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Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Roles of Oxidative Stress in Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1628. [PMID: 37627623 PMCID: PMC10451948 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder that progressively undermines memory and thinking skills by affecting the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The main histopathological hallmarks of AD are the presence of abnormal protein aggregates (Aβ and tau), synaptic dysfunction, aberrant proteostasis, cytoskeletal abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, DNA and RNA defects, inflammation, and neuronal cell death. However, oxidative stress or oxidative damage is also evident and commonly overlooked or considered a consequence of the advancement of dementia symptoms. The control or onset of oxidative stress is linked to the activity of the amyloid-β peptide, which may serve as both antioxidant and pro-oxidant molecules. Furthermore, oxidative stress is correlated with oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in vulnerable cell populations, which ultimately lead to neuronal death through different molecular mechanisms. By recognizing oxidative stress as an integral feature of AD, alternative therapeutic or preventive interventions are developed and tested as potential or complementary therapies for this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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Akbari E, Hossaini D, Amiry GY, Ansari M, Haidary M, Beheshti F, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM. Vitamin B12 administration prevents ethanol-induced learning and memory impairment through re-establishment of the brain oxidant/antioxidant balance, enhancement of BDNF and suppression of GFAP. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114156. [PMID: 36243244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There are growing evidence indicating that the adolescent brain is persistently affected by the use of psychostimulant agents. In this regard, alcohol drinking has become rather common among the adolescents in many societies during the last decade. It is currently well known that long-term ethanol exposure deteriorates various cognitive functions such as learning and memory. Mechanistically, these adverse effects have been shown to be mediated by oxidative damage to central nervous system. On the other hand, Vit-B12 is known to improve cognitive performance by suppression of oxidative parameters. Thus, in the present study we aimed to test whether treatment by Vit-B12 could prevent ethanol-induced complications in mice using behavioral and biochemical methods. Different groups of male Syrian mice received ethanol, ethanol+Vit-B12, Vit-B12 alone, or saline during adolescence and then learning and memory functions were assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) and Passive Avoidance (PA) tests. Finally, mice were sacrificed for measurement of biochemical factors. Results indicated that, adolescent ethanol intake impairs learning and memory function through exacerbation of oxidative stress and Vit-B12 treatment improves these complications by re-establishment of oxidant/anti-oxidant balance in CNS. Moreover, we found that Vit-B12 prevents ethanol-induced reduction of BDNF and enhancement of GFAP and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In conclusion, it seems that Vit-B12 supplementation could be used as an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent learning and memory defects induced by chronic alcohol intake during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Dawood Hossaini
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ghulam Yahya Amiry
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ansari
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Murtaza Haidary
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran; Departments of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran.
| | - S Mohammad Ahmadi-Soleimani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran; Departments of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Heydariyeh, Iran.
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3
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Eat for better cognition in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Nutrition 2023; 109:111969. [PMID: 36801704 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a worldwide public health problem. However, the treatment method and treatment effects are limited. The stages of preclinical Alzheimer's disease are thought to be a better intervention period. Thus, in this review, food is given focus and the intervention stage put forward. We summarized the role of diet, nutrient supplementation, and microbioecologics in cognitive decline and found that interventions such as modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet, nuts, vitamin B, and Bifidobacterium breve A1 are beneficial to cognition protection. Eating, rather than just taking medicine, is suggested to be an effective treatment method for older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease.
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Tu MC, Chung HW, Hsu YH, Yang JJ, Wu WC. Neurovascular Correlates of Cobalamin, Folate, and Homocysteine in Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1329-1338. [PMID: 37980672 PMCID: PMC10741318 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cobalamin (Cbl) and folate are common supplements clinicians prescribe as an adjuvant therapy for dementia patients, on the presumption of their neurotrophic and/or homocysteine (Hcy) lowering effect. However, the treatment efficacy has been found mixed and the effects of Cbl/folate/Hcy on the human brain remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To explore the neurovascular correlates of Cbl/folate/Hcy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD). METHODS Sixty-seven AD patients and 57 SIVD patients were prospectively and consecutively recruited from an outpatient clinic. Multimodal 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging was performed to quantitatively evaluate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and white matter integrity. The relationship between neuroimaging metrics and the serum levels of Cbl/folate/Hcy was examined by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, partial correlation analysis, and moderation analysis, at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS As a whole, CBF mainly associated with Cbl/folate while white matter hyperintensities exclusively associated with Hcy. As compared with AD, SIVD exhibited more noticeable CBF correlates (spatially widespread with Cbl and focal with folate). In SIVD, a bilateral Cbl-moderated CBF coupling was found between medial prefrontal cortex and ipsilateral basal ganglia, while in the fronto-subcortical white matter tracts, elevated Hcy was associated with imaging metrics indicative of increased injury in both axon and myelin sheath. CONCLUSIONS We identified the neurovascular correlates of previously reported neurotrophic effect of Cbl/folate and neurotoxic effect of Hcy in dementia. The correlates exhibited distinct patterns in AD and SIVD. The findings may help improving the formulation of supplemental Cbl/folate treatment for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chien Tu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
| | - Jir-Jei Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chau Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ren Q, Sun J, Xu D, Xie H, Ye M, Zhao Y. A Dietary Supplement Containing Micronutrients, Phosphatidylserine, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Counteracts Cognitive Impairment in D-Galactose-Induced Aged Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:931734. [PMID: 35866081 PMCID: PMC9294405 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.931734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, it is a trend to use dietary supplements to prevent age-related cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a dietary supplement enriched with micronutrients, phosphatidylserine, and docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive performance using a D-galactose (D-gal) induced aging rat model. Seven-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, including the control group, D-gal model group, and low-dose (2 g/kg body weight), medium-dose (6 g/kg body weight), and high-dose (10 g/kg body weight) dietary supplement intervention groups, which were investigated for 13 weeks. The dietary supplement intervention was found to improve cognitive performance in Morris water maze test, increase superoxidase dismutase activity, reduce malondialdehyde activity, decrease tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 concentrations, inhibit the activation of astrocytes, and elevate brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein and mRNA expression in the brains of D-gal-induced aged rats. This dietary supplement customized for the aged can be applied to the restoration of cognitive performance by enhancing antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory abilities, up-regulating neurotrophic factors, and inhibiting the activation of astrocytes. These results will be useful for future studies focused on implementation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqin Sun
