 0.05, effect size = 0.9). Regardless of gender, profession and years of clinical experience, all post-training subgroup scores were higher than the pre-training subgroup scores. The tongue, natural teeth, and oral hygiene scores of patients with dementia who resisted usual oral care or dental treatment, as assessed by the OHAT, were significantly improved compared with those before the training. CONCLUSIONS The multimodal comprehensive care methodology training was associated with an improvement in oral health professionals' empathy for patients with dementia. These findings suggest that randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes will be needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), UMIN000041687 . Registered 4 September 2020 - Retrospectively registered, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000047586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
| | - Mio Ito
- Gunma University Graduate School of Health Science, Maebashi-City, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Iwasa
- Department of Dentistry, Haradoi Hospital, Fukuoka-City, Fukuoka, 813-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Motohashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Ayako Edahiro
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Maki Shirobe
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yves Gineste
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
- IGM-France, 66250, Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque, France
| | - Miwako Honda
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
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Weekly Email Reminders Increase Nursing Students' Use of Empathic Communication: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nurse Educ 2021; 46:366-371. [PMID: 33534516 DOI: 10.1097/nne.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empathic communication has numerous patient benefits, yet many nurses do not possess or utilize empathic communication skills. PURPOSE This study compared the efficacy of 2 low-cost, low-resource-intensive interventions to increase nursing students' use of empathic communication. METHODS The study was a randomized controlled trial with a pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up test. Participants were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: weekly empathic communication email reminders, an empathic communication quick reference guide, both, or neither. RESULTS All groups showed a significant increase in empathic communication between the pretest and posttest. The group that received emails only showed a significant increase above and beyond the control group. None of the groups significantly increased or decreased their empathic communication between the posttest and 3-month follow-up test. CONCLUSIONS Weekly empathic communication email reminders can increase nursing students' use of empathic communication above and beyond traditional lectures and class activities.
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McKenzie EL, Brown PM. "Just see the person who is still a person (…) they still have feelings": Qualitative description of the skills required to establish therapeutic alliance with patients with a diagnosis of dementia. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2021; 30:274-285. [PMID: 32929808 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Establishing a relationship is considered the foundation of providing person-centred care (PCC) when working with a person who has a diagnosis of dementia. Currently, there is a lack of consensus about the how to develop this relationship. This aim of this study was to explore the key skills adopted by clinicians to establish an effective care relationship, referred to as therapeutic alliance, specific to working with patients who have dementia. Participants were clinicians (nursing and allied health professionals) from two older person's mental health service teams (inpatient and community) who routinely provided clinical care to patients with a diagnosis of dementia. Participants self-selected from a purposive sample to complete a semi-structured interview about their provision of care to, and strategies used to engage with, people with a diagnosis of dementia. Exploratory qualitative thematic analysis was conducted using mixed inductive and deductive procedures. Five themes were identified as the interpersonal skills used to develop relationships with patients including the following: empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence, psychological flexibility, and communication. Findings from this study provide direction for training of clinicians employed in a dementia setting and can also be generalized to other non-specific clinical settings where clinicians may incidentally provide treatment to patients with a diagnosis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L McKenzie
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Patricia M Brown
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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