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianqin Sun,
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyao Ye
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wenzhou Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Vinueza Veloz AF, Carpio Arias TV, Vargas Mejía JS, Tapia Veloz EC, Piedra Andrade JS, Nicolalde Cifuentes TM, Heredia Aguirre SI, Vinueza Veloz MF. Cognitive function and vitamin B12 and D among elders: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 50:270-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Balasundaram MK, Gupta D, Singh A. Commentary: Association between methylmalonic acid and cognition-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1048969. [PMID: 36507122 PMCID: PMC9732012 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1048969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Balasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Dhyuti Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, TMU, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Li R, Zhan W, Huang X, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhou M, Wang Z, Ma Y. The Relationship Between Mild Cognitive Impairment and Anti-Inflammatory/Pro-Inflammatory Nutrients in the Elderly in Northern China: A Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression Approach. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:325-339. [PMID: 35058706 PMCID: PMC8765544 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s342672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Zhan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zechen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiqi Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yuxia Ma Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China Email
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Shu J, Gu C, Yu Y, Liu W. Association Between Methylmalonic Acid and Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:901956. [PMID: 35844735 PMCID: PMC9276928 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.901956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is an intermediate metabolite of human body. The content of MMA in the blood of healthy people is very low, and its concentration will increase in some diseases and elderly people. Recent studies have shown that MMA has a variety of biological functions. The correlation between MMA and cognition, one of the important functions of the nervous system, is still uncertain. OBJECTIVE Meta-analyses were performed to assess whether elevated MMA was associated with the risk of cognitive decline. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional studies, randomized controlled studies, and case-control studies on the relationship between MMA and cognition were obtained by searching PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, ProQuest, WANFANG MED ONLINE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Chongqing VIP until May 2022. Two researchers independently selected studies according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, evaluated study quality and extracted data. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4 software. The sensitivity analysis of meta-analysis was performed by One by one exclusion method. RESULTS A total of 11 studies were included, including six cross-sectional studies, two randomized controlled studies, and three case-control studies, with a sample of 16,533 subjects. Meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference in cognitive level between high-level MMA subjects and low-level MMA subjects in the general population [SMD = -2.19, 95% CI (-4.76 ∼ 0.38), Z = 1.67, P = 0.09]. In the population supplemented with VitB12, the increase of MMA level caused by VitB12 supplementation was not related to the change of cognition [SMD = 0.32, 95% CI (-0.19 ∼ 0.84) z = 1.22, P = 0.22]. There was also no significant difference in MMA levels between patients with dementia and the control group [WMD = 20.89, 95% CI (-5.13 ∼ 46.92), z = 1.57, P = 0.12]. CONCLUSION In the general population, whether VitB12 is supplemented or not, there is no correlation between the increase of MMA level and the decrease of cognitive level. In dementia diseases, the level of MMA did not change significantly. High levels of MMA may not be a risk factor for cognitive impairment. The exact relationship between MMA and cognition needs further research. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021266310], identifier [CRD42021266310].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyu Gu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuping Yu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Yoo J, Kerkelä L, Hales PW, Seunarine KK, Clark CA. High-resolution microscopic diffusion anisotropy imaging in the human hippocampus at 3T. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1903-1913. [PMID: 34841566 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several neurological conditions are associated with microstructural changes in the hippocampus that can be observed using DWI. Imaging studies often use protocols with whole-brain coverage, imposing limits on image resolution and worsening partial-volume effects. Also, conventional single-diffusion-encoding methods confound microscopic diffusion anisotropy with size variance of microscopic diffusion environments. This study addresses these issues by implementing a multidimensional diffusion-encoding protocol for microstructural imaging of the hippocampus at high resolution. METHODS The hippocampus of 8 healthy volunteers was imaged at 1.5-mm isotropic resolution with a multidimensional diffusion-encoding sequence developed in house. Microscopic fractional anisotropy (µFA) and normalized size variance (CMD ) were estimated using q-space trajectory imaging, and their values were compared with DTI metrics. The overall scan time was 1 hour. The reproducibility of the protocol was confirmed with scan-rescan experiments, and a shorter protocol (14 minutes) was defined for situations with time constraints. RESULTS Mean µFA (0.47) was greater than mean FA (0.20), indicating orientation dispersion in hippocampal tissue microstructure. Mean CMD was 0.17. The reproducibility of q-space trajectory imaging metrics was comparable to DTI, and microstructural metrics in the healthy hippocampus are reported. CONCLUSION This work shows the feasibility of high-resolution microscopic anisotropy imaging in the human hippocampus at 3 T and provides reference values for microstructural metrics in a healthy hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Yoo
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leevi Kerkelä
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W Hales
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran K Seunarine
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Clark
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Vitamin B 12-folic acid supplementation regulates neuronal immediate early gene expression and improves hippocampal dendritic arborization and memory in old male mice. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105181. [PMID: 34509560 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As the relationship among diet, brain aging and memory is complex, it provides ample opportunity for research in multiple directions including behaviour, epigenetics and neuroplasticity. Nutritional deficiencies together with genetic and environmental factors are the major cause of many age-associated pathologies including memory loss. A compromised vitamin B12-folate status in older people is highly prevalent worldwide. Researchers have established a close association between the adequate level of B12-folate and the maintenance of cognitive brain functions. One of the main reasons for age-associated memory loss is downregulation of neuronal immediate early genes (nIEGs). Therefore, we hypothesize here that vitamin B12-folic acid supplementation in old mice can improve memory by altering the expression status of nIEGs. To check this, 72-week-old male Swiss albino mice were orally administered with 2 μg of vitamin B12 and 22 μg of folic acid/mouse/day for eight weeks. Such supplementation improved recognition memory in old and altered the expression of nIEGs. The expression of nIEGs was further found to be regulated by changes in DNA methylation at their promoter regions and CREB phosphorylation (pCREB). In addition, Golgi-Cox staining showed significant improvement in dendritic length, number of branching points and spine density of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by B12-folic acid supplementation. Taken together, these findings suggest that vitamin B12-folic acid supplementation regulates nIEGs expression and improves dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons and memory in old male mice.
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Mineva EM, Sternberg MR, Bailey RL, Storandt RJ, Pfeiffer CM. Fewer US adults had low or transitional vitamin B12 status based on the novel combined indicator of vitamin B12 status compared with individual, conventional markers, NHANES 1999-2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1070-1079. [PMID: 33963731 PMCID: PMC11066312 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) and/or total homocysteine (tHcy), as well as low serum vitamin B12 and/or holotranscobalamin (holoTC) are indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency. Combined indicators (cB12), which pool some or all 4 markers into an index, may be a more reliable diagnostic tool to overcome inconclusive diagnoses with individual markers. OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe different cB12 score combinations and estimate the prevalence of low or transitional vitamin B12 status compared with individual markers. DESIGN Using cross-sectional data for B12, MMA, and tHcy in persons ≥20 y participating in NHANES 1999-2004 (n = 12,335), we examined raw and covariate-adjusted regression models to assess determinants of 3cB12 (all 3 markers) and combinations of 2cB12 (2 markers). RESULTS 3cB12 was significantly associated with B12 (Spearman r = 0.75), MMA (r = -0.70), and tHcy (r = -0.59). The 3cB12 reference interval (2.5th to 97.5th percentile) was -0.538 to 1.60. In covariate-adjusted models, we found no association of 3cB12 with age; adult females and users of B12 supplements had higher, while adults with advanced chronic kidney disease had lower 3cB12 levels regardless of race-Hispanic origin group (self-reported). Only 2.7% of adults had low or transitional vitamin B12 status using the proposed cB12 cutoff of ≤-0.5, while the prevalence of low (or low-normal) status depended on the selected individual marker and its cutoff: 2.2% and 13% for B12 < 148 and 148-222 pmol/L, respectively; 6.0% for MMA exceeding an age-specific cutoff (250-320 nmol/L); and 8.4% for tHcy > 13 µmol/L. The reference intervals for B12, MMA, and tHcy overlapped from the low (<-2.5) to the transitional (-2.5 to -0.5) and to the adequate (>-0.5) cB12 categories. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin B12 deficiency may be overestimated among US adults when individual, conventional markers are used. When only 2 markers are available, the combination of B12 and MMA provides results comparable to 3cB12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M Mineva
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maya R Sternberg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Regan L Bailey
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Renee J Storandt
- CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - Christine M Pfeiffer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Infante M, Leoni M, Caprio M, Fabbri A. Long-term metformin therapy and vitamin B12 deficiency: An association to bear in mind. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:916-931. [PMID: 34326945 PMCID: PMC8311483 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, metformin remains the first-line oral glucose-lowering drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes thanks to its well-established long-term safety and efficacy profile. Indeed, metformin is the most widely used oral insulin-sensitizing agent, being prescribed to more than 100 million people worldwide, including patients with prediabetes, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary syndrome. However, over the last decades several observational studies and meta-analyses have reported a significant association between long-term metformin therapy and an increased prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency. Of note, evidence suggests that long-term and high-dose metformin therapy impairs vitamin B12 status. Vitamin B12 (also referred to as cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that is mainly obtained from animal-sourced foods. At the cellular level, vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor for enzymes that play a critical role in DNA synthesis and neuroprotection. Thus, vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to a number of clinical consequences that include hematologic abnormalities (e.g., megaloblastic anemia and formation of hypersegmented neutrophils), progressive axonal demyelination and peripheral neuropathy. Nevertheless, no definite guidelines are currently available for vitamin B12 deficiency screening in patients on metformin therapy, and vitamin B12 deficiency remains frequently unrecognized in such individuals. Therefore, in this "field of vision" article we propose a list of criteria for a cost-effective vitamin B12 deficiency screening in metformin-treated patients, which could serve as a practical guide for identifying individuals at high risk for this condition. Moreover, we discuss additional relevant topics related to this field, including: (1) The lack of consensus about the exact definition of vitamin B12 deficiency; (2) The definition of reliable biomarkers of vitamin B12 status; (3) Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency other than metformin therapy that should be identified promptly in metformin-treated patients for a proper differential diagnosis; and (4) Potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying metformin-induced vitamin B12 deficiency. Finally, we briefly review basic concepts related to vitamin B12 supplementation for the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency, particularly when this condition is induced by metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome 00131, Italy
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, CTO Alesini Hospital, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00145, Italy
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Rome 00145, Italy
| | - Martina Leoni
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, CTO Alesini Hospital, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00145, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome 00166, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome 00166, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, CTO Alesini Hospital, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00145, Italy
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14
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Mistik S, Agadayi E, Koseoglu E. The Effect of Vitamin B12, Physical and Cognitive Activity on Idiopathic Forgetfulness. EURASIAN JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.33880/ejfm.2021100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of physical activity, vitamin B supplementation and mental activity on cognitive functions in middle-aged individuals with subjective forgetfulness.
Methods: We included 82 people between 40-65 years of age who were admitted to Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Family Medicine and Neurology Departments polyclinics with the complaint of subjective forgetfulness between May 2017 and May 2018. General physical examination, blood tests including B12, folic acid level and thyroid functions were performed. In addition to the socio-demographic questionnaire, Beck Anxiety and Beck Depression Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test, Visual and Verbal Memory Tests were performed. Sixty-eight subjects were randomly allocated to 3 groups as cognitive activity, physical activity and vitamin B supplementation. The physical activity group made a minimum of half-hour brisk walk daily. The cognitive activity group was asked to solve a hooked puzzle every day. Vitamin supplement group used daily vitamin B complex. At the end of the third month, cognitive tests and B12 blood level test were repeated.
Results: Improvement in cognitive functions was found only in the walking group. Long-term visual memory and verbal memory sub-test scores improved significantly in all groups. There were some differences between the groups in terms of verbal memory subtest scores.
Conclusion: In people with forgetfulness, walking, puzzle and vitamin B supplementation seem to have positive effects even after a period of three months in terms of cognitive functions and memory.
Keywords: dementia, cognitive activity, exercise, physical, B vitamins
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcuk Mistik
- Department of Family Medicine, Erciyes University Medical Faculty
| | - Emine Agadayi
- Department of Family Medicine, Erciyes University Medical Faculty
| | - Emel Koseoglu
- Department of Neurology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty
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15
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Hoffmann J, Busse S, von Hoff F, Borucki K, Frodl T, Busse M. Association Between Homocysteine and Vitamin Levels in Demented Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1781-1792. [PMID: 33998538 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that the nutritional status among elderly persons and, in particular, patients with dementia, is compromised, malnutrition that results in insufficient uptake of several vitamins is often not diagnosed. OBJECTIVE An elevated homocysteine level is a known strong risk factor for vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several B vitamins are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine. Therefore, we investigated the serum levels of vitamin B1, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 in 97 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or different forms of dementia and 54 elderly control persons without dementia. RESULTS Compared to aged non-demented people, vitamins B1, B6, B12, and folate were decreased in serum of patients with AD, and patients with Lewy body dementia had reduced vitamin B12 level. Vitamin B6 was diminished in VaD. Patients with frontotemporal dementia showed no alterations in vitamin levels. Age was identified as an important factor contributing to the concentrations of vitamin B1 and B6 in serum, but not vitamin B12 and folate. Increased levels of total homocysteine were detected especially in MCI and AD. Homocysteine correlated negatively with levels of vitamins B6, B12, and folate and positively with Q Albumin. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that despite increased homocysteine already present in MCI, vitamin levels are decreased only in dementia. We propose to determine the vitamin levels in patients with cognitive decline, but also elderly people in general, and recommend supplementing these nutrients if needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Franz von Hoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Busse
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Protective effects of lamotrigine and vitamin B12 on pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptogenesis in rats. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 118:107915. [PMID: 33743341 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is a process that includes molecular and cellular events that foster the establishment of hyperexcitable neuronal networks in the brain. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model in rodents has added new information to the knowledge about the pathogenesis of epilepsy and potential targets of novel antiepileptic agents. Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that oxidative and inflammatory events may play important roles in the initiation and maintaining seizure activities. Vitamin B12 has beneficial effects on the nervous system and presents pleiotropic effects with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory aspects. In the present study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that vitamin B12 and their combination with lamotrigine prevents behavioral deficits, hippocampal damage, oxidation, and proinflammatory state during epileptogenesis. Male rats were subjected to PTZ-induced epileptogenesis and pretreated with vitamin B12 (50 µg/kg) or Lamotrigine (LTG) (25 mg/kg) or B12 (50 µg/kg) + LTG (25 mg/kg). Vitamin B12 and its combination with LTG suppressed epileptogenesis and improved the performance of rats in the passive avoidance test. In addition, Vitamin B12 and its combination with LTG decreased levels of total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increased total antioxidant status (TAS) levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Furthermore, it reduced hippocampal neuronal damage. Current findings support the beneficial actions of vitamin B12 due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties during the course of disease.
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17
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Miki A, Kinno R, Ochiai H, Kubota S, Mori Y, Futamura A, Sugimoto A, Kuroda T, Kasai H, Yano S, Hieda S, Kokaze A, Ono K. Sex Differences in the Relationship of Serum Vitamin B1 and B12 to Dementia Among Memory Clinic Outpatients in Japan. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:667215. [PMID: 33897411 PMCID: PMC8064118 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.667215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia and cognitive impairment are considered to be one of the biggest social and medical problems. While there is a definite relationship between vitamin B and cognitive decline, this has yet to be fully assessed with regard to sex differences. Thus, the present study investigated the relationship of vitamin B1 or vitamin B12 with dementia in accordance with the sex in 188 patients who visited the Memory Clinic at Showa University Hospital in Japan from March 2016 to March 2019. Cognitive function was tested by the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Hasegawa Dementia Scale-Revised (HDS-R). Blood tests were performed to measure the vitamin levels. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for dementia and the 95% confidence interval (CI). Compared to the highest vitamin group (third tertile), the lowest vitamin group (first tertile) exhibited a significantly increased OR for dementia defined by MMSE for vitamin B1 (OR:3.73, 95% CI:1.52–9.16) and vitamin B12 (2.97, 1.22–7.28) among women. In contrast, vitamin levels were not significantly associated with dementia determined by MMSE in men. These findings were similar even when dementia was defined by HDS-R. The present study suggests that vitamin B1 plays a role in preventing development of dementia in women. Future longitudinal studies will need to be undertaken in order to examine whether decreasing vitamin levels occur before or after cognitive impairment, and whether maintaining a higher vitamin level can prevent a worsening of cognitive function and the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Miki
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kinno
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Kubota
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Mori
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Futamura
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azusa Sugimoto
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyo Kasai
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yano
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sotaro Hieda
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kokaze
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease is known as one of the fastest growing lethal diseases worldwide where we have limited and undesired ways for regulating its pathological progress. Now-a-days, nutritional compounds have been using to treat several brain disorders and one of them; vitamins were strongly reported to combat cognition and memory deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Objective: Here, the author tried to find the precise physiological roles, status, and worth of vitamins in the brain and how exactly these nutrients modulate progression of Alzheimer's disease. Results & Discussion: After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, the author reports that vitamins have various targets in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by which they act to avert the neuronal dysfunction in the disease. Several Alzheimer's disease-associated neurological deficits have reported regulating by vitamin intake but the beneficial effects identified mostly in combinatorial and long-term studies. Conclusion: In this way, the author suggests that it might be better to test vitamins with other components over single vitamin approach for a compatible and synergistic effect as well as using a combination of vitamin with other compounds can target multiple pathways. This strategy may help in deteriorating memory dysfunction and cognition impairment in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.Abbreviations: APOE: apolipoprotein E; APP: amyloid precursor protein; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; Aβ- β-amyloid; cGMP: cyclic guanine monophosphate; CNS: central nervous system; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; IU: international units; RA: retinoic acid; RAR: retinoic acid receptor; RNA: ribonucleic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; tHcy: total homocysteine; α: alpha; β: beta; γ: gama; ε: epsilon; g: gram; µ: micron; mg: milligram; ⬆: increased,⬇: decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India.,Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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19
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Liu W, Zhou Y, Zheng W, Wang C, Zhan Y, Lan X, Zhang B, Li H, Chen L, Ning Y. Repeated intravenous infusions of ketamine: Neurocognition in patients with anxious and nonanxious treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:1-6. [PMID: 31430662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that neurocognition is changed after repeated infusions of ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The objective of this study was to investigate whether differences existed in the neurocognitive effect of six ketamine infusions in patients with anxious and nonanxious TRD and to determine the association between baseline neurocognition and changes in symptoms after the infusions. METHOD Patients with anxious (n = 30) and nonanxious TRD (n = 20) received six intravenous infusions of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min) over 12 days. Speed of processing (SOP), working memory (WM), verbal learning and memory (VBM), visual learning and memory (VSM) and the severity of depressive and anxious symptoms were assessed at baseline, one day after the last infusion (day 13) and two weeks after the completion of the serial infusions (day 26). A linear mixed model was used to determine whether the neurocognitive changes differed between the two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between baseline neurocognition and the changes in the symptomatic scores. RESULTS Patients with anxious TRD had significant increases in SOP on day 13 and day 26 (both p < 0.001), and in VBM on day 13 (p = 0.028). However, no significant increase in any neurocognitive domain was found in patients with nonanxious TRD. Faster SOP at baseline was associated with greater improvement of anxious symptoms in patients with anxious TRD, and better VSM at baseline was associated with greater improvement of depressive symptoms in patients with nonanxious TRD. LIMITATION The major limitation of this study is the open-label design. CONCLUSION After six ketamine infusions, neurocognitive improvement was observed in patients with anxious TRD but not in patients with nonanxious TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Liu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Zhan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqiu Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Liang M, Sun C, Song EJ, Cheng C, Shi T, Min M, Sun Y. Proton pump inhibitors use and dementia risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 76:139-147. [PMID: 31748819 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-019-02753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between proton pump inhibitors use and the risk of dementia. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in English and Chinese databases from origination to December 2018. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic were used to evaluate the heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed by Begg's test and Egger's test. RESULTS Six studies were included, which contained a total of 166,146 participants. The overall result demonstrated a significant increase in dementia risk with proton pump inhibitors use (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.12-1.49). In subgroup analyses, a significant association was detected between proton pump inhibitors use and the risk of dementia in Europe (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.23-1.73) and among participants aged ≥ 65 years (HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.17-1.65). For the factor follow-up time ≥ 5 years, the pooled HR was 1.28 (95% CI = 1.12-1.46), demonstrating a 1.28-fold increase in the risk of dementia among proton pump inhibitors users. In the case of regional impact, participants from Europe showed an overall pooled HR estimate of 1.46 (95% CI = 1.23-1.73). There was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The overall result of this meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that proton pump inhibitors increase the risk of dementia. Furthermore, high-quality cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Mingming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 60657, Illinois, USA
| | - Evelyn J Song
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ce Cheng
- Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, 1638 Owen Dr, Fayetteville, 28304, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tingting Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Min Min
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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21
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McKee SE, Reyes TM. Effect of supplementation with methyl-donor nutrients on neurodevelopment and cognition: considerations for future research. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:497-511. [PMID: 29701796 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a critical period in fetal development, such that the prenatal environment can, in part, establish a lifelong trajectory of health or disease for the offspring. Poor nutrition (macro- or micronutrient deficiencies) can adversely affect brain development and significantly increase offspring risk for metabolic and neurological disease development. The concentration of dietary methyl-donor nutrients is known to alter DNA methylation in the brain, and alterations in DNA methylation can have long-lasting effects on gene expression and neuronal function. The decreased availability of methyl-donor nutrients to the developing fetus in models of poor maternal nutrition is one mechanism hypothesized to link maternal malnutrition and disease risk in offspring. Animal studies indicate that supplementation of both maternal and postnatal (early- and later-life) diets with methyl-donor nutrients can attenuate disease risk in offspring; however, clinical research is more equivocal. The objective of this review is to summarize how specific methyl-donor nutrient deficiencies and excesses during pre- and postnatal life alter neurodevelopment and cognition. Emphasis is placed on reviewing the current literature, highlighting challenges within nutrient supplementation research, and considering potential strategies to ensure robust findings in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McKee
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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22
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The effects of plant-based diets on the body and the brain: a systematic review. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:226. [PMID: 31515473 PMCID: PMC6742661 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Western societies notice an increasing interest in plant-based eating patterns such as vegetarian and vegan, yet potential effects on the body and brain are a matter of debate. Therefore, we systematically reviewed existing human interventional studies on putative effects of a plant-based diet on the metabolism and cognition, and what is known about the underlying mechanisms. Using the search terms "plant-based OR vegan OR vegetarian AND diet AND intervention" in PubMed filtered for clinical trials in humans retrieved 205 studies out of which 27, plus an additional search extending the selection to another five studies, were eligible for inclusion based on three independent ratings. We found robust evidence for short- to moderate-term beneficial effects of plant-based diets versus conventional diets (duration ≤ 24 months) on weight status, energy metabolism and systemic inflammation in healthy participants, obese and type-2 diabetes patients. Initial experimental studies proposed novel microbiome-related pathways, by which plant-based diets modulate the gut microbiome towards a favorable diversity of bacteria species, yet a functional "bottom up" signaling of plant-based diet-induced microbial changes remains highly speculative. In addition, little is known, based on interventional studies about cognitive effects linked to plant-based diets. Thus, a causal impact of plant-based diets on cognitive functions, mental and neurological health and respective underlying mechanisms has yet to be demonstrated. In sum, the increasing interest for plant-based diets raises the opportunity for developing novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against obesity, eating disorders and related comorbidities. Still, putative effects of plant-based diets on brain health and cognitive functions as well as the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored and new studies need to address these questions.
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23
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Examining the relationship between nutrition and cerebral structural integrity in older adults without dementia. Nutr Res Rev 2018; 32:79-98. [PMID: 30378509 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422418000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of adults aged 60 years and over is expected to increase over the coming decades. This ageing of the population represents an important health issue, given that marked reductions to cerebral macro- and microstructural integrity are apparent with increasing age. Reduced cerebral structural integrity in older adults appears to predict poorer cognitive performance, even in the absence of clinical disorders such as dementia. As such, it is becoming increasingly important to identify those factors predicting cerebral structural integrity, especially factors that are modifiable. One such factor is nutritional intake. While the literature is limited, data from available cross-sectional studies indicate that increased intake of nutrients such as B vitamins (for example, B6, B12 and folate), choline, n-3 fatty acids and vitamin D, or increased adherence to prudent whole diets (for example, the Mediterranean diet) predicts greater cerebral structural integrity in older adults. There is even greater scarcity of randomised clinical trials investigating the effects of nutritional supplementation on cerebral structure, though it appears that supplementation with B vitamins (B6, B12 and folic acid) or n-3 fatty acids (DHA or EPA) may be beneficial. The current review presents an overview of available research examining the relationship between key nutrients or adherence to select diets and cerebral structural integrity in dementia-free older adults.
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Benson G, Hildebrandt A, Lange C, Schwarz C, Köbe T, Sommer W, Flöel A, Wirth M. Functional connectivity in cognitive control networks mitigates the impact of white matter lesions in the elderly. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:109. [PMID: 30368250 PMCID: PMC6204269 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular pathology, quantified by white matter lesions (WML), is known to affect cognition in aging, and is associated with an increased risk of dementia. The present study aimed to investigate whether higher functional connectivity in cognitive control networks mitigates the detrimental effect of WML on cognition. METHODS Nondemented older participants (≥ 50 years; n = 230) underwent cognitive evaluation, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Total WML volumes were quantified algorithmically. Functional connectivity was assessed in preselected higher-order resting state networks, namely the fronto-parietal, the salience, and the default mode network, using global and local measures. Latent moderated structural equations modeling examined direct and interactive relationships between WML volumes, functional connectivity, and cognition. RESULTS Larger WML volumes were associated with worse cognition, having a greater impact on executive functions (β = -0.37, p < 0.01) than on memory (β = -0.22, p < 0.01). Higher global functional connectivity in the fronto-parietal network and higher local connectivity between the salience network and medial frontal cortex significantly mitigated the impact of WML on executive functions, (unstandardized coefficients: b = 2.39, p = 0.01; b = 3.92, p = 0.01) but not on memory (b = -5.01, p = 0.51, b = 2.01, p = 0.07, respectively). No such effects were detected for the default mode network. CONCLUSION Higher functional connectivity in fronto-parietal and salience networks may protect against detrimental effects of WML on executive functions, the cognitive domain that was predominantly affected by cerebrovascular pathology. These results highlight the crucial role of cognitive control networks as a neural substrate of cognitive reserve in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Benson
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catharina Lange
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Schwarz
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Köbe
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease Centre, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Werner Sommer
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Miranka Wirth
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Expression of TCN1 in Blood is Negatively Associated with Verbal Declarative Memory Performance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12654. [PMID: 30139959 PMCID: PMC6107676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is indispensable for normal cognitive functioning, and the ability to store and retrieve information is central to mental health and disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying complex memory functions are largely unknown, but multiple genome-wide association studies suggest that gene regulation may play a role in memory dysfunction. We performed a global gene expression analysis using a large and balanced case-control sample (n = 754) consisting of healthy controls and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Our aim was to discover genes that are differentially expressed in relation to memory performance. Gene expression in blood was measured using Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip and memory performance was assessed with the updated California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II). We found that elevated expression of the vitamin B12-related gene TCN1 (haptocorrin) was significantly associated with poorer memory performance after correcting for multiple testing (β = −1.50, p = 3.75e-08). This finding was validated by quantitative real-time PCR and followed up with additional analyses adjusting for confounding variables. We also attempted to replicate the finding in an independent case-control sample (n = 578). The relationship between TCN1 expression and memory impairment was comparable to that of important determinants of memory function such as age and sex, suggesting that TCN1 could be a clinically relevant marker of memory performance. Thus, we identify TCN1 as a novel genetic finding associated with poor memory function. This finding may have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of vitamin B12-related conditions.
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Ravi SK, Narasingappa RB, Vincent B. Neuro-nutrients as anti-alzheimer's disease agents: A critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2999-3018. [PMID: 29846084 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1481012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a massive neuronal death causing memory loss, cognitive impairment and behavioral alteration that ultimately lead to dementia and death. AD is a multi-factorial pathology controlled by molecular events such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuro inflammation. Nowadays, there is no efficient disease-modifying treatment for AD and epidemiological studies have suggested that diet and nutrition have a significant impact on the development of this disorder. Indeed, some nutrients can protect all kind of cells, including neurons. As prevention is better than cure, life style improvement, with a special emphasis on diet, should seriously be considered as an anti-AD track and intake of nutrients promoting neuronal health is the need of the hour. Diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and vitamins have been shown to protect against AD, whereas saturated fatty acids-containing diets deprived of polyphenols promote the development of the disease. Thus, Mediterranean diets, mainly composed of fruits, vegetables and omega-3 fatty acids, stand as valuable, mild and preventive anti-AD agents. This review focuses on our current knowledge in the field and how one can fight this devastating neurodegenerative disorder through the simple proper modification of our life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Sciences , Bangalore , Hassan , Karnataka , India
| | - Ramesh B Narasingappa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Sciences , Bangalore , Hassan , Karnataka , India
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Paris , France
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Reddan JM, White DJ, Macpherson H, Scholey A, Pipingas A. Glycerophospholipid Supplementation as a Potential Intervention for Supporting Cerebral Structure in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:49. [PMID: 29563868 PMCID: PMC5845902 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifying nutritional intake through supplementation may be efficacious for altering the trajectory of cerebral structural decline evident with increasing age. To date, there have been a number of clinical trials in older adults whereby chronic supplementation with B vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, or resveratrol, has been observed to either slow the rate of decline or repair cerebral tissue. There is also some evidence from animal studies indicating that supplementation with glycerophospholipids (GPL) may benefit cerebral structure, though these effects have not yet been investigated in adult humans. Despite this paucity of research, there are a number of factors predicting poorer cerebral structure in older humans, which GPL supplementation appears to beneficially modify or protect against. These include elevated concentrations of homocysteine, unbalanced activity of reactive oxygen species both increasing the risk of oxidative stress, increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory messengers, as well as poorer cardio- and cerebrovascular function. As such, it is hypothesized that GPL supplementation will support cerebral structure in older adults. These cerebral effects may influence cognitive function. The current review aims to provide a theoretical basis for future clinical trials investigating the effects of GPL supplementation on cerebral structural integrity in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M Reddan
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Christine CW, Auinger P, Joslin A, Yelpaala Y, Green R. Vitamin B12 and Homocysteine Levels Predict Different Outcomes in Early Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2018; 33:762-770. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics; University of Rochester; Rochester New York USA
| | - Amelia Joslin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; UC Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Yuora Yelpaala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; UC Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Ralph Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; UC Davis; Davis California USA
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Abstract
The biosynthesis of B12, involving up to 30 different enzyme-mediated steps, only occurs in bacteria. Thus, most eukaryotes require an external source of B12, and yet the vitamin appears to have only two functions in eukaryotes: as a cofactor for the enzymes methionine synthase and methylmalonylCoA mutase. These two functions are crucial for normal health in humans, and in particular, the formation of methionine is essential for providing methyl groups for over 100 methylation processes. Interference with the methionine synthase reaction not only depletes the body of methyl groups but also leads to the accumulation of homocysteine, a risk factor for many diseases. The syndrome pernicious anemia, characterized by lack of intrinsic factor, leads to a severe, sometimes fatal form of B12 deficiency. However, there is no sharp cutoff for B12 deficiency; rather, there is a continuous inverse relationship between serum B12 and a variety of undesirable outcomes, including neural tube defects, stroke, and dementia. The brain is particularly vulnerable; in children, inadequate B12 stunts brain and intellectual development. Suboptimal B12 status (serum B12<300pmol/L) is very common, occurring in 30%-60% of the population, in particular in pregnant women and in less-developed countries. Thus, many tens of millions of people in the world may suffer harm from having a poor B12 status. Public health steps are urgently needed to correct this inadequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Treit S, Steve T, Gross DW, Beaulieu C. High resolution in-vivo diffusion imaging of the human hippocampus. Neuroimage 2018; 182:479-487. [PMID: 29395905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hippocampus is a key target of many imaging studies given its capacity for neurogenesis, role in long term potentiation and memory, and nearly ubiquitous involvement in neurological and psychiatric conditions. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has detected microstructural abnormalities of the human hippocampus associated with various disorders, but acquisitions have typically been limited to low spatial resolution protocols designed for whole brain (e.g. > 2 mm isotropic, >8 mm3 voxels), limiting regional specificity and worsening partial volume effects. The purpose here was to develop a simple DTI protocol using readily available standard single-shot EPI at 3T, capable of yielding much higher spatial resolution images (1 x 1 x 1 mm3) of the human hippocampus in a 'clinically feasible' scan time of ~6 min. A thin slab of twenty 1 mm slices oriented along the long axis of the hippocampus enabled efficient coverage and a shorter repetition time, allowing more diffusion weighted images (DWIs) per slice per unit time. In combination with this strategy, a low b value of 500 s/mm2 was chosen to help overcome the very low SNR of a 1 x 1 x 1 mm3 EPI acquisition. 1 mm isotropic mean DWIs (averaged over 120-128 DWIs) showed excellent detail of the hippocampal architecture (e.g. morphology and digitations, sub-regions, stratum lacunosum moleculare - SLM) that was not readily visible on 2 mm isotropic diffusion images. Diffusion parameters within the hippocampus were consistent across subjects and fairly homogenous across sub-regions of the hippocampus (with the exception of the SLM and tail). However, it is expected that DTI parameters will be sensitive to microstructural changes associated with a number of clinical disorders (e.g. epilepsy, dementia) and that this practical, translatable approach for high resolution acquisition will facilitate localized detection of hippocampal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Treit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor Steve
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Donald W Gross
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
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31
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Harding A, Gonder U, Robinson SJ, Crean S, Singhrao SK. Exploring the Association between Alzheimer's Disease, Oral Health, Microbial Endocrinology and Nutrition. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:398. [PMID: 29249963 PMCID: PMC5717030 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal monitoring of patients suggests a causal link between chronic periodontitis and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the explanation of how periodontitis can lead to dementia remains unclear. A working hypothesis links extrinsic inflammation as a secondary cause of AD. This hypothesis suggests a compromised oral hygiene leads to a dysbiotic oral microbiome whereby Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, with its companion species, orchestrates immune subversion in the host. Brushing and chewing on teeth supported by already injured soft tissues leads to bacteremias. As a result, a persistent systemic inflammatory response develops to periodontal pathogens. The pathogens, and the host’s inflammatory response, subsequently lead to the initiation and progression of multiple metabolic and inflammatory co-morbidities, including AD. Insufficient levels of essential micronutrients can lead to microbial dysbiosis through the growth of periodontal pathogens such as demonstrated for P. gingivalis under low hemin bioavailability. An individual’s diet also defines the consortium of microbial communities that take up residency in the oral and gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiomes. Their imbalance can lead to behavioral changes. For example, probiotics enriched in Lactobacillus genus of bacteria, when ingested, exert some anti-inflammatory influence through common host/bacterial neurochemicals, both locally, and through sensory signaling back to the brain. Early life dietary behaviors may cause an imbalance in the host/microbial endocrinology through a dietary intake incompatible with a healthy GI tract microbiome later in life. This imbalance in host/microbial endocrinology may have a lasting impact on mental health. This observation opens up an opportunity to explore the mechanisms, which may underlie the previously detected relationship between diet, oral/GI microbial communities, to anxiety, cognition and sleep patterns. This review suggests healthy diet based interventions that together with improved life style/behavioral changes may reduce and/or delay the incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Harding
- Dementia & Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Gonder
- Nutritionist, Freelance Science Writer, Hünstetten, Germany
| | - Sarita J Robinson
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - StJohn Crean
- Dementia & Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia & Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Flitton M, Macdonald IA, Knight HM. Vitamin intake is associated with improved visuospatial and verbal semantic memory in middle-aged individuals. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:401-408. [PMID: 29098943 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1395550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Factors maintaining cognitive health are still largely unknown. In particular, the cognitive benefits associated with vitamin intake and vitamin supplementation are disputed. We investigated self-reported vitamin intake and serum vitamin levels with performance in cognitive factors sensitive to dementia progression in two large middle-aged general population cohorts. METHODS Survey data were used to assess regular vitamin intake in 4400 NCDS 1958 and 1177 TwinsUK cohort members, and serum homocysteine and B vitamin levels were measured in 675 individuals from the TwinsUK study. Principal component analysis was applied to cognitive test performance from both cohorts resulting in two dementia-sensitive cognitive factors reflecting visuospatial associative memory and verbal semantic memory. RESULTS In both cohorts, individuals who reported regular intake of vitamins, particularly B vitamins, showed significantly better performance in visuospatial associative memory and verbal semantic memory (P < 0.001). A significant association was also found between homocysteine levels, vitamin serum concentration and visuospatial associative memory performance which indicated that individuals with high B vitamin and homocysteine levels showed better visuospatial associative memory performance than individuals with low vitamin B levels (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION The findings demonstrate that early dementia-sensitive cognitive changes can be identified in middle-aged asymptomatic individuals and that regular vitamin intake is associated with improved cognitive performance. These findings reinforce the potential cognitive benefits of regular vitamin intake, which should be considered as an economically viable therapeutic strategy for maintaining cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Flitton
- a School of Life Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , UK
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- a School of Life Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , UK
| | - Helen M Knight
- a School of Life Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , UK
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Tesky VA, Köbe T, Witte AV, Flöel A, Schuchardt JP, Hahn A, Pantel J. Feasibility and first results of a group program to increase the frequency of cognitively stimulating leisure activities in people with mild cognitive impairment (AKTIVA-MCI). Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1459-1469. [PMID: 28979108 PMCID: PMC5602436 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s139146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AKTIVA-MCI is a program for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that aims to enhance participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities. Participation in cognitively stimulating activities seems to be a potential strategy for people with MCI delaying cognitive decline for a while. In total, 35 MCI patients were enrolled in the pilot study of whom 29 completed the whole program (16 female, 71.1±7.5 years; Mini Mental Status Examination score: 28±2.2). Daily activity protocols were used to measure the frequency of participation in cognitively stimulating activities during the program (12 sessions). Additional standardized psychometric tests and questionnaires were used to assess cognition, mood, and subjective memory decline. Analyses of the daily activity protocols showed that during the intervention participants increased the frequency of several cognitively stimulating leisure activities. Comparison of pre-post data indicates no changes in cognitive status, mood, and subjective memory decline. These findings indicate that the program is suitable for patients with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Tesky
- Geriatric Medicine, Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Theresa Köbe
- Department of Neurology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Pantel
- Geriatric Medicine, Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Fairchild AJ, McDaniel HL. Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: mediation analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1259-1271. [PMID: 28446497 PMCID: PMC5445681 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribution in the "Best (but Oft-Forgotten) Practices" series considers mediation analysis. A mediator (sometimes referred to as an intermediate variable, surrogate endpoint, or intermediate endpoint) is a third variable that explains how or why ≥2 other variables relate in a putative causal pathway. The current article discusses mediation analysis with the ultimate intention of helping nutrition researchers to clarify the rationale for examining mediation, avoid common pitfalls when using the model, and conduct well-informed analyses that can contribute to improving causal inference in evaluations of underlying mechanisms of effects on nutrition-related behavioral and health outcomes. We give specific attention to underevaluated limitations inherent in common approaches to mediation. In addition, we discuss how to conduct a power analysis for mediation models and offer an applied example to demonstrate mediation analysis. Finally, we provide an example write-up of mediation analysis results as a model for applied researchers.
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Dhillon VS, Zabaras D, Almond T, Cavuoto P, James-Martin G, Fenech M. Whey protein isolate improves vitamin B12and folate status in elderly Australians with subclinical deficiency of vitamin B12. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varinderpal S. Dhillon
- Genome Health Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Dimitrios Zabaras
- Genome Health Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Theodora Almond
- Genome Health Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Paul Cavuoto
- Genome Health Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Genevieve James-Martin
- Genome Health Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Porter K, Hoey L, Hughes CF, Ward M, McNulty H. Causes, Consequences and Public Health Implications of Low B-Vitamin Status in Ageing. Nutrients 2016; 8:E725. [PMID: 27854316 PMCID: PMC5133110 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential protective roles of folate and the metabolically related B-vitamins (vitamins B12, B6 and riboflavin) in diseases of ageing are of increasing research interest. The most common cause of folate and riboflavin deficiencies in older people is low dietary intake, whereas low B12 status is primarily associated with food-bound malabsorption, while sub-optimal vitamin B6 status is attributed to increased requirements in ageing. Observational evidence links low status of folate and the related B-vitamins (and/or elevated concentrations of homocysteine) with a higher risk of degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive dysfunction and osteoporosis. Deficient or low status of these B-vitamins alone or in combination with genetic polymorphisms, including the common MTHFR 677 C → T polymorphism, could contribute to greater disease risk in ageing by causing perturbations in one carbon metabolism. Moreover, interventions with the relevant B-vitamins to optimise status may have beneficial effects in preventing degenerative diseases. The precise mechanisms are unknown but many have been proposed involving the role of folate and the related B-vitamins as co-factors for one-carbon transfer reactions, which are fundamental for DNA and RNA biosynthesis and the maintenance of methylation reactions. This review will examine the evidence linking folate and related B-vitamins with health and disease in ageing, associated mechanisms and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Porter
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Leane Hoey
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Catherine F Hughes
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Mary Ward
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Helene McNulty
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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Yılmaz N, Yılmaz M. The Relationship of Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Red Cell Distribution Width-Platelet Ratio. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.5799/jcei.328604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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38
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Rathod RS, Khaire AA, Kale AA, Joshi SR. Effect of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on brain neurotrophins and cognition in rats: A multigeneration study. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:201-8. [PMID: 27569259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids are important nutrients required for neuronal functioning. We have demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on brain neurotrophins and cognition in the first and second generation offspring. However, there is a need to examine if the effects are sustained in the third generation offspring. This study reports the effects of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation across three consecutive generations on brain neurotrophins like brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); nerve growth factor (NGF) and cognitive performance in the third generation male offspring. Three successive generations of Wistar rats were assigned the following groups throughout pregnancy, lactation and adulthood: i) Control, ii) vitamin B12 deficient (BD), iii) vitamin B12 deficient + omega-3 fatty acid (BDO), iv) vitamin B12 supplemented (BS) and v) vitamin B12 supplemented + omega-3 fatty acid (BSO). The BD group demonstrated lower (p < 0.01) NGF in the cortex but not BDNF levels although the cognition was impaired (p < 0.01). In contrast, in the BDO group, higher NGF levels were observed in the hippocampus and animals demonstrated improved (p < 0.01) cognitive performance. Vitamin B12 supplementation showed comparable BDNF levels in the hippocampus while their levels were lower in the cortex as compared to the control (p < 0.05). These animals showed more reference and working memory errors (p < 0.01) as compared to the control group. A combined supplementation of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acid showed higher (p < 0.01) levels of DHA and NGF in the hippocampus, higher BDNF in both hippocampus and cortex and improved cognitive performance. Our findings have implications for fortification of foods with vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids in improving brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa S Rathod
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Amrita A Khaire
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Anvita A Kale
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune 411043, India.
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Smith AD. Hippocampus as a mediator of the role of vitamin B-12 in memory. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:959-60. [PMID: 26984484 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.132266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A David Smith
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